PHNG PHP HM SINH

TP DNG THUT TON PHNG PHP SINH GII QUYT CC

BI TON LIT K T HP
I. Gii thiu v phng php sinh
Phng php sinh c th p dng gii bi ton lit k t hp t ra nu
nh hai iu kin sau tho mn:
1. C th xc nh c mt th t trn tp cc cu hnh t hp cn lit k.
T c th xc nh c cu hnh u tin v cu hnh cui cng trong th t
xc nh
2. Xy dng c thut ton t cu hnh cha phi cu hnh cui, sinh ra
c cu hnh k tip n.
Phng php sinh c th m t nh sau:
<Xy dng cu hnh u tin>;
Repeat
<a ra cu hnh ang c>;
<T cu hnh ang c sinh ra cu hnh k tip nu cn>;
Until <ht cu hnh>;
II. Mt s bi ton c bn c ci t bng phng php sinh
1. LIT K CC TP CON K PHN T
Ta s lp chng trnh lit k cc tp con k phn t ca tp {1, 2, ..., n} theo
th t t in
V d: vi n = 5, k = 3, ta phi lit k 10 tp con:
1.

{1, 2, 3}

2.

{1, 2, 4}

3.

{1, 2, 5}

4.

{1, 3, 4}

5.

{1, 3, 5}

6.

{1, 4, 5}

7.

{2, 3, 4}

8.

{2, 3, 5}

9.

{2, 4, 5}

10.

{3, 4, 5}

rong bi vit ny mnh mun gii thiu vi cc bn mt phng php m cc cu hnh

hp rt c lc , l phng php hm sinh. V kin thc c hn v ch yu l do mnh
cp nht c t mt s ti liu nn c g sai st mong qu bn thng cm hen.
Phng php hm sinh l mt phng php hin i, s dng cc kin thc v chui, chui
hm (c bit l cng thc Taylor). Trc ht ta c nh ngha sau
nh ngha 1: Cho dy s

Chui hnh thc

gi l hm sinh ca dy

Ta gi l chui hnh thc v ta khng xt n tnh hi t hay tnh gi tr ca chui m ta

ch xem nh l mt cch vit thun tin vy. Ta a vo mt s php ton trn cc
chui xc nh cc h s cho cc ly tha bin .
nh ngha 2: Vi hai chui bt k

v chui
. Ta nh ngha:

a) Php cng:
b) Php nhn vi mt s:
c) Tch hai chui:

vi

Trong phng php ny ta thng hay s dng cng thc khai trin Newton m rng sau:

Vi l mt s hu t,

Ta xt mt s trng hp c bit.
*

T y

T tng s dng hm sinh tm CTTQ ca dy s c th tm tt nh sau

tm CTTQ ca dy
, ta xt hm sinh
ca dy
. Khi do tnh cht ca
dy
nn
phi tha mn mt s h thc nht nh. Gii cc h thc ta tm c
trong
l mt hm s cha cc biu thc s hc (cng, tr nhn, chia,
ly tha,...), ta tm cch khai trin
thnh chui v so snh h s ca
ta tm c
.

V d 3.1: Cho dy . Tm CTTQ ca dy

Gii: Xt
Khi :

l hm sinh ca dy

.
.

Ta c:

Vy

V d 3.2: Tm CTTQ ca dy s

Gii:
Xt

l hm sinh ca dy

Khi :
Ta c:

Vy

V d 3.3: Tm CTTQ ca dy s:
.

Gii: Ta c
Xt

l hm sinh ca dy

Khi :
Ta c:

. Gii phng trnh ny i vi

, ta c:

.
Ta c:

h s ca

trong khai trin thnh chui ly tha ca

khng th bng

trong

l cc s nguyn dng. Do :

Vy

.
Ch :

bi ton trn ta thng gi l s catalan .

ang tip tc...

bng:

v cc h s ca

I. C s l thuyt hm sinh
1.nh ngha: Hm sinh ca dy s v hn a0,a1,a2,...,an,... l l mt chui hnh
thc c xc nh bi G(x)=a0+a1x+a2x2+...+anxn+...:
2.Mt s ng thc thng dng trong hm sinh:
a, 11x=1+x+x2+x3+...
b, 1(1x)2=1+2x+3x2+4x3+...
c, 1(1x)n=1+nx+n(n+1)2!x2+n(n+1)(n+2)3!
x3+...=i=0Cii+n1xi vi nN
d, 11+x=1x+x2x3+...
e, 1(1ax)2=1+2ax+3a2x2+4a3x3+...
f, 11xr=1+xr+x2r+x3r+...
g, 11+xr=1xr+x2rx3r+...
II.ng dng hm sinh vo cc bi ton xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s in
hnh.
Thng thng cc bn bit n phng php chng minh quy np hoc phng php gii
phng trnh sai phn tm cng thc tng qut ca dy s . Bi vit ny nhm cung cp
cho cc bn thm mt phng php na cng kh hay tm cng thc tng qut ca dy
s da trn c s hm sinh.Hi vng rng qua 8 v d minh ha sau bn c s nm chc v
vn dng phng php s dng hm sinh tm cng thc tng qut ca dy s.
V d 1:
Tm cng thc tng qut ca dy s Fibonacci(Fn )vi :

{F1=F2=1Fn=Fn1+Fn2n3

Li Gii
t G(x) l hm sinh cho dy (Fn), v gi s F0=0 chng ta c:

G(x)=F0+F1x+F2x2+F3x3+...
xG(x)=F0xF1x2F2x3...
x2G(x)=F0x2F1x3F2x4...

T 3 ng thc trn, ta c :

(1xx2)G(x)=F0+(F1F0)x+(F2F1F0)x2+...=x
G(x)=x1xx2
Phn tch G(x)=x1xx2=A1x+B1x
Vi =1+52;=152 l hai nghim ca phng trnh 1xx2=0\\

Quy ng v ng nht h s, chng ta c A=15;B=15.

Vy G(x)=x1xx2=15(11x11x)

5G(x)=(11x11x)=k=1(x)nk=1(x)n=k=1
(nn)xn
Vy G(x)=k=1nn5xn
H s ca trong khai trin l

Fn=nn5=15(1+52)n(152)n
Vy dy s cn tm c cng thc tng qut dng
Fn=15[(1+52)n(152)n],n0
Nhn xt: Vy vi cch s dng hm sinh chng ta cng tm ra c cng thc tng
qut ca dy s Fibonacci ni ting.
By gi chng ta cng tm hiu thm mt s v d tng t nh dy trn thy r tnh
hiu qu ca phng php hm sinh. Chng ta cng i n v d sau:
V d 2
Tm cng thc tng qut ca dy s (an )vi :

{a0=1;a1=2an+2=5an+14ann0()

Li Gii
t G(x) l hm sinh cho dy (an ), chng ta c:

G(x)=a0+a1x+a2x2+...
5xG(x)=5a0x5a1x25a2x3+...
4x2G(x)=4a0x2+4a1x3+...
Cng ba ng thc trn v kt hp (*) ta c:

G(x)5xG(x)+4x2G(x)=a0+(a15a0)x+
(a25a1+4a0)x2+...=13x
(15x+4x2)G(x)=13x
Do G(x)=13x15x+4x2=23(11x)+13(114x)

=23(1+x+x2+...)+13[1+(4x)+(4x)2+...]
Do h s ca xn trong khai trin ca G(x) l 23+134n nn
an=23+134n,n0.
Vy dy s cn tm c cng thc tng qut dng an=23+134n,n0.
Nhn xt:Nh vy hm sinh gii quyt tt bi ton xc nh cng thc tng qut ca
dy s cho bi cng thc truy hi:

{a0=a;a1=ban+2=p.an+1+q.ann0
vi bi ton v d1 v v d 2, chng ta thy hm G(x) c mu s l tam thc bc
hai, chng hn v d 2 chng ta c mu s ca hm sinh l f(x)=15x+4x2 c 2
nghim phn bit l x=1;x=14. Vy trong trng hp mu s ca G(x) l phng

trnh bc hai c nghim kp th chng ta lm nh th no? V d sau y s gip chng ta

x l tnh hung :
V d 3
Tm cng thc tng qut ca dy s (an )vi :

{a0=a1=1an+2=4an+14ann0

Li Gii
t G(x)l hm sinh cho dy (an ), chng ta c:

G(x)=a0+a1x+a2x2+...
4xG(x)=4a0x4a1x24a2x3...
4x2G(x)=4a0x2+4a1x3+...
Cng ba ng thc trn ta c:

G(x)4xG(x)+4x2G(x)=a0+
(a14a0)x=13x(14x+4x2)G(x)=13x
Do

G(x)=13x14x+4x2=13x(12x)2=112xx(12x)2
=n=1(2x)nxn=1(2x)n1=n=1(2nn2n1)xn
H s ca xntrong khai trin ca G(x)l 2nn2n1 nn an=2nn2n1,n0.
Vy dy s cn tm c cng thc tng qut dng an=2nn2n1,n0.
Nhn xt: Trong v d 2 v v d 3 chng ta thy mu s ca hm sinh G(x) u c
nghim thc chng ta phn tch thnh cc nhn t c dng .
Cu hi t ra l Nu mu s ca hm sinh G(x) v nghim th chng ta s khng c phn
tch thnh cc nhn t c dng . Khi chng ta phi gii quyt bi ton ny nh th no.
t ra cu hi ny, ti dnh thi gian suy ngh v tm hiu v trong trng hp phng
trnh c trng ca dy s v nghim th nhn chung chng ta ch bit n phng php
gii phng trnh sai phn l gii quyt c bi ton ny thng qua s phc nhng vi
hm sinh th sao?. Da vo tng s phc phng php sai phn tm cng thc tng
qut ca dy s tht th v l cng vn vi tng s phc, chng ta p dng vo hm sinh
v thy rng hm sinh cng gii quyt tt bi ton xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s
trong trng hp phng trnh c trng ca dy v nghim.