UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SCHOOL of ARTS, CULTURE and ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY AND

ENVIRONMENT 2 PAPER 2 : BUILDING FABRIC 2 24 April 2007 Chairman: External Examiner: Answer any FOUR questions All questions carry equal marks NB The use of pocket-size electronic calculators is permitted, but you are required to set down all the steps in algebraic and arithmetical solutions to problems. 09.30 11.30 Angus Macdonald Professor John Chilton

Candidates in the third or later years for the degrees of MA (General), BA, BD, BCom, BSc (Social Science), BSc (Science), BEng and LLB should mark their script book where indicated. This examination paper will be marked anonymously.

1. Timber construction Discuss the main benefits of using glued laminated timber in buildings and the types of structures and elements that can be formed by this system. (25 marks) 2. Foundations Answer both parts of the question (A) Describe the various forms of shallow foundation that are commonly used in buildings and illustrate your answer with suitable diagrams. What factors are likely to influence their selection and design? (13 marks) (B) Explain why it is important to undertake a thorough site investigation during the initial stages of the design of a building and what kind of information the investigation is expected to yield. (12 marks)

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3. Continuous Structures For each of the following structures: Sketch the deflected shape due to the applied load, showing the points of contraflexure. Show the external reactions. Sketch the approximate shape of the bending moment diagram. (A) (8 marks)

(B)

(9 marks)

Legend
Pinned support Fixed support Reaction Point load Uniformly distributed load

(C)

(8 marks) 4. Timber structural design For the timber frame shown below, determine the suitable rectangular cross section dimensions of the primary beam under the point load P and uniformly distributed surface load q and a strength class of softwood solid timber to carry these loads. Demonstrate by calculation that your selection is suitable in bending, shear and serviceability. Use the tables provided (tables are on Page 4 and 5 of this exam paper). The strength modification factor kmod = 0.7, there is load sharing between the primary beams, and the moisture and creep factor kdef = 0.80 (Please turn the page for figures)

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Secondary beams

2m P

Primary beams

2.7 m

Point load P=2.0 kN Uniformly distributed surface load q =3 2 kN/m

2m 4m 4m 2m

[ Note: Deflection under a central point load, w = PL3 /(48EI) Deflection due to a uniformly distributed linear load, w = 5/384 (WL4/EI) ] (25 marks) 5. Masonry construction Describe the construction of a load-bearing external masonry wall for a medium sized building. Your answer should cover among other issues the choice of materials, the types of joints and wall joints, the detailing for movement, durability and moisture, and the process of design for stability. Illustrate your answer with suitable construction diagrams. (25 marks) 6. Qualitative structural analysis In the following diagrams (page 3 and 4) of buildings select a maximum of three from the five examples and describe their design and overall form, draw the main load path scheme, identify the principal structural elements and discuss the behaviour of the building at the principal connections. ***The images referred to cannot be reproduced online due to copyright restrictions***

Holyrood Abbey church, Edinburgh

Zarzuela Hippodrome roof

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Please turn the page for further diagrams

Roof of the National Assembly for Wales

Les Serres, La Villette

Atlantida Church (25 marks) Please turn the page for the tables for Question 4

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Tables for Question 4 Table 1: Strength classes and characteristic values for softwood species C14 C16 C18 C20 C22 C24 C27 Strength properties (N/mm2) Bending fmk 14 Compression, fc,0,k 16 parallel Shear fv,k 1.7 Elastic modulus (kN/m2) E 7 C30 C35 C40 C45 C50

16 17 1.8 8

18 18 2.0 9

20 19 2.2 9.5

22 20 2.4 10

24 21 2.5 11

27 22 2.8

30 23 3.0

35 25 3.4 13

40 26 3.8 14

45 27 3.8 15

50 29 3.8 16

11.5 12

Table 2: Recommended limits for the final deflection

Type of member Limiting value for net final deflections of individual beams A member of span A member with a between two supports cantilever, /250 /125 /150 /75

Roof or floor members with a plastered or plasterboard ceiling Roof or floor members without a plastered or plasterboard ceiling

Please turn the page for Table 3 of Question 4

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Table 3 Geometrical properties of regularised softwoods

Finished size (mm) 36 x 72 36 x 97 36 x 122 36 x 147 38 x 72 38 x 97 38 x 122 38 x 147 38 x 170 38 x 195 38 x 220 44 x 72 44 x 97 44 x 122 44 x 147 44 x 170 44 x 195 44 x 220 44 x 245 44 x 295 47 x 72 47 x 97 47 x 122 47 x 147 47 x 170 47 x 195 47 x 220 47 x 245 47 x 295 50 x 72 50 x 97 50 x 122 50 x 147 50 x 170 50 x 195 50 x 220 50 x 245 50 x 295 63 x 97 63 x 122 63 x 147 63 x 170 63 x 195 63 x 220 75 x 97 75 x 122 75 x 147 75 x 170 75 x 195 75 x 220 Area A 3 3 (10 mm ) 2.59 3.49 4.39 5.29 2.74 3.69 4.64 5.59 6.46 7.41 8.36 3.17 4.27 5.37 6.47 7.48 8.58 9.68 10.78 12.98 3.38 4.56 5.73 6.91 7.99 9.17 10.34 11.52 13.87 3.60 4.85 6.10 7.35 8.50 9.75 11.00 12.25 14.75 6.11 7.69 9.26 10.71 12.29 13.86 7.28 9.15 11.03 12.75 14.63 16.50 Section modulus Z 3 3 (10 mm ) About x-x About y-y 15.6 31.1 21.0 56.5 26.4 89.3 31.8 129.7 32.8 59.6 94.3 136.9 183.0 240.8 306.5 38.0 69.0 109.1 158.5 211.9 278.9 354.9 440.2 638.2 40.6 73.7 116.6 169.3 226.4 297.9 379.1 470.2 681.7 43.2 78.4 124.0 180.1 240.8 316.9 403.3 500.2 725.2 98.8 156.3 226.9 303.5 399.3 508.2 117.6 186.1 270.1 361.3 475.3 605.0 17.3 23.3 29.4 35.4 40.9 46.9 52.9 23.2 31.3 39.4 47.4 54.9 62.9 71.0 79.1 95.2 26.5 35.7 44.9 54.1 62.6 71.8 81.0 90.2 108.6 30.0 40.4 50.8 61.3 70.8 81.3 91.7 102.1 122.9 64.2 80.7 97.2 112.5 129.0 145.5 90.9 114.4 137.8 159.4 182.8 206.3 Second moment of area I 6 4 (10 mm ) About x-x About y-y 0.28 1.12 0.38 2.74 0.47 5.45 0.57 9.53 1.18 2.89 5.75 10.06 15.56 23.48 33.72 1.37 3.35 6.66 11.65 18.01 27.19 39.04 53.92 94.13 1.46 3.57 7.11 12.44 19.24 29.04 41.70 57.60 100.55 1.56 3.80 7.57 13.24 20.47 30.90 44.37 61.28 106.97 4.79 9.53 16.68 25.79 38.93 55.90 5.70 11.35 19.85 30.71 46.34 66.55 0.33 0.44 0.56 0.67 0.78 0.89 1.01 0.51 0.69 0.87 1.04 1.21 1.38 1.56 1.74 2.09 0.62 0.84 1.06 1.27 1.47 1.69 1.90 2.12 2.55 0.75 1.01 1.27 1.53 1.77 2.03 2.29 2.55 3.07 2.02 2.54 3.06 3.54 4.06 4.58 3.41 4.29 5.17 5.98 6.86 7.73 Radius of gyration r (mm) About x-x About y-y 10.4 20.8 10.4 28.0 10.4 35.2 10.4 42.4 20.8 28.0 35.2 42.4 49.1 56.3 63.5 20.8 28.0 35.2 42.4 49.1 56.3 63.5 70.7 85.2 20.8 28.0 35.2 42.4 49.1 56.3 63.5 70.7 85.2 20.8 28.0 35.2 42.4 49.1 56.3 63.5 70.7 85.2 28.0 35.2 42.4 49.1 56.3 63.5 28.0 35.2 42.4 49.1 56.3 63.5 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 21.7 21.7 21.7 21.7 21.7 21.7

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