INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFENVIRONMENTALSCIENCESVolume1,No6,2011 Copyright2010AllrightsreservedIntegratedPublishingAssociation CaseStudy ISSN0976 4402

OptimumutilisationofWaterOfMudasarlovaReservoir(1902) Thefirst ImpoundingReservoirfor WaterSupplyfor VisakhapatnamCity, AP, IndiaACaseStudy

1 2 3 Chandraiah.V ,MalleswaraRao.P ,Mahamood.V 1 SuperintendingEngineer,GreaterVisakhapatnamMunicipalCorporation,Visakhapatnam 2 Professor.DepartmentofCivilEngineering,AndhraUniversity,Visakhapatnam 3 AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofCivil Engineering,AndhraUniversity,Visakhapatnam

ABSTRACT The reservoirs in the urban area are useful for storage of drinking water to the city. The Mudasarlova Reservoir in the Visakhapatnam city limits is situated between the Kailasakonda, Kambalakonda and Simhachalam Hills. Some residential colonies are developedinthecatchmentareaofthereservoir.Duetosewageeffluentsthequalityofthe water in the reservoir will be spoiled. In order to propose for proper utilization of the reservoir water, the yield of the reservoir based on the previous 54 years rainfall data is computed. The present storage capacity of the reservoir is computed after conducting hydrographicsurveyusingEcosounderandtheneedforfurtherdeepeningofthereservoiris suggested.Themaximumflooddischargeintothereservoirisalsocomputedandcompared withthedischargecapacityofthespillwayanditissuggestedthatthespillwaylengthshall beincreasedfromexisting40.0mto51.0m.Itisalsosuggestedtopropose0.50MGD(2.25 MLD)watertreatmentplantforsupplyingthereservoirwatertothesurroundingarea.The curtain grouting along the dam is also suggested to control seepage through the bedof the reservoir. 1.Introduction
0 0 Mudsarlovareservoirbasinislyingbetweenthelongitudes83 1550Eand83 1830Eand 0 0 latitudesbetween17 4550Nand17 485N.ItislocatedinVisakhapatnamcity limitsin Visakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh State, India. The catchment area (Fig.1) of the Mudsarlova reservoir basin is 17.06 sq km (1706.364 hectares or 4216.518 acres). This catchment is located between Kailasa Konda, Kambala Konda and Simhachalam hill. This reservoirwasconstructedandcompletedduringtheyear1902duringBritishRegime,which is 13 km away from the main distribution center of water for the city called TSR(Town ServiceReservoir).Waterwasdrawnfromimpoundingreservoirthroughaofftakewelland filteredthroughainfiltrationgalleryofsize50ftX150ft.Duringthecourseoftheselong years the reservoir bottom was heavily silted up thus reducing the storage capacity of the reservoir.

Population:Theareaservesapopulationofapproximately40,000Nos. Climate:Theclimateoftheregionbyvirtueofitslocationishotandhumidthroughoutthe majorpartoftheyear.CyclonicstormsarecommonduringOctoberandNovember.

Temperature: The monthly mean temperature is in the range of 23.3 C to 31.7 C with an annualaverageof27.9C.

ReceivedonJanuary,2011Publishedon March2011

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Figure 1: CatchmentPlanofMudasarlovaReservoir

Humidity:Generally,relativehumidityishighwithanarrowrangeofvariation.Thehighest relative humidity of75100%range is observedduring theperiod July to September, while thelowestisexperiencedduringNovemberandDecemberwith5057%range. Rainfall: Mudsarlova catchment receives southwest monsoon during the period June to September. Somepre monsoon showers are alsoexperienced occasionally during Apriland May. The area gets scanty during Northeast monsoon rains during October and December alongwithoccasionallyheavyrainsassociatedwithcyclonicstorm.

Figure2: Contour Map

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Water shed Drainage System: The reservoir is ideally located and sorrounded by Simhachalem range of hill and Kambala Konda range.The catchment drainage system and topographyoftheareaiswellsuitedforimpoundingofwater.Thecontoursoftheregionas wellastheimpoundingreservoirisverycosteconomicduringoldendaysandforthepresent andthecontoursofthereservoirsisshowninfigure.2 Excessively high intensity of rainfall: The monsoon and annual rainfall do not show any excessively high intensity rainfalls. However, the non monsoon category rainfall has exhibitedexcessivelyhighrainfallintensityof2.00duringtheyear1923.Theyear1923has producedarainfallofmagnitude531.0mm(20.91inches)duringthemonthofNovemberina spanof5dayswithanintensityofmorethan101.6mm(4inches)perday. Distribution of very High intensity rainfalls: The distribution of very high intensity rainfallsfallsbetween30.5050.80mm(1.22.0inches). Distributionoflowandverylowintensityrainfalls:ThedistributionofLowrainfallfalls between 7.62to12.70mm(0.30.5inches)andverylowrainfall<7.62mm(0.3inches). Earlierstudiesonhydrologyofreservoirs: Schumann A.H (1993) studiedontheuseofGISinthedevelopmentofconceptualsemi distributedhydrographicalmodelsandestimationoftheirparameters. Viswanath. G.K and Giridhar M.V.S.S (2007) studied on the semi distributed run off modelforaAridareaofAndhraPradesh,followingageomanticapproach. Table1:MudsarlovaReservoirsalientfeatures Topofbundlevel Fulltanklevel Maximumwaterlevel Levelofoutlet Bendlengthoftank Lengthoftankbund Topwidthofthebund Bottomwidthofdam Innerslopeofbund Outerslopeofbund Lengthofshallowgallery Lengthofdeepgallery Noofinfiltrationwells Silllevelofgallery Silllevelofdeepgallery Storagecapacityoftank Deadstorage Lengthofspillway +53.04m(174ft) +50.90m(167ft) +51.51m(169ft) +44.20m(145ft) 43.89m(144ft) 844.30m(2770ft) 3.66m(12ft) 35.66m(117ft) 11/2to1 2to1 490.728m(1610ft) 100.58m(330ft) 15nos +35.66m(117ft) +32.61m(107ft) 3 1500000m 3 25000m 40m

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2.HydrologicalStudies The yield studies of the reservoir are made considering the rain fall for aperiodofpast54 6 3 years(19512004),andthemaximumannual yieldis4.265x10 m .Themonsoon yieldis 6 3 6 3 3.837 x 10 m . The 75% dependable monsoon yield is 2.850 x 10 m . and in order to assesscapacityofthespillway,therunoffcalculationswerealsocarriedout.Themaximum runoffrateis106.634cumecs.Whichiscomputedbasedonrationalformula. 2.1Computationofstoragecapacity The storage capacity of the reservoir up to full reservoir level is computed by conducting hydrographicsurveyusingmotorboatandecosounder,GPS.Usingtheboatandecosounder the depth of water in the reservoir in the predefined grid lines at every 10m intervals were measuredandthebathometrycontourmapwasprepared.Usingthebathometrycontourmap the volume of the water up to FRL of the reservoir is computed. The bathometry contour mapofthereservoirisshowninfigure(3).Thecapacityofthereservoiriscomputed9.96x 5 3 10 m .

Figure 3: BathometryContourMap

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3.DiscussionsontheStorageCapacityandSpillway Capacity 3.1StorageCapacity

5 3 1)Storagecapacityofthereservoir:9.960x10 m .(AsperHydrographic Survey) 6 3 2)Annualyield:4.265x10 m .

3)Averagemonsoonyield

6 3 :3.837x10 m .

6 3 4)75%dependablemonsoonyield:2.850x10 m .

Consideringthe75%dependablemonsoonyieldandthereservoircapacity,numberof fillingsofthereservoirfortheavailablemonsoonyield
6 = 2.850x10 =3fillings 6 0.996x10

Hence,proposingtwofillingsofthereservoirduringayear.Thereisfurtherneedtostorethe extraonefillingwaterinthereservoirwater.Hencethereisaneedtoincreasethecapacity ofthereservoirbydeepeningthereservoirbed. 3.2Spillwaycapacity 1)TheLengthofSpillway :40m.

2)TheFullReservoirLevel:+50.90m. 3)TheMaximumwaterlevel:+51.51m. 4)Theheadoverthespillway :0.61m. 5)ThedischargecapacityoftheSpillway:31.635cumecs. 6)ThemaximumrunoffrateasperRationalFormula:106.635cumecs. 7)ThemaximumrunoffrateasperRyvesFormula:44.734cumecs. Fromtheaboveparticularsitisnotedthatthespillway capacity isinsufficientevenforthe maximum runoff rate of 44.734 cumecs computed using Ryves formula. Hence there is a needtoincreasethespillwaylength.Asperthisthelengthofthespillway requiredis51.0m. 3.3SeepageLosses AsperthestructuralgeologicalstudiesthereisalineamentpassingthroughtheMudasarlova reservoir.Hencethereisaseepagethroughthebeofthereservoirtothedownstreamside.In ordertopreventtheseepagethroughthebedofthereservoir,curtaingroutingalongthedam is suggested. To utilize the seepage water in the down stream side infiltration gallery was constructed by the GVMC. And water is drawn from the infiltration gallery and is being supplied tothe surrounding areas. Insteadof losing the water through seepage the reservoir water can be utilised by constructing a 0.50MGD water treatment plant at Mudasarlova Resrevoirtosupplythewatertothesurroundinglocalities.

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4.Conclusions

1.

5 3 Thestoragevolumeofthereservoiriscomputedas31.635cumecs.9.60x10 m and 6 3 the75%dependable yieldisworkedoutas2.85x10 m .Toaccomadatethe75% dependable yield, the storage volume of the reservoir shall be increased by deepeningthereservoirbed.

2.

Thespillwaycapacityiscomputedas31.635cumecs.Whereasthemaximumrunoff rate computed based on Ryves formula is 44.73 cumecs. Hence to allow the maximumfloodflowthelengthofthespillwayshallbeincreasedfrom40mto51m.. Basedonthestructuralgeologicalstudiesseepageofwaterisobservedthroughthe reservoirbed,whichisdrainthroughinfiltrationgalleryconstructedindownstream sideofthereservoir.Inordertopreventtheseepagecurtaingroutingalongthedam issuggestedandtoutilizethereservoirwatera0.50mgdtreatmentplantisproposed.

3.

Abbreviations MGD MLD GVMC FRL GPS Milliongallonsperday Millionlitersperday GreaterVisakhapatnamMunicipalCorporation FullReservoirLevel GeographicalPositioningsystem

5.References

1. SchumannA.H(1993)Developmentofconceptualsemidistributedhydrographical models and estimation of their parameters with the aid of GIS. Journal of HydrologicalSciences,pp519528. 2. Viswanath.G.KandGiridharM.V.S.S(2007)Semidistributedrunoffmodelfora semi Arid area of Andhra Pradesh A Geomatic Approach Proceedings (578) of WaterResourcesManagement. 3. Bhaskar. N.R., James. W.P. and Devulapalli. R.S. (1992): Hydrologic parameters estimationusingGeographicInformationSystem(GIS)JournalofWaterResources PlanningandManagement,ASCE118(5),pp 492512. 4. Eldho,T.I,,AnupamK.Singh,(2003),Cultivationwater,timesAgricultureJournal, MayJune2003,pp2629. 5. Capart H., Eldho, T.I., Huang S.Y., Young D.L., Zech, Y., (2004), discussion & ClosureonTreatmentofnaturaltopographyinfinitevolumecomputationsofopen channel flow, Journal of Hydraulics Engineering, ADCE, Vol. 130(10), October 2004, pp 10481049. 6. EldhoT.I.,A.JhaandA.KSingh,(2006),IntegratedwatershedModellingusingA FiniteElementMethod and a GIS Approach, International Journal of River Basin Management,IAHR,Vol.4(1),pp.9,2006. 7. VenkataReddy,K.,Eldho,T.I.,E.P.,(2007),simulationofrunofffromwatersheds
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using Finite Element based Kinematic wave model, ISH Journal of Hydraulics Engineering,Vol.13(2),pp1530. 8. EldhoT.I.,(2009)IntegratedWatershedModelingandCharacterizationUsingFEM, GIS ad Remote Sensing techniques, accepted to ISH Journal of Hydraulics Engineering. 9. Aparna.V.S.V.L,(2007)HydrologicalstudiesofcatchmentofMudsarlovareservoir of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh using GIS , M.E Thesis submitted to AndhraUniversity,Visakhapatnam. 10.AnupamK.Singh,EldhoT.O.,DieterPrinz,(2002),IntegratedWatershedapproach for combating drought in semiarid region of India: A Case of Jhabua Watershed, JournalofWaterscienceandTechnology,Vol.46(67)2002, pp8592.

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