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FERRORESONANCE IN POWER SYSTEM

ABSTRACT:
Ferroresonance or nonlinear resonance is a complex electrical phenomenon. It occurs when a circuit containing a nonlinear inductance is fed from a source that has series capacitance. This paper carries out an investigation into single-phase transformer ferroresonance initiated by switching transients. A hysteretic core model is implemented which includes major and minor hysteresis loops for the study of dynamic nonlinear phenomena. The results of the technical investigation and the associated ferroresonance experimental work performed showed that ferroresonance can cause dangerous over voltages and over currents in transformers. Sensitivity analysis results are also presented to determine the impact of various design and operating parameters on the resulting over voltages and over currents caused by ferroresonance.

INTRODUCTION:
One of the most serious problems in electrical power systems is related to the existence of over-voltages resulting under a ferroresonant condition. It generally occurs when the system is unbalanced, like switching or the series connections of the capacitors with transformer magnetizing impedance. This situation can result in over-voltages that can cause failures in transformers, cables, and arresters. The ferroresonance phenomenon composes to the high voltage levels because of the relative ratios of losses, magnetizing impedance and cable capacitance fall into its more favorable range. Also, the abnormal rates of harmonics and transient or steady-state over-voltages can often be dangerous for most electrical equipments in the power systems. Therefore, in the related literature, the ferroresonance is defined as a general term applied to a wide variety of interactions between capacitors and iron-core inductors that result in unusual voltages and/or currents. The term ferroresonance was firstly used by Boucherot in 1920 to describe a complex resonance oscillation in a series RLC circuit with nonlinear inductance. Nowadays, ferroresonance is a widely studied phenomenon in power systems involving capacitors, saturable inductors and low losses. Ferroresonance in power networks involving nonlinear transformers and capacitors has been well researched for nearly a century. However, it is only in recent years that nonlinear transformer modeling techniques have begun to approach the level of sophistication required for accurate ferroresonance studies which was mainly driven by developments in modern computing and simulation software. To that end, the importance of hysteresis nonlinearities in dynamic and transient simulation studies and its impact on the stability domain of ferroresonance modes has recently been demonstrated. Power networks are made up of a large number of saturable inductances (power transformers, voltage measurement inductive transformers (VT), shunt reactors), as well as capacitors cables, long lines, capacitor voltage transformers, series or shunt capacitor banks, voltage grading capacitors in circuit-breakers, metal clad substations). They, thus present scenarios under which ferroresonance can occur.

The main feature of this phenomenon is that more than one stable steady state response is possible for the same set of the network parameters. Transients, lightning over-voltages, energizing or de-energizing transformers or loads, occurrence or removal of faults, live works, etc. may initiate ferroresonance. The response can suddenly jump from one normal steady state response (sinusoidal at the same frequency as the source) to another ferroresonant steady state response characterized by high over-voltages and harmonic levels which can lead to serious damage to the equipment. A practical example of such behavior (surprising for the uninitiated) is the de-energization of a voltage transformer by the opening of a circuit-breaker. As the transformer is still fed through grading capacitors across the circuit-breaker, this may lead either to zero voltage at the transformer terminals or to permanent highly distorted voltage of amplitude well over normal voltage. To prevent the consequences of ferroresonance (untimely tripping of protection devices, destruction of equipment such as power transformers or voltage transformers, production losses,...), it is necessary to understand the phenomenon, predict it, identify it and avoid or eliminate it. Little is known about this complex phenomenon as it is rare and cannot be analyzed or predicted by the computation methods (based on linear approximation) normally used by electrical Engineers. This lack of knowledge means that it is readily considered responsible for a number of unexplained destructions or malfunctioning of equipment. A distinction drawn between resonance and ferroresonance will highlight the specific and sometimes disconcerting characteristics of ferroresonance. Practical examples of electrical power system configurations at risk from ferroresonance are used to identify and emphasize the variety of potentially dangerous configurations. Well-informed system designers avoid putting themselves in such risky situations. Ferroresonance can be understood as a complex oscillatory energy exchange between magnetic field energy of nonlinear magnetizing inductances of transformer/reactor cores and electric field energy of nearby capacitances (e.g., series compensated lines or circuit breaker grading capacitors). Without adequate dissipation through normal loads and losses, a substantial amount of energy sloshes back and forth within a power system and manifests as over-voltages and currents exhibiting high levels of distortion. This has caused significant equipment damage in several cases and continues to be a large safety hazard. Over the years, research in ferroresonance has concentrated into three main areas. They are: improving analytical methods and transformer models, development of transformer protection and mitigation strategies, case studies of system level impacts. Despite the extensive literature available in this area, ferroresonance continues to be a challenging problem to analyze, predict and understand due to its highly nonlinear and dynamic behavior. Researchers must adopt complex mathematical notions such as chaos theory to gain insight into this phenomenon. The four generally accepted ferroresonance modes which can occur are: fundamental ferroresonance (period-1), sub-harmonic ferroresonance (period-3), quasi-periodic ferroresonance, chaotic ferroresonance. The last two are non-periodic modes. There is also the possibility of mixed modes or unstable modes where gradual system variations or perturbations cause sudden jumps (known as bifurcations) from one mode to another. From a purely mathematical standpoint, these modes are due to multiple competing solutions (known as

attractors) to a system of nonlinear differential equations of an electromagnetic circuit. The nonlinearity is due to the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic material. Therefore, it is imperative to develop accurate nonlinear electromagnetic models for transformer cores to fully depict dynamic disturbances such as ferroresonance. In this paper, the field study for any device is observed.

TRANSFORMERS: Principles of equi ckt Ferroresonance effet on xmer Simulation results Conclusion Future scope reference Ferroresonance will occur bcz of dynamics present in the system
Presence of transient non-linear values of inductance

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