PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.

CHNG I : DAO NG C HOC

Dang 1: ai cng v dao ng iu hoa
1) Phng trinh dao ng: x = Acos(t + ) (m,cm,mm)
Trong o x: li hay lch khoi vi tri cn bng (m,cm,mm)
A: (A>0) bin hay li cc ai (m,cm,mm)
: tn s goc hay tc goc (rad/s)
t + : pha dao ng thi gian t (rad)
: pha ban u (rad)
2) Chu ky, tn s:
a. Chu ky dao ng iu hoa: T =
2

=
N
t
t: thi gian (s) ; T: chu k (s)
b. Tn s f =
1
T
=
2

3) Vn tc, gia tc:

a. Vn tc: v = -Asin(t + )
v
max
= A khi x = 0 (tai VTCB)
v = 0 khi x = t A (tai vi tri bin)
b. Gia tc: a =
2
Acos (t + ) =
2
x
a
max
=
2
A khi x = t A (tai vi tri bin)
a = 0 khi x = 0 (tai VTCB)
4) Lin h gia x, v, A: A
2
= x
2
+
2
2
v

.
Lin h : a = -
2
x Lin h a v v : 1
2 2
2
4 2
2
+
A
v
A
a
5) Cac h qua:
+ Quy ao dao ng iu hoa la 2A
+ Thi gian ngn nht i t bin nay n bin kia la
T
2
+ Thi gian ngn nht i t VTCB ra VT bin hoc ngc lai la
T
4
+ Quang ng vt i c trong mt chu ky la 4A
Dang 2: Tinh chu ki con lc lo xo theo c tinh cu tao
1) Cng thc tinh tn s goc, chu ki va tn s dao ng cua con lc lo xo:
+ Tn s goc: =
k
m
vi

'

k: ocng cua loxo (N/m)

m : khoi lng cua vat nang (kg)
+ Chu ky: T = 2
m
k
=
N
t
=2
g
l
* l : gian ra cua lo xo (m)
* N: s ln dao ng trong thi gian t
Trang 1
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
+ Tn s: f =

1 k
2 m
2) Chu ki con lc lo xo va khi lng cua vt nng
Goi T
1
va T
2
la chu ki cua con lc khi ln lt treo vt m
1
va m
2
vao lo xo co cng k
Chu ki con lc khi treo ca m
1
va m
2
: m = m
1
+ m
2
la T
2
=
2
1
T +
2
2
T .
3) Chu ki con lc va cng k cua lo xo.
Goi T
1
va T
2
la chu ki cua con lc lo xo khi vt nng m ln lt mc vao lo xo k
1
va lo xo k
2
cng tng ng va chu ki cua con lc khi mc phi hp hai lo xo k
1
va k
2
:
a- Khi k
1
ni tip k
2
thi
1 2
1 1 1
k k k
+
va T
2
=
2
1
T +
2
2
T .
b- Khi k
1
song song k
2
thi k = k
1
+ k
2
va
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
T T T
+
.
Chu y : cng cua lo xo ti l nghich vi chiu dai t nhin cua no.
Dang 3: Chiu dai lo xo
1) Con lc lo xo thng ng:
+ Goi l
o
:chiu dai t nhin cua lo xo (m)
l: dan cua lo xo vi tri cn bng: l =
mg
k
(m)
+ Chiu dai lo xo VTCB: l
cb
= l
o
+ l
+ Chiu dai cua lo xo khi vt li x:
l = l
cb
+ x khi chiu dng hng xung.
l = l
cb
x khi chiu dng hng ln.
+ Chiu dai cc ai cua lo xo: l
max
= l
cb
+ A
+ Chiu dai cc tiu cua lo xo: l
min
= l
cb
A
h qua:
max min
cb
max min
2
A
2
+

'

l l
l
l l
2) Con lc nm ngang:
S dung cac cng thc v chiu dai cua con lc lo xo thng ng nhng vi l = 0
* bin dng ca l xo thng ng:
mg
l
k
2
l
T
g

* bin dng ca l xo nm trn mt phng nghing c gc nghing :

sin mg
l
k

2
sin
l
T
g

Mt l xo c cng k, chiu di l c ct thnh cc l xo c cng k

1
, k
2
, v chiu di tng ng l l
1
,
l
2
, th c: kl = k
1
l
1
= k
2
l
2
=
Dang 4: Lc an hi cua lo xo
1) Con lc lo xo thng ng:
a- Lc an hi do lo xo tac dung ln vt ni co li x:
F
h
= kl + x khi chon chiu dng hng xung
Trang 2
O (VTCB)
x

cb

o
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
hay F
h
= kl

x khi chon chiu dng hng ln
b- Lc an hi cc ai:F
h max
= k(l

+ A) ; F
h max
: (N) ; l

(m) ; A(m)
c- Lc an hi cc tiu:
F
h min
= 0 khi A l (vt VT l xo c chiu di t nhin)
F
h min
= k(l- A) khi A < l (vt VT l xo c chiu di cc tiu)
F
h min :
( lc ko v) n v (N)
2) Con lc nm ngang:
S dung cac cng thc v lc an hi cua con lc lo xo thng ng nhng vi l = 0
*Lc n hi, lc hi phc:
a. Lc n hi:
( )
( ) ( ) neu
0 neu l A
hM
h hm
hm
F k l A
F k l x F k l A l A
F
+

+ >
'

b. Lc hi phc:

0
hpM
hp
hpm
F kA
F kx
F


'

hay
2

0
hpM
hp
hpm
F m A
F ma
F

'

lc hi phc lun hng v v tr cn bng.
c . F
h
v tr thp nht: F
h
= k (l
0
+ A ).
d. F
h
v tr cao nht: F
h
= k /l
0
A/.
e. Lc hi phc hay lc phc hi (l lc gy dao ng cho vt) l lc a vt v v tr cn bng (l hp lc
ca cc lc tc dng ln vt xt phng dao ng), lun hng v VTCB. F = - Kx. Vi x l ly ca vt.
+ F
max
= KA (vt VTB).
+ F
min
= 0 (vt qua VTCB).
Dang 5: Nng lng dao ng cua con lc lo xo
Th nng: W
t
=
1
2
kx
2
* W
t
: th nng (J) ; x : li (m)
ng nng: W

=
1
2
mv
2
* W

: ng n ng (J) ; v : vn tc (m/s)
C nng cua con lc lo xo: W = W
t
+ W

= W
t max
= W
max
=
1
2
kA
2
=
1
2
m
2
A
2
= const .
W : c nng (nng l ng) (J) A : bi n (m); m: khi lng (kg)
Ch : ng nng v th nng bin thin iu ha cng chu k T =
T
2
hoc cng tn s f = 2f
Dang 6: Vit phng trinh dao ng iu hoa
+ Tim = 2

f =
T
2
=
m
k
+ Tim A: s dung cng thc A
2
= x
2
+
2
2
v

hoc cac cng thc khac nh :

+ cho: cho x ng vi v A = . ) (
2 2

v
x + Nu v = v
max
x = 0 A = .
max

v
+ cho: chiu di qu o CD A=
2
CD
.
+ Cho lc F
MAX
= KA. A=
K
F
MAX
.
+ Cho l
max
v l
min
A =
2
min
l l
MAX

.
Trang 3
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
+ Cho c nng hoc ng nng cc i hoc th nng cc i A =
k
E 2
.Vi E = E
max
=E
tmax
=
2
2
1
KA
.
+ Cho l
CB
,l
max
hoc l
CB
, l
max
A = l
max
l
CB
hoc A = l
CB
l
min.
+ Tim : T iu kin kich thich ban u: t = 0,
o
o
x x
v v

'

, giai phng trinh lng giac tim . Th chon gi

tr k=0
Chu y: a phng lng gic v dng
* sin a = sinb

'

+
+

2
2
k b a
k b a
k=0,1,2..
* cosa = cosb a = t b+ k2

( k= 0,1,2.)
+ Lu :
- Vt i theo chiu dng th v > 0 sin < 0; i theo chiu m th v <0 sin >0.
- Cc trng hp c bit:
- Gc thi gian l lc vt qua VTCB theo chiu dng th =-/2.( khi t = 0, x = 0, v > 0 = -
2

(rad) )
- Gc thi gian l lc vt qua VTCB theo chiu m th = /2 (khi t = 0, x = 0, v < 0 =
2

(rad) )
- Gc thi gian l lc vt VTB dng th =0 (khi t = 0, x = A ;v = 0 = 0. )
- Gc thi gian l lc vt VTB m th = (khi t = 0, x = A , v = 0 =

(rad) ) .
Mt s trng hp khc ca :
khi t = 0, x =
2
A
, v = 0 = -
3

(rad)
khi t = 0, x = -
2
A
, v = 0 =
3

(rad)
Dang 7: Tinh thi gian vt chuyn ng t vi tri x
1
n x
2
:
B
1
: Ve ng tron tm O, ban kinh A. ve truc Ox thng ng hng ln va truc
vung goc vi Ox tai O.
B
2
: xac inh vi tri tng ng cua vt chuyn ng tron u.
Nu vt dao ng iu hoa chuyn ng cung chiu dng thi chon vi tri cua vt
chuyn ng tron u bn phai truc Ox.
Nu vt dao ng iu hoa chuyn ng ngc chiu dng thi chon vi tri cua
vt chuyn ng tron u bn trai truc Ox.
B
3
: Xac inh goc quet
Gia s: Khi vt dao ng iu hoa x
1
thi vt chuyn ng tron u M
Khi vt dao ng iu hoa x
2
thi vt chuyn ng tron u N
Goc quet la =

MON
(theo chiu ngc kim ng h)
S dung cac kin thc hinh hoc tim gia tri cua (rad)
B
4
: Xac inh thi gian chuyn ng
t

vi la tn s gc cua dao ng iu hoa (rad/s)

Ch : Thi gian ngn nht vt i
Trang 4
x

O
M
N

PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.

+ t x = 0 n x = A/2 (hoc ngc li) l T/12
+ t x = 0 n x = - A/2 (hoc ngc li) l T/12
+ t x = A/2 n x = A (hoc ngc li) l T/6
+ t x = - A/2 n x = - A (hoc ngc li) l T/6
Ch :
Gi O l trung im ca qu o CD v M l trung im ca OD; thi gian i t O n M l
12
OM
T
t ,
thi gian i t M n D l
6
MD
T
t .
T v tr cn bng 0 x ra v tr
2
2
x A t
mt khong thi gian
8
T
t .
T v tr cn bng 0 x ra v tr
3
2
x A t
mt khong thi gian
6
T
t .
Chuyn ng t O n D l chuyn ng chm dn u( 0; av a v <
r r
), chuyn ng t D n O l
chuyn ng nhanh dn u( 0; av a v >
r r
)
Vn tc cc i khi qua v tr cn bng (li bng khng), bng khng khi bin (li cc i).
Dang 8: Tinh qua ng ng vt i c t thi im t
1
n t
2
:
B
1
: Xac inh trang thai chuyn ng cua vt tai thi im t
1
va t
2
.
thi im t
1
: x
1
= ?; v
1
> 0 hay v
1
< 0
thi im t
2
: x
2
= ?; v
2
> 0 hay v
2
< 0
B
2
: Tinh quang ng
a- Quang ng vt i c t thi im t
1
n khi qua vi tri x
1
ln cui cung trong khoang thi gian t t
1
n t
2
:
+ Tinh
2 1
t t
T

= a Phn tich a = n + b, vi n la phn nguyn

+ S
1
= N.4A
b- Tinh quang ng S
2
vt i c t thi im vt i qua vi tri x
1
ln cui cung n vi tri x
2
:
+ cn c vao vi tri cua x
1
, x
2
va chiu cua v
1
, v
2
xac inh qua trinh chuyn ng cua vt. m ta
bng hinh ve.
+ da vao hinh ve tinh S
2
.
c- Vy quang ng vt i t thi im t
1
n t
2
la: S = S
1
+ S
2

d- Ch : Qung ng:
Neu th
4
Neu th 2
2
Neu th 4
T
t s A
T
t s A
t T s A

'

suy ra
Neu th 4
Neu th 4
4
Neu th 4 2
2
t nT s n A
T
t nT s n A A
T
t nT s n A A

+ +
'

+ +

Dang 9: Tinh vn tc trung binh

+ Xac inh thi gian chuyn ng (co th ap dung dang 6)
+ Xac inh quang ng i c (co th ap dung dang 7)
+ Tinh vn tc trung binh:
S
v
t
.
Dang 10: Chu ki con lc n v phng trnh
Trang 5
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
1) Cng thc tinh tn s goc, chu ki va tn s dao ng cua con lc n:
+ Tn s goc: =
l
g
vi

'

l
2
g: gia toc trong trng tai ni treo con lac (m/s )
: chieu dai cua con lac n (m)
+ Chu ky: T = 2
l
g
+ Tn s: f =

1
2 l
g
2) Chu ky dao ng iu hoa cua con lc n khi thay i chiu dai:
Goi T
1
va T
2
la chu ki cua con lc co chiu dai l
1
va l
2

+ Con lc co chiu dai la
1 2
+ l l l
thi chu ki dao ng la: T
2
=
2
1
T +
2
2
T .
+ Con lc co chiu dai la l = l
1
l
2
thi chu ki dao ng la: T
2
=
2
1
T
2
2
T .
3) Chu ki con lc n thay i theo nhit :

o
T . t
T 2

vi
o o o
T =T' - T
t t ' t

'

nhit tng thi chu ki tng va ngc lai

Trong o: Chieu dai bien oi theo nhiet o : l = l
o
(1 +t). la h s n dai (K
-
1
) .
T la chu ki cua con lc nhit t
o
.
T la chu ki cua con lc nhit t
o
.
4) Chu ki con lc n thay i theo cao so vi mt t:

T h
T R

vi T = T T T lun ln hn T
Trong o: T la chu ki cua con lc mt t
T la chu ki cua con lc cao h so vi mt t.
R la ban kinh Trai t. R = 6400km
5) Thi gian chay nhanh, chm cua ng h qua lc trong khoang thi gian

:
T = T T > 0 : ng chay chm
T = T T < 0 : ng h chay nhanh
Khoang thi gian nhanh, chm: t =

T
T

.
Trong o: T la chu ki cua ng h qua lc khi chay ung, T = 2s.

la khoang thi gian ang xet

6) Chu ky dao ng iu hoa cua con lc n khi chiu thm tac dung cua ngoai lc khng i:
T = 2
g'
l
vi
: chieu dai con lac n
g': gia toc trong trng bieu kien

'

l
Vi
F
g' g
m
+
r
r r
vi
F
r
: ngoai lc khng i tac dung ln con lc
S dung cac cng thc cng vect tim g
+ Nu
F
r
co phng nm ngang (
F
r

g
r
) thi g
2
= g
2
+
2
F
m
_

,
.
Trang 6
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
Khi o, tai VTCB, con lc lch so vi phng thng ng 1 goc : tg =
F
P
.
+ Nu
F
r
thng ng hng ln (
F
r

g
r
) thi g = g
F
m
g < g
+ Nu
F
r
thng ng hng xung (
F
r

g
r
) thi g = g +
F
m
g > g
Cac dang ngoai lc:
+ Lc in trng:
F
r
= q
E
r
F = q.E
Nu q > 0 thi
F
r
cung phng, cung chiu vi
E
r
Nu q < 0 thi
F
r
cung phng, ngc chiu vi
E
r
+ Lc quan tinh:
F
r
= ma
r

F ngc chieu a
F ma

'

r
r
Chu y: chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u
r
a cung chiu vi
r
v
chuyn ng thng chm dn u
r
a ngc chiu vi
r
v
c . Phng trnh dao ng:
s = S0 cos(t + ) hoc = 0cos(t + ) vi s = l, S0 = 0l v 10
0

v = s = - S0sin(t + ) = l0cos(t + +
2

)
a = v = -
2
S0cos(t + ) = -
2
l0cos(t + ) = -
2
s = -
2
l
Lu : S0 ng vai tr nh A cn s ng vai tr nh x
3. H thc c lp: a = -
2
s = -
2
l *
2 2 2
0
( )
v
S s

+ ;
2
2 2
0
v
gl
+
4. C nng:
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
t
mg
E E E m S S mgl m l
l
+
Vi
2

1
2
E mv (1 os ).
t
E mgl c
Dang 11: Nng lng, vn tc va lc cng dy cua con lc n
1) Nng lng dao ng cua con lc n:
- ong nang : W

=
2
1
mv
2
.
- The nang : W
t
= = mgl(1 - cos) =
2
1
mgl
2
.
- C nang : W = W

+ W
t
= mgl(1 - cos) +
2
1
mv
2
Vn tc cua con lc tai vi tri dy treo hp vi phng thng ng mt goc
v = ( ) l
o
2g cos cos .
2) Lc cng dy cua con lc tai vi tri dy treo hp vi phng thng ng mt goc
T = mg(3cos 2cos
o
) .
Dang 12: T ng hp dao ng . Dao ng tt dn , dao ng cng bc , cng hng
I . TNG HP DAO NG
lch pha gia hai dao ng cung tn s: x
1
= A
1
cos(t +
1
) va x
2
= A
2
cos(t +
2
)
+ lch pha gia dao ng x
1
so vi x
2
: =
2

1
Nu > 0
1
>
2
thi x
1
nhanh pha hn x
2
.
Nu < 0
1
<
2
thi x
1
chm pha hn x
2
.
Trang 7
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
+ Cac gia tri c bit cua lch pha:
= 2k vi k= 0 hai dao ng cung pha
= (2k+1) vi k Z hai dao ng ngc pha
= (2k + 1)
2

vi k Z hai dao ng vung pha

Dao ng tng hp: x = Asicos(t + )
+ Bin dao ng tng hp: A
2
=
2
1
A +
2
2
A + 2A
1
A
2
cos(
2

1
)
Chu y: A
1
A
2
A A
1
+ A
2
A
max
= A
1
+ A
2
khi x
1
cng pha vi x
2
A
min
= A
1
A
2
khi x
1
ngc pha vi x
2
+ Pha ban u: tan
2 2 1 1
2 1 1

Cos A Cos A
Sin A Sin A
+
+

II. DAO NG TT DN DAO NG CNG BC - CNG HNG

1. Mt con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi bin A, h s ma st
.
* Qung ng vt i c n lc dng li l:
2 2 2
2 2
kA A
S
mg g

* gim bin sau mi chu k l:
2
4 4 mg g
A
k

* S dao ng thc hin c:
2
4 4
A Ak A
N
A mg g

* Thi gian vt dao ng n lc dng li:

.
4 2
AkT A
t N T
mg g

(Nu coi dao ng tt dn c tnh tun hon vi chu k
2
T

)
3. Hin tng cng hng xy ra khi: f = f
0
hay =
0
hay T = T
0
Vi f, , T v f
0
,
0
, T
0
l tn s, tn s gc, chu k ca lc cng bc v ca h dao ng.

CHNG II. SNG C V SNG M

I. SNG C HC
1. Bc sng: = vT = v/f
Trong : : Bc sng; T (s): Chu k ca sng; f (Hz): Tn s ca sng
v: Tc truyn sng (c n v tng ng vi n v ca )
2. Phng trnh sng
Ti im O: u
O
= Acos(t + )
Ti im M cch O mt on x trn phng truyn sng.
Trang 8
T

x
t
O
O
x
M
x
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
* Sng truyn theo chiu dng ca trc Ox th u
M
= A
M
cos(t + -
x
v
) = A
M
cos(t + - 2
x

)
* Sng truyn theo chiu m ca trc Ox th u
M
= A
M
cos(t + +
x
v
) = A
M
cos(t + + 2
x

)
3. lch pha gia hai im cch ngun mt khong x
1
, x
2

1 2 1 2
2
x x x x
v

Nu 2 im nm trn mt phng truyn sng v cch nhau mt khong x th:
2
x x
v

Lu : n v ca x, x
1
, x
2
, v v phi tng ng vi nhau
Nu 2 im nm trn mt phng truyn sng v cch nhau mt khong d th:
2
d d
v

a. Nhng im dao ng cng pha: 2
d d
v

= 2k d = k (k Z). im gn nht dao

ng cng pha c: d = .
b. Nhng im dao ng ngc pha: 2
d d
v

= (2k + 1) d = (2k + 1)/2 (k Z). im

gn nht dao ng ngc pha c: d = /2.
c. Nhng im dao ng vung pha: 2
d d
v

= (2k + 1)/2 d = (2k + 1)/4

(k Z). im gn nht dao ng vung pha c: d = /4.
- C n gn li th c (n 1) bc sng: L = (n 1)
4. Trong hin tng truyn sng trn si dy, dy c kch thch dao ng bi nam chm in vi tn s
dng in l f th tn s dao ng ca dy l 2f.
II. SNG DNG
1. Mt s ch
* u c nh hoc u dao ng nh l nt sng.
* u t do l bng sng
* Hai im i xng vi nhau qua nt sng lun dao ng ngc pha.
* Hai im i xng vi nhau qua bng sng lun dao ng cng pha.
* Cc im trn dy u dao ng vi bin khng i nng lng khng truyn i
* Khong thi gian gia hai ln si dy cng ngang (cc phn t i qua VTCB) l na chu k.
2. iu kin c sng dng trn si dy di l:
* Hai u l nt sng:
*
( )
2
l k k N

S bng sng = s b sng = k
S nt sng = k + 1
* Mt u l nt sng cn mt u l bng sng: (2 1) ( )
4
l k k N

+
Trang 9
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
S b sng nguyn = k
S bng sng = s nt sng = k + 1
3. Phng trnh sng dng trn si dy CB (vi u C c nh hoc dao ng nh l nt sng)
* u B c nh (nt sng):
Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti B:
os2
B
u Ac ft
v
' os2 os(2 )
B
u Ac ft Ac ft
Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti M cch B mt khong d l:
os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft

+ v ' os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft

Phng trnh sng dng ti M:
'
M M M
u u u +
2 os(2 ) os(2 ) 2 sin(2 ) os(2 )
2 2 2
M
d d
u Ac c ft A c ft



+
Bin dao ng ca phn t ti M:
2 os(2 ) 2 sin(2 )
2
M
d d
A A c A

+
* u B t do (bng sng):
Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti B:
' os2
B B
u u Ac ft
Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti M cch B mt khong d l:
os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft

+ v ' os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft

Phng trnh sng dng ti M:
'
M M M
u u u +
2 os(2 ) os(2 )
M
d
u Ac c ft

Bin dao ng ca phn t ti M:

2 cos(2 )
M
d
A A

Lu : * Vi x l khong cch t M n u nt sng th bin :

2 sin(2 )
M
x
A A

* Vi x l khong cch t M n u bng sng th bin :

2 cos(2 )
M
d
A A

III. GIAO THOA SNG

Giao thoa ca hai sng pht ra t hai ngun sng kt hp S
1
, S
2
cch nhau mt khong l:
Xt im M cch hai ngun ln lt d
1
, d
2
Phng trnh sng ti 2 ngun
1 1
Acos(2 ) u ft +
v
2 2
Acos(2 ) u ft +
Phng trnh sng ti M do hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti:
1
1 1
Acos(2 2 )
M
d
u ft

+ v
2
2 2
Acos(2 2 )
M
d
u ft

+
Phng trnh giao thoa sng ti M: u
M
= u
1M
+ u
2M
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 os os 2
2 2
M
d d d d
u Ac c ft



+ + 1 1
+ +
1 1
] ]
Trang 10
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
Bin dao ng ti M:
1 2
2 os
2
M
d d
A A c

_
+

,
vi
1 2

Ch : * S cc i: (k Z)
2 2
l l
k



+ < < + +
* S cc tiu:
1 1
(k Z)
2 2 2 2
l l
k



+ < < + +
1. Hai ngun dao ng cng pha (
1 2
0
)
* im dao ng cc i: d
1
d
2
= k (kZ)
S ng hoc s im (khng tnh hai ngun):
l l
k

< <
* im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d
1
d
2
= (2k+1)
2

(kZ)
S ng hoc s im (khng tnh hai ngun):
1 1
2 2
l l
k

< <
2. Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha:(
1 2

)
* im dao ng cc i: d
1
d
2
= (2k+1)
2

(kZ)
S ng hoc s im (khng tnh hai ngun):
1 1
2 2
l l
k

< <
* im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d
1
d
2
= k (kZ)
S ng hoc s im (khng tnh hai ngun):
l l
k

< <
Ch : Vi bi ton tm s ng dao ng cc i v khng dao ng gia hai im M, N cch hai ngun
ln lt l d
1M
, d
2M
, d
1N
, d
2N
.
t d
M
= d
1M
- d
2M
; d
N
= d
1N
- d
2N
v gi s d
M
< d
N
.
+ Hai ngun dao ng cng pha:
Cc i: d
M
< k < d
N
Cc tiu: d
M
< (k+0,5) < d
N
+ Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha:
Cc i:d
M
< (k+0,5) < d
N
Cc tiu: d
M
< k < d
N
S gi tr nguyn ca k tho mn cc biu thc trn l s ng cn tm.
IV. SNG M
1. Cng m:
W P
I= =
St S
Vi W (J), P (W) l nng lng, cng sut pht m ca ngun
S (m
2
) l din tch mt vung gc vi phng truyn m (vi sng cu th S l din tch mt cu
S=4R
2
)
2. Mc cng m
Trang 11
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
0
( ) lg
I
L B
I

Hoc
0
( ) 10.lg
I
L dB
I

Vi I
0
= 10
-12
W/m
2
f = 1000Hz: cng m chun.
3. * Tn s do n pht ra (hai u dy c nh hai u l nt sng)
( k N*)
2
v
f k
l

ng vi k = 1 m pht ra m c bn c tn s
1
2
v
f
l

k = 2,3,4 c cc ho m bc 2 (tn s 2f
1
), bc 3 (tn s 3f
1
)
* Tn s do ng so pht ra (mt u bt kn, mt u h mt u l nt sng, mt u l bng sng)
(2 1) ( k N)
4
v
f k
l
+
ng vi k = 0 m pht ra m c bn c tn s
1
4
v
f
l

k = 1,2,3 c cc ho m bc 3 (tn s 3f
1
), bc 5 (tn s 5f
1
)
------------------------------------------------
CHNG III. DNG IN XOAY CHIU
DNG 1: TNG TR - CNG DNG IN - HIU IN TH.
* Tnh tng tr bng cng thc theo cu to hoc cng thc nh ngha:
: Z =
2
C L
2
) Z Z ( R + hoc Z =
o
o
I
U
I
U

*Tnh cng dng in hay hiu in th t cng thc ca nh lut Ohm:

I =
Z
U
hay I
o
=
Z
U
o
*C th tnh hiu in th t cc biu thc lin lc sau:
2
C L
2
R
2
) U U ( U U + hay
2
oC oL
2
oR
2
o
) U U ( U U +
* C th da vo gin vector quay tnh cht cng ca hiu in th:
u = u
1
+ u
2
=>

'

+
+
2 1
2 o 1 o o
U U U
U U U
Lu : tnh cc ln v cc gc ta s dng:
+ Php chiu;
+ nh l hm cosin;
+ Tnh cht hnh hc v lng gic ca cc gc c bit.
* Tm s ch ca volte k hoc ampre th ta tm gi tr hiu dng ca hiu in th v cng dng
in.
BI TP P DNG
Bi 1: Cho on mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v: U
AB
= 220V R L
Trang 12
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
Bit tn s dng in l f = 50Hz; R = 10, L =
10
1
(H) A B
a. Tnh tng tr on mch;
b. Tnh cng dng in hiu dng trong mch.
c. Tnh hiu in th hiu dng hai u mi phn t trong on mch trn.
Bi 2: Cho on mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v: R L
Bit tn s dng in l f = 50Hz; R = 10 3 , L =
10
3
(H) A B
V t in c in dung C =

2
10
3
(F), U
AB
= 120V
a. Tnh tng tr on mch;
b. Tnh cng dng in hiu dng trong mch.
c. Tnh hiu in th hiu dng hai u mi phn t trong on mch trn..
Bi 3: t mt hiu in th xoay chiu u = 120 2 cos(100t (V) vo hai u on mch gm mt bng n
ch c in tr thun R = 300 v t in c in dung C = 7,95F mc ni tip vi nhau.
1. Tnh cng dng in hiu dng trong mch.
2. Tm hiu in th hiu dng hai u bng n v hai u t in.
DNG 2: VIT BIU THC HIU IN TH V
BIU THC CNG DNG IN TRONG MCH
* Nhng lu khi vit biu thc cng dng in v hiu in th i vi dng in xoay chiu:
+ Khi cho bit biu thc ca cng dng inI i = I
o
cos(t +
i
) (A), ta vit biu thc hiu in
th hai u on mch di dng: u = U
o
cos(t +
i
+ ) (V),
+ Khi cho bit biu thc hiu in th hai u on mch: u = U
o
cos(t +
u
) (V), ta vit biu thc
cng dng in trong mch di dng: i = I
o
cos(t +
u
- ) (A).
* Da vo gi thit cho tm U hoc I;
* Biu thc tm t biu thc tnh lch pha ca hiu in th so vi cng dng in:
tan =
R
Z Z
C L

Lu : + Trong on mch ch c C th hiu in th tr pha
2

so vi cng dng in: = -

2

(rad)
+ Trong on mch ch c L th hiu in th sm pha
2

so vi cng dng in: =

2

(rad)
+ i vi on mch ch c in tr thun hoc mch RLC cng hng th hiu in th cng
pha so vi cng dng in: = 0
+ i vi on mch c t in mc ni tip vi cun cm th xy ra hai trng hp sau:
- Nu Z
L
> Z
C
th u sm pha hn i l
2

=> =
2

(rad)
- Nu Z
L
< Z
C
th u tr pha hn i l
2

=> = -
2

(rad)
- BI TP P DNG
Bi 4: Cho on mch nh hnh v: R C L
Biu thc cng dng in trong mch: A M N B
Trang 13
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
i = 2 2 cos(100t +
6

) (A); R = 50, L =

3
(H) v C =
3 5
10
3

(F)
1. Tnh Z
AN
, Z
MB
v Z
AB
;
2. Vit biu thc hiu in th tc thi u
AM
, u
NB
v u
AB
.
Bi 5: Cho on mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v: L R C
Hai u on mch AB ta duy tr mt hiu in th: A M N B
u
AB
= 200 2 cos(100t) (V)
R = 100, C =

4
10
(F), bit cng sut tiu th ca on mch l P = 100W.
a. Tnh tng tr ca on mch v h s t cm L ca cun dy.
b. Vit biu thc cng dng in trong mch;
c. Vit biu thc hiu in th u
MB
hai u on mch.
Bi 6: Cho on mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v:
Hai u on mch AB ta duy tr mt hiu in th xoay chiu: R M R
o
, L N C
u = 200 6 cos 100t (V) A B
Cho bit R = 100, R
o
= 50, L =
2
3
(H) v C =
3
10
4

(F)
a. Tnh tng tr ca on mch, cng dng in hiu dng trong mch.
b. Vit biu thc cng dng in qua mch.
c. Vit biu thc hiu in th hai on mch u
MN
v u
MB
.
d. hiu in th v cng dng in trong on mch cng pha th t in phi c in dung l
bao nhiu?
Bi 7: Cho on mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v:
Hai u on mch AB ta duy tr mt hiu in th xoay chiu: R M L N C
u = 60 2 cos 100t (V) A B
Cho bit R = 30, L =
2
4 , 0
(H) v C =

8
10
3
(F)
a. Vit biu thc cng dng in qua mch.
b. Vit biu thc hiu in th hai on mch u
AN
v u
MB
.
c. Mc vo hai im M v N mt ampre k c in tr khng ng k th s ch ca ampre k l bao
nhiu?
Bi 8: Cho on mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v: R L
Cun dy thun cm c t cm L =

3
(H) A B
in tr thun R = 100, cng dng in trong mch c dng: i = 2cos(100t +
6

) (A)
1. Tnh tng tr on mch;
2. Vit biu thc cng dng in trong mch.
3.Tnh hiu in th hai u in tr R v hai u cun cm L;
4. Vit biu thc hiu in th hai u in tr R v hai u cun cm L.
DNG 3: CNG SUT DNG XOAY CHIU
*Biu thc tnh cng sut dng xoay chiu: P = UIcos = RI
2
.
* H s cng sut: k = cos =
Z
R
Mt s bi ton lin quan n tm i lng cng sut tiu th trn on mch khng phn
nhnh RLC c cc tr:
Bi ton 1: Tm L, C cng sut t gi tr cc i.
Trang 14
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
Phng php: Vit biu thc cng sut P = RI
2
=
2
C L
2
2
2
2
) Z Z ( R
RU
Z
RU
+

;
Khi : P -> P
max
<=> Z -> Z
min
= R <=> Z
L
= Z
C
: Xy ra hin tng cng hng in.
T ta suy ra gi tr L, C cn tm.
=> P
max
=
R
U
2
Bi ton 2: Tm R cng sut tiu th trn on mch RLC t gi tr cc i:
Phng php: Vit biu thc cng sut P = RI
2
= y
U
)
R
Z Z
( R
U
Z
RU
2
2 C L
2
2
2

;
Khi : P -> P
max
<=> y -> y
min

S dng bt ng thc Cauchy: y = R +
C L
2
C L
Z Z 2
R
Z Z

,
_

y
min
= C L
Z Z 2
<=> R = C L
Z Z

Khi cng sut tiu th cc i ca mch l: P
max
=
C L
2 2
min
2
Z Z
U
R 2
U
y
U

Bi 9: Cho mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v:
in tr thun R = 100 3 ; t in c in dung C. R C
Duy tr hiu in th hai u on mch: A B
u = 200 2 cos100t (V) th cng dng in hiu dng
trong mch l 1A.
1. Xc nh gi tr in dung C ca t in;
2. Vit biu thc tc thi cng dng in qua mch v hiu in th tc thi hai u mi dng c
inj;
3. Tnh cng sut tiu th ca on mch.
Bi 10: Mt on mch in xoay chiu RLC c in tr R = 50, C =

4
10 . 2
(F), L =

1
(H). Hiu in
th t vo hai u on mch c dng: u = 100 2 cos100t (V) .
1. Vit biu thc cng dng in tc thi qua mch;
2. Vit biu thc hiu in th hai u mi dng c in.
3. Tnh cng sut tiu th ca on mch v h s cng sut ca on mch.
4. Gi nguyn cun cm v in tr, thay t in c in dung C bng t in c in dung C th
cng sut tiu th ca on mch t gi tr cc i. Xc nh gi tr C v cng sut cc i .
Bi 11: Cho on mch RLC ni tip, in tr R = 50, cun dy thun cm c t cm L =

3
H. Biu
thc cng dng in qua mch l i = 2 2 cos(100t) (A) v nhanh pha hn hiu in th hai u on
mch l
3

(rad).
1. Tnh in dung C ca t in;
2. Tnh cng sut tiu th ca on mch v h s cng sut ca on mch;
3. Vit biu thc tc thi hiu in th hai u mi dng c in v hai u on mch.
4. Gi nguyn t in v cun dy, thay i in tr R bng in tr R th cng sut tiu th trn
on mch t gi tr cc i. Tnh gi tr R v cng sut cc i .
Trang 15
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
Bi 12: Mt on mch in xoay chiu gm mt cun dy thun cm c t cm L =

1
H, mt t in c
in dung C =

4
10
3
F v mt bin tr R mc ni tip vi nhau. Hai u on mch ta duy tr mt hiu in
th xoay chiu u = 120 2 cos100t (V) .
1. iu chnh bin tr cng sut tiu th trn on mch c gi tr 84,84W 2 60 W. Tnh gi tr
tng ng ca in tr R.
2. Xc nh in tr R cng sut tiu th trn on mch t gi tr cc i. Tnh cng sut cc i
ny.
Bi 13: Mt mch in xoay chiu khng phn nhnh RLC c in tr thun R = 100, cun dy c t
cm L = 0,636H

2
H v t in c in dung C. Hiu in th hiu dng hai u on mch l 200V v tn
s 50Hz.
1.Bit hiu in th hai u on mch nhanh pha hn cng dng in trong mch l
4

, tnh gi
tr in dung C ca t in.
2. Tnh cng sut tiu th ca on mch.
3. Ly pha ban u ca hiu in th hai u on mch l
4

(rad), vit biu thc cng dng

in trong mch v biu thc hiu in th hai u mi dng c.
Bi 14: Cho mt on mch in RLC c R = 100, mt t in c in dung C = 31,8F, cun dy thun
cm c t cm L c th thay i c. Hai u on mch ta duy tr mt hiu in th xoay chiu: u = 200
2 cos100t (V) .
1. Xc nh gi tr t cm L ca cun dy h s cng sut tiu th on mch c gi tr ln nht.
Tnh cng sut tiu th ca on mch trong trng hp ny.
2. Xc nh gi tr t cm ca cun dy cng sut tiu th ca on mch l 100W. Vit biu
thc cng dng in qua mch trong trng hp ny.
Bi 15: Mt cun cm c in tr thun r = 10, t cm L = 0,159H mc ni tip vi mt bin tr R v
mt t in c in dung C
V
bin thin. Hai u on mch duy tr mt hiu in th xoay chiu u =
200cos100t (V) .
1. Cho C
V
= C
1
= F
1000

. cng sut tiu th trn on mch t gi tr cc i phi cho bin tr

c gi tr l bao nhiu? Tnh cng sut cc i y v vit biu thc cng dng in trong mch trong
trng hp ny.
2. Cho R = R
2
= 10. hiu in th hai u cun cm t gi tr cc i phi iu chnh cho C
V
c
gi tr l bao nhiu? Tnh hiu in th cc i y. Vit biu thc hiu in th hai u cun cm trong trng
hp ny.
DNG 4: CC BI TON LIN QUAN N MY BIN TH
Cc cng thc lin quan n my bin th:
* Ch khng ti:
2
1
2
1
n
n
U
U

* Ch c ti: Cun th cp ni vi ti tiu th in nng:

U
1
I
1
U
2
I
2
=>
1
2
2
1
I
I
U
U

Trang 16
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
* Cng sut hao ph trn ng dy ti in
2
2
2
U
P
R RI P
* gim th trn ng dy ti in: U = IR
* Hiu sut my bin th: H =
1 1
2 2
I U
I U

* Hiu sut ti in: H =
P
P P
BI TP P DNG
Bi 1: Mt my bin th, cun s cp c 1100 vng, cun th cp c 50 vng. Cun th cp c mc vo
mch in gm in tr thun R, cun dy c t cm L v t in c in dung C mc ni tip vi nhau.
Bit tn s ca dng in l 50Hz. Hiu in th hai u cun s cp l 220V, cng dng in hiu dng
qua cun s cp l 0,032A =
44
2
A, cng sut tiu th ca mch th cp l 5W, in dung ca t in l C =
212F =
15
10
4
F . Tnh gi tr in tr R v t cm L ca cun dy, bit hiu sut ca my bng 1.
Bi gii:
*Hiu in th hai u cun th cp: U
2
=
1
2
n
n
U
1
= 10V.
* Cng dng in trong mch cun th cp: I
2
=
2
1
U
U
I
1
=
2
2
A.
* in tr trong mch cun th cp: P = R
2
2
2
2
I
P
R I >
= 10;
*Tng tr ca mch th cp: Z
2
=
2
2
I
U
= 10 2
* Gii ra ta tm c hai gi tr ca L l: 0,08H v 0,16H.
Bi 2: Mt my pht in cung cch mch ngoi mt cng sut P
1
= 2MW, hiu in th gia hai cc ca
my pht l U
1
= 2000V.
1. Tnh cng dng in hiu dng do my cung cp, bit hiu in th cng pha vi cng
dng in.
2. Dng in c a vo cun s cp ca mt my bin th c hiu sut H = 97,5%. Cun s cp c
N
1
= 160 vng, cun th cp c N
2
= 1200 vng. Dng in cun th cp c dn n ni tiu th bng dy
dn c in tr R = 10. Tnh hiu in th, cng sut ni tiu th v hiu sut ti in.
Bi gii:
1. Cng dng in hiu dng do my pht cung cp: I
1
=
1
1
U
P
= 1000A.
2. Hiu in th, cng sut, hiu sut ti in:
+ Hiu in th gia hai u cun th cp: U
2
=
1
2
N
N
U
1
= 15000V.
+ Cng dng in trong cun th cp: I
2
= H
2
1 1
U
I U
= 130A;
+ gim in th trn ng dy: U = I
2
R = 1300V;
+ Hiu in th ni tiu th: U
3
= U
2
- U = 13700V;
+ Cng sut dng in ti ni tiu th: P
3
= U
3
I
3
= 1781000W.
Trang 17
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
+ Hiu sut ti in: H
t
=
1
3
P
P
= 89%
Bi 3: Mt my bin th, cun s cp c 6250 vng v cun th cp c 1250 vng. Bit hiu sut ca my
bin th l 96%. My nhn cng sut t 10kW cun s cp.
1. Tnh hiu in th cun th cp, bit hiu in th hai u cun s cp l 1000V (bit hiu sut
khng nh hng n hiu in th).
2. Tnh cng sut nhn c cun th cp v cng hiu dng trong mch th cp. Bit h s
cng sut ca mch th cp l 0,8.
3. Bit h s t cm tng cng ca mch th cp l 0,2H. Tm in tr ca mch th cp. Cho bit tn
s dng in l 50Hz.
Bi gii:
1. Tnh hiu in th hai u cun th cp: U
2
=
1
2
N
N
U
1
= 200V
2. Tnh cng sut tiu th cun th cp v cng dng in cun th cp.
+ Cng sut mch th cp: P
2
= H.P
1
= 9600W.
+ Mt khc ta c: P
2
= U
2
I
2
cos
2
=> I
2
=
2 2
2
cos U
P

= 60A.
3. Tm in tr mch th cp: Ta c k =
2
L
2
Z R
R
Z
R
+

=> R = 83,7.
BI TP T GII
Bi 4: Mt trm pht in truyn i mt cng sut P
1
= 100kW trn dy in c in tr R = 8. Bit hiu
in th t trm pht in chuyn i l U
1
= 1000V.
1. Tnh hiu sut ti in.
2. Tnh li cu trn nu trm pht in c ni vi my bin th c h s bin th k = 0,1. Coi hiu
sut ca my bin th l H = 1 (cho biu thc ca h s bin th l k =
2
1
n
n
).
Bi 5: Mt my bin th, cun s cp c n
1
= 1000 vng, cun th cp c n
2
= 100 vng. Cun th cp c
mc vo mt mch in gm in tr thun R = 12, cun dy thun cm c t cm l L=0,016H v t
in c in dung l C = 320F . Bit tn s ca dng in l f = 50Hz, hiu in th hai u cun s cp l
U
1
= 117V. Hiu sut ca my bin th l H
m
= 0,95 v gi thit rng hiu sut ny ch nh hng n cng
dng in. Tnh cng dng in hiu dng trong cun s cp. Ly

1
= 0,32.
Bi 6: Cho on mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v: R L
Cun dy thun cm c t cm L =

3
(H) A B
in tr thun R = 100, cng dng in trong mch c dng: i = 2cos(100 +
6

) (A)
1. Tnh tng tr on mch;
2. Vit biu thc cng dng in trong mch.
3.Tnh hiu in th hai u in tr R v hai u cun cm L;
4. Vit biu thc hiu in th hai u in tr R v hai u cun cm L.
Lu :
1. on mch RLC c R thay i:
Trang 18
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
* Khi R=Z
L
-Z
C
th
2 2
ax
2 2
M
L C
U U
Z Z R

P
* Khi R=R
1
hoc R=R
2
th P c cng gi tr. Ta c
2
2
1 2 1 2
; ( )
L C
U
R R R R Z Z +
P
V khi
1 2
R R R th
2
ax
1 2
2
M
U
R R
P
* Trng hp cun dy c in tr R
0
(hnh v)
Khi
2 2
0 ax
0
2 2( )
L C M
L C
U U
R Z Z R
Z Z R R

+
P
Khi
2 2
2 2
0 ax
2 2
0
0 0
( )
2( )
2 ( ) 2
L C RM
L C
U U
R R Z Z
R R
R Z Z R
+
+
+ +
P

2. on mch RLC c L thay i:
* Khi
2
1
L
C
th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau
* Khi
2 2
C
L
C
R Z
Z
Z
+

th
2 2
ax
C
LM
U R Z
U
R
+

v
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
LM R C LM C LM
U U U U U U U U + +
* Vi L = L
1
hoc L = L
2
th U
L
c cng gi tr th U
Lmax
khi
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 1 1 1 1
( )
2
L L L
L L
L
Z Z Z L L
+
+
* Khi
2 2
4
2
C C
L
Z R Z
Z
+ +

th ax
2 2
2 R
4
RLM
C C
U
U
R Z Z

+
Lu : R v L mc lin tip nhau
3. on mch RLC c C thay i:
* Khi
2
1
C
L
th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau
* Khi
2 2
L
C
L
R Z
Z
Z
+

th
2 2
ax
L
CM
U R Z
U
R
+

v
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
CM R L CM L CM
U U U U U U U U + +
* Khi C = C
1
hoc C = C
2
th U
C
c cng gi tr th U
Cmax
khi
1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1
( )
2 2
C C C
C C
C
Z Z Z
+
+
* Khi
2 2
4
2
L L
C
Z R Z
Z
+ +

th ax
2 2
2 R
4
RCM
L L
U
U
R Z Z

+
Lu : R v C mc lin tip nhau
4. Mch RLC c thay i:
* Khi
1
LC

th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau
* Khi
2
1 1
2
C
L R
C

th ax
2 2
2 .
4
LM
U L
U
R LC R C

* Khi
2
1
2
L R
L C
th ax
2 2
2 .
4
CM
U L
U
R LC R C

* Vi =
1
hoc =
2
th I hoc P hoc U
R
c cng mt gi tr th I
Max
hoc P
Max
hoc U
RMax
khi

1 2
tn s
1 2
f f f
Trang 19
A
B
C
R
L,R
0
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
5. Hai on mch AM gm R
1
L
1
C
1
ni tip v on mch MB gm R
2
L
2
C
2
ni tip mc ni tip vi nhau c
U
AB
= U
AM
+ U
MB
u
AB
; u
AM
v u
MB
cng pha tanu
AB
= tanu
AM
= tanu
MB
6. Hai on mch R
1
L
1
C
1
v R
2
L
2
C
2
cng u hoc cng i c pha lch nhau
Vi
1 1
1
1
tan
L C
Z Z
R

v
2 2
2
2
tan
L C
Z Z
R

(gi s
1
>
2
)
C
1

2
=
1 2
1 2
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

+

Trng hp c bit = /2 (vung pha nhau) th tan
1
tan
2
= -1.
VD: * Mch in hnh 1 c u
AB
v u
AM
lch pha nhau
y 2 on mch AB v AM c cng i v u
AB
chm pha hn u
AM


AM

AB
=
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

+
AM AB
AM AB
Nu u
AB
vung pha vi u
AM
th tan tan =-1 1
L C L
AM AB
Z Z Z
R R



* Mch in hnh 2: Khi C = C
1
v C = C
2
(gi s C
1
> C
2
) th i
1
v i
2
lch pha nhau
y hai on mch RLC
1
v RLC
2
c cng u
AB
Gi
1
v
2
l lch pha ca u
AB
so vi i
1
v i
2

th c
1
>
2

1
-
2
=
Nu I
1
= I
2
th
1
= -
2
= /2
Nu I
1
I
2
th tnh
1 2
1 2
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

+
-----------------------------------------------
CHNG V. SNG NH SNG
DNG 1: GIAO THOA NH SNG N SC
+ Cng thc tnh khong vn: i =
a
D
;
+ Bc sng ca nh sng n sc dng lm th nghim:
D
ai
;
+ V tr vn sng: x = ki = k
a
D
- Nu k = 0: Ta c vn sng trung tm;
- Nu k = t 1: Ta c vn sng bc 1;
- Nu k = t 2: Ta c vn sng bc 2
+ V tr vn ti: x = t(k + 0,5)i = t(k + 0,5)
a
D
- Nu k = 0: vn ti th nht;
- Nu k = 1: Vn ti th hai.
Lu : Khi gii cc bi tp v giao thoa sng nh sng, cc i lng D,a,i,x phi cng n v.
BI TP P DNG
Trang 20
R L C M A B
Hnh 1
R L C M A B
Hnh 2
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
Bi 1: Hai khi Yong S
1
, S
2
cch nhau 1mm, ngun sng n sc dng lm th nghim c bc sng =0,6m.
Tnh khong cch gia hai vn sng hoc hai vn ti k nhau, bit rng khong cch t hai khe n mn l
2m.
Bi 2: Trong th nghim Yong v giao thoa nh sng, khong cch gia hai khe l 1mm, khong cch t hai
khe n mn l 1m. Bc sng nh sng dng lm th nghim l =0,6m.
1. Tnh hiu quang l t hai ngun S
1
v S
2
n im M trn mn cch vn trung tm 1,5cm.
2. Tnh khong vn (khong cch gia hai vn sng hoc hai vn ti k nhau).
Bi 3: Hai khe Young cch nhau 0,5mm. Ngun sng cch u cc khe pht ra bc x n sc c bc sng
=0,5m. Vn giao thoa hng c trn mn E cch cc khe 2m. Tm khong vn i?
Bi 4: Quan st giao thoa trn mn E, ngi ta o c khong cch gia hai vn sng lin tip l 1,5mm.
Khong cch gia hai khe n mn l 2m, khong cch gia hai khe l 1mm. Xc nh bc sng ca bc x
n sc dng lm th nghim.
Bi 5: Ngi ta m c trn mn 12 vn sng tri di trn b rng l 13,2mm. Tnh khong vn ca hin
tng giao thoa.
Bi 6: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, khong cch gia hai khe l 0,9mm,
khong cch t hai khe n mn hng E l 2m. Khong cch t vn sng th nht n vn sng th 11 cng
bn so vi vn trung tm l 15mm. Tnh bc sng ca nh sng n sc dng lm th nghim.
Bi 7: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, bc sng dng lm th nghim l
=0,5m, khong cch gia hai khe l 1mm.
a. Tm khong cch gia hai khe n mn trn mn ti v tr cch vn trung tm 2,5mm ta c vn
sng bc 5.
b. ti l vn sng bc 2 th phi di mn E mt on l bao nhiu? Theo chiu no?
Bi 8: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, khong cch gia hai khe sng l 0,3mm,
khong cch t hai khe n mn l 1m v khong vn o c l 2mm.
1. Tm bc sng dng lm th nghim.
2. Xc nh v tr ca vn sng bc 5.
3. Xc nh khong cch t vn sng bc 5 v vn ti th 3 nm hai bn so vi vn trung tm.
Bi 9: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, khong cch gia hai khe l 2mm, khong
cch t hai khe n mn l 1m, bc sng ca nh sng n sc dng lm th nghim =0,5m.
1. Tnh khong vn i ca hin tng giao thoa nh sng.
2. Xc nh v tr ca vn sng bc hai v vn ti th nm. V tnh khong cch gia chng trong hai
trng hp:
a. Hai vn cng bn so vi vn trung tm.
b. Hai vn hai pha so vi vn trung tm.
DNG 2: GIAO THOA TRNG - S VN GIAO THOA
* Khong vn ca bc x n sc: i =
a
D
;
* Xc nh b rng na giao thoa trng: l n = 2k.
+Nu l = (k+0,5)i: Vn ngoi cng l vn ti th k + 1, s=
2
L
+ Nu l = ki: th vn ngoi cng l vn bc k, s vn sng v vn ti quan st c trn giao thoa
trng l:
- S vn sng l: n = 2k+1;
- S vn ti l : vn sng, vn ti quan st c trn giao thoa trng l:
+ S vn ti l: n = 2(k+1);
+ S vn sng l : n = 2k + 1.
Trang 21
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
Lu : S vn sng trn giao thoa trng l s l, s vn ti trn giao thoa trng l s chn;
* Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti trong vng giao thoa (trng giao thoa) c b rng L (i xng qua vn trung
tm)
+ S vn sng (l s l):
2 1
2
S
L
N
i

= +



+ S vn ti (l s chn):
2 0, 5
2
t
L
N
i

= +


Trong [x] l phn nguyn ca x. V d: [6] = 6; [5,05] = 5; [7,99] = 7
* Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti gia hai im M, N c to x
1
, x
2
(gi s x
1
< x
2
)
+ Vn sng: x
1
< ki < x
2

+ Vn ti: x
1
< (k+0,5)i < x
2
S gi tr k Z l s vn sng (vn ti) cn tm
Lu : M v N cng pha vi vn trung tm th x
1
v x
2
cng du.
M v N khc pha vi vn trung tm th x
1
v x
2
khc du.
* Xc nh khong vn i trong khong c b rng L. Bit trong khong L c n vn sng.
+ Nu 2 u l hai vn sng th:
1
L
i
n
=
-
+ Nu 2 u l hai vn ti th:
L
i
n
=
+ Nu mt u l vn sng cn mt u l vn ti th:
0, 5
L
i
n
=
-

* S trng nhau ca cc bc x
1
,
2
... (khong vn tng ng l i
1
, i
2
...)
+ Trng nhau ca vn sng: x
s
= k
1
i
1
= k
2
i
2
= ... k
1

1
= k
2

2
= ...
+ Trng nhau ca vn ti: x
t
= (k
1
+ 0,5)i
1
= (k
2
+ 0,5)i
2
= ... (k
1
+ 0,5)
1
= (k
2
+ 0,5)
2
= ...
Lu : V tr c mu cng mu vi vn sng trung tm l v tr trng nhau ca tt c cc vn sng ca cc bc
x.
BI TP P DNG
Bi 10: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, hai khe cch nhau 0,5mm vi nh sng
n sc dng lm th nghim c bc sng = 0,5m v quan st hin tng giao thoa trn mn E cch hai
khe 2m.
1. Ti cc im M
1
v M
2
cch vn trung tm ln lt 7mm v 10mm thu c vn g? Bc (th) my?
2. Bit chiu rng ca vng giao thoa trng trn mn l 26mm, tnh s vn sng, vn ti quan st
c?
3. Nu thc hin giao thoa trong nc c chit sut n =
3
4
th c hin tng g xy ra? Tnh khong
vn trong trng hp ny?
Bi 11: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, hai khe cch nhau 1,5mm, hai khe sng
cch mn l 3m, ngi ta o c khong cch gia vn sng bc 2 n vn sng bc 5 cng nm v mt pha
so vi vn trung tm la 3mm.
1. Tnh bc sng ca bc x dng lm th nghim;
2. Tnh khong cch gia vn sng bc 3 v vn ti th 8 nm v hai pha so vi vn trung tm.
3. Tm s vn sng v vn ti quan st c trn giao thoa trng c b rng 11mm.
Bi 12: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, hai khe cch nhau 2mm, hai khe sng
cch mn l 3m, bc x n sc dng lm th nghim c bc sng = 0,5m.
1. Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti trn b rng 3cm ca giao thoa trng;
Trang 22
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
2. Thay nh sng n sc bng nh sng n sc = 0,6m th khong vn tng hay gim, tm s
vn sng, vn ti trn giao thoa trng 3cm nh trn.
DNG 3: GIAO THOA NG THI HAI BC X
XC NH V TR TRNG NHAU CA HAI VN SNG, HAI VN TI
* Khong vn: i =
a
D
; i =
a
D '
* V tr vn sng ca hai bc x: x
s
() = k
1
i = k
1
a
D
; x
s
(') = k
2
i = k
2
a
D '
;
Hai vn sng trng nhau khi: x
s
() = x
s
(')
=> 2 2 1
2
1
k
'
k
i
' i
k
'
i
' i
k
k

>

Lu : + k
1
, k
2
Z;
+ Da vo iu kin bi ton (gii hn giao thoa trng) gii hn k
1
, k
2
.
BI TP P DNG
Bi 13: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, ngun sng ng thi pht ra hai bc x
n sc c bc sng
1
= 0,5m v
2
= 0,6m. Hai khe cch nhau 1,5mm v cch mn 1,5m. Xc nh v tr
ca vn sng bc 4 ca hai bc x ny (nm cng mt pha so vi vn trung tm). Khong cch gia hai vn
ny l bao nhiu?
Bi 14: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, khong cch gia hai khe l 1,2mm,
khong bc sng ca bc x n sc dng lm th nghim
1
= 0,6m. Trn mn ngi ta m c 16 vn
sng tri di trn b rng 18mm.
1. Tnh khong cch t hai khe n mn.
2. Thay nh sng n sc c bc sng
2
th vng quan st trn ngi ta m c 21 vn sng. Tnh

2
.
3. Ti v tr cch vn trung tm 6cm ta thu c vn g, bc (th) my ca hai bc x n sc trn?
Bi 15: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, ngun sng ng thi pht ra hai bc x

1
= 0,6m v
2
. Trn mn ngi ta thy vn ti th nm ca h vn ng vi bc x
1
trung vi vn sng
bc 5 ca bc x
2
. Tnh bc sng
2
dng lm th nghim.
Bi 16: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, bc x dng lm th nghim c bc sng
= 0,55m, khong vn hng c trn mn l i.
1. Khi thay bc x n sc c bc sng bng bc x n sc c bc sng , ngi ta thy khong
vn i = 1,2i. Tnh .
2. Nu chiu ng thi hai bc x n sc trn, xc nh cc v tr m vn sng ca hai bc x trng
nhau.
Bi 17: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, bc x n sc dng lm th nghim c
bc sng = 0,6m. Hai khe cch nhau 2mm, hai khe cch mn 2m. Tnh s vn sng, vn ti quan st c
trn giao thoa trng rng 25,8mm.
Bi 18: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, hai khe cch nhau 2mm, hai khe cch mn
2m.
1. Ngi ta chiu ti hai khe ng thi hai bc x n sc c bc sng ln lt l
1
= 0,45m

2
= 0,5m. Xc nh nhng v tr m hai vn sng ca hai bc x trng nhau.
2. Chiu ti hai khe mt thnh phn n sc th ba c bc sng
3
= 0,6m. nh v tr m c ba vn
trng nhau trn mn.
Trang 23
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
Bi 19: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, khong cch gia hai khe l 1mm, khong
cch gia hai khe n mn l 2m. nh sng n sc dng lm th nghim c bc sng
1
=0,66m. Bit b
rng ca giao thoa trng l 13,2mm.
1. Tnh khong vn, s vn sng v vn ti quan st c trn giao thoa trng.
2. Nu chiu ng thi hai bc x
1,

2
th vn sng bc 3 ca bc x
2
trng vi vn sng th hai ca
bc x
1
. Tnh
2
.
Bi 20: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, khong cch gia hai khe l 2mm, bc x
n sc dng lm th nghim c bc sng
1
= 0,6m v trn mn, vn sng th 5 cch vn trung tm l
3mm.
1. Tnh khong cch t hai khe n mn.
2. Tnh khong cch t vn ti th 3 n vn sng th 4 nm hai bn so vi vn trung tm.
3. Nu chiu vo hai khe ng thi hai bc x
1
v

2
th ta thy vn sng bc 5 ca bc x

1
trng
vi vn ti th 5 ca bc x
2
. Tm
2
? Bc x
2
nm trong vng no ca thang sng in t?
Bi 21: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, hai khe cch nhau 2mm, hai khe cch mn
2m, bc x n sc dng lm th nghim c bc sng
1
= 0,6m.
1. Tnh khong vn i
1
.
2. Ngi ta ng thi chiu hai bc x n sc
1
v
2
= 0,4m th vn sng bc 3 ca bc x
1
trng
vi vn no ca bc x
2
?
3. Tnh khong cch t vn sng bc 2 ca bc x
1
n vn ti th 6 ca bc x

2
, bit rng hai vn
ny cng nm mt pha so vi vn trung tm.
Bi 22: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, khong cch gia hai khe sng l 1mm,
khong cch t hai khe n mn l 2m.
1. Chiu vo hai khe sng bc x n sc c bc sng
1
= 0,5m. Tnh khong cch gia vn sng
bc 3 v vn sng bc 5 nm hai bn so vi vn trung tm.
2. Nu chiu vo hai khe bc x n sc c bc sng
2
th ti im M cch vn trung tm 4,8mm c
vn sng bc 4, tnh bc sng
2
?
3. Nu chiu ng thi hai bc x n sc c bc sng
1
,
2
th trn mn c nhng v tr no trng
nhau ca cc vn sng ca hai bc x, bit b rng ca giao thoa trng l 24mm.
Bi 23: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, hai khe cch nhau 2mm, trn mn giao
thoa xut hin vn sng bc 5 cch vn trung tm 4mm. Bit khong cch t hai khe n mn l 3m.
1. Tnh bc sng
1
dng lm th nghim.
2. Nu chiu vo hai khe hai bc x c bc sng
2
th ngi ta o c trong khong 4,5mm c 6
vn sng lin tip. Tm bc sng
2
v b rng quang ph bc 1 ng vi bc x
2
.
Bi 24: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, hai khe cch nhau 1mm, hai khe cch mn
1m.
1. Ban u dng bc x n sc c bc sng
1
th khong cch gia vn sng bc 3 n vn ti th 5
cng mt pha so vi vn trung tm l 1,5mm. Tm bc sng
1
.
2. Dng ng thi hai bc x n sc c bc sng
1
,
2
th vn ti th hai ca bc x
1
trng vi
vn sng bc 3 ca bc x
2
.Tnh
2
.
3. Xc nh v tr trng nhau hai vn sng ca bc x nm cng mt bn gn vn trung tm nht.
Bi 25: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, hai khe cch nhau 2mm v hai khe cch
mn 2m.
1. Vi nh sng n sc c bc sng
1
= 0,45m. Tnh khong cch gia vn sng bc 4 v vn
sng bc 5 nm v hai pha so vi vn trung tm.
2. Vi snh sng n sc c bc sng
2
. Bit b rng 5 khong vn lin tip l 30mm. Tnh bc
sng
2
. Ti v tr cch vn trung tm 9mm l vn sng hay vn ti? Bc (th) my?
Trang 24
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
3. ng thi chiu vo hai khe hai bc x
1
,
2
tm v tr gn nhau nht so vi vn trung tm m vn
sng ca hai bc x trng nhau.
DNG 4: GIAO THOA VI NH SNG TRNG
* Khong vn: i =
a
D
;
* V tr vn sng ca bc x: x
s
() = ki = k
a
D
;
*V tr vn ti ca bc x: : x
t
() = t ki = t k
a
D
;
* nh sng trng c min bc sng: 0,38m 0,75m
Lu : + Nhiu khi cho min bc sng ca nh sng trng: 0,4m 0,76m.
PHNG PHP GII MT S DNG TON THNG GP
Bi ton 1 : Tm s bc x cho vn sng ti v tr cch vn trung tm x.
Phng php:
+ Ti v tr x cho vn sng: x = k
a
D
=>
kD
ax
+ Dc vo min bc sng ca nh sng trng: 0,38m 0,75m
=> 0,38m
kD
ax
0,75m =>
D 38 , 0
ax
k
D 75 , 0
ax

, k Z
Tm k t h bt phng trnh trn, c bao nhiu k th c by nhiu bc x cho vn sng ti v tr .
Thay gi tr k vo biu thc
kD
ax
, ta tm c bc sng ca cc bc x.
Bi ton 2 : Tm s bc x cho vn ti (b tt) ti v tr cch vn trung tm x.
Phng php:
+ Ti v tr x cho vn sng: x = (k + 0,5)
a
D
=>
D ) 5 , 0 k (
ax
+
+ Dc vo min bc sng ca nh sng trng: 0,38m 0,75m
=> 0,38m
D ) 5 , 0 k (
ax
+
0,75m =>
5 , 0
D 38 , 0
ax
k 5 , 0
D 75 , 0
ax

, k Z
Tm k t h bt phng trnh trn, c bao nhiu k th c by nhiu bc x cho vn ti (b tt) ti v tr
.
Thay gi tr k vo biu thc
D ) 5 , 0 k (
ax
+
, ta tm c bc sng ca cc bc x.
Bi ton 3: Tm b rng quang ph bc k ca nh sng trng:
x
k
= x
k
(

) - x
k
(
t
) = k
a
D
(

-
t
) = kx
1
- Khong cch di nht v ngn nht gia vn sng v vn ti cng bc k:

[k ( 0, 5) ]
Min t
D
x k
a

ax
[k ( 0, 5) ]
M t
D
x k
a
+ Khi vn sng v vn ti nm khc pha i vi vn trung tm.
ax
[k ( 0, 5) ]
M t
D
x k
a
Khi vn sng v vn ti nm cng pha i vi vn trung tm
Trang 25
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.

BI TP P DNG
Bi 26: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, khong cch gia hai khe l 2mm, khong
cch t hai khe n mn l 3,2m. Trn mn ngi ta xc nh c v tr ca vn sng bc 14 cch vn trung
tm 11,2mm.
1. Tnh bc sng ca bc x n sc dng lm th nghim.
2. Th nghim vi nh sng trng, th ti im M cch vn trung tm 6,72mm c nhng bc x no b
tt?
Bi 27: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, khong cch t hai khe n mn l 2m.
Bc x n sc dng lm th nghim c bc sng 0,5m, trn mn ngi ta o c khong cch t vn
sng th hai n vn ti th 4 (nm cng mt pha so vi vn trung tm) l 0,75mm.
1. Tnh khong vn i v khong cch gia hai khe sng.
2. Th nghim vi nh sng trng, th ti im cch vn trung tm 4mm c vn sng ca nhng bc x
n sc no?
Bi 28: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng trng, hai khe cch nhau 2mm. khong
cch t hai khe n mn l 1,6m. Bit bc sng ca nh sng trng bin thin lin tc t 0,4m n 0,75m.
Tnh b rng ca quang ph bc nht v quang ph bc 3 ca hin tng giao thoa (ch xt n cc vn nm
cng mt pha so vi vn trung tm).
Bi 29: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng trng, khong cch gia hai khe l 2mm,
khong cch gia hai khe n mn l 1,6m. Hy xc nh bc sng ca cc bc x b tt ti v tr cch vn
trung tm 3,5mm.
Bi 30: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng trng, khong cch gia hai khe l 0,5mm,
khong cch t hai khe n mn l 2m, cho bit

= 0,4m,
t
= 0,75m.
1. Tnh b rng quang ph bc 1 v quang ph bc 3.
2. Xc nh cc bc sng ca cc bc x b tt ti v tr cch vn trung tm 7,2mm.
Bi 31: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, ngun sng pht ra cc bc x c min
bc sng 0,4m n 0,8m.Hai khe cch nhau mt on 1mm v cch mn 1,5m. Ti im M cch vn
trung tm 3mm c bao nhiu bc x n sc c cng cc i. Tm bc sng ca cc bc x n sc
trn?
Bi 32: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, khong cch gia hai khe l 2mm,
khong cch t hai khe n mn l 2m.
1. Tin hnh th nghim ng thi vi hai bc x n sc c bc sng
1
= 0,5m,
2
= 0,6m. Xc
nh nhng v tr m vn sng ca hai bc x trng nhau.
2. Tin hnh th nghim vi nh sng trng (c bc sng t 0,4m n 0,75m).
a. Tnh b rng quang ph bc nht v quang ph bc hai ca hin tng giao thoa;
b. Xc nh bc sng ca cc bc x b tt ti v tr M cch vn trung tm 3,3mm.
Bi 33: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, hai khe sng cch nhau 0,2mm, hai khe
cch mn 1m.
1. Bit khong cch gia 10 vn sng k nhau l 2,7mm. Tnh bc sng ca bc x n sc do ngun
sng pht ra.
2. Thay nh sng n sc bng nh sng trng, ti im cch vn trung tm 2,7mm c bao nhiu bc
x b tt? xc nh bc sng ca cc bc x trn.
Bi 34: Trong th nghim Young v hin tng giao thoa nh sng, hai khe cch nhau 1mm, hai khe cch mn
2m.
1. Tin hnh th nghim vi bc x n sc c bc sng = 0,656m. Tnh khong vn thu c trn mn.
2. Tin hnh th nghim vi bc x mu lc, bit b rng ca 10 khong vn lin tip l 1,09cm. Tnh
bc sng ca bc x mu lc dng lm th nghim.
3. Tin hnh th nghim vi nh sng trng (c bc sng t 0,4m n 0,7m). Xc nh nhng bc
x b tt ti v tr cch vn trung tm 1,2cm.
Trang 26
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
DNG 5: GIAO THOA TRN LNG LNG KNH FRESNEL
* H lng knh Fresnel gm hai lng knh hon ton
ging ht nhau, chung cnh y v c gc chit quang A nh.
* Ngun sng S qua hai lng knh cho 2 nh S
1
, S
2
ng vai tr l hai ngun sng kt hp.
a = S
1
S
2
= 2SO = 2(n 1)A.SO
BI TP P DNG
Bi 35: Mt lng lng knh Fresnel gm hai lng knh ging nhau, cc y st nhau. Lng knh c gc chit
quang A v chit sut n. t mt khe sng S song song vi cnh ca lng lng knh. Khong cch t khe S
n lng lng knh l d
1
. mn E cch lng lng knh l d
2
.
1. Chng minh rng lng lng knh Fresnel tng ng vi h giao thoa khe Young . V trng
giao thoa v tnh b rng giao thoa trng trn mn E.
2. Hy thit lp h thc xc nh hiu quang trnh ti mt im M trn mn E cch tm O ca mn mt
on x theo A, n, d
1
v d
2
.
Tnh khong vn trong trng hp A = 3.10
-3
rad, n = 1,5, d
1
= 50cm, d
2
= 1m v = 0,55m.
Bi gii:
Bi 36: 1. Chng minh lng lng knh Fresnel tng ng vi h giao thoa khe Young:
Chm tia sng xut pht t ngun sng S, sau khi khc x qua lng lng knh th b tch thnh hai.
Hai chm tia sng ny coi nh xut pht t S
1
, S
2
l hai nh o ca S. Hai ngun o S
1
, S
2
v cc chm tia
sng do chng pht ra i xng nhau qua mt phng cha y ca lng knh. S
1
v S
2
ng vai tr l hai
ngun sng kt hp nn s gy ra hin tng giao thoa.
Vy, lng lng knh Fresnel c tc dng tng ng vi khe Young.
* B rng giao thoa trng trn mn E:
+ Gc lch tia sng qua lng knh: = (n 1)A (vi A rt nh)
+ Khong ch gia hai ngun S
1
, S
2
: a = S
1
S
2
= 2d
1
tan =2d
1
(n 1)A.
=> B rng ca giao thoa trng: l = a
1
2
d
d
= 2d
2
(n 1)A
2. Thit lp h thc tnh hiu quang l ti mt im M trn mn.
T cng thc tnh hiu quang l trong hin tng giao thoa:
=
D
ax
, vi D = d
1
+ d
2
=> =
2 1
2
d d
x ) 1 n ( A d 2
+

*Khong vn i c tnh bi cng thc: i =

) 1 n ( A d 2
) d d (
a
D
2
2 1

Thay cc gi tr t gi thit bi ton, ta tm c khong vn i = 0,55mm

Bi 37: Mt lng lng knh Fresnel c gc chit quang A = 1
o
lm bng thu tinh c chit sut n =1,5. Mt
ngun sng S n sc t trn mt phng y chung ca hai lng knh v cch y lng knh mt on d =
25cm.
1. Xem rng nh S
1
, S
2
ca S to bi hai lng knh c v tr c dch i so vi S theo phng vung
gc vi mt phng y chung , hy tnh khong cch a = S
1
S
2
, cho 1

= 3.10
-4
rad.
2. t mt mn quan st E vung gc vi mt phng y chung ca hai lng knh, cch lng knh mt
on 2m, ngi ta quan st thy cc vn giao thoa. Tnh khong vn v s vn quan st c trn mn E, bit
bc sng nh sng ca ngun sng S dng lm th nghim l = 0,5m. Nu ngun sng S dch chuyn ra
Trang 27
I

S
1
A
a S O C
S
2
A
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
xa lng knh theo phng vung gc vi mn E th khong vn v s vn quan st c trn mn E thay i
th no?
----------------------------------------
CHNG VI. LNG T NH SNG
1. Nng lng mt lng t nh sng (ht phtn)
2
hc
hf mc e
l
= = =
Trong h = 6,625.10
-34
Js l hng s Plng.
c = 3.10
8
m/s l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng.
f, l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng (ca bc x).
m l khi lng ca phtn
2. Tia Rnghen (tia X)
Bc sng nh nht ca tia Rnghen

Min
hc
E
l =
Trong
2 2
0

2 2
mv mv
E e U = = + l ng nng ca electron khi p vo i catt (i m cc)
U l hiu in th gia ant v catt
v l vn tc electron khi p vo i catt
v
0
l vn tc ca electron khi ri catt (thng v
0
= 0)
m = 9,1.10
-31
kg l khi lng electron
3. Hin tng quang in
*Cng thc Anhxtanh
2
0 ax
2
M
mv hc
hf A e
l
= = = +
Trong
0
hc
A
l
=
l cng thot ca kim loi dng lm catt

0
l gii hn quang in ca kim loi dng lm catt
v
0Max
l vn tc ban u ca electron quang in khi thot khi catt
f, l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng kch thch
* dng quang in trit tiu th U
AK
U
h
(U
h
< 0), U
h
gi l hiu in th hm
2
0 ax
2
M
h
mv
eU =
Lu : Trong mt s bi ton ngi ta ly U
h
> 0 th l ln.
* Xt vt c lp v in, c in th cc i V
Max
v khong cch cc i d
Max
m electron chuyn ng trong
in trng cn c cng E c tnh theo cng thc:
Trang 28
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
2
ax 0 ax ax
1
2
M M M
e V mv e Ed = =
* Vi U l hiu in th gia ant v catt, v
A
l vn tc cc i ca electron khi p vo ant, v
K
= v
0Max
l
vn tc ban u cc i ca electron khi ri catt th:
2 2
1 1
2 2
A K
e U mv mv = -
* Hiu sut lng t (hiu sut quang in) :
0
n
H
n
=
Vi n v n
0
l s electron quang in bt khi catt v s phtn p vo catt trong cng mt khong thi
gian t.
Cng sut ca ngun bc x:
0 0 0
n n hf n hc
p
t t t
e
l
= = =
Cng dng quang in bo ho:
bh
n e q
I
t t
= =
bh bh bh
I I hf I hc
H
p e p e p e
e
l
= = =
* Bn knh qu o ca electron khi chuyn ng vi vn tc v trong t trng u B

, = ( ,B)
sin
mv
R v
e B
a
a
=
r ur
Xt electron va ri khi catt th v = v
0Max

Khi
sin 1
mv
v B R
e B
a ^ = =
r ur
Lu : Hin tng quang in xy ra khi c chiu ng thi nhiu bc x th khi tnh cc i lng: Vn
tc ban u cc i v
0Max
, hiu in th hm U
h
, in th cc i V
Max
, u c tnh ng vi bc x c

Min
(hoc f
Max
)
4. Tin Bo - Quang ph nguyn t Hir
* Tin Bo
mn m n
mn
hc
hf E E e
l
= = = -
* Bn knh qu o dng th n ca electron trong nguyn t hir:
r
n
= n
2
r
0
Vi r
0
=5,3.10
-11
m l bn knh Bo ( qu o K)
* Nng lng electron trong nguyn t hir:
2
13, 6
( )
n
E eV
n
=- Vi n N
*
.
* S mc nng lng
- Dy Laiman: Nm trong vng t ngoi
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o K
Trang 29
hf
mn
hf
mn
nhn phtn
pht phtn
E
m
E
n
E
m
> E
n
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
Lu : Vch di nht
LK
khi e chuyn t L K
Vch ngn nht
K
khi e chuyn t K.
- Dy Banme: Mt phn nm trong vng t ngoi, mt phn nm trong vng nh sng nhn thy
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o L
Vng nh sng nhn thy c 4 vch:
Vch H

ng vi e: M L
Vch lam H

ng vi e: N L
Vch chm H

ng vi e: O L
Vch tm H

ng vi e: P L
Lu : Vch di nht
ML
(Vch H

)
Vch ngn nht
L
khi e chuyn t L.
- Dy Pasen: Nm trong vng hng ngoi
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o
M
Lu : Vch di nht
NM
khi e chuyn t N M.
Vch ngn nht
M
khi e chuyn t M.
Mi lin h gia cc bc sng v tn s ca cc
vch quang ph ca nguyn t hir:
13 12 23
1 1 1

+
v f
13
= f
12
+f
23
(nh cng
vct)
--------------------------------------------
CHNG VII. HT NHN NGUYN T
1. Hin tng phng x
* S nguyn t cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t
0 0
.2 .
t
t
T
N N N e
l
-
-
= =
* S ht nguyn t b phn r bng s ht nhn con c to thnh v bng s ht ( hoc e
-
hoc e
+
) c to
thnh:
0 0
(1 )
t
N N N N e
l -
D = - = -
* Khi lng cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t
0 0
.2 .
t
t
T
m m m e
l
-
-
= =
Trong : N
0
, m
0
l s nguyn t, khi lng cht phng x ban u
T l chu k bn r
Trang 30
Laiman
K
M
N
O
L
P
Banme
Pasen
H

n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.

2 0, 693 ln
T T
l = = l hng s phng x
v T khng ph thuc vo cc tc ng bn ngoi m ch ph thuc bn cht bn trong ca cht
phng x.
* Khi lng cht b phng x sau thi gian t
0 0
(1 )
t
m m m m e
l -
D = - = -
* Phn trm cht phng x b phn r:
0
1
t
m
e
m
l -
D
= -
Phn trm cht phng x cn li:
0
2
t
t
T
m
e
m
l
-
-
= =
* Khi lng cht mi c to thnh sau thi gian t
1 0 1
1 1 0
(1 ) (1 )
t t
A A
A N A N
m A e m e
N N A
l l - -
D
= = - = -
Trong : A, A
1
l s khi ca cht phng x ban u v ca cht mi c to thnh
N
A
= 6,022.10
-23
mol
-1
l s Avgar.
Lu : Trng hp phng x
+
,
-
th A = A
1
m
1
= m
* phng x H
L i lng c trng cho tnh phng x mnh hay yu ca mt lng cht phng x, o bng s phn r
trong 1 giy.
0 0
.2 .
t
t
T
H H H e N
l
l
-
-
= = =
H
0
= N
0
l phng x ban u.
n v: Becren (Bq); 1Bq = 1 phn r/giy
Curi (Ci); 1 Ci = 3,7.10
10
Bq
Lu : Khi tnh phng x H, H
0
(Bq) th chu k phng x T phi i ra n v giy(s).
2. H thc Anhxtanh, ht khi, nng lng lin kt
* H thc Anhxtanh gia khi lng v nng lng
Vt c khi lng m th c nng lng ngh E = m.c
2
Vi c = 3.10
8
m/s l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng.
* ht khi ca ht nhn
A
Z
X
m = m
0
m
Trong m
0
= Zm
p
+ Nm
n
= Zm
p
+ (A-Z)m
n
l khi lng cc nucln.
m l khi lng ht nhn X.
* Nng lng lin kt E = m.c
2
= (m
0
-m)c
2

* Nng lng lin kt ring (l nng lng lin kt tnh cho 1 nucln):
E
A
D
Lu : Nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th ht nhn cng bn vng.
3. Phn ng ht nhn
Trang 31
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
* Phng trnh phn ng:
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
X X X X + +
Trong s cc ht ny c th l ht s cp nh nucln, eletrn, phtn ...
Trng hp c bit l s phng x: X
1
X
2
+ X
3
X
1
l ht nhn m, X
2
l ht nhn con, X
3
l ht hoc
* Cc nh lut bo ton
+ Bo ton s nucln (s khi): A
1
+ A
2
= A
3
+ A
4
+ Bo ton in tch (nguyn t s): Z
1
+ Z
2
= Z
3
+ Z
4
+ Bo ton ng lng:
1 2 3 4 1 1 2 2 4 3 4 4
m m m m p p p p hay v v v v + = + + = +
uur uur uur uur ur ur ur ur
+ Bo ton nng lng:
1 2 3 4
X X X X
K K E K K + +D = +

Trong : E l nng lng phn ng ht nhn

2
1
2
X x x
K m v = l ng nng chuyn ng ca ht X
Lu : - Khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng.
- Mi quan h gia ng lng p
X
v ng nng K
X
ca ht X l:
2
2
X X X
p m K =
- Khi tnh vn tc v hay ng nng K thng p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh
V d:
1 2
p p p = +
ur uur uur
bit

1 2
, p p j =
uur uur
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 p p p p p cosj = + +
hay
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 mv mv m v mm v v cosj = + +
hay
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
2 mK m K m K mm K K cosj = + +
Tng t khi bit

1 1
, p p =
uur ur
hoc

2 2
, p p =
uur ur

Trng hp c bit:
1 2
p p ^
uur uur

2 2 2
1 2
p p p = +
Tng t khi
1
p p ^
uur ur
hoc
2
p p ^
uur ur
v = 0 (p = 0) p
1
= p
2

1 1 2 2
2 2 1 1
K v m A
K v m A
= =
Tng t v
1
= 0 hoc v
2
= 0.
* Nng lng phn ng ht nhn: E = (M
0
- M)c
2

Trong :
1 2
0 X X
M m m = +
l tng khi lng cc ht nhn trc phn ng.

3 4
X X
M m m = +
l tng khi lng cc ht nhn sau phn ng.
Lu : - Nu M
0
> M th phn ng to nng lng E di dng ng nng ca cc ht X
3
, X
4
hoc phtn .
Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi ln hn nn bn vng hn.
Nu M
0
< M th phn ng thu nng lng E di dng ng nng ca cc ht X
1
, X
2
hoc phtn .
Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi nh hn nn km bn vng.
* Trong phn ng ht nhn
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
X X X X + +
Cc ht nhn X
1
, X
2
, X
3
, X
4
c:
Trang 32
p
ur
1
p
uur
2
p
uur

PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.

Nng lng lin kt ring tng ng l
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
.
Nng lng lin kt tng ng l E
1
, E
2
, E
3
, E
4

ht khi tng ng l m
1
, m
2
, m
3
, m
4

Nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn
E = A
3
3
+A
4
4
- A
1
1
- A
2
2

E = E
3
+ E
4
E
1
E
2

E = (m
3
+ m
4
- m
1
- m
2
)c
2
* Quy tc dch chuyn ca s phng x
+ Phng x (
4
2
He ):
4 4
2 2
A A
Z Z
X He Y
-
-
+
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 2 trong bng tun hon v c s khi gim 4 n v.
+ Phng x
-
(
1
0
e
-
):
0
1 1
A A
Z Z
X e Y
- +
+
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con tin 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi.
Thc cht ca phng x
-
l mt ht ntrn bin thnh mt ht prtn, mt ht electrn v mt ht
ntrin:
n p e v
-
+ +
Lu : - Bn cht (thc cht) ca tia phng x
-
l ht electrn (e
-
)
- Ht ntrin (v) khng mang in, khng khi lng (hoc rt nh) chuyn ng vi vn tc ca
nh sng v hu nh khng tng tc vi vt cht.
+ Phng x
+
(
1
0
e
+
):
0
1 1
A A
Z Z
X e Y
+ -
+
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi.
Thc cht ca phng x
+
l mt ht prtn bin thnh mt ht ntrn, mt ht pzitrn v mt ht
ntrin:
p n e v
+
+ +
Lu : Bn cht (thc cht) ca tia phng x
+
l ht pzitrn (e
+
)
+ Phng x (ht phtn)
Ht nhn con sinh ra trng thi kch thch c mc nng lng E
1
chuyn xung mc nng lng E
2
ng
thi phng ra mt phtn c nng lng
1 2
hc
hf E E e
l
= = = -
Lu : Trong phng x khng c s bin i ht nhn phng x thng i km theo phng x v .
4. Cc hng s v n v thng s dng
* S Avgar: N
A
= 6,022.10
23
mol
-1
* n v nng lng: 1eV = 1,6.10
-19
J; 1MeV = 1,6.10
-13
J
* n v khi lng nguyn t (n v Cacbon): 1u = 1,66055.10
-27
kg = 931 MeV/c
2
* in tch nguyn t: e = 1,6.10
-19
C
* Khi lng prtn: m
p
= 1,0073u
* Khi lng ntrn: m
n
= 1,0087u
Trang 33
PHNG PHP GII BI TP VT L 12.
* Khi lng electrn: m
e
= 9,1.10
-31
kg = 0,0005u
============== Ht ==============
Trang 34