SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S SAFETY ASSESSMENT SAFFMAN LENGTH SALINE WATER RECLAMATION SALT SALT DILUTION METHOD FOR FILM FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT SALTATION SALTING OUT SAMPLING

SHELLANDTUBEHEATEXCHANGERS
Brogan,R.J.
DOI:10.1615/AtoZ.s.shell_and_tube_heat_exchangers

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GeneralDescription ShellandTubeHeatExchangersareoneofthemostpopulartypesofexchangerduetotheexibilitythedesignerhasto allowforawiderangeofpressuresandtemperatures.TherearetwomaincategoriesofShellandTubeexchanger: 1. thosethatareusedinthepetrochemicalindustrywhichtendtobecoveredbystandardsfromTEMA,Tubular ExchangerManufacturersAssociation(seeTEMAStandards); 2. thosethatareusedinthepowerindustrysuchasfeedwaterheatersandpowerplantcondensers. Regardlessofthetypeofindustrytheexchangeristobeusedinthereareanumberofcommonfeatures(seeCondensers). Ashellandtubeexchangerconsistsofanumberoftubesmountedinsideacylindricalshell.Figure1illustratesatypical unitthatmaybefoundinapetrochemicalplant.Twouidscanexchangeheat,oneuidowsovertheoutsideofthe tubeswhiletheseconduidowsthroughthetubes.Theuidscanbesingleortwophaseandcanowinaparallelora cross/counterowarrangement.

Figure1.Shellandtubeexchanger. Theshellandtubeexchangerconsistsoffourmajorparts: FrontHeaderthisiswheretheuidentersthetubesideoftheexchanger.ItissometimesreferredtoastheStationary Header. RearHeaderthisiswherethetubesideuidleavestheexchangerorwhereitisreturnedtothefrontheaderin exchangerswithmultipletubesidepasses. Tubebundlethiscomprisesofthetubes,tubesheets,baesandtierodsetc.toholdthebundletogether. Shellthiscontainsthetubebundle. TheremainderofthissectionconcentratesonexchangersthatarecoveredbytheTEMAStandard.

SAMPLING METHODS, FOR DROPSIZE MEASUREMENT

ShellandTubeExchanger:GeometricTerminology
SAND BLASTING

ThemaincomponentsofashellandtubeexchangerareshowninFigure2a,bandcanddescribedinTable1.
SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORY, SNL SATELLITES SATURATED FLUID PROPERTIES SATURATED SURFACES SATURATED VOLUME SATURATION PRESSURE

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SATURATION TEMPERATURE SAUTER MEAN DIAMETER SCALE-UP OF PERFORATION PROCESS SCALES OF TURBULENCE SCALING SCATTERING SCATTERING AMPLITUDE SCATTERING EFFICIENCY SCATTERING INDICATRIX SCATTERING OF RADIATION SCATTERING PROBLEM FOR CYLINDRICAL PARTICLES SCHEIBEL EQUATION FOR DIFFUSION IN LIQUIDS SCHLIEREN INTERFEROMETRY SCHLIEREN TECHNIQUE SCHMIDT NUMBER SCHMIDT, ERNST (1892-1975) SCHUSTER-HAMAKER MODEL SCHUSTERSCHWARZCHILD APPROXIMATION, FOR COMBINED RADIATION AND CONDUCTION SCRAPED SURFACE HEAT EXCHANGERS SCREEN SEPARATORS SCREENS SCREW ROTARY COMPRESSOR SCREWS, PLASTICATING SCROLL DISCHARGE CENTRIFUGE SCRUBBERS SEA WATER COMPOSITION SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS SECOND NORMAL STRESS DIFFERENCE COEFFICIENT SECONDARY FLOWS SECONDARY RECOVERY PROCESSES SEDIMENTATION SEDIMENTING CENTRIFUGES SEEPAGE SEGMENTAL BAFFLES

Figure2.TypeBEM,CFUandAESexchangers.1988byTubularExchangerManufacturersAssociation. Table1.Shellandtubegeometricterminology 1 Stationary(Front)HeadChannel 20 SliponBackingFlange 2 Stationary(Front)HeadBonnet 21 FloatingTubesheetSkirt 3 Stationary(Front)HeadFlange 22 FloatingTubesheetSkirt 4 ChannelCover 23 PackingBoxFlange 5 StationaryHeadNozzle 24 Packing 6 StationaryTubesheet 25 PackingFollowerRing 7 Tubes 26 LanternRing 8 Shell 27 TieRodsandSpacers 9 ShellCover 28TransverseBaesorSupportPlates 10ShellFlangeStationaryHeadEnd29 ImpingementBaeorPlate 11 ShellFlangeRearHeadEnd 30 LongitudinalBae 12 ShellNozzle 31 PassPartition 13 ShellCoverFlange 32 VentConnection 14 ExpansionJoint 33 DrainConnection 15 FloatingTubesheet 34 InstrumentConnection 16 FloatingHeadCover 35 SupportSaddle 17 FloatingHeadFlange 36 LiftingLug 18 FloatingHeadBackingDevice 37 SupportBracket 19 SplitShearRing TemaDesignations Thepopularityofshellandtubeexchangershasresultedinastandardnomenclaturebeingdevelopedfortheirdesignation andusebytheTubularExchangerManufacturesAssociation(TEMA).Thisnomenclatureisdenedintermslettersand diagrams.Therstletterdescribesthefrontheadertype,thesecondlettertheshelltypeandthethirdlettertherearheader

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SEGREGATION SEIDER-TATE CORRELATION SELECTIVE FROTH FLOTATION SELF ORGANIZATION SELF-SIMILAR HARDENING BEHAVIOR SELF-SIMILARITY SEMI-CONDUCTOR THERMOMETERS SEMI-SLUG FLOWS SEMI-TRANSPARENT MEDIA CONTAINING BUBBLES SEMIANNULAR FLOW SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE LASERS SEMICONDUCTORS SEMITRANSPARENT MEDIA SENSIBLE HEAT STORAGE SEPARATED FLOW MODELS SEPARATED LIQUID FLOWS SEPARATION OF BOUNDARY LAYERS SEPARATION OF EMULSIONS SEPARATION OF FLUID MIXTURES SEPARATION OF GAS AND SOLIDS SEPARATION OF LIQUIDS SEPARATION OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS SEPARATION OF PHASES IN GAS-LIQUID FLOWS SEPARATION PROCESSES SEPARATION, LIQUID/LIQUID

type.Figure2showsexamplesofaBEM,CFU,andAESexchangerswhileFigure3illustratesthefullTEMA nomenclature.

Figure3.TEMAnomenclature.1988byTubulareExchangerManufacturersAssociation. Manycombinationsoffrontheader,shellandrearheadercanbemade.ThemostcommoncombinationsforanEType ShellaregiveninTable2butothercombinationsarealsoused. Table2.Shellandtubegeometricterminology FixedtubesheetexchangersUtubeexchangersFloatingheadexchangers AEL AEU AES AEM CEU BES AEN DEU BEL BEM BEN Essentiallytherearethreemaincombinations

SEPARATION, PARTICLES/LIQUID SERIES EXPANSIONS SESSILE DROPS AND BUBBLES SETTLING SLURRIES SEVERE ACCIDENTS, IN NUCLEAR REACTORS, CONTAINMENT OF SHADOWGRAPH TECHNIQUE SHAPE MEMORY SHAPE OF VAPOR FORMATIONS IN EXPLOSIVE BOILING

Fixedtubesheetexchangers Utubeexchangers Floatingheaderexchangers

FixedTubesheetExchanger(L,M,andNTypeRearHeaders) Inaxedtubesheetexchanger,thetubesheetisweldedtotheshell.Thisresultsinasimpleandeconomicalconstructionand thetubeborescanbecleanedmechanicallyorchemically.However,theoutsidesurfacesofthetubesareinaccessible excepttochemicalcleaning. Iflargetemperaturedierencesexistbetweentheshellandtubematerials,itmaybenecessarytoincorporateanexpansion bellowsintheshell,toeliminateexcessivestressescausedbyexpansion.Suchbellowsareoftenasourceofweaknessand failureinoperation.IncircumstanceswheretheconsequencesoffailureareparticularlygraveUTubeorFloatingHeader unitsarenormallyused. Thisisthecheapestofallremovablebundledesigns,butisgenerallyslightlymoreexpensivethanaxedtubesheetdesign

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SHAPE SELECTIVE CATALYSIS SHEAR FLOW SHEAR LAYER SHEAR MODULUS SHEAR STRESS SHEAR STRESS MEASUREMENT SHEAR STRESS VELOCITY SHEAR THICKENING SHEAR THICKENING FLUIDS SHEAR THINNING FLUIDS SHEAR VISCOSITY SHEARING INTERFEROGRAM

atlowpressures. UTubeExchangers InaUTubeexchangeranyofthefrontheadertypesmaybeusedandtherearheaderisnormallyaMType.TheUtubes permitunlimitedthermalexpansion,thetubebundlecanberemovedforcleaningandsmallbundletoshellclearancescan beachieved.However,sinceinternalcleaningofthetubesbymechanicalmeansisdicult,itisnormalonlytousethis typewherethetubesideuidsareclean. FloatingHeadExchanger(P,S,TandWTypeRearHeaders) InthistypeofexchangerthetubesheetattheRearHeaderendisnotweldedtotheshellbutallowedtomoveoroat.The tubesheetattheFrontHeader(tubesideuidinletend)isofalargerdiameterthantheshellandissealedinasimilar mannertothatusedinthexedtubesheetdesign.Thetubesheetattherearheaderendoftheshellisofslightlysmaller diameterthantheshell,allowingthebundletobepulledthroughtheshell.Theuseofaoatingheadmeansthatthermal expansioncanbeallowedforandthetubebundlecanberemovedforcleaning.Thereareseveralrearheadertypesthat canbeusedbuttheSTypeRearHeadisthemostpopular.Aoatingheadexchangerissuitablefortherigorousduties associatedwithhightemperaturesandpressuresbutismoreexpensive(typicallyoforderof25%forcarbonsteel construction)thantheequivalentxedtubesheetexchanger. Consideringeachheaderandshelltypeinturn: ATypefrontheader

SHEATH CHARACTERISTICS SHEET SPLITTING, IN DROP FORMATION SHELL AND TUBE CONDENSERS SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS SHELL BOILER SHELL PROGRESSIVE MODEL SHELL-SIDE REFRIGERATION CHILLERS SHELLS SHERWOOD NUMBER SHERWOOD, THOMAS KILGORE (1903-1976) SHOCK TUBES SHOCK WAVE PROPAGATION SHOCK WAVES SHOCK WAVES, CONICAL SHORT ROUGHNESS STRIP SHORT TIME LAPSE PHOTOGRAPHY SHORT-TUBE VERTICAL EVAPORATOR SHOT TOWERS SHRINKING CORE MODEL SI UNITS SIDERITES SIEVE, TRAY COLUMN

Thistypeofheaderiseasytorepairandreplace.Italsogivesaccesstothetubesforcleaningorrepairwithouthavingto disturbthepipework.Itdoeshoweverhavetwoseals(onebetweenthetubesheetandheaderandtheotherbetweenthe headerandtheendplate).ThisincreasestheriskofleakageandthecostoftheheaderoveraBTypeFrontHeader. BTypefrontheader Thisisthecheapesttypeoffrontheader.ItalsoismoresuitablethantheATypeFrontHeaderforhighpressureduties becausetheheaderhasonlyoneseal.Adisadvantageisthattogainaccesstothetubesrequiresdisturbancetothepipe workinordertoremovetheheader. CTypefrontheader Thistypeofheaderisforhighpressureapplications(>100bar).Itdoesallowaccesstothetubewithoutdisturbingthepipe workbutisdiculttorepairandreplacebecausethetubebundleisanintegralpartoftheheader. DTypefrontheader Thisisthemostexpensivetypeoffrontheader.Itisforveryhighpressures(>150bar).Itdoesallowaccesstothetubes withoutdisturbingthepipeworkbutisdiculttorepairandreplacebecausethetubebundleisanintegralpartofthe header. NTypefrontheader Theadvantageofthistypeofheaderisthatthetubescanbeaccessedwithoutdisturbingthepipeworkanditischeaper thananATypeFrontHeader.However,theyarediculttomaintainandreplaceastheheaderandtubesheetarean integralpartoftheshell. YTypefrontheader StrictlyspeakingthisisnotaTEMAdesignatedtypebutisgenerallyrecognized.Itcanbeusedasafrontorrearheader andisusedwhentheexchangeristobeusedinapipeline.Itischeaperthanothertypesofheadersasitreducespiping costs.Itismainlyusedwithsingletubepassunitsalthoughwithsuitablepartitioninganyoddnumberofpassescanbe allowed. ETypeshell Thisismostcommonlyusedshelltype,suitableformostdutiesandapplications.Othershelltypesonlytendtobeused forspecialdutiesorapplications. FTypeshell Thisisgenerallyusedwhenpurecountercurrentowisrequiredinatwotubesidepassunit.Thisisachievedbyhaving twoshellssidepassesthetwopassesbeingseparatedbyalongitudinalbae.Themainproblemwiththistypeofunitis thermalandhydraulicleakageacrossthislongitudinalbaeunlessspecialprecautionsaretaken. GTypeshell Thisisusedforhorizontalthermosyphonreboilersandapplicationswheretheshellsidepressuredropneedstobekept small.Thisisachievedbysplittingtheshellsideow. HTypeshell

SILICA BASED NANOPOROUS COMPOSITE MATERIALS

ThisisusedforsimilarapplicationstoGTypeShellbuttendstobeusedwhenlargerunitsarerequired. JTypeshell

SILICA GEL

ThistendstobeusedwhenthemaximumallowablepressuredropisexceededinanETypeShellevenwhendouble

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SILICON SILICON CARBIDE SILICON SOLAR CELLS

segmentalbaesareused.Itisalsousedwhentubevibrationisaproblem.Thedividedowontheshellsidereducesthe owvelocitiesoverthetubesandhencereducesthepressuredropandthelikelihoodoftubevibration.Whenthereare twoinletnozzlesandoneoutletnozzlethisissometimesreferredtoasanITypeShell. KTypeshell

SILOS, GRANULAR FLOW FROM SILVER SILVER METHOD SIMILARITY CONDITIONS SIMILARITY, THEORY OF SIMILITUDE SIMPLEST APPROXIMATIONS OF DOUBLE SPHERICAL HARMONICS SIMPLEX ATOMIZER SIMPLIFIED BOILING WATER REACTOR, SBWR SIMULATING SUBSURFACE TEMPERATURE SINCLAIR-LA MER AEROSOL GENERATOR SINGLET STATE SINGLET STATE LIFETIME SINGULARITIES, HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE IN SINTERING

Thisisusedonlyforreboilerstoprovidealargedisengagementspaceinordertominimizeshellsideliquidcarryover. AlternativelyaKTypeShellmaybeusedasachiller.Inthiscasethemainprocessistocoolthetubesideuidbyboilinga uidontheshellside. XTypeshell Thisisusedifthemaximumshellsidepressuredropisexceededbyallothershellandbaetypecombinations.Themain applicationsareshellsidecondensersandgascoolers. LTyperearheader Thistypeofheaderisforusewithxedtubesheetsonly,sincethetubesheetisweldedtotheshellandaccesstotheoutside ofthetubesisnotpossible.Themainadvantagesofthistypeofheaderarethataccesscanbegainedtotheinsideofthe tubeswithouthavingtoremoveanypipeworkandthebundletoshellclearancesaresmall.Themaindisadvantageisthat abellowsoranexpansionrollarerequiredtoallowforlargethermalexpansionsandthislimitsthepermittedoperating temperatureandpressure. MTyperearheader ThistypeofheaderissimilartotheLTypeRearHeaderbutitisslightlycheaper.However,theheaderhastoberemoved togainaccesstotheinsideofthetubes.Again,specialmeasureshavetobetakentocopewithlargethermalexpansions andthislimitsthepermittedoperatingtemperatureandpressure. NTyperearheader Theadvantageofthistypeofheaderisthatthetubescanbeaccessedwithoutdisturbingthepipework.However,theyare diculttomaintainandreplacesincetheheaderandtubesheetareanintegralpartoftheshell. PTyperearheader Thisisanoutsidepackedoatingrearheader.Itis,intheory,alowcostoatingheaddesignwhichallowsaccesstothe insideofthetubesforcleaningandalsoallowsthebundletoberemovedforcleaning.Themainproblemswiththistypeof headerare: largebundletoshellclearancesrequiredinordertopullthebundle;

SINUOUS JETS SIPHON CENTRIFUGE SKIMMER PIPE AND KNIFE CENTRIFUGES SKIN EFFECT SKIN FRICTION SLAG FORMATION SLIGHTLY DEFORMED POROUS CIRCULAR CYLINDER SLIGHTLY INCLINED SURFACE-MOUNTED PRISMS SLIP RATIO SLIT FLOW METERS SLIT FLOWS SLOT-PERFORATED FLAT FINS SLOW MOTION PHOTOGRAPHY SLUG FLOW SLUG FLOW, SOLID SUSPENSIONS SLUG FREQUENCY SLUG LENGTH SLURRIES

itislimitedtolowpressurenonhazardousuids,becauseitispossiblefortheshellsideuidtoleakviathepacking rings; onlysmallthermalexpansionsarepermitted. Inpracticeitisnotalowcostdesign,becausetheshellhastoberolledtosmalltolerancesforthepackingtobeeective. STyperearheader Thisisaoatingrearheaderwithbackingdevice.Itisthemostexpensiveoftheoatingheadtypesbutdoesallowthe bundletoberemovedandunlimitedthermalexpansionispossible.Italsohassmallershelltobundleclearancesthanthe otheroatingheadtypes.However,itisdiculttodismantleforbundlepullingandtheshelldiameterandbundleto shellclearancesarelargerthanforxedheadtypeexchangers. TTyperearheader Thisisapullthroughoatinghead.ItischeaperandeasiertoremovethebundlethanwiththeSTypeRearHeader,but stillallowsforunlimitedthermalexpansion.Itdoes,however,havethelargestbundletoshellclearanceofalltheoating headtypesandismoreexpensivethanxedheaderandUtubetypes. Utube Thisisthecheapestofallremovablebundledesigns,butisgenerallyslightlymoreexpensivethanaxedtubesheetdesign atlowpressures.However,itpermitsunlimitedthermalexpansion,allowsthebundletoberemovedtocleantheoutside ofthetubes,hasthetightestbundletoshellclearancesandisthesimplestdesign.AdisadvantageoftheUtubedesignis thatitcannotnormallyhavepurecounterowunlessanFTypeShellisused.Also,Utubedesignsarelimitedtoeven numbersoftubepasses. WTyperearheader Thisisapackedoatingtubesheetwithlanternring.Itisthecheapestoftheoatingheaddesigns,allowsforunlimited thermalexpansionandallowsthetubebundletoberemovedforcleaning.Themainproblemswiththistypeofheadare: thelargebundletoshellclearancesrequiredtopullthebundleand; thelimitationtolowpressurenonhazardousuids(becauseitispossibleforboththeuidstoleakviathepacking rings). Itisalsopossiblefortheshellandtubesideuidstobecomemixedifleakageoccurs.

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SMALL ANCLE SCATTERING METHOD, FOR DROPSIZE MEASUREMENT SMELTING SMOKE, AS AN AIR POLLUTANT SMOKES SNELL REFRACTION LAW SNL SOAVE EQUATION SODA ASH SODIUM SODIUM CARBONATE SODIUM CHLORIDE SODIUM COOLED NUCLEAR REACTOR SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOFTENING OF WATER SOFTWARE ENGINEERING SOIL, THERMAL PROPERTIES SOL

GeometricOptions Tubediameterlayoutandpitch Tubesmayrangeindiameterfrom12.7mm(0.5in)to50.8mm(2in),but19.05mm(0.75in)and25.4mm(1in)arethe mostcommonsizes.Thetubesarelaidoutintriangularorsquarepatternsinthetubesheets.SeeFigure4.

Figure4.Tubelayouts. Thesquarelayoutsarerequiredwhereitisnecessarytogetatthetubesurfaceformechanicalcleaning.Thetriangular arrangementallowsmoretubesinagivenspace.Thetubepitchistheshortestcentertocenterdistancebetweentubes.The tubespacingisgivenbythetubepitch/tubediameterratio,whichisnormally1.25or1.33.Sinceasquarelayoutisusedfor cleaningpurposes,aminimumgapof6.35mm(0.25in)isallowedbetweentubes. Baetypes Baesareinstalledontheshellsidetogiveahigherheattransferrateduetoincreasedturbulenceandtosupportthe tubesthusreducingthechanceofdamageduetovibration.Thereareanumberofdierentbaetypes,whichsupportthe tubesandpromoteowacrossthetubes.Figure5showsthefollowingbaearrangements: SingleSegmental(thisisthemostcommon),

SOLAR AIR HEATERS SOLAR CELLS SOLAR COOKERS SOLAR DRYING SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR ENERGY THERMAL CONVERSION SOLAR PONDS SOLAR RADIATION SOLAR RADIATION SPECTRUM SOLAR REFRIGERATION SOLAR SELECTIVE SURFACES SOLAR SODIUM EVAPORATOR SOLAR STILLS SOLAR WATER HEATERS SOLENOIDAL FLOW SOLID FUELS SOLID HOLDUP SOLID PROPELLANT SOLID STATE LASERS SOLID-LIQUID-LIQUID FLOWS

DoubleSegmental(thisisusedtoobtainalowershellsidevelocityandpressuredrop), DiscandDoughnut.

Figure5.Baearrangements. Thecentertocenterdistancebetweenbaesiscalledthebaepitchandthiscanbeadjustedtovarythecrossow velocity.Inpracticethebaepitchisnotnormallygreaterthanadistanceequaltotheinsidediameteroftheshellorcloser thanadistanceequaltoonefththediameteror50.8mm(2in)whicheverisgreater.Inordertoallowtheuidtoow backwardsandforwardsacrossthetubespartofthebaeiscutaway.Theheightofthispartisreferredtoasthe baecutandismeasuredasapercentageoftheshelldiameter,e.g.,25percentbaecut.Thesizeofthebaecut(or baewindow)needstobeconsideredalongwiththebaepitch.Itisnormaltosizethebaecutandbaepitchto approximatelyequalizethevelocitiesthroughthewindowandincrossow,respectively. Therearetwomaintypesofbaewhichgivelongitudinalow:

SOLIDIFICATION SOLIDIFICATION CONSTANT

OriceBae, RodBae.

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SOLIDOSITY SOLIDS CONCENTRATION SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS, BOILING HEAT TRANSFER SOLIDS SEPARATION

Inthesetypesofbaetheturbulenceisgeneratedastheowcrossesthebae. HeatTransferEnhancementsDevices Therearethreemaintypes. Specialsurfaces

SOLIDS, THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLITARY WAVE SOLITON SOLUBILITY SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN LIQUIDS SOLUBILITY OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS SOLUTE SOLUTE DIFFUSION SOLUTE FUNCTIONALITY SOLUTIONS SOLUTIONS FOR ONE-DIMENSIONAL RADIATIVE TRANSFER PROBLEMS SOLVENT SOLVENT EXTRACTION SONIC OSCILLATOR SONIC VELOCITY SONOCAPILLARY EFFECT SOOT SORET AND DUFOUR EFFECTS ON FREE CONVECTION SORET EFFECT SORPTION HEAT PUMPS SOUND ABSORPTION SOUND GENERATION SOUND PROPAGATION SOUR GASES SOUTTER-ION PUMP SPACE HEATING SPACERS SPACERS, EFFECT ON CHF SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES SPARSELY PACKED POROUS MEDIUM SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION SCHEMES

Thesetendtobeusedtopromotenucleateboilingwhenthetemperaturedrivingforceissmall. Tubeinserts Thesearenormallywirewoundinsertsortwistedtapes.Theyarenormallyusedwithmediumtohighviscosityuidsto improveheattransferbyincreasingturbulence.Thereisalsosomeevidencethattheyreducefouling.Inordertousethese mosteectivelytheexchangershouldbedesignedfortheiruse.Thisusuallyentailsincreasingtheshelldiameter,reducing thetubelengthandthenumberoftubesidepassesinordertoallowfortheincreasedpressurelosscharacteristicsofthe devices. Extendedsurfaces Theseareusedtoincreasetheheattransferareawhenastreamhasalowheattransfercoecient.Themostcommontype islowntubingwheretypicallythensare1.5mmhighat19nsperinch.(SeealsoAugmentationofHeatTransfer.) SelectionCriteria Inmanycasestheonlywayofensuringoptimumselectionistodoafulldesignbasedonseveralalternativegeometries.In therstinstance,however,severalimportantdecisionshavetobemadeconcerning: allocationofuidstotheshellsideandtubeside; selectionofshelltype; selectionoffrontendheadertype; selectionofrearendheadertype; selectionofexchangergeometry. Toalargeextenttheseoftendependoneachother.Forinstance,theallocationofadirtyuidtotheshellsidedirectly aectstheselectionofexchangertubelayout. Fluidallocation Whendecidingwhichsidetoallocatethehotandcolduidsthefollowingneedtobetakenintoaccount,inorderof priority. 1. Consideranyandeverysafetyandreliabilityaspectandallocateuidsaccordingly.Neverallocatehazardousuids suchtheyarecontainedbyanythingotherthanconventionalboltedandgaskettedorweldedjoints. 2. Ensurethattheallocationofuidscomplieswithestablishedengineeringpractices,particularlythoselaiddownin customerspecications. 3. Havingcompliedwiththeabove,allocatetheuidlikelytocausethemostseveremechanicalcleaningproblems(if any)tothetubeside. 4. Ifneitheroftheaboveareapplicable,theallocationoftheuidsshouldbedecidedonlyafterrunningtwoalternative designsandselectingthecheapest(thisistimeconsumingifhandcalculationsareusedbutprogramssuchasTASC fromtheHeatTransferandFluidFlowService(HTFS)makethisatrivialtask). Shellselection Etypeshellsarethemostcommon.Ifasingletubepassisusedandprovidedtherearemorethanthreebaes,thennear countercurrentowisachieved.Iftwoormoretubepassesareused,thenitisnotpossibletoobtainpurecountercurrent owandthelogmeantemperaturedierencemustbecorrectedtoallowforcombinedcocurrentandcountercurrentow usinganFfactor. GtypeshellsandHshellsarenormallyspeciedonlyforhorizontalthermosyphonreboilers.JshellsandXtypeshells shouldbeselectediftheallowableDPcannotbeaccommodatedinareasonableEtypedesign.Forservicesrequiring multipleshellswithremovablebundles,Ftypeshellscanoersignicantsavingsandshouldalwaysbeconsidered providedtheyarenotprohibitedbycustomerspecications Frontheaderselection

SPATIAL-TEMPORAL CORRELATION SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY SPECIFIC WORK, IN TURBINES SPECKLE METHOD

TheAtypefrontheaderisthestandardfordirtytubesideuidsandtheBtypeisthestandardforcleantubesideuids. TheAtypeisalsopreferredbymanyoperatorsregardlessofthecleanlinessofthetubesideuidincaseaccesstothetubes isrequired.Donotuseothertypesunlessthefollowingconsiderationsapply. ACtypeheadwithremovableshellshouldbeconsideredforhazardoustubesideuids,heavybundlesorservices requiringfrequentshellsidecleaning.TheNtypeheadisusedwhenhazardousuidsareonthetubeside.ADtypehead oraBtypeheadweldedtothetubesheetisusedforhighpressureapplications.Ytypeheadsareonlynormallyusedfor

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SPECKLE PHOTOGRAPHY SPECTRA, EMISSION AND ABSORPTION SPECTRAL ANALYSIS SPECTRAL DENSITY FUNCTION SPECTRAL EMISSIVITY SPECTRAL EXTINCTION METHOD SPECTRAL RADIATIVE PROPERTIES OF DIESEL FUEL DROPLETS SPECTRAL RADIATIVE PROPERTIES OF DISPERSE SYSTEMS: THEORETICAL MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION SPECTRAL RADIATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOME IMPORTANT MATERIALS: EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND THEORETICAL MODELS SPECTROFLUORIMETRY SPECTROSCOPY SPECULAR REFLECTION SPEED OF LIGHT SPEED OF SOUND SPENT FUEL SPHERE, DRAG COEFFICIENT FOR SPHERES, CONVECTIVE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

singletubepassexchangerswhentheyareinstalledinlinewithapipeline. Rearheaderselection FornormalserviceaFixedHeader(L,M,Ntypes)canbeusedprovidedthatthereisnooverstressingduetodierential expansionandtheshellsidewillnotrequiremechanicalcleaning.Ifthermalexpansionislikelyaxedheaderwitha bellowscanbeusedprovidedthattheshellsideuidisnothazardous,theshellsidepressuredoesnotexceed35bar(500 psia)andtheshellsidewillnotrequiremechanicalcleaning. AUtubeunitcanbeusedtoovercomethermalexpansionproblemsandallowthebundletoberemovedforcleaning. However,countercurrentowcanonlybeachievedbyusinganFtypeshellandmechanicalcleaningofthetubesidecan bedicult. AnStypeoatingheadshouldbeusedwhenthermalexpansionneedstobeallowedforandaccesstobothsidesofthe exchangerisrequiredfromcleaning.Otherrearheadtypeswouldnotnormallybeconsideredexceptforthespecialcases. SelectionofExchangerGeometry Tubeoutsidediameter Fortheprocessindustry,19.05mm(3/4)tendstobethemostcommon. Tubewallthickness Referencemustbemadetoarecognizedpressurevesselcodetodecidethis. Tubelength Foragivensurfacearea,thelongerthetubelengththecheapertheexchanger,althoughalongthinexchangermaynotbe feasible. Tubelayout 45or90degreelayoutsarechosenifmechanicalcleaningisrequired,otherwisea30degreelayoutisoftenselected, becauseitprovidesahigherheattransferandhencesmallerexchanger. Tubepitch Thesmallestallowablepitchof1.25timesthetubeoutsidediameterisnormallyusedunlessthereisarequirementtousea largerpitchduetomechanicalcleaningortubeendwelding. Numberoftubepasses Thisisusuallyoneoranevennumber(notnormallygreaterthan16).Increasingthenumberofpassesincreasestheheat transfercoecientbutcaremustbetakentoensurethatthetubesidev isnotgreaterthanabout10,000kg/ms . Shelldiameter
2 2

SPHERES, DRAG AND LIFT SPHERES, SOLID, DRAG ON SPHERICITY SPIRAL CLASSIFIER SPIRAL HEAT EXCHANGERS SPIRAL TUBES, USE IN BENSON BOILERS SPIROPYRAN SPLATTERING, EFFECT ON JET IMPINGEMENT

Standardpipeisnormallyusedforshelldiametersupto610mm(24).Abovethistheshellismadefromrolledplate. Typicallyshelldiametersrangefrom152mmto3000mm(6to120). Baetype Singlesegmentalbaesareusedbydefaultbutothertypesareconsideredifpressuredropconstraintsorvibrationisa problem. Baespacing Thisisdecidedaftertryingtobalancethedesireforincreasedcrossowvelocityandtubesupport(smallerbaepitch) andpressuredropconstraints(largerbaepitch).TEMAprovidesguidanceonthemaximumandminimumbaepitch. Baecut Thisdependsonthebaetypebutistypically45%forsinglesegmentalbaesand25%fordoublesegmentalbaes. Nozzlesandimpingement

SPONTANEOUS CONDENSATION SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS SPRAY COLUMNS SPRAY CONDENSERS

Forshellsidenozzlesthev shouldnotbegreaterthanabout9000inkg/ms .Fortubesidenozzlesthemaximumv

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shouldnotexceed2230kg/ms fornoncorrosive,nonabrasivesinglephaseuidsand740kg/ms forotheruids. Impingementprotectionisalwaysrequiredforgaseswhicharecorrosiveorabrasive,saturatedvaporsandtwophases mixtures.Shellorbundleentranceorexitareasshouldbedesignedsuchthatav of5950kg/ms isnotexceeded. MaterialsofConstruction

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SPRAY COOLING SPRAY DRYER SPRAY DRYING SPRAY EQUATION SPRAY EVAPORATORS

Ingeneral,shellandtubeexchangersaremadeofmetal,butforspecialistapplications(e.g.,involvingstrongacidsor pharmaceuticals),othermaterialssuchasgraphite,plasticandglassmaybeused. ThermalDesign Thethermaldesignofashellandtubeexchangerisaniterativeprocesswhichisnormallycarriedoutusingcomputer

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SPRAY FLOWS SPRAY FORMATION SPRAY NOZZLES SPRAY TOWERS SPRAYERS SPRAYING SPRAYS SPREADING OF LIQUIDS ON LIQUIDS SPUTTERING

programsfromorganizationssuchastheHeattransferandFluidFlowService(HTFS)orHeatTransferResearch Incorporated(HTRI).However,itisimportantthattheengineerunderstandsthelogicbehindthecalculation.Inorderto calculatetheheattransfercoecientsandpressuredrops,initialdecisionsmustbemadeonthesidestheuidsare allocated,thefrontandrearheadertype,shelltype,baetype,tubediameterandtubelayout.Thetubelength,shell diameter,baepitchandnumberoftubepassesarealsoselectedandthesearenormallythemainitemsthatarealtered duringeachiterationinordertomaximizetheoverallheattransferwithinspeciedallowablepressuredrops. Themainstepsinthecalculationaregivenbelowtogetherwithcalculationmethodsintheopenliterature: 1. Calculatetheshellsideowdistribution[UseBellDelawareMethod,seeHewitt,Shires,andBott(1994)]. 2. Calculatetheshellsideheattransfercoecient(UseBellDelawareMethod) 3. Calculatetubesideheattransfercoecient(see,forexample,Tubes:SinglePhaseHeatTransferIn). 4. Calculatetubesidepressuredrop(see,forexample,PressureDrop,SinglePhase). 5. Calculatewallresistanceandoverallheattransfercoecient(seeOverallHeatTransferCoecientandFouling).

STABILITY STABILITY CRITERIA STABILITY OF EMULSIONS STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES STACKS, POLLUTION FROM STAGGERED TUBE BANKS STAGNANT FILM MODEL STAGNATION POINT STAGNATION PRESSURE STAGNATION TEMPERATURE STANDARD CONDITIONS STANTON GAUGE STANTON NUMBER STANTON, SIR THOMAS EDWARD (1865-1931) STARK BROADENING STARK NUMBER STARS, FUSION REACTIONS IN STATIC HEAD

6. Calculatemeantemperaturedierence(seeMeanTemperatureDierence). 7. Calculatearearequired. 8. Comparearearequiredwithareaofassumedgeometryandallowedtubesideandshellsidepressuredropwith calculatedvalues. 9. AdjustassumedgeometryandrepeatcalculationsuntilArearequiredisachievedwithintheallowablepressuredrops. BooksbyE.A.D.Saunders[Saunders(1988)]andG.F.Hewitt,G.L.Shires,andT.R.Bott[Hewittetal.(1994)]providesa goodoverviewoftubularthermaldesignmethodsandexamplecalculations. MechanicalDesign Themechanicaldesignofashellandtubeheatexchangerprovidesinformationonitemssuchasshellthickness,ange thickness,etc.ThesearecalculatedusingapressurevesseldesigncodesuchastheBoilerandPressureVesselcodefrom ASME(AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers)andtheBritishMasterPressureVesselStandard,BS5500.ASMEisthe mostcommonlyusedcodeforheatexchangersandisin11sections.SectionVIII(ConnedPressureVessels)ofthecodeis themostapplicabletoheatexchangersbutSectionsIIMaterialsandSectionVNonDestructiveTestingarealso relevant. BothASMEandBS5500arewidelyusedandacceptedthroughouttheworldbutsomecountriesinsistthattheirown nationalcodesareused.InordertotryandsimplifythistheInternationalStandardsOrganizationisnowattemptingto developanewinternationallyrecognizedcodebutitislikelytobeasometimebeforethisisaccepted.

References:

TEMASeventhEdition.(1988)TubularExchangerManufacturersAssociation. Saunders,E.A.D.(1988)HeatExchangersSelection,DesignandConstruction,LongmanScienticandTechnical. Hewitt,G.F,Shires,G.L.,andBott,T.R.(1994)ProcessHeatTransfer,CRCPress. BoilerandPressureVesselcode,ASME(AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers). BritishMasterPressureVesselStandard,BS5500.

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STEAM TABLES STEAM TURBINE STEAM-WATER SEPARATION STEEL AND TUBE CONDENSERS STEELS STEFAN'S LAW STEFAN, JOSEF (1835-1893) STEFAN-BOLTZMANN CONSTANT STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW STEFAN-MAXWELL EQUATIONS STEPWISE HEAT RELEASE STEREOSCOPIC IMAGING STEWARTSON TYPE FLOW STIELTJES' INTEGRAL STIRRED TANK REACTOR STIRRED TANKS STIRRED VESSEL PHASE INVERSION STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS STOCHASTIC PROCESS STOICHIOMETRIC COMBUSTION STOKES EQUATION STOKES FLOW STOKES LENGTH STOKES PARADOX STOKES PROBLEM STOKES SHIFT STOKES STREAM FUNCTION STOKES' LAW FOR SOLID SPHERES AND SPHERICAL BUBBLES STOKES-EINSTEIN EQUATION STOKES-EINSTEIN EQUATION, FOR DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENTS IN LIQUIDS STOMATAL CONTROL OF WATER LOSS FROM PLANTS STOPPING DISTANCE STORE'S FORMULA STRAIN STRAIN GAUGES

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STRAIN RATE STRANGE ATTRACTORS STRATIFICATION, UNSTABLE AND STABLE STRATIFIED GAS-LIQUID FLOW STRATIFIED WAVY FLOW STRATOSPHERE STREAM ANALYSIS METHOD STREAM AVAILABILITY STREAM FUNCTION STREAMLINE STREAMLINE FLOW STREAMLINED BODIES, FLOW OVER STREAMLINES STREAMLINES, VISUALIZATION STREAMTUBE STRESS STRESS IN SOLID MATERIALS STRESS TENSOR STRESS VECTOR STRESS, NORMAL STRESS, SHEAR STRETCHING SHEET STRETCHING SURFACE STRETCHING/STABILIZING EFFLUX FLUID FILMS STROUHAL NUMBER STRUCTURED SURFACE STUART NUMBER SUBCHANNEL ANALYSIS SUBCHANNEL MIXING SUBCOOLED TWISTED FLOW SUBCOOLING SUBCOOLING EFFECTS ON POOL BOILING SUBLAYER FENCE SUBLIMATION SUBMERGED COMBUSTION SUBMERGED COMBUSTION EVAPORATORS SUBMERGED JETS SUBROUTINES SUBSTITUTE NATURAL GAS (SNG)

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SUBSURFACE BARRIER SUBUNDAL FLOW SUCTION SUCTION EFFECTS SULFUR SULFUR DIOXIDE SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE SULFUR POLLUTION SULFURIC ACID SUN, HEAT TRANSFER IN SUPER-PHENIX SUPERCAVITATION SUPERCOMPUTING SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS SUPERCONDUCTORS SUPERCRITICAL HEAT TRANSFER SUPERFICIAL VELOCITY SUPERHEATING SUPERSATURATION SUPERSONIC EXTERNAL FLOW SUPERSONIC FLOW SUPERSONIC FLOW, IN NOZZLES SUPERSONIC HETEROGENEOUS FLOW SUPERSONIC JET SUPERUNDAL FLOW SUPPRESSION OF NUCLEATE BOILING SURFACE ACTIVE SUBSTANCES SURFACE ALLOYING OF METALS SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL TENSION SURFACE CONDENSERS SURFACE DIFFUSION SURFACE DIMPLES SURFACE EFFECTS ON BOILING SURFACE EFFICIENCY SURFACE ENERGY SURFACE EXTENSIONS SURFACE FLOW VISUALIZATION SURFACE ROUGHNESS SURFACE TENSION

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SURFACE TENSION DEVICES SURFACE TREATMENT SURFACE, CIRCULAR SURFACE, PERMEABLE SURFACTANT COLLECTORS SURFACTANTS SURGE TANKS SUSPENSION OF PARTICLES IN LIQUID SUTHERLAND COEFFICIENT SWEATING SWEETENING OF GASES SWIRL BURNERS SWIRL FLOW DEVICES SWIRLING FLOW SWIRLING TAPES, FOR INCREASING BURNOUT FLUX SYMMETRIC TENSOR SYMMETRY ANALYSIS OF SECOND-GRADE FLOW SYNCHROTON RADIATION SYNOPTIC SCALE CIRCULATION, OF ATMOSPHERE SYNTHETIC ZEOLITES T U V W X Y Z

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