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PHNG PHP FDTD TRONG M PHNG TRNG IN T


FDTD l phng php sai phn hu hn trong min thi gian (Finite Difference Time Domain), phng php ny c a ra bi Kane Yee ngi Nht nm 1966. Trong thi gian u ca phng php FDTD khng c p dng rng ri do s hn ch ca b nh cng nh tc x l cn qu chm ca my tnh. Tuy nhin trong nhng thp nin gn y vi s pht trin nhanh ca cng ngh my tnh, dung lng b nh v tc x l ca my tnh khng cn l vn th phng php FDTD tr thnh mt trong nhng k thut m phng cc bi ton trng in t thng dng nht. Phng php FDTD gii h phng trnh Maxwell trc tip trong min thi gian. Bi v y l k thut m phng min thi gian do vy n c th tri trn mt di tn s rng vi mt tin trnh m phng. Trong phng php FDTD s dng cc phng trnh sai ri rc cc phng trnh Maxwell (dng vi phn) sau thc hin tnh ton bng my tnh s. Trong phng php ny cc phng trnh Maxwell c gii theo cch leaf-frog, l in trng c gii mt thi im trc v t trng c gii thi im k tip, v qu trnh ny c lp li nhiu ln.

Nguyn l ca phng php FDTD:


Xt h phng trnh dng vi phn ca Maxwell ta thy rng o hm theo thi G G gian ca trng E ph thuc vo curl ca trng H ( rot ( H ) ), c ngha l thay i trong G G trng E (o hm theo thi gian) ph thuc vo thay i trong trng H qua khng G gian. Trong phng php FDTD, gi tr mi ca trng E ph thuc vo gi tr c ca G G G trng E v sai bit gi tr ca trng H xung quanh im tnh trng E trong khng gian.
G G T trng H cng c tnh tng t. Gi tr mi ca t trng H ph thuc G vo gi tr c ca n v cng ph thuc vo sai bit in trng E xung quanh im G tnh t trng H .

Cch s dng phng php FDTD:


s dng phng php FDTD mt min tnh ton phi c thit lp. Min tnh ton n gin ch l min khng gian m vic m phng c thc hin. Vt liu

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www.4tech.com.vn ca mi cell trong min tnh ton phi c xc nh. Vt liu c th l khng gian t do (air), kim loi (vt dn l tng: Perfect electrical conductors: PEC), in mi, hoc bt k vt liu no. Cc thng s nh h s in mi, h s t thm, h s dn in phi c xc nh. Gii thut FDTD thc hin tnh ton trn min khng gian m phng sau khi min tnh ton ng vi li cc cell vt liu c thit lp, ngun kch thch c p vo, ngun kch thch c th l sng mt (Plane wave), dng trn dy dn hoc in trng gia hai mt phng kim loi (thng l in p gia hai mt phng kim loi) . Ty theo tnh hung c m phng m chn ngun kch thch thch hp.

u im v nhc im ca phng php FDTD u im:


FDTD l k thut m phng rt linh hot v rt trc quan. FDTD l k thut m phng trong min thi gian, v khi mt xung thi gian (v d nh xung Gaussian) c s dng nh mt ngui xung kch thch th mt di rng tn s c gii ch trong mt tin trnh m phng, iu ny cc k hu ch trong cc ng dng m cc tn s cng hng khng c bit mt cch chnh xc. V FDTD l k thut trong min thi gian m c th tm c cc ga tr ca in G G trng E v t trng H mi im trong min tnh ton do vy c th th hin s bin G G thin ca cc trng E v H trong m phng hnh. y l kiu hin th rt hu ch n gip hiu mt cch chnh xc iu g ang din ra v gip m bo rng vic m phng ang lm vic mt cch chnh xc. FDTD cho php ngi s dng ch r vt liu ti tt c cc im trong min tnh ton. Cc vt liu c th l vt liu in mi, vt liu dn in, vt liu t c th c m phng mt cch n gin m khng cn thit phi phn loi m phng cc vt liu ny.
G G FDTD xc nh in trng E v t trng H mt cch trc tip. Bi v hu ht G G cc ng dng m phng trng in t iu quan tm n cc trng E v H , do vy

khng cn thc hin vic chuyn i no khi thc hin m phng xc nh cc gi tr ny.

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Nhc im:
V phng php FDTD yu cu ton b min tnh ton phi c chia li, v cc li ny phi nh so vi bc sng nh nht v nh hn chi tit nh nht ca vt th trong m hnh, do vy min tnh ton phi rt ln dn n thi gian m phng s tng ng k khi khng gian m phng ln v c nhiu chi tit nh. Cc m hnh vi cc cu trc vt liu mnh di nh: dy dn (wires) rt kh m phng trong FDTD v min tnh ton yu cu rt ln.
G G FDTD xc nh mt cch trc tip cc trng E v H mi im trong min

tnh ton. Nh vy mun xc nh gi tr trng ti mt im xa no th khong cch ny lm cho min tnh ton qu ln. Mc d hin c k thut trng xa (far field) trong FDTD xc nh cc trng xa ny nhng phng php ny yu cu nhng x l ban u rt kh khn.

ng dng ca phng php FDTD:


Phng php FDTD c ng dng rt nhiu trong vic gii cc bi ton trng in t. Sau y l mt s v d v ng dng ca phng php FDTD.

Trong cng ngh quc phng:


Phng php FDTD ban u c ng dng rt nhiu trong cng ngh quc phng, c bit trong tnh ton, thit k, ch to cc loi tn la c dn ng bng raa (Raar guided missiles).

Trong m phng Antenna:


FDTD ban u c s dng m phng cc loi Antenna c cu trc n gin. Ngy nay FDTD c s dng phn tch cc antenna pht v thu nng lng c cu trc phc tp bt k.

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Cc board mch my tnh tc cao:


Phng php FDTD c s dng m phng cc cu trc phc tp s dng trong thit k mch s tc cao. ng dng ny lin quan ti bi ton ti hn m c th gy ra s hot ng khng tin cy ca mch do cc nguyn nhn nh: hin tng ghp k sinh gia cc ng truyn tn hiu, thi gian tr khi tn hiu lan truyn trn ng truyn Hu ht cc cng c thit k mch vi s tr gip ca my tnh (v d nh Spice) khng thch hp khi phn tch mch c tc xung clock ln hn 5000MHz. Cc cng c ny khng th gii quyt c nhng bi ton lin quan n sng in t tn s siu cao truyn trn cc b mt kim loi nh ng truyn di, vi di Ngi ta s dng phng php FDTD m phng s lan truyn cc xung s v hin tng ghp xuyn knh trong module mch my tnh c 22 lp c kt ni bi 3 connector 50 chn. Ton b module ny c chia li vi phn gii 0.004Inch, 60 triu thnh phn vertor trng c gii trong bi ton ny.

H thng phn b ngun trong m un mch nhiu chp (Multichip module) my tnh tc cao:
Phng php FDTD c s dng trong m phng cc cu trc phc tp c s dng trong thit k h thng phn phi ngun cung cp trong cc m un mch nhiu chp my tnh tc cao. Vic xc nh in cm tng ng trong h thng phn phi ngun trong cc mch s tc cao c ngha rt quan trng trong thit k. Nu bit c in cm ny ngi ta c th c c s cn bng trong thit k in, v ti u hot ng ca h thng trc khi tin hnh thc hin phn cng. i vi cc cu trc ba chiu phc tp nh h thng phn phi ngun trong cc mch s tc cao, in cm c to ra do s tng tc ca cc trng in t. in cm ny kh c th xc nh c mt cch chnh xc nu s dng cc cng c thit k mch c s tr gip ca my tnh thng thng nh Spice. Bi v trong trng hp ny xc nh c in cm phi i gii mt cch y cc phng trnh ca Maxwell. Nh vy trong trng hp ny dng phng php FDTD phn tch v tnh ton l thch hp nht.

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B khuch i siu cao tn:


Trong tnh ton thit k cc b khuch i siu cao tn ngi ta thng phi i tnh mt s tham s nh dng in I, in p V, tr khng Z nhng cc tham s ny c G G lin quan n in trng E v t trng H . Nh vy cc nh lut Ampere, Faraday c thc hin dng tch phn trong li khng gian FDTD l phng tin thch hp nht phn tch tnh ton cc tham s ny.

in thoi t bo (Celluar Telephone):


Trong thp nin 90 vi s pht trin mnh m ca cc thit b thng tin khng dy c nhn (PWC: personal wireless communication devices), mt vn quan trng c t ra l cc thit b ny phi p ng tiu chun an ton v sng siu cao tn c nh hng n ngi s dng. M phng FDTD tr thnh mt cng c rt mnh p ng nhu cu cho cc k s trong vic thit k cc antenna hiu qu, an ton cho cc thit b PWC. Bi v FDTD cho php m phng trc tip, chnh xc cc trng gn, trng xa ca antenna c cu hnh bt k trong mi trng khng ng nht, t ch to cc thit b PWC khng gy tc hi cho ngi s dng.

Mt s thit b quang hc:


Phng php FDTD cng c s dng trong phn tch, tnh ton, m phng cc thit b quan hc nh: Optical Microdisk Resonator Photonic bandgap microcavity lasez

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