Minhaj University Lahore

Course: Advance Research and Bibliographic Methods Email : mahjabeensa@gmail.com Resource Person: Mahjabeen Saleem Mobile # 0322-4069897

Research Methods: Course Outline

Course Overview
Research Methods in Literature help you to develop an ability to obtain, organize, and analyze language related experimental data. Empirical methods are explored with some attention given to data-driven quantitative methods employed in natural language analysis. Integral to this course is hands-on computer laboratory activities. The course begins with a general overview of experimental design and covers the field of Statistics and how it applies to the analysis of Linguistic data. Students learn various experimental design, types of data, the use of statistical techniques to collect, process, organize and present data.

Course Objectives
At the end of this course you will be able to: of types of data in Literature. analyze research data. how to apply a particular software tool to analyze and present relevant data in linguistics.

Topic:
This module covers the following topics: Quantitative data Qualitative data Characteristics of Qualitative Research Characteristics of quantitative research Foundations of Qualitative Research in literature Data collection Data analysis Discrete and continuous data Variables and associated type

Intoduction

Re Orientation with the basic concepts related with scientific inquiry. Source of Knowledge Experience Deductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning

Scientific Method underlying Assumptions

Assumptions that Scientists Make Scientific Method and its limitations

Types of Research
Classified by Purpose Basic Research Applied Research Action Research

Classified of Research by Method and Research design

Historical Research Descriptive Research Co-relational Research Causal-Comparative Research Experimental Research

Tools of research
Questionnaire Observation Interviews Tests Checklist Rating Scales Reliability and Validity of tools

Research Proposal and Research Report

Characteristics of a proposal Steps and format of a Research Proposal The parts of a Research Report Difference between a Research Proposal and a Report

APA Style
How to make references of various references of various documents How to write Bibliography

Introduction to Statistics
Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data. Data is a distinct piece of information, usually formatted in a special way. There are two main branches of Statistics; descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics. Descriptive statistics deals with description of data. Typically, descriptive statistics include measures such as frequency counts, ranges (high and low scores or values), means, modes, median scores, and standard deviations. Key concepts used in inferential statistics are probability, populations, and sampling. Topics covered in this module include: What is statistics and what do statisticians do? Why apply statistics in analysis of linguistic data? Distinction between data, information and knowledge Overview of Descriptive Statistics Overview of Inferential Statistics

Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics are used to describe the basic features of the data in a study. They provide simple summaries about the sample characteristics. Together with simple graphics analysis, they form the basis of virtually every quantitative analysis of data. This module covers the following topics: Mean Median Mode Range Variation and Standard Deviation

Summarizing and Presenting Data

Raw data or long lists of data are often not very useful for identifying general trends in the data or the significance of a particular treatment in affecting the outcome of an experiment. There are, however, statistical procedures that facilitate the summarization, presentation, and analysis of the data. Tables Graphs Charts

Sampling
Sampling is the process of selecting units (e.g., people, organizations) from a population of interest so that by studying the sample we may fairly generalize our results back to the population from which they were chosen, a process commonly known as making inferences. The main idea of statistical inference is to take a random sample from a population and then to use the information from the sample to make inferences about particular population characteristics such as the mean (measure of central tendency), the standard deviation (measure of spread) or the proportion of units in the population that have a certain characteristic. Topics covered include: Probability sampling Non-probability sampling Simple random sampling Convenience sampling Stratified sampling Systematic sampling Cluster sampling Sequential sampling Disproportional sampling Judgmental sampling Snowball sampling Quota sampling Sampling Error Sampling distribution

Course Evaluation
Quizzes/ Assignments Mid Term Final Assignment/ Presentation Final Exams Attendance 10 marks 25 marks 10 marks 50 marks 05 marks