PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

1.0 : PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT 1.1 : Quantities and Units

By the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
Define physical quantities, base quantities and derived quantities. List base quantities and their unit. List derived quantities and their unit. Convert the quantities unit.

Physical Quantities are measurable and have physical (feel, see) meaning. A physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured.

Numerical values and units give quantities meaning. There are many units for each quantities Example - Length: metres, centimetres, kilometres, feet, inches, miles, nautical miles, light year Only one of the many is an SI unit

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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

SI units for some other quantities.

Quantites
speed area volume density

Unit
m/s m2 m3 kg/m 3

Only quantities that have the same units can be added or subtracted. Example 400 cm3 of water is added to 1 litre of water. How much water is there? Incorrect: 400 + 1 = 401cm3 Correct: 1 litre = 1000cm3 400 + 1000 = 1400 cm3 Prefixes may be added to very small quantities. Very small numbers may have prefixes to make writing them easier. Example: 2 000 000 000 Byte = 2 GByte 0.000045 m = 45 m Prefix Giga Mega Kilo Deci Centi Milli Micro nano Value One billion One million One thousand One tenth One hundredth One thousandth One millionth One billionth Symbol G M K d c m n

Prefixes are the preceding factor used to represent very small and very large physical quantities in SI units.

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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Base Quantities
1. A base quantity is a physical quantity that cannot be derived from other physical quantities. Example: length, mass, time. 2. The base quantities and their respective units as well as the symbols used to represent them are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Derived Quantities
A derived quantity is a Physics quantity that is not a base quantity. It is the quantities which derived from the base quantities through multiplying and/or dividing them. Example

(Speed is derived from dividing distance by time.) Example: Which of following is a derived quantity? Length / Mass / Weight /Temperature/Density/Heat

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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Example: State the physical quantity that can be measured by the following equipments: a) voltmeter b) thermometer c) ammeter d) balance. ============================================================= Derived Unit The derived unit is a combination of base units through multiplying and/or dividing them.

Example 1 Find the derived unit of density.

Answer

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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Unit Conversion
Area and Volume

Example 1 Convert the unit of length, area and volume below to the units given. a) 7.2 m = ____________cm b) 0.32 m2 = ____________cm2 c) 0.0012 m3 = ____________cm3 d) 5.6 cm = ____________m e) 350 cm2 = ____________m2 f) 45000 cm3 = ____________m3 Answer a) 7.2 m = 7.2 x 102 cm b) 0.32 m2 = 0.32 x 104 cm2 = 3.2 x 103 cm2 c) 0.0012 m3 = 0.0012 x 106 cm3 = 1.2 x 103 cm3 d) 5.6 cm = 5.6 x 10-2 m e) 350 cm2 = 350 x 10-4 m2 = 3.5 x 10-2 m2 f) 45000 cm3 = 45000 x 10-6 m3 = 4.5 x 10-2 m3 Example 2 Change the following quantities to the units shown. a) 1 cm3 = m3 , b) 13.6 g cm-3 = .kg m-3 c) 72 km h-1 = .m s-1 Solution a) 1 cm3 = 1 cm x 1 cm x 1cm = 10-2 m x 10-2 m x 10-2 m = 10-6 m3 b) 13.6 gcm3 = 13.6g/1cm3 = (13.6 g x 10-3 kg)/( 10-6m3 ) =13.6 x 103 kg m-3 = 1.36 x 104 kg m-3 -1 c) 72 km h = 72 km/1h = (72 x 1000 m)/(60 x 60 s) = 20 m s-1 UNIT SAINS JMSK PUO/DISEMBER2012 Page 5

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

1.2 : Analyse Data Of Measurement

By the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
How to read and use Micrometer screw gauge, Vernier Calliper and meter ruler . Describe inaccuracy and errors in measurement.

Measuring Instruments
Metre rule The smallest division on a metre rue is 0.1 cm. A metre ruler can therefore measure length accurately up to 0.1 cm only.

Figure 1: Meter Ruler Example calculation: Figure 2 shows the measurement of the length of a wooden block with ruler. a) State the accuracy of the ruler. b) Why the zero mark on the ruler not used as the origin of the measurement? c) State the category of error that must be avoided when reading the scale. d) What is the length of the wooden block?

Figure 2 Answer:

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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

The Vernier Caliper This instrument may be used to measure outer dimensions of objects (using the main jaws), inside dimensions (using the smaller jaws at the top), and depths (using the stem).

How to read and use the Vernier Caliper?

The reading here is 3.7 mm or 0.37 cm.

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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

In figure above, the first significant figures are taken as the main scale reading to the left of the vernier zero, i.e. 3.4 cm. The remaining digit is taken from the vernier scale reading that lines up with any main scale reading, (i.e. 0.60 mm or 0.060 cm) on the vernier scale. Therefore the reading is 3.460 cm. EXERCISE:

Answer: 3.090 cm UNIT SAINS JMSK PUO/DISEMBER2012 Page 8

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Answer: 0.810 cm

MICROMETER A micrometer allows a measurement of the size of a body. It is one of the most accurate mechanical devices in common use. The micrometer screw gauge can be used to measure very small lengths such as the diameter of a wire or the thickness of a piece of paper as it can measure length accurately up to 0.01 mm.

Figure 5: Micrometer Screw Gauge UNIT SAINS JMSK PUO/DISEMBER2012 Page 9

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Depending on your eyes and screen resolution, you might be fairly confident that the reading is less than, say, 8.627 mm and similarly confident that it is greater than 8.621 mm. Thus you might assign a Reading Error to this measurement of 0.003 mm So, we would report the distance as 8.624 0.003 mm. UNIT SAINS JMSK PUO/DISEMBER2012 Page 10

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

EXERCISE:

Answer: 7.880 mm

Answer: 3.090 mm

Answer: 5.801 0.003 mm

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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Inaccuracy and errors in measurement.

Consistensy The consistency of a measuring instrument is its ability to register the same reading when a measurement is repeated. a) b) c) The consistency of a measuring instrument can be improved by eliminating parallax errors during measurement. exercising greater care and effort when taking readings. using an instrument which is not defective.

Accuracy Accuracy is how close a measured value is to the actual (true) value. Precision is how close the measured values are to each other.

Examples of Precision and Accuracy:

Low Accuracy High Precision

High Accuracy Low Precision

High Accuracy High Precision

Sensitivity The sensitivity of a measuring instrument is its ability to respond quickly to a small change in the value of a measurement. A measuring instrument that has a scale with smaller division is more sensitive.

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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

ERROR An error is defined as:

"The difference between the measured value and the actual value."
If two persons use the same instrument for measurement for finding the same measurement, it is not essential that they may get the same results. There may arises a difference between their measurements. This difference is referred to as an "ERROR".

Types Of Error
Errors can be divided into three categories: (1) Personal Error (2) Systematic Error (3) Random Error

Personal Error
An error comes into play because of faulty procedure adopted by by the observer is called "PERSONAL ERROR". Personal error comes into existence due to making an error in reading a scale. It is due to faulty procedure adopted by the person making measurement. A parallax error is an error in reading an instrument due to the eye of the observer and pointer are not in a line perpendicular to the plane of the scale. Parallax errors are considered systematic errors. (*Systematic errors are those you can improve on. A parallax error can be corrected by you).

Systematic Error
The type of error arises due to defect in the measuring device is known as "SYSTEMATIC ERROR" Generally it is called "ZERO ERROR". it may be positive or negative error. Systematic error can be removed by correcting measurement device.

Random Error
The error produced due to sudden change in experimental conditions is called "RANDOM ERROR". For example: During sudden change in temperature, change in humidity, fluctuation in potential difference(voltage). It is an accidental error and is beyond the control of the person making measurement.

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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Minimum requirement assessment task for this topic:

1 Quiz & 1 Lab work Specification of quiz: CLO1- C1 , Specification of lab work: CLO2 (C2,P1) ***************************************************************************************** COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME (CLO) Upon completion of this topic, students should be able to: 1. Identify the basic concept of physical quantities, measurement, (C1) 2. Apply concept of physical quantities and measurement to prove related physics principles. (C2,P1) Compliance to PLO : PLO1 , LD1 (Knowledge) Quiz 1,PLO2, LD2 (Practical Skill) Exp.1

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AKTIVITI PELAJAR (JIGSAW METHOD) TUJUAN (OBJECTIVE): By the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
Define physical quantities, base quantities and derived quantities. List base quantities and their unit. List derived quantities and their unit. Convert the quantities unit.

BAHAN AKTIVITI: SKIL 1 : Physical Quantities, SI unit and Prefixes. SKIL 2 : Base Quantities, SI unit and symbol. SKIL 3 : Derived Quantities and unit conversion. (Bahan boleh dirujuk dari nota atau rujukan lain) LANGKAH-LANGKAH:
1. Pelajar dibahagikan kepada 3 orang dalam satu kumpulan. Kumpulan ini dipanggil Original Group 2. Setiap pelajar dalam satu kumpulan akan mendapat bahan aktiviti dari skil yang berbeza. 3. Pelajar diberi masa untuk mencari bahan dan berbincang. (Agihan akan diberi sebelum aktiviti sebenar yang akan dijalankan pada kelas berikutnya). 4. Pada hari aktiviti, pelajar duduk dalam kumpulan Original Group masing-masing. 5. Kemudiannya pelajar yang mempunyai bahan pada skill yang sama akan digabungkan dalam satu kumpulan. Maka terbentuk tiga kumpulan yang dikenali sebagai Expert Group. Beri masa yang sesuai untuk perbincangan. Pensyarah boleh memberi input tambahan dan menjawab pertanyaan atau membuat pertanyaan. 6. Setelah selesai, pelajar akan kembali ke kumpulan masing-masing. Pelajar dari setiap skil yang akan mengajarkan apa yang diperbincangkan tadi kepada pelajar lain di dalam kumpulannya. Berikan masa yang sesuai. 7. Setelah selesai perbincangan tersebut, setiap pelajar akan menjawab satu soalan penilaian. Penilaian ini perlu untuk mengenalpasti semua pelajar telah mencapai objektif P&P pada hari tersebut. Soalan penilaian adalah berbentuk soalan pendek. Setiap pensyarah bebas menyediakan soalan masing-masing yang dapat menguji pelajar untuk mencapai objektif diatas.

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