PeakIdeal Reading Voltmeter

Diode Vi Vout

+Vp Vp -Vp Vp
0 Vi

Ideal Diode Vout

+Vp -Vp
0

2 t

Vi C R Vout

+Vp
Vf

2 t

Vi C Vout

+Vp t

Relationship between frequency, R and C

Vf = Vp W can define We d fi accuracy as Ideally, it should be unity.
For small values of T/RC, we can write

e-T/RC

Vout

+Vp
Vf

Vp

Vf Vp

= e T / RC 1 T/RC = accuracy

For a 99% accurate peak detector RC = 100 T = 100/f peak detector For a 95% accurate p RC = 20 T = 20/f

Vf

Effect of source and diode resistance

Ideal Diode Vi C R Vout

For a capacitor to charge 99% of Vp R should be greater than 100 Rs For a capacitor to charge 95% of Vp R should be greater than 20 Rs

Peak to Peak Reading Voltmeter

Vp Vi 0 R Vout Vi Vout C

+Vp -Vp
0

2 t

t -2Vp

Negative DC clamping
Vout = Vi - Vp Used for signals whose positive and negative cycles are not equal.

Peak to Peak Reading Voltmeter

A Positive Clamper Positive Peak Detector DC Voltmeter

+Vp 0 -Vp 2 t

+2Vp

+2Vp

Reading Assignment

Other Meter Movements

Electrodynamic y Meter Movement Moving Iron Meter Movement

ELECTRONIC ANALOG METERS

The voltmeters, ammeters and multimeters discussed earlier are rugged but suffer from following disadvantages: Low sensitivity Low input impedance
Example: A meter specified as a 100 , 50 A PMMC with the sensitivity of 20 K/V. Power absorbed by this movement (0.25 W) may also be quite large for many electronic circuits.

Electronic Analog g DC Voltmeter

A DC Input Input Switching and Range Selection Amplifier B Multiplier Resistor PMMC Movement

Typical Switching and Amplifier Gain Selection Circuit

R1

S1 100 K S2

S3

OPAMP

S5 R4

X1

90 K

R2 9.9 M

DC Voltage I t Vin Input,

S4

X10

S6 R5 S7 R6

9 K

R3 100 K

X100

1 K B

Ranges: 10mV

100mV

1V

100V

Typical Switching and Amplifier Gain Selection Circuit

R1

S1 100 K S2

S3

OPAMP

S5 R4

X1

90 K

R2 9.9 M

DC Voltage Input, Vin

S4

X10

S6 R5 S7 R6

9 K

R3 100 K

X100

1 K B

Ranges: 10mV

100mV

1V

100V

Typical Switching and Amplifier Gain Selection Circuit

R1

S1 100 K S2

S3

OPAMP

S5 R4

X1

90 K

R2 9.9 M

DC Voltage Input Vin Input, i

S4

X10

S6 R5

9 K

R3 100 K S7

X100

R6 1 K B

Ranges: 100mV

Typical Switching and Amplifier Gain Selection Circuit

R1

S1 100 K S2

S3

OPAMP

S5 X1 R4

90 K

9 9 M R2 9.9

DC Voltage p , Vin Input,

S4

X10

S6 R5

9 K

R3 100 K S7

X100

R6 1 K B

Ranges: 1V

Typical Switching and Amplifier Gain Selection Circuit

R1

S1 100 K S2

S3

OPAMP

S5 R4

X1

90 K

9 9 M R2 9.9

DC Voltage p , Vin Input,

S4

X10

S6 R5 S7 R6

9 K

R3 100 K

X100

1 K B

Ranges:

100V

Electronic Analog DC Ammeter

Iin El Electronic i Analog A l Voltmeter

RS

Vin i

For pico ampere range:

RF

Iin

OPAMP

Vin

Electronic Analog Voltmeter

Electronic Analog AC Voltmeter

Two types:
General purpose Electronic Analog Voltmeter True rms Electronic Analog ac Voltmeter ac

General purpose Electronic Analog AC Voltmeter

Rectifier Based AC Voltmeter

A

AC Input Input pu Switching and Range Selection Ampli fier Rectif ier
B Multiplier Resistor

PMMC Movement

The scale is calibrated in terms of RMS value of a pure sine i wave.

True RMS AC Voltmeter

Thermal ac ac-to-dc to dc converters Peak and Averaging ac ac-to-dc to dc converters Analog ac ac-to-dc to dc con converters erters Digital Di it l sampling li

RMS: Root-Mean-Square
1
1.733 v 1.414 v 1v 1v

Waveform Vpeak Vrms

Sine 1.414 1

Square 1 1

Triangle 1.733 1

DC Vpeak p 1 Vrms 1

All = 1 WATT

* All the following voltage waveforms have the

same RMS value and indicate 1.000 VAC on an rms meter: * An AC voltage with a given RMS value has the same heating (power) effect as a DC voltage with that same value.

True RMS AC Voltmeter

Power delivered to the heater by any source is given by : P = Vrms2/Rheater
Heater Vt

The heat so generated is measured by a thermocouple which generates a voltage proportional to the temperature of the junction. Vt = f(P) = f(Vrms2/Rheater) = K Vrms2 where K is the constant of proportionality and depends upon the distance between the heater and thermocouple and on the material used in the heater and the thermocouple

Thermocouple based ac-to-dc converters

Measuring Thermocouple Hea AC Input, Vrms ter DC Amplifier Vo Multiplier Resistor PMMC Movement Balancing Thermocouple V2 Feedback Current

V1

Heater

Linearization by Balancing Thermocouple

Thermocouple based ac-to-dc converters

Measuring Thermocouple Hea AC Input, Vrms ter DC Amplifier Vo Multiplier Resistor PMMC Movement Balancing Thermocouple V2 F db k Feedback Current

V1

Heater

Vo = A(V1 V2)
V1 V2 = Vo/A 0 Or Or Or V1 V2 K Vrms2 K Vo2 Vrms Vo for large A

Thermal IC based ac-to-dc converters

The disadvantages g of the thermal approach pp are cost and lack of flexibility in trading off measurement speed with low-frequency accuracy. For these reasons, the technique is not used in the latest-generation DMMs.

Electronic Analog g AC Ammeter Shunt type arrangement similar to the DC current measurement is used in these meters. meters Electronic Analog Ohmmeter
Unknown Resistor, RU
I

Voltmeter
Vin

Ohmmeter

Two-Wire Sensing
Rlead

I V

RU

Rlead

Four-Wire Sensing (Kelvin Sensing Technique)

Rlead

Z Zero current

I V

Sense Lead Rlead

Source Lead RU Source Lead Rlead

Very high I/P i impedance d

Sense Lead

Rlead

The only disadvantage is in multi-channel systems, it requires twice as many switches and twice as many wires as the two-wire two wire technique.

Electronic Analog Multimeter Similar to a non-electronic multimeter, electronic multimeter also includes the circuits, with a common movement for the measurement of multirange AC and movement, DC voltages and currents and the measurement of resistance. es s a ce.

Device Testing g
Device testing facility is offered by many multimeter manufacturers.

Problem 1.16: A basic ohmmeter circuit is shown below. below Assume a meter movement with 500A full-scale deflection current and 2K internal resistance. The unknown resistance is connected across terminals XX. Calculate the value of Vdc and R so that half-scale deflection reading corresponds to 75 . Consider the op-amp as ideal.
Vdc 100 X R X
PMMC Movement OPAMP

Problem 1.19: For the waveform given, will a meter designed to read sinusoidal read high or low?
5V

T/2

Time

Problem 1.20: 1 20: Design a switching and amplifier gain i circuit i it for f an electronics l t i analog l d dc voltmeter using FETs and an op-amp. The i input t ranges of f the th voltmeter lt t should h ld be b 10mV, 100mV, 1V and 10V. The input resistance it of f the th voltmeter lt t should h ld be b 10M

DIGITAL METERS

Block Diagram
AC Attenuator AC Converter Digital Processing Digital Display

HI (+) Amp Input

AC DC Ohm
Ohm Converter DC Attenuator

AC DC Ohm

A/D Converter

Output Ports (GPIB, RS 232)

Precision Shunts

Precision Reference

LO (-)