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TRNG I HC DN LP HI PHNG ISO 9001:2008 NGNH IN T VIN THNG

TI : THIT K B LC M SC GRAPHIC EQUALIZER GVHD : Anh Dng

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin

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n tt nghip Mc lc Mc tiu v nhim v ca ti 1- t vn 2- Mc tiu ca ti 3- Nhim v ca ti Chng I C s l thuyt 1. L thuyt mch khuch i 1.1. 1.2. Khuch i Transistor Khuch i thut ton 1.2.1. Khuch i vi sai 1.2.2. Tng khuch i y ko 1.2.3. Mch khuch i thut ton 2. L thuyt mng bn cc v ng dng 2.1. 2.2. Khi nim mng bn cc Mch lc tn s 2.2.1. Khi nim chung 2.2.2. iu kin di thng mch lc 2.2.3. Tnh cht mch lc loi K 2.3. Mch lc tch cc 2.3.1. Khi nim chung 2.3.2. Mch lc thng thp bc 2 2.3.3. Mch lc thng cao bc 2 2.3.4. Mch lc thng di v mch chn lc 3. Mch ngun cung cp 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. Mch chnh lu na song Mch chnh lu ton song Mch bi p Mch ngun cung cp s dng IC chuyn dng

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4. Phn tch cu to mt s IC KTT thng dng 4.1. Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

n tt nghip 4.2. Chng II-Tnh ton thit k mch 1. Cc linh kin dng trong mch lc

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2. Cc thng s c tnh ca mch lc v thit k mch lc. 3. S mch. Chng III- Kt lun v hng pht trin n 1. Kt qu thc t 2. nh gi kt qu thc hin n 3. Hng pht trin n Ti liu tham kho

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n tt nghip Mc tiu v nhim v ca ti 1- t vn

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Equalizer (EQ) l mt thit b rt quan trong trong sn xut m nhc ngy nay. Mi chng ta hn tng dng Equalizer mt gc no . n gin nht l thit b nghe nhc mp3 hay cc phn mm nghe nhc ca mnh chng hn. Nhng hiu su v Equalizer v bit cch chnh cho ph hp tng bi ht th hn t ai trong chng ta tng tm hiu . Bng nhng kin thc hiu bit ca mnh p dng t rong bi vit ny, chng ti ch c th a ra mt s l thuyt v mch Equalizer thc t dng nh c th khi qut mt cc c th v cu to, chc nng ca Equalizer trong thc t . 2- Mc tiu ca ti Mc ch ca ti l xy dng mt b lc m sc Equalizer (EQ) bao gm : mt b lc m sc Graphic Equalizer , mt b khuch i . Khi cho thit b Audio (CD player) kt ni vi mch lc qua jack hoc cng kt ni s c mch lc iu chnh thnh 5 bng tn khc nhau nm trong ngng nghe ca tai ngi (Gii tn m thanh m con ngi c th cm nhn t 20Hz n 20 KHz ) .Khi i qua mch lc tn hiu s c iu chnh thnh tn hiu mi mang cht lng m thanh tt nht cho ngi nghe . Mt trong cc bng tn sau khi c chuyn i s c a vo mch khuch i lm tng bin ca tn hiu t ti mt im ngi nghe cm nhn c m thanh qua loa speaker bnh thng .

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Thit b Audio

Mch lc Equalizer Mch ngun

Mch khuch i

Loa

S khi h thng Graphic Equalizer V cui cng kt qu t c ca ti l c th lm thnh cng mt mch lc m sc Graphic Equalizer 5 bands vi cng sut pht khong 20W . 3- Nhim v ca ti thc hin c ti Thit k b lc m sc Equalizer ny trc ht ta cn nm r cc l thuyt v mng bn cc, mch khuch i , mch lc v IC khuch i thut ton . T ly l thuyt lm nn tng xy dng ln s mch thc t , tnh ton tr s linh kin theo ng cng thc tm gi tr tn s ca mch lc trong thc t v thi cng lm mch , hon thin sn phm Chng I C s l thuyt 1. L thuyt mch khuch i Khuch i l qu trnh khng ch nng lng c iu khin, trong nng lng nh cha ng thng tin iu khin nng lng ln khng cha thng tin, v nng lng ln bin thin theo nng lng nh, kt qu ta c mt i lng in cha thng tin, m dng in hoc in p c tr s ln hn nhiu ln so vi trc. Trn thc t c ba kiu mch khuch i thng dng : Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

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V phng din dng ca i lng : c khuch i dng v khuch i p. V phng din tn s ca ngun tn hiu : c khuch i h tn, trung tn, cao tn V thnh phn cu trc ca mt b khuch i : c tin khuch i, tin cng sut, khuch i tng trung gian , tng khuch i cng sut Ngoi ra, do yu cu, cc tng khuch i cn c ghp vi thc hin chc nng : khuch i vi sai, khuch i y ko, khuch i DarlingtonTrong thc t mch khuych i c s dng trong hu ht cc thit b in t, nh mch khuych i m tn trong Cassete, Amply, khuych i tn hiu video , khuch i cng sut v.v Trong phn bo co ny chng ta s tin hnh tm hiu l thuyt ca mt s mch khuch i trong mng bn cc nh mch khuch itransistor ,mch khuch i thut ton c th hiu mt cch c th chc nng nhim v ca tng loi mch v ng dng ca chng trong thc t . 1.1. Khuch i Transistor Transistor c hai loi l : npn v pnp . Nguyn l tc dng ca transistor c nghin cu rt nhiu p dng vo thc t , trong cc dng c bn dn v c minh ha bi c tuyn vo truyn t ( ) , c tuyn ra ( ) v c tuyn ( ) v c minh ha bng hnh sau :

Hnh 1.1 c tuyn ca npn mc emitor chung

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Cc transistor c th mc theo cc kiu bazo chung , emitor chung hoc collector chung . Trong ba cc mc th cch mc theo kiu emitor chung c ng dng nhiu nht trong thc t .

Ta c th a ra mt bng tm tt tnh cht ca tng cch mc transistor c bn theo bng :

Bng 1.1 Tnh cht tng cch mc transistor Trong : L : ln ; B : b ; TB : trung bnh ; RL : rt ln : gc lch pha gia in p ra v in p vo Cc tnh cht c th tm tt nh sau : Mch emitor chung cho h s khuch i cng sut ln nht (v Ki , Ku u ln) v vy cch mc emitor chung hay c dng hn c . Tr khng vo , tr khng ra ca mch c gi tr trung bnh , v vy mch emito tin li i vi vic ghp ti v ngun tn hiu . in tr ti yu cu ca n khong vi .

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Mch bazo chung v emitor chung c hi tip m dng in qua in tr RE thng c dng lm ngun dng, cn mch lp emitor c dng lm ngun p

Trong bo co ny chng ta nghin cu v cc s mc c bn ca transistor c th hiu c mt cch c th tc dng cng nh chc nng ca tng loi mch khi ng dng trong IC khuch i, gp phn gip chng ta tm hiu r hn v mch khuch i trong thc t. Khi phn tch cc s ca mt tng khuch i th vn c bn l chn c cch biu din thch hp cho cc phn t tch cc. C nhiu phng php biu din v mc transistor khc nhau . 1.2. Khuch i thut ton Khuch i thut ton (KTT) ngy nay c sn xut di dng cc IC tng t (analog). C t "thut ton" v ln u tin ch to ra chng ngi ta s dng chng trong cc my in ton . Do s ra i ca khuch i thut ton m cc mch t hp analog chim mt vai tr quan trng trong k thut mch in t. Trc y cha c khuch i thut ton th tn ti v s cc mch chc nng khc nhau. Ngy nay, nh s ra i ca khuch i thut ton s lng gim xung mt cch ng k v c th dng khuch i thut ton thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau nh mch hi tip ngoi thch hp. Trong nhiu trng hp dng khuch i thut ton c th to hm n gin hn, chnh xc hn v gi thnh r hn cc mch khuch i ri rc (c lp bng cc linh kin ri ) .

Hnh 1.2. K hiu ca khuch i thut ton Ta hiu khuch i thut ton nh mt b khuch i l tng : c h s khuch i in p v cng ln K , di tn s lm vic t 0 , tr khng vo cc ln Zv , tr khng ra cc nh Zr 0, c hai u vo v mt u ra. Thc t ngi ta ch to ra KTT c cc tham s gn c l tng. Hnh 1.2 l k hiu ca

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n tt nghip KTT :

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u vo (+) gi l u vo khng o P(positive), u vo (-) gi l u vo o N (negative), (VS+) in p ngun dng, (VS-) in p ngun m v mt u ra (VOut).KTT ngy nay c th c ch to nh mt IC hoc nm trong mt phn ca IC a chc nng .

Hnh 1.3.S khi bn trong khuch i thut ton 1.2.1. Khuch i vi sai Khuch i vi sai l khuch i m tn hiu ra khng t l vi tr tuyt i ca tn hiu vo m t l vi hiu ca tn hiu vo. Khuch i vi sai c s dng khuch i tn hiu c tn s gii hn di nh (ti vi Hz) , gi l tn hiu bin thin chm hay tn hiu mt chiu. Ta c th coi di thng ca n l 0 fC.Nu s dng khuch i RC khuch i loi tn hiu ny th cc t ni tng phi c tr s rt ln nn bt tin. Khuch i vi sai thch hp cho loi tn hiu ny, ngoi ra n cn c nhiu tnh cht qu bu m ta s ni ti sau ny. Khuch i vi sai l c s xy dng khuch i thut ton nn ta xt l thuyt loi khuch i ny. B khuch i vi sai l mt b khuch i tn hiu mt chiu i xng, c hai u vo v hai u ra. Trong b khuch i vi sai iu ng ch l nu cc i n p vo v hai u ra. Trong b khch i vi sai iu ng ch l nu cc in p vo U = Uv1 Uv2 c khuch i ln Ku ln th cc in p vo c tr s bng nhau ch c khuch i ln Kcm ln, vi Kcm<< Kud . in p vo c chia lm hai thnh phn: thnh phn in p ng pha, k hiu l chnh l tr trung bnh i s ca hai in p vo:

(1)

v thnh phn in p hiu

= -
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(2)

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V gi thit mch hon ton i xng nn in th emito (im P trong bng 1) lun lun khng i. Do cc s trong bng 1 c th coi nh s emito chung hoc colecto chung c in p vo trn mi tranzistor l emito chung bit. + H s khuch i hiu . tnh h s khuch i Ku, Ki v tr khng vo Zv, tr khng ra Zr c th o dng cc biu thc ca s

Kud =

vi gi thit Ucm = 0 tn s thp cng nh tn s cao Kud u c tr s ging nh ca mch emito chung. Trng hp cn ly tn hiu trn mt u ra so vi t, ta c h s khuch i i vi mt u ra:

Kud1 = Kud2 =

bng mt na h s khuch i hiu khi ly in p ra i xng. Khi u vo ch c in p khng ng pha tc = 0 th Ucm = = ,

th mch lm vic ch khuch i tn hiu ng pha. Lc ny c hai tranzistor u c iu khin bi mt in p c bin v pha nh nhau. Do mch i xng, nn dng in trn cc cc tng ng ca hai tranzistor bng nhau. Do ta c s tng ng hnh 1.4a. V in th emito cuartranzistor bng nhau nn khng c dng chy trong dy dn ni hai emito vi nhau, do trong s tng ng khng v dy ni . Tch s tng ng thnh hai na i xng, mi na tng ng vi mt mch emito chung c in tr emito l 2RE hoc mt mch source chung c in tr ngun l 2Rs v c hi tip m dng in

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Hnh 1.4. S tng ng ca b khuch i vi sai a) i vi in p ng pha b) i vi in p vo hiu H s khuch i tn hiu ng pha Kcm c th suy ra t biu thc c i vi s emito chung v source chung c hi tip m dng in. in tr hi tip 2R E hoc 2RS cng ln th Kcm cng nh. Nu cc in tr ny khng i trong qu trnh lm vic, ngha l trn u ra in p hu nh khng i, do Kcm tin ti bng khng. Tm li s khc nhau c bn gia ch khuch i tn hiu v ch khuch i tn hiu ng pha l ch: ch khuch i tn hiu, RE v RS khng c tc dng hi tip m; ngc li ch khuch i tn hiu ng pha chng c tc dng hi tip m ln lm cho h s khuch i tn hiu ng pha gim.

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Bng 1.2. Cc tham s mch khuch i vi sai N u ; B qua Cde hoc Cgs Trong cc b khuch i tn hiu xoay chiu, ngi ta khng quan tm n hin tng tri, v qua phn t gp in dung, tri khng c a n u ra. Tri ch lm thay i h s khuch i ca mch. nh hng ny c th khc phc c bng hi tip m. Ngc li,trong cc b khuch i tn hiu mt chiu, tri cng c khuch i v a n u ra nh tn hiu V vy trong trng hp ny phi tm cch gim tri. Trong thc t khng th tc ng trc tip vo tranzistor gim tri c, nn ngi ta dng b khuch i vi sai. B khuch i vi sai khuch i hai in p t u vo, do in p ra ca n ch chu nh hng ca hiu cc in p tri ca tranzistor. Do b khuch i vi sai c mc tri rt thp. Trng hp mch hon Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201 th

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ton i xng th tri c kh hon ton. pht huy u im ca mch, ngi ta khng nhng dng b khuch i vi sai khuch i hiu hai in p m cn khuch i mt in p. in p c a n mt u vo, u vo th 2 c ni t. 1.2.2. Tng khuch i y ko tng cng sut, hiu sut v gim mo phi tuyn, ngi ta dng tng khuch i y ko. Tng khuch i y ko l tng gm c hai phn t tch cc mc chung ti. biu din v phn loi cc s y ko, c th dng s nh trn hnh 1.5.

Hnh 1.5. Tng khuch i y ko a) y ko song song ; b) y ko ni tip Trong s y ko song song, cc phn t tch cc c mc trong cc nhanh bn tri ca cu. Trong cc nhnh phi ca cu l in tr ti, c im gia ni vi ngun cung cp mc trong nhnh cho ca cu. Ngc li, trong s y ko ni tip, ngun cung cp c im gia ni vi ti, ti nm trong nhnh cho ca cu. Tm li s y ko song song c cc phn t tch cc u song song v mt mt chiu v s y ko ni tip c cc phn t tch cc u ni tip v mt mt chiu. Ngoi ra, trong cc s trn cn c th dng hai phn t tch cc cng loi hoc khc loi, do c bn loi s y ko nh c ch ra trong bng 1.3 v hnh 1.6

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Bng 1.3

Hnh 1.6. S y ko song song v ni tip in tr Rt trong cc s song song ch c ngha, nu hai na cu ca n c lin h vi nhau nh cm ng hoc nh s bin i nng lng sao cho ton b cng sut c a ht ra mt ti chung tiu th .V vy trong cc s song song thng dng mch ghp bin p vi ti tiu th. Trong , cun s cp bin p c im gia ni vi ngun cungcaaps, cn cun th cp ghp vi ti. Mt s c im c bn im t ca cc mch song song l u m ca ngun mt chiu, im t ca cc mch ni tip l im gia ca ngun mt chiu

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Cc mch y ko cng hai tranzistor cng loi c kch thch bi cc tn hiu ngc pha. ti tn hiu ny c th dng tng khuch i o pha hoc dng bin p m cun th cp ca n c im gia ni t v mt xoay chiu. Cc mch y ko dng hai tranzistor khc loi c kch thch bi cc tn hiu ng pha. V vy c th dng cng mt tn hiu kch thch cho c hai tranzistor Cc tng y ko c th lm vic ch A, AB hoc B, nhng thng thng ngi ta hay dng ch AB hoc B. ch B, im lm vic c chn sao cho dng in ra ch tnh Uro bng in p ngun cung cp. Mi tranzistor ch khuch i mt na dng hoc mt na m tn hiu vo. Hai na tn hiu ra s c tng hp li thnh tn hiu hon chnh trn in tr ti. Tuy nhin, ch B phi lu n mo tn hiu sinh ra khi im lm vic chuyn tip t tranzistor ny sang tranzistor khc, v trong tranzistor ch c dng emito khi in p bazo emito ln hn 0,5V (tranzistor silic). Do khi in p bazo emito c gi tr nh th n c khuch i rt t hoc hon ton khng c khuch i. Mo sinh ra trong qu trnh cng ln khi in p vo cng nh. Mo ny khc phc c bng cch tng tr s dng ra ti im tnh Iro v cho tng ra lm vic ch AB 1.2.3. Mch khuch i thut ton Mch khuch i thut ton l mt trong nhng phn t in hnh ca bn cc khng tng h, tch cc, n ng vai tr quan trng trong ng dng thc t. C th ni mch khuch i thut ton ngy nay tr thnh phn t c bn thay th cho transistor trc y. Mch khuch i thut ton l tn gi cho cc mch khuych i c ni trc tip vi nhau c h s khuch i cao, tr khng vo ln, tr khng ra nh v vi cc mch phn hi khc nhau. Ta s xt cc b khuch i sau tm hiu chc nng ca tng loi mch KTT. Ta xt cc b KTT c bn bn trong c IC khuch i thut ton Cc s khuch i thut ton dng n gin.

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Hnh 1.7. S khuch i vi sai n gin Quan st hnh 1.7 a ra hai dng s n gin ca b khuch i thut ton. Trn hnh 6a, T1, T2 l tng vo khuch i vi sai i vi ngun dng T3. tr khng vo rd ln v dng tnh nh, tng ny phi lm vic vi dng colecto nh. Tuy nhin cng khng dng dng colecto qu nh lm cho h s khuch i dng in gim v lm tng nh hng ca tp m i ci b khuch i, thng chn I c trong phm vi 10A n 1mA. V ch cn mt u ra, nn c th b bt mt in tr Rc trn colecto T1, iu ny khng nh hng n cng tc cc mch, v dng colecto hu nh khng ph thuc vo UCE. Tuy nhin, tn hao trn 2 tranzistor s khc nhau lm cho nhit ca chng khc nhau gy ra tri ln. T4 l mch bin i tr khng c tr khng ra nh. T2 khng bo hapf, phi chn in th coleto ln ( Ucc). Trong s ny dng iot Zener dch mc. in p Zener ca iot l Ucc -0,6V. V in p colecto T2 nm trong phm vi (0Ucc), nn in p ra thay i trong phm vi (- Ucc Ucc). B khuch i thut ton c hai tng khuch i in p

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Hnh 1.8. B khuch i vi sai c hai tng khuch i in p Tng vo khuch i vi sai ging tng vo trn hnh 1.7a. Tng th 2 l tng khuch i emito chung (T4). Chn in th tnh trn colecto T4 sao cho in p ra tnh bng khng. Dng colecto tnh ca T4 c xc nh bi R4. in tr RC c chn sao cho UBET4 0,6V. Nhc im ca s l h p trn RC qu b, lm cho h s khuch i in p ca T2 b (khong 5 ln). V tng vo c h s khuch i in p nh, nn tri do n sinh ra t nh hng n tri ca ton mch, tri ca ton mch ch yu do T4 quyt nh. RKCK l khu b tn s. B khuch i thut ton dng mch in c dng i xng (gng dng in)

Hnh 1.9. B khuch i thut ton dng mch c gng dng in gim tri do T4 (hnh 1.8) gy ra, mc thm mt khu mch b tri in p bazo emito ca T4. iot D trn hnh 1.9 lm nhim v , nh h p trn hai in tr RC nh nhau, do dng colecto ca T4 bng dng colecto ca T2. Mch ny Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

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v vy cn c gi l gng dng in. N cng c tc dng dch mc nh T 4 trong hnh 1.8, nhng nh c b tri, nn mc dch t c kh chnh xc. B khuch i thut ton dng khuch i vi sai b

Hnh 1.10. B khuch i dng mch khuch i vi sai b S ny ging s trn hnh 1.8, T4 c thay i bi b khuch i vi sai gm T4, T5. Nh mch c thm mt s u im: c th tng h p trn RC c h s khuch i in p ca tng vo ln hn. Do c ngun dng T3, nn u ra b khuch i vo khng c in p ng pha, v th khng cn mc thm ngun dng v tr ca R4. Do kt cu ca b khuch i vo nn in th emito UE ca T4, T5 c gi tr xc nh. in th ny cng ln khi RC cng nh v do h s khuch i in p cng nh Mt s im cn ch khi chn dng b khuch i thut ton Khi chn b khuch i thut ton dng cho mt s trng hp ta cn ch ti cc im sau y : Mc tn hiu vo , di tn cng tc , tr khng ra , tr khng vo , mc chnh

xc ca qu trnh gia cng tn hiu, tc p ng v cc iu kin mi trng Phi c bit cn ch ti cc tnh cht ngun tn hiu. Cc b khuch i thut ) , v tri in p lch khng cc tng vo loi ny nh. Ngc li ,

ton c tng vo dng transistor lng cc c dng vi ngun tn hiu c tr khng trong b (

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cc b khuch i thut ton c dng transistor trng thng c dng vi ngun tn hiu c tr khng trong ln, v tng loi ny c dng tnh nh v tri dng lch khng cng nh. 2. L thuyt mng bn cc v ng dng 2.1. Khi nim mng bn cc Mng bn cc, cn gi l mng hai ca l mt h thng mch c bn u ra tng ng vi hai ca ( thng thng c phi ghp vi ngun tn hiu v ti ) din t nh hnh 2.1, trong :

Hnh 2.1 .M hnh mng bn cc U1 , I1 : in p v dng in ti ca 1 U2, I2 : in p v dng in ti ca 2 2.2. Mch lc tn s 2.2.1. Khi nim chung Mi mch c cha cc phn t in khng sao cho tr khng ca n ph thuc vo tn s u c th coi nh c tnh cht chn lc i vi tn s. Mt cch nh tnh c th nh ngha mch lc tn s l nhng mch cho nhng dao ng c tn s nm trong mt hay mt s khong nht nh (gi l di thng) i qua v chn cc dao ng c tn s nm trong nhng khong cn li (gi l di chn). V mt kt cu, mch lc tn s l tng l mt bn cc c suy gim c tnh tho mn: ( ) {

Hay ni mt cch khc, h s truyn t in p ca mch lc tn s tho mn: | ( ) |=| |={

c tnh tn s |K( )| ca mch lc l tng biu th trong hnh sau :

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Vi mch lc th ng, tnh cht chn lc l tng ch c thc hin khi cc phn t xy dng nn mch l thun khng, ng thi ti phi hp trong di thng l thun tr. Chng ta s xt cc mch lc m s ca n c dng hnh ci thang nh hnh 2.2, kt cu ny gip cho mch lc lm vic n nh do n c s dng rt rng ri trong thc t.

Hnh 2.2 phn tch mt mch lc phc tp, thng dng phng php ct thnh nhng on nh n gin theo cc s hnh T hoc hnh , hnh thun hoc hnh ngc (hnh 2.3) kt ni vi nhau theo kiu dy chuyn.

Hnh 2.3 Cc s hnh T v hnh thng c s dng nghin cu v mt l thuyt mch lc. Cc thng s c tnh ca hai loi s ny c tnh theo cc cng thc:

( ) ( )

th

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Vi kt cu cc phn t to thnh Za , Zb cho, cn xc nh iu kin v di thng (hay di chn) ca mch lc. Trong di thng ta phi c: { (1)

tha mn ZaZb=k2 th n gin nht l chn Za v Za l Za cc in khng thun khc tnh nhau sao cho t s l 1 s Zb thc . Lc cng thc s tha mn vi iu kin : (2) tm hiu r hn v mch lc ta xt 1 s dng mch lc thc t sau ; Mch lc thng thp

p dng iu kin (2) ta c : } (3)

Cng thc (3) ch r ch c tn s dng , thp hn di thng , ngha l mi dao ng ca tn s nh hn

mi tha mn iu kin th i qua c mch lc

Mch lc c tnh cht nh vy th c gi l mch lc thng thp. Tn s cc nh trong (3) l gii hn gia di thng v di chn gi l tn s ct ca mch lc. Do tnh cht c bit ca tn s 0 , ngi ta cn coi lc thng thp l loi mch lc c tn s ct xc nh bi (3) v di thng c cha tn s gc V mt vt l , nu ch n tnh cht ca phn t in cm l chng li s bin thin nhanh ca dng in qua n , v phn t in dung l d dng dn cc dng in bin thin nhanh , s thy cc dao ng c tn s thp d ng i t ca ra vo n ca ra ca mch lc, cn cc dao ng tn s cao s b chn li. Do y l mch lc thng thp Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

21

n tt nghip Mch lc thng cao

GVHD : Anh Dng

p dng iu kin (2) ta c : }

(4) tha mn

Cng thc (4) ch r , cc dao ng c tn s hu hn v ln hn mch lc thng cao . Tn s mch lc

iu kin di thng , ngha l i qua mch lc . Mch lc c tnh cht nh vy gi l l gii hn di thng v di chn gi l tn s ct ca

V mt vt l , cng nh nhng nhn xt v tnh cht ca phn t in cm v in dung nh trn s thy rng cc dao ng c tn s cao c th i t ca vo n ca ra ca mch lc cn cc dao ng tn s thp s b chn li . Do y gi l mch lc thng cao Mch lc thng di

(
( )

) }
(5)

S mch lc nh di :

tha mn iu kin th ta cn c :

Ngha l cc nhnh ca Za, Zb c tn s cng hng .p dng iu kin (2) ta s c :


( )

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

22

n tt nghip t

GVHD : Anh Dng

v xt gii hn di ta s c :
( )

T nhng iu trn ta rt ra di thng ca mch lc nm trong khong

Vi

) xc nh bi . Ch rng gia cc tn s ct v tn s cng

Nh vy , mch lc thng di l mch lc c 2 tn s ct l di thng khng cha tn s 0 v

hng ca cc nhnh ca mch lc thng di c cc quan h rt thun li cho vic tnh ton l : cc tn s ct V mt vt l , c th quy mch lc thng di trn cc on tn s khc nhau v tng ng vi cc mch lc thng thp v thng cao . C th cc tn s v nhnh Za mang tnh cht mt in cm , cn nhnh Zb mang tnh cht in dung , mch lc thng di tng ng mch lc thng thp . Ngc li th mch mang tnh cht mch lc thng cao sao cho di thng nm trn thang tn s quy nh. Mch lc chn di ngha l tn s cng hng ca cc nhnh l trung bnh nhn ca

(
( )

) }
(6)

S mch :

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

23

n tt nghip tha mn iu kin ta cn c


GVHD : Anh Dng ngha l nhnh Za , Zb c

cng tn s cng hng . Lc p dng iu kin (2) s c :

t Vi x>0 s rt ra bt phng trnh


v xt gii hn di ta s c :

Bt phng trnh th nht s tha mn vi x nm khong ngoi cc nghim.Nu b i nghim m s c :

(7a)

Bt phng trnh th hai s tha mn vi x nm trong khong cc nghim . Nu b i cc nghim m s c :

s c :

(7b)

Kt hp (7a) v (7b) v t

Vi Tr li vi tn s

, di thng ca mch lc s c xc nh nh sau :

Vi

.Nu xt cc gii hn trn . Lc chn di l loi mch lc c hai tn . Ch rng gia

Cn cc di chn nm trong khong ca mch lc chn di th ta c : s ct xc nh bi

v di thng c cha hai tn s 0 v

cc tn s ct v tn s cng hng ca cc nhnh ca mch lc cng c quan h sau y :

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

24

n tt nghip }

GVHD : Anh Dng

2.2.3. Tnh cht ca mch lc loi K Ta s xt tr khng c tnh v truyn t c tnh ca tng loi mch lc. i vi mch lc thng thp

Xt tr khng c tnh ca mt lc hnh T ( ) -Trong di chn ( -Trong di thng ( thc: ( ) ( ) ) )

( ) mang tnh in cm. ( ) mang tnh in tr v c tnh theo cng

S ph thuc ca Zd(T) theo tn s c biu th trong hnh di :

Xt tr khng c tnh ca mt lc hnh

( )

Trong di chn ( Trong di thng (

) )

( ) mang tnh in dung. ( ) mang tnh in tr v c tnh theo cng thc:

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

25

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

( )

( )

S ph thuc ca

( ) theo tn s c biu th trong hnh di :

By gi ta xt sang truyn t c tnh: -Trong di thng ( ) suy gim c tnh a =0, khi :

-Trong di chn ( gi nguyn gi tr ca n ti

) in p trn ca ra gim nh mt cch ng k sao cho sao cho sang di chn tgb =0 v thg = tha. Khi :

lc khng cn ti s dch pha gia n vi in p vo. Ngi ta quy c l b

i vi mch lc thng cao Xt tr k c tnh ca mt lc hnh T

( )

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

26

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

-Trong di chn ( -Trong di thng ( thc:

) )

( ) ma ( ) ma

n dung. n tr v c tnh theo cng

( )

( )

S ph thuc ca Zd(T) theo tn s c biu th trong di :

Xt tr khng c tnh ca mt lc hnh

( ) -Trong di chn ( -Trong di thng ( thc: ) )

( ) mang tnh in cm. ( ) mang tnh in tr v c tnh theo cng

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

27

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

( )

( )

S ph thuc ca

( ) theo tn s c biu th trong hnh di :

By gi ta xt sang truyn t c tnh: -Trong di thng ( ) suy gim c tnh a =0, khi :

-Trong di chn (

) ngi ta cng quy c b gi nguyn gi tr ca n ti

sao cho sang di chn tgb =0 v thg = tha. Khi :

Hnh di biu din s ph thuc ca a v b theo tn s trong cc di khc nhau.

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

28

n tt nghip i vi mch lc thng di T v a mch lc thng di

GVHD : Anh Dng

Xt mt l

Do vic tnh ton kh phc tp, nn y k m ch da vo tnh cht t thng cao trn cc on tn s khc nhau. C th l:

c hin tnh ton trc tip

ng ca i vi cc mch lc thng thp v

- T n dung,

: nhnh Za ma

n cm, cn Zb mang tnh ch n

mch lc thng di s t

ng nh mt mch lc thng thp.

- T n c m

: nhnh Za ma

n dung, cn Zb mang tnh ch n

mch lc thng di s t

ng nh mt mch lc thng cao. Hnh

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

29

n tt nghip cc di tn s khc nhau. i vi mch lc chn di T v a mch lc chn di

GVHD : Anh Dng

trn biu din s ph thuc ca cc thng s c tnh ca mch lc thng di theo

Xt mt l

Tng t nh mch lc thng di, da vo tnh cht t chn di i vi cc mch lc thng thp v nhau. a

ng ca mch lc n tn s khc

C th l: Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

30

n tt nghip - T n : nhnh Za ma

GVHD : Anh Dng n dung cn nhnh Zb mang tnh in

cm do mch lc chn di s tng ng nh mt mch lc thng cao. -Trn on : nhnh Za ma n cm cn nhnh Zb mang tnh in

dung do mch lc chn di s tng ng nh mt mch lc thng thp. Hnh v trn biu din s ph thuc ca cc thng s c tnh ca mch lc chn di theo cc di tn s khc nhau. Trn y ta xt cc tnh cht ca b lc loi k, trong cc thng s c tnh c nh ngha da vo iu kin phi hp tr khng c hai ca. Nhng iu kin ny li rt kh thc hin, bi v thng thng tr khng ti v ni khng ca ngun c gi tr l thun tr c nh, hay nu c ph thuc tn s th cng theo quy lut ring ca n. Trong khi tr khng c tnh ca mch lc loi K cho d c tnh cht thun tr trong di thng nhng vn b ph thuc kh nhiu vo tn s. V vy nhc im ca loi b lc ny l tr khng c tnh v s truyn t tn hiu b nh hng nhiu bi tn s 2.3. Mch lc tch cc 2.3.1. Khi nim Ty thuc vo di tn s cn truyn t, ngi ta phn bit: mch lc thng thp, mch lc thng cao, mch lc thng di v mch lc chn di. tn s cao thng dng cc mch lc th ng RLC. tn s thp, cc mch lc c in cm qu ln, lm cho kt cu ca n nng n v tn km, cng nh phm cht ca mch gim. V vy trong phm vi tn s t 0,1 n vi MHz, ngi ta dng b khuch i thut ton v mng RC gi l mch lc tch cc. Khc vi lc th ng, mch lc tch cc c c trng bi ba tham s c bn: tn s gii hn fg , bc ca b lc v loi b lc. Tn s gii hn fg l tn s m ti c tuyn bin tn s ca hm truyn t gim 3dB so vi h s truyn t tn s trung tm. Bc b lc xc nh dc ca tuyn bin - tn s tn s f >> fg Loi b lc xc nh dng ca c tuyn bin - tn s xung quanh tn s gii hn v trong khu vc thng ca mch lc. Cn ch rng: mch in ca cc loi b lc th ging nhau, chng ch khc nhau gi tr cc linh kin RC m thi. Ngi ta

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

31

n tt nghip c tnh ca cc loi b lc c minh ha trn hnh 2.4.

GVHD : Anh Dng

quan tm nhiu n ba loi b lc: Bessel, lc Butter worth v lc Tschebys -cheff.

Hnh 2.4. c tnh bin -tn s ca mch lc thng thp bc 4 y : 1- lc th ng ; 2- lc Bessel ; 3- lc Butterworth ; 4- lc Tschebyscheff Mch lc Butterworth (3) c c tnh phng ko di v gp khc trc khi t c tn s gii hn fg . Mch lc thng thp Tschebuscheff (4) c c dc ln nht tn s f >> fg, trong di tn c tuyn khng phng hon ton m c gn sng nht nh. tn s f > fg c tuyn cng dc nu gn sng trong di thng cng ln. Mch lc Bessel c c tnh gim u t khu vc thng sang khu vc chn v c p ng xung gn nh l tng. Ty yu cu c th, c th chn loi mch lc thch hp. tin xt cc loi mch lc, da vo hm truyn t tng qut ca mt mch lc thng thp : Kd(P) = (1)

trong : P =

= j

Ci l cc h s thc, dng.

Bc ca b lc chnh l s m ln nht ca P. c th thc hin c b lc mt cch thun li, ngi ta phn tch mu s biu thc (1) thnh tch cc tha s, ta c biu thc mi: Kd(P) = (2)

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

32

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

Kdo H s truyn t tn s thp; ai, bi nhng s thc, dng. Vi b lc bc l (n l) th c mt h s ca bi = 0. Khi bi 0 th hm truyn t c nhng im cc phc lin hp. Mch lc tch cc s thc hin cc khu lc nh vy thay cho cc khu lc RLC. Ta c th tra cc thng s c bn trn bng 8.1 cun K thut mch in t -Pham Minh H (trang 183-187) bit cc thng s c bn ca mt mch lc. 2.3.2. Mch lc thng thp bc hai

Hnh 2.5. Mch lc thng thp bc 2 a) Hi tip m mt vng ; b) Hi tip m nhiu vng c) Hi tip dng mt vng tnh hm truyn t, vit phng trnh dng in nt cho cc nt 1,2 v 3. Gii h phng trnh , s nhn c hm truyn t ca mch lc hi tip m mt vng (3): Kd = = (3)

So snh h s ca (3) vi (2) ta rt ra: Kdo = 1, a1 =2 RC1, b1 =

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

33

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

Ty thuc vo loi b lc nh thc hin, ta xc nh a1, b1. xy dng mch lc, chn trc mt phn t ri tnh hai phn t cn li. Thng chn trc mt t in theo gi tr chun, in tr v t cn li c xc nh nh sau:

R=

C2 =

Vi mch lc thng thp hi tip m nhiu vng trn hnh 2.5b cng lp phng trnh dng in nt cho cc nt 1 v 2 xc nh hm truyn t (4) Kd = (4)

T y, ta xc nh c: Kdo = a1 = b1 = Nu cho trc fg, Kdo, C1, C2 ta tnh c:


( )

R2 = R1 =

(5)

v R3 =

R2 c gi tr thc theo (5), phi tho mn iu kin (6)

(6)

Mch lc hi tip dng mt vng trn hnh 2.5c c hm truyn t: Kd= (7)

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

34

n tt nghip dng (8) Kd =

GVHD : Anh Dng

n gin, chn K=1, lc (K-1)R3 = 0, do biu thc (7) c th vit li di

(8)

Nu cho trc fg, Kdo, C1, C2 ta tnh c Kdo, R1, R2 a1 = b1 = Kdo = 1

R1,2 = R1, R2 thc, phi m bo iu kin:

(9a)

(9b)

Trong mch in hnh 13c cng c th chn R1 = R2 = R v C1 = C2 = C, lc t (8) c th suy ra hm truyn t: Kd = V a1 = nn RC ( ) (10)

v b1 =

; K = Kdo = 3 -

Thay RC vo, ta c: K=3

(11)

Theo (11), K ch ph thuc vo a1, b1. Nh vy ln ca K xc nh loi mch lc. Thay a1 v b1 cho ng vi tng loi mch lc vo biu thc (11) ta xc nh c K tng ng vi loi mch lc . Vi K = 3 th a1 = 0 v biu thc (10) c vit li nh sau: Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

35

n tt nghip Kd =

GVHD : Anh Dng

(12)

R rng khi = 1 tc f = fg th kd = , ngha l mch t dao ng tn s f= . V vy khiK 3 rt kh thc hin mch lc loi ny. Tuy nhin mch c u

im l loi b lc hon ton c xc nh bi K m khng phi bi cc linh kin RC. Do c th d dng thay i tn s gii hn fg ca mch bng cch thay i RC m khng nh hng n tnh cht ca b lc. 2.3.3. Mch lc thng cao bc 2 thc hin mch lc thng cao bc hai c th dng tt c cc dng s i vi mch lc thng thp c ch ra trn hnh 2.5, trong phi i ch v tr ca R vi C. V d mch lc thng cao hi tip dng mt vng c dng nh hnh 2.6

Hnh 2.6. Mch lc thng cao bc hai hi tip dng mt vng tm hm truyn t, p dng biu thc (8), trong thay P bi 1/P; C bi R v R bi C, ta c: Kd=
( ) ( )

(13)

Tng t nh i vi mch lc thng thp, K = 1, v C1 = C2 = C, ta c: Kd= (14)

H s truyn t tn s cao Kd = 1

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

36

n tt nghip a1 = do R1 =

GVHD : Anh Dng

b1 =

, do R2 =

Trng hp cho R1 = R2 = R v C1 = C2 = C ta li c: RC =

K = Kd = 3 -

2.3.4. Mch lc chn lc v mch lc thng di Nu mc xu chui mt khu lc thng thp vi mt khu lc thng cao, ta nhn c mt b lc thng di. c tnh tn s ca n l tch c tnh tn s ca hai khu lc ring r. dc ca c tnh tn s f > fgt (fgt: tn s gii hn trn) v f < fgd (fgd ; tn s gii hn di) ph thuc vo bc v loi b lc thng thp v thng cao c dng. Nu trong mch lc thng di fgt = fgd = f0 th ta c mch chn lc n gin, ta xt mt b lc chn lc c cu to t mt mch lc thng cao tch cc bc mt v mt mch lc thng thp tch cc bc mt mc ni tip Hm truyn t phc ca b lc: Kd= t

)(

)(

(1)

=A =

V vi b lc bc mt a1 = 1, do biu thc (2) c vit li nh sau: Kd = (3)

Vi mch lc ch lc, cn quan tm n hai thng s c bn: khuch i ca mch ti tn s trung tm f0 v h s phm cht Q

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

37

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

Thay = 1 tc P = j vo (3) xc nh h s khuch i ti f0 Kd|f = fo = = Kdch (4)

rng di tn c tnh ng vi tn s m ti |Kd| =

(5)

Thay (5) vo (3) v gii, ta c: 1,2 = (6)

Phm cht ca mch c nh ngha bi (7) Q= = = (7)

Thay (5) vo (6), ta nhn c: Q= Thay (4) v (8) vo (3) s nhn c mt dng mi (8)

Kd =

(9)

Biu thc (9) cho php c trc tip cc thng s c bn ca mt mch lc chn lc trn hm phc ca n T (9) tm c mt modyn ca hm truyn t phc:

|Kd| =

(10)

H s phm cht Q c trng cho dc ca c tnh tn s xung quanh im cng hng. Hnh 2.7 minh ha iu

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

38

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

Hnh 2.7. c tnh bin - tn s ca mch lc chn lc vi Q1< Q2< Q3

Hnh 2.8. c tnh bin - tn s ca mch lc thng di c xy dng bi hai mch lc chn lc Cng c trng hp yu cu c tnh tn s c dc ln, nhng kd = const xung quanh f0. Mun vy mc hai b lc chn lc ni tip c tn s cng hng f01 v f02 lch nhau cht t. Lc s nhn c c tnh tn s nh trn hnh 2.8. Trng hp ny tn s gii hn trn ca b lc th nht trng vi tn s gii hn di ca b lc th hai ti f0. c tnh tn s mi (ng 3) c dng nh mong mun. Nh vy, v nguyn tc, c th thc hin mch lc chn lc nh mc ni tip cc mch thng thp v thng cao. Nhng cch phc tp, nn ngi ta xy dng cc mch lc chn lc bc hai c bit. Cc loi s c bn ca n c th hin trn hnh 2.9. Vi mch lc nh vy c th chn cc h s ca biu thc (9) mt cch ty v t c phm cht Q = 100 mt cch d dng.

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

39

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

Hnh 2.9. S mch lc chn lc a) hi tip m mt vng; b) hi tip m nhiu vng ; c) hi tip dng mt vng Mch lc trn hnh 2.9a c khu ac v R/a to thnh khu lc thng cao, v bc, R/b to thnh khu lc thng thp. ci thin c tnh chn lc mc thm mt mch lc T kp trong vng hi tip. Lp phng trnh dng in nt cho A, B, C tm c hm truyn t Kd = trong , f0 = ;P=j (11)

So snh h s ca (11) vi (10) , rt ra: Q= v Kdch =

Vy vi mch ny c th chn tn s cng hng f0, h s phm cht Q v h s khuch i Kdch ty , chng khng ph thuc ln nhau. Mch chn lc hi tip m nhiu vng trn hnh 2.9b c hm truyn t: Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

40

n tt nghip Kd=

GVHD : Anh Dng (12)

So snh vi (10), rt ra: =


( )

(13)

Q=

(14)

Kdch= Cc tham s

(15)

, Q v Kdch c th chn ty , T (12) suy ra di thng ca mch lc: B= = (16)

C th thay i R3 chn tn s cng hng m khng lm thay i di thng B v h s khuch i Kdch Biu thc (15) biu din hm truyn t phc ca b lc hi tip dng mt vng. Kd=
( )

(17)

T (14) n (17) rt ra: Q= ; Kdch = = KQ; f0 =

y Q v Kdch ph thuc ln nhau. C th thay i Q bng cch thay i K m khng nh hng n f0. Khi K = 3 th Kdch = ngha l mch c th t kch, do phi trnh trwongf hp K = 3. 3. Mch ngun Nhim v ca mch cung cp l to ra nng lng cn thit cung cp cho cc thit b in hoc in t lm vic. Thng thng ngun ngun nng lng ny l

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

41

n tt nghip mch cung cp c bn l :

GVHD : Anh Dng

ngun p mt chiu ly t mng in xoay chiu hoc t pin , acquy. C bn loi

Trong phn bo co chng ta ch quan tm ti mch ngun p mt chiu. N bin i in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt chiu. Yu cu i vi loi mch ngun ny l in p ra t ph thuc vo in p ca mng , ca ti, ca nhit . Ngy nay ngi ta c xu hng dng cc mch cung cp khng c bin p

Cu trc h thng cung cp in 3.1. Mch chnh lu na sng

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

42

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

a) S mch chnh lu na song b) th thi gian in p ra 3.2. Mch chnh lu ton sng

Mch chnh lu ton song a) S cn bng ; b) Mch chnh lu cu v th thi gian in p ra

Bng tham s ca cc s chnh lu Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

43

n tt nghip Ung : in p ngun W : in p ra Ur0 f : tn s in p b chnh lu 3.3. Mch bi p

GVHD : Anh Dng

Trong : U2hd ,I2hd : ln lt l in p v dng in hiu dng

Mch bi p c dng trong cc trng hp khi in p ra cao m yu cu cacsdongf tiu th li nh (c vi )

3.4.

Mch ngun cung cp s dng cc IC ngun chuyn dng

Mch n p dng IC rt n gin v hiu qu nn c s dng rt rng di v ngi ta sn xut cc loi IC n p phc v tt nht cho nhu cu s dng v cho cc mch ph hp . Trong thc t ta c cc IC n p nh sau : LA7805 LA7808 LA7809 LA7812 IC n p 5V IC n p 8V IC n p 9V IC n p 12V

Lu : H IC78.. ch cho dng tiu th khong 1A tr xung, khi rp IC trong mch th U in > Uout t 3 n 5V khi IC mi pht huy tc dng. H IC 78xx cung cp in p c nh t +5v n +24v .K hiu : xx ch in p ra . 4. Phn tch cu to mt s IC KTT thng dng Ta xt 2 b KTT thng dng nht tm hiu v chc nng, nguyn l hot ng ca IC KTT 4.1. A741

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

44

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

Tng vo khuch i vi sai (T1, T2, R1, R2) c emito ni vi ngun dng T10, T11, R11. Dng electo ca tranzistor T1ICT1 40 A kh nh nhm tng tr khng vo v lm gim dng tnh u vo. B khuch i vi sai th 2 c mc theo kiu mc Darlington (T3, T4, T5, T6). T9, v R7 to thnh mt mch dch mc mc theo kiu emito chung. Mch lp emito T8 phi hp tr khng T9 v T12 mc theo kiu emito chung cho h s khuch i khong 400 ln. Tng ra (T13, T14) mc theo kiu b, lm vic ch B, gim mo dng hi tip m qua in tr R15 mc gia u ra b khuch i v emito ca T9.

Hnh 4.1. S cu trc b khuch i thut ton A709. Hm truyn t ca A709 c 3 im cc ng vi v hm truyn t khi c b 4.2. A741 10kHz , 1MHz, v 0,2MHz; 1,5MHz. 1MHz

8MHz. m bo n nh, mc mch b tn s sao cho cc im cc ca

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

45

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

Tham s ca b khuch i A74 c ci thin nhiu so vi A709: in p vo Ud cho php cao hn, b lch khng n gin hn, c mch hn dng, c b tn s bn trong mch.

Hnh 4.2. S cu trc b khuch i thut ton A741 Tng vo b khuch i mc theo kiu Kaskode b dng tranzistor npn (T1, T2) c h s khuch i dng cao v tranzistor pnp (T3, T4) c h s khuch i dng thp. trong mch emito tng vo c ngun dng (T8, T9). H s khuch i in p tng vo khong 50 n 60dB, dng tnh IE1 = IE2 (10 15)A rt nh. Mt b khuch i vi sai gm T5, T6, T7 mc theo kiu mch cng pha, bin in p vo thnh in p ra khng i xng. Tng th 2 (T16, T17) mc theo s Darlington, c tr khng vo ln v c ti l T13. Mch c h s khuch i ln hn 50dB. Tng ra mc theo kiu b gm T14, T20, c ni vi mch hn dng T15, T19, R10, R11. Nu dng qua R11 tng qu gii hn 1520 mA th T15 dn lm cho dng ra b hn ch. Nu dng qua R10 vt qu 1520mA th dng qua bazo T20 tng, dng ny qua R9 lm cho T19 dn, do dng bazo ca T20 b hn ch. T18, R6 v R7 to thnh mch dch mc, n c kt

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

46

n tt nghip vi dng tnh ca ton mch.

GVHD : Anh Dng

cu sao cho dng tnh tng ra c gi tr khong 60A. R5 c tc dng quyt nh i

Mch b trong nh t C1 = 30pF lm cho c tnh tn s ca b khuch i gim vi dc -20dB/D trong khong tn s f1 5Hz v tn s n v f1 1MHz. tn s ln hn 5Hz, mch Darlington gm T16, T17 lm vic nh mt mch tch phn. Mch b trong rt tin li cho ngi s dng, nhng trong mt s trng hp khng cn thit th n gy lng ph v di tn v tc p ng. V vy ngi ta ch to mch A748 hon ton tng ng vi A741, nhng khng c t C1 b trong. Chng II-Tnh ton thit k mch 1. Cc linh kin dng trong mch lc 1.1. IC KTT TL084 H IC KTT TL08x l IC khuch i thut ton cht lng cao (KDTT OpAmp) dng rt ph bin trong cc ampli v thit b m thanh. Trong s mch lc ca ti chng ta s dng TL084, trn thc t TL084 thng c nh gi cao trong khi la chn OpAmp cho ampli, i vi nhng ngi khng chuyn nghip v Audio th TL084 l la chn s 1( N c nh gi cao hn 4558 v thp hn NE5532 nhng NE5532 c gi bn cao hn).

u vo kt ni IC KTT TL084

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

47

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

S bn trong 1 u vo-ra KD ca TL084

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

48

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

1.2.

IC n p LM317 v LM337 1.25V n 37V

y l b iu chnh bin i in p vi di tn kh rng t

vi dng in l 1.5A . Vi dng 1.5A th sn lng hin ti m bo, -55 C n 150

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

49

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

C .Dng iu chnh thng thng l 0.01%/V , Ti iu chnh thng thng 0,3% , iu chnh nhit tt 0,002% / W vi u ra ngn mch bo v tt cho mch .

Vi :

ADJ l chn iu khin Vo l in p u ra Vi l in p u vo

Thng s ca LM317: in p u vo Vi = 40V Nhit vn hnh t = 0 - 125 Dng in iu chnh l t : 5 Cng sut tiu th ln nht l 20W Dng in u ra ln nht Imax = 1.5A m bo thng s Vi - Vo >= 3V Bng thng s ca LM317 v LM337

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

50

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

2. Cc thng s c tnh ca mch lc , thit k mch lc Trong ti ny chng ta xt n dng s c bn ca mt mch lc thng du bc hai nh sau :

Vi R2=2R1 ; C=C1=C2 Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

51

n tt nghip t Tn s ct

GVHD : Anh Dng ta c cc tham s tnh ton mch lc nh sau : :


( )

. ,

n gin trong ng dng chng ta chn H s B ( Banwidth) : H s phm Q :

Tnh ton thit k mch lc thc t : Ta xt s mt lc ca mch lc thng di bc hai nh hnh trn ta c :

Ti tn s cng hng

: Suy ra

c th n gin v tin li trong qu trnh tnh ton v chn linh kin ta chn : C1=C2=C ; R2=2R1 T suy ra

nh bng tn B theo cng thc : . Ti v ta c :

ta cn nh c gi tr ca

) =1
( ( ) )

Gii phng trnh ta tm 2 cp nghim :

Ta ch ly nghim dng nn ta c : ( )

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

52

n tt nghip ( )

GVHD : Anh Dng

V tnh R3 ta ch Thay M

( )

( )
(

(
)

)
( )

Trong thit k ta chn : 1. C1=C2=C

2. Chn bng tn B v tn s cng hng

. T ta suy ra

3. R1, R2, R3 c tnh t cc phng trnh :

T cc tham s trn ta thit lp bng tnh tnh gi trj ca mch lc :


C=C1=C2 10 22 100 220 320 R1 7,961783439 14,47596989 7,961783439 10,96664386 16,58704883 R3 0,112137795 0,295427957 0,162485376 0,223809058 0,338511201 R2 15,92356688 28,95193978 15,92356688 21,93328771 33,17409766 Q 6 5 5 5 5 B 2000 500 200 66 30 F 12000 2500 1000 330 150

3. S mch. 3.1. S nguyn l

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

53

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

3.2.

Mch in

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

54

n tt nghip Mch in mch Equalizer 5 bands

GVHD : Anh Dng

Mch in mch ngun cung cp Chng III- Kt lun v hng pht trin n 1. Kt qu thc t a. Mch thc t b. Thng s kt qu o trn OSCILOSCOPE

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

55

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

Thng qua qu trnh kim tra tn hiu vo v ra ca mch thc t trn OSCILOSCOPE ta c kt qu nh sau : Kim tra pht tn s 150Hz, chit p 150Hz tng max, cc chit p cn li gi tr min

Tn s pht vo (Hz) 20

Bin tn hiu vo (V) 0.5

Bin tn hiu ra (V) 0

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

56

n tt nghip 40 60 80 100 120 140 150 154 180 200 220 240 300 350 tr min Tn s pht vo (Hz) 20 60 100 140 180 220 250 330 340 360 400 450 500 Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201 Bin tn hiu vo (V) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

GVHD : Anh Dng 0.02 0.03 0.08 0.14 0.16 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.46 0.38 0.3 0.18 0.07 0

Kim tra pht tn s 330Hz, chit p 330Hz tng max, cc chit p cn li gi Bin tn hiu ra (V) 0 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.26 0.46 0.5 0.4 0.32 0.27 0.18

57

n tt nghip 550 650 0.5 0.5

GVHD : Anh Dng 0.03 0

Kim tra pht tn s 1KHz, chit p 1KHz tng max, cc chit p cn li gi tr min Bin tn hiu vo (V) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Bin tn hiu ra (V) 0 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.12 0.3 0.42 0.5 0.46 0.38 0.3 0.16 0.05 0.03

Tn s pht vo (Hz) 20 80 140 220 300 400 600 1000 1100 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 2000

Kim tra pht tn s 2.5Hz, chit p 2.5KHz tng max, cc chit p cn li gi tr min Bin tn hiu vo (V) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Bin tn hiu ra (V) 0 0.01 0.03 0.08 0.12

Tn s pht vo (Hz) 20 1000 1200 1600 1800

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

58

n tt nghip 2200 2400 2500 2700 2900 3200 3500 4000 4500 5000 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

GVHD : Anh Dng 0.16 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.38 0.3 0.18 0.07 0

Kim tra pht tn s 12KHz, chit p 12KHz tng max, cc chit p cn li gi tr min Bin tn hiu vo (V) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Bin tn hiu ra (V) 0 0.02 0.03 0.08 0.14 0.16 0.3 0.46 0.5 0.43 0.38 0.3 0.18 0.07 0.04 0.01

Tn s pht vo (Hz) 20 1500 2500 3500 6000 8000 10000 12000 13000 15000 16000 17000 18000 20000 20000 24000

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

59

n tt nghip Kt qu hnh nh

GVHD : Anh Dng

Ta tin hnh kim mc pht tn s 150Hz , chit p chnh tn s 150Hz tng max , cc chit p cn li vn v mc min , vi bin tn hiu vo l 0.5V v c gi tr ti tn s 150Hz:

Bin ti tn s pht 120Hz, bin tn hiu ra

0.16V

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

60

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

Bin ti tn s pht 140Hz, bin tn hiu ra

0.3V

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

61

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

Bin ti tn s pht 150Hz, bin tn hiu ra

0.4V

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

62

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

Bin ti tn s pht 154Hz, bin tn hiu ra

0.5V

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

63

n tt nghip

GVHD : Anh Dng

Bin ti tn s pht 180Hz, bin tn hiu ra 2. nh gi kt qu thc hin n Ta xt th khi kim tra mc pht tn s 150Hz : Thng qua th ta nhn thy vi ti tn s ct thc t

0.46V

=150Hz th gi tr bin tn hiu ti nh ca

th s l 0.5V . Tuy nhin trn thc t bng kt qu o trn OSCILOSCOPE ta c gi =154Hz th gi tr bin mi t bin 05V. iu ny l do linh kin thit k khng t gi tr chun , c sai s dn n kt qu v tn s ct thc t ca mch b thay i. 3. Hng pht trin n Ti liu tham kho

Sinh vin : Phm Nho Bin Lp : T1201

64

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