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SINH HC I CNG CHNG I: TNH A DNG SINH HC

I. H thng phn chia sinh vt lm 2 gii: Cc nh phn lo i hc truyn thng xem sinh gii l cp phn loi cao nht sinh gi i. Linnaeus chia sinh gi i l 2 gii: gii ng vt v gii thc vt. - Gii TV gm: Cy xanh vi khu n ( v c vch t bo cng), nm ( v khng di ng v c u trc ging cy xanh), nhng sinh v t n bo Ekaryotes c ng c xp vo gi i TV do c lc lp. - Gii V: ng vt a bo, n bo( c kh nng bt mi, di chuyn cn gi l V nguyn sinh). Ring Eualea di chuy n c, c th quang h p nn c xp lm 2 gii. II. H thng phn chia sinh vt thnh 5 gii: N m 1969, H.whitteker xut h thng sinh v t gm 5 gii: - Gii khi sinh (Monera hay prokaride): gm vi khun v t o lam. - Gii nguyn sinh (Protista): Gm sinh vt n bo ( t o n bo, nm n bo, ng vt nguyn sinh). - Gii thc vt (Plantae): a bo quang hp. - Gii nm (Fungi): a bo, dinh d ng kiu thm. - Gii ng vt (Animal): a bo dinh d ng kiu nut. v c im: - H thng ny nh n thy s khc bi t gia Pro v Euk v tch Pro ch yu l vi khu n thnh gii Monera. - H thng 5 gi i phn bit 3 gii ca Eka l thc vt, nm v ng vt, 3 gii ny c bn khc nhau v cu trc, chu trnh sng v hnh thc dinh dng. - Nm l sinh vt d dng, phn h y cht hu c hp th. - ng vt sng nh tiu ha. - Theo quan im ca Whitteker, Protista l nh ng sinh vt n bo v sinh v a bo n gin c ngun gc t sinh vt nguyn sinh. III. H thng 3 siu gii: B ng phng php so snh acid nucleic, cc nh phn lo i hc v protein tm mi quan h gia cc nhm sinh vt cho th y h thng 5 gii c nhiu khuyt im => xut h thng phn loi 3 siu gii do Carl Weese (1981) v c b sung bi T. P. Rack (1995) c chp nhn rng ri: bacteria (VK), Archaea (VK c ) v Eukarya (sinh v t nhn chu n). IV. Da vao au ngi ta phan chia sinh vat thanh 2 gii: - Can c vao kha nang di ong cua sinh vat - Kha nang quang hp ( co luc lap) "c xep vao gii thc e3 - Gii ong vat gom ong vat a bao, sinh vat n bao co kha nang di chuyen, bat moi va tieu hoa ( ong vat nguyen sinh)
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Rieng Euglena di chuyen c, co the quang hp nen c xep vao ca 2 gii la thc vat va ong vat.

V. So sanh cac quan iem phan chia sinh vat thanh cac gii: v Giong nhau: - Tat ca eu cong nhan gii la cap phan loai cao nhat cua sinh gii. - Cha e cap en dang song vo bao. v Khac nhau: 2 gii - Phan loai cac gii da vao kha nang quang hp, kha nang di ong va bat moi 5 gii - Da vao cai truc te bao (nhan) gia Prokaryote va Eukaryote. ong thi chia Eukaryote thanh 3 gii ( TV- V-Nam) da vao kieu dinh dng. 3 sieu gii -Da vao trnh t nu cua rARN cua vu khuan e phan biet gii vi khuan co, vi khuan that con lai la gii sinh vat nhan chuan.

CHNG II: T BO HC
I. Hc thuyt t bo v cc c trng c bn trong cu trc t bo: 1. Hc thuyt t bo: T.Schwann (1839) cng b ni dung gm: - Tt c cc sinh vt u cu to nn t t bo v cc sn phm ca chng. - Cc t bo mi c to ra t s phn chia nh ng t bo trc => hc thuyt t bo cho ta mt quan im khoa hc ng n v th gii sng t nhin. - Ngy nay hc thuyt t bo hin i khng nh rng tt c cc sinh vt u c cu to nn t t bo, nhng t bo mi c to nn t s phn chia ca nhng tb trc n, c s ging nhau cn bn v thnh phn ha hc v cc hot tnh trao i cht gia tt c cc loi tb v hot ng ca c th, l s tch hp hot tnh ca cc n v t bo c lp. - Cc tb l cc v t th sng nh b nht, l n v t chc c s ca mi c th. - C s ging nhau cn bn v thnh phn ha hc v cc hot tnh trao i cht gia tt c cc loi tb v hot ng c th. 2. Cc c trng c bn trong cu trc ca TB: a. Mng t bo v cu trc mng: |Tt c cc tb c bao bc bi lp mng ngoi g i l mng sinh ch t c nh ng chc nng quan tr ng sau: - Vt cn c tnh chn lc cao, ngn cch cht nguyn sinh v i mi trng ngoi, bao cc bo quan ng n cch nhiu chc phn ring bit. - Gii hn ln tb: gip cc phn t gp nhau thc hin phn ng. - Nn b tr hp l cc cu trc theo khng gian thnh h thng. - B mt thc hin nhiu phn ng. - Chuyn nng lng: gia 2 pha ca mng khi c chnh l ch nng cc cht s to th nng d tr hoc chuyn i nng lng.
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b. Kch thc rt nh b: Gip cho din tch tip xc ln => vic thu nhn v loi thi ph phm c thc hin rt nhanh => cng trao i cht rt nhanh. II. T bo Prokaryote: Bao g m vi khun v vi khun lam l cc t bo khng c nhn. Cu trc ca tb vk thc: 1. Vch tb: - Gip t o khung vng, cng cho tb duy tr hnh dng v quan tr ng nht gip chng chu cc tc nhn b t li (nht l p sut thm thu ca mi trng ngoi). - Vch tb vng chc l nh peptidoglucan, ch c pro. Do phn ng nhum mu, phn bit 2 loi vk (gram+;gram - )vch tb gram + rt dy, cn tb gram g m 3 lp.(mng tb trong cng peptidoglucan, v l p dy ngoi cng v i lipoprotein v lipopolysaccharide). 2. Cu trc bn trong: - Di vch tb l mng sinh cht. - Mesosome l cu trc do mng tb xp thnh nhiu np nhn cun lm vo tb cht, c th l ni gn DNA vo mng. - Vng nhn (nucleoid): l DNA vng. - Plasmit: DNA vng nh, c lp vi vng nhn. - Ribosom 70S: t ng hp protein. - Phn ln vk quang h p cha chlorophyll gn vi mng. - Mt s khc c lng b i tim mao. III. T bo Eukaryote: C cu to phc tp hn Pro, c th phn thnh cc nhm ln nh: h thng cu trc mng, bo quan bi n i nng lng, nhn, sn t bo v cc cu trc ring bit (roi lng trung th). v H thng cu trc mng: 1. Mng sinh cht: c cu trc dng khm lng bao g m lp phopho lipit kp. Vai tr: gii hn ln tb duy tr s khc nhau cn thit gia trong v ngoi mng c tnh thm chn lc thi cc cht cn b v gip thu nh n kch thch bn ngoi tb. 2. Mng li ni cht v ribosom: - L mt loi mng xp li vi nhiu np nhn gm: li ni cht trn v nhm ( cha nhiu ribosom). - Li ni cht l trong tm tng hp Protin ca tb nn r t nhiu riosom. - Ribosom l nhng ht b, ni tng hp cc mch polypeptid. 3. B my Gongi: Nm gn nhn gm nhiu ti nh dp xp nh chng a, c nhim v bin i, chn lc v gi cc i phn t sinh hc tit ra ngoi v chuy n n lysosom. 4. Lysosom: - L nhng ti cu nh c bao bc bi lp mng, cha nhiu enzym thy gii dng cho qu trnh tiu ha bn trong t bo. - Gip phn hy cc cht nui d ng t bo v d n sch nhng bo quan v dng. - N c th tiu hy nhng cht t ngoi vo t bo v phn h y cc bo quan khi thi u nng lng. - Lysosom b v => tb b phn hy. 5. Cc Ti th :
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- Peroxisome l ti cu nh, cha enzym oxi ha s n sinh v phn hy cc peroxide hydro ( H2O2). - Glyoxysome: ch a cc enzym phn hy cc xc thc vt thnh ng nui cy con (khng c t bo V). 6. Khng bo: - Cha nc v cht tan do tb cht thi ra, ti c bao quanh bi mng toneplast. - Chc nng cha mt s cht thi, hoc thc n. Cc enzym c tit vo khng bo phn ct cht thi => cht n gin => tb s dng li. v Ti th l lp th: 1. Ti th : C hnh tr di, bao b c bi 2 lp mng, ng knh 0,5 1 um. G m: - Cht nn: cha hng trm enzym oxi ha kh v mt s DNA. - Mng trong: c nhi u np nhn => tng din tch mng, c ch a cc protein v i 3 chc nng: + Thc hin cc p oxi ha trong chu i h hp. + Mt phc hp enzym ATP synthase t o ATP matrix. + Cc protein v n chuyn c hiu iu ha s qua li ca cc cht ra vo mng. - Mng ngoi: + Nh mt protein to 1 knh quan trng nn mng ngoi thm i vi cc phn t < 10.000 daton. + Cc protein khc gm cc enzym tng hp lipid v chuyn ha lipid sang dng tham gia trao i cht trong matrix. - Khong gia mng: Cha nhiu enzym s dung ATP do matrix cung c p photpho ha cc nucleoic khc. Ti th l trung tm n ng lng ca tb. 2. Lp th: - Gm 2 lp mng, mng ngoi r t d thm v mng trong t th m, trong cha nhiu protein vn chuyn c bit v khong gia mng. - Mng trong cha mt vng khng xanh l c c gi l stroma, cha cc enzym, ribosom. DNA v RNA. - Mng trong khng g p np v khng cha chui truyn in t. - H thng hp thu nh sng, chu i in t v APT sythase u cha trn mng thylakoid ( gm cc ti dp xp chng ln nhau). - Lp th l n v c nng quang h p => cu xanh thu nhn nng lng mt tri tng hp cht hu c t CO2 v H 2O (sv t dng). v Nhn t bo v th trong su t: 1. Nhn tb: L trung tm hot ng ca tb, chim 10% th tch nhng cha 95% DNA ca tb. - Mng nhn: Do 2 lp mng xp ng tm, trn mng c l mng nhn => to s thng thng gia trong v ngoi nhn, mng nhn cn n i trc tip vi li ni cht. - Nhim sc th: L cc DNA ca NST dng tho xon, c hnh dng c trng k gia ca phn bo. NST gm DNA, cc protein histon v protin khng histon. - Hch nhn: C hnh cu, bu dc, l b my sx riboxom. c to nn t cc cun DNA t nhiu NST gp chung l i. Cc cun DNA ny cha gen m ha rARN. Cc rARN sau khi c tng hp lp tc gn vi cc protein c a rb => riboxom.
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- Chc nng ca nhn: + Cha thng tin di truy n. + Trung tm iu khin mi hot ng ca tb. + NST phn chia => t bo phn chia. 2. Th trong sut: L phn t bo cht khng k cc bo quan g m nc (85%), protein, enzym, riboxom, mARN, tARN v cc ch t hu c. v Vai tr: - L mt th c hin cc phn ng ca tb. - N i thc hin mt s qu trnh iu ha hot ng ca cc cht. - L n i cha vt liu tng hp cc i phn t sinh h c. - D tr cc cht cha nng lng: gluxit, lipit IV. So snh nguyn phn gia vi khu n v t bo nhn chun (c t hay khng t): v Ging nhau: - T 1 tb m => 2 t bo con. - C s nhn i ca NST v phn chia NST cho cc tb con. v Khc nhau: Prokaryote Eukaryote - Khng hnh thnh thoi v s c - C thoi v s c hnh thnh. v nhn i ca trung t. - NST nhn i dnh vo - NST n trt v 2 cc ca t mesosome v b tch ra do bo qua dy t v s c. mng tb ko di ra. - Khng c s bt cp, trao i - C (trong gim phn). cho gia cc cp NST tng ng. - Khng c. - NST ng xon cc i k gia. V. Nguon goc nhan chuan thuyet noi cong sinh: 1. Ngu n gc nhn chun: - Prokaryote hnh thanh, tien hoa va thch nghi t khi s song hnh thanh, tien hoa va thch nghi t khi s song xuat hien va tr nen pho bien nhat ngay nay - Mot hng tien hoa c ban cua Prokaryote la hnh thanh prokaryote a bao. V du nh vi khuan lam - Hng th 2 la hnh thanh tap hp te bao, mot loai te bao c li t viec chuen hoa trao oi cua te bao khac. - Hng th 3 la phan cach chc nang khac nhau trong te bao n " hng nay tao ra nhng te bao Eukaryote au tien. 2. Thuyet noi cong sinh: - Theo thuyet noi cong sinh : ti the cua Eukaryote co nguon goc t vi khuan quang hp la khuan lam. - Cau truc ti the, lap the tng t vi khuan - Mang trong cua ti the, lap the co cac enzim he thong van chuyen ien t trong mang vi khuan - Ti the, lap the nhan oi tng t nh trc phan vi khuan. - Ti the, lap the co AND vong giong Prokaryote.
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- Mot so khang sinh km ham lam sinh trng cua Prokaryote can tr tong hp Protein vi riboxom cua ti the va lap the nhng khong can tr tong hp protein cua riboxom te bao chat va ngc lai. VI. Phan bao nguyen phan: - Tao 2 te bao con co bo NST giong te bao me - La pha M cua chu trnh te bao, tiep sau pha G2. - Dien ra 4 chu k: k au, k gia, k sau va ki cuoi. 1. K au: - NST tiep tuc t nhan oi va ong xoan. - Mang nhan va nhan con m dan, bien mat. - Hai cc te bao xuat hien thoi vo sac. 2. K gia: - NST ong xoan cc ai va co hnh thai ac trng cho loai. - Cac NST kep tap trung tren mat phang xch ao cua thoi vo sac thanh 1 hang. 3. K sau: - NST kep tach hat tam ong thanh 2 NST n. Cac NST n chia lam 2 nhom bang nhau. Moi nhom tien ve 1cc te bao. - NST va tien ve 2 cc va thao xoan 4. K cuoi : - NST ve en 2 cc te bao, mang nhan va nhan con hnh thanh. - T vo sac m dan roi bien mat. - NST tiep tuc thao xoan " si manh. - Cac bao quan trong te bao chat chia lam 2. - te bao ong vat, mang te bao xuat hien 1 eo that gia, cat te bao me thanh 2 te bao con. te bao thc vat, mang te bao hnh thanh vach ngan gia chia te bao me thanh 2 te bao con. VII. Phan bao giam phan: - La s phan bao cua te bao sinh duc giai oan chn. - T 1 te bao sinh duc ( 2n) qua 2 lan phan bao au lien tiep nhng NST ch nhan oi 1 lan tao 4 giao t (n) . te bao sinh tinh tao 4 tinh trung, te bao sinh trng tao 1 te bao trng va 3 the nh hng v Lan phan bao I: 1. K au: - NST t nhan oi, ong xoan, co ngan lai. - Thanh lap cap NST tng ong + 2 NST t nhan oi giong nhau ve hnh dang va kch thc tap trung ve 1 cap (1 nguon goc t bo va 1 nguon goc t me, tr cap XY) + Qua trnh tiep hp trao oi oan, 2 trong 4 cromatit cua cap NST tng ong " xay ra trao oi oan " tao nhieu giao t khac nhau. Do o the he con co nhieu hnh dang khac so vi bo me ( bien d to hp) la nguyen lieu th cap cho tien hoa. - Cuoi k au, mang nhan con m i roi bien mat, 2 cc te bao xuat hien thoi vo sac.
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2. K gia : Cac NST kep tap trung thanh 2 hang tren mat phang xch ao cua thoi vo sac 3. K sau: Moi NST kep trong cap tng ong tien ve 2 cc cua te bao " moi te bao con co n NST kep. 4. K cuoi: Te bao chat chia oi, mang te bao cat gia thanh 2te bao con co bo NST ( n kep). v Lan phan bao II: 1. K au : NST khong nhan oi 2. K gia : NST tap trung thanh 1 hang tren mat phang xch ao cua thoi vo sac. 3. K sau: 1 NST kep thanh 2 NST n, cac NST n chia thanh 2 nhom bang nhau va tien ve 2 cc te bao. 4. K cuoi : 2 te bao " 4 te bao con n boi ( n).

CHNG III: CC QU TRNH DINH DNG

A) CC PHNG THC DINH DNG THC VT:
I. Quang hp: 1. nh ngha: Quang hp l qu trnh bin i nng lng nh sng m t tri thnh nng lng ha hc cc dng lin kt phn t. 2. ngha ca quang hp: - ng gi n ng lng di dng nng lng ha h c cn thit cho sinh vt. - L ngun cung c p cht hu c ch yu trn tri t cho h sng ca sv v con ngi. - Lm sch khng kh. - Quang hp v h h p din ra song song, i lp nhau, nhng l 2 nhn t quan trng duy tr n nh s sng trn tri t. 3. Cu trc l v h sc t: a. Cu trc l: C dng bn mng => hng nhiu nh sng v gim s t nng khi nh sng qu m nh. - Biu b: Bo v l, gim thot hi nc, kh khng iu ha thot h i nc v trao i kh (CO2). - M du: Nm st lp biu b, cc tb m d u xp st nhau nh m hp thu nh sng cao nht.TB m du c nhiu lc lp => quang hp. - Mch dn: Dn nc v khong phc v cho quang h p v dn sn phm quang hp ra khi l. - Lc lp: + Vi TV khng b nh sng chi u trc tip, luc lp, hnh cc, hnh sao, hnh b n + TV trn cn, lc lp hnh bu dc => xoay b mt iu chnh mc tip xc vi nh sng v s dng snh sngd hiu qu nht => tin ha ca TV. b. H sc t: Chlophyll, carrotenoid, phuycobilin v anthocyan. Cholorophyll: Gm Cholorophyll a, b (c,d,e c trong vi sinh , rong v t o). Cng thc Cholorophyll a: C55H72C5N4Mg.
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Khng tan trong n c nhng tan trong dung mi h u c. Hp thu quang ph nh sng khong 400 700 nm. Mg quyt nh tnh cht ca dip lc (nu dip lc mt Mg => khng c kh nng hunh quang). Vai tr: - Hp thu nng lng nh sng m t tri. - Di tr nng lng vo trung tm ph n ng. - Tham gia bin i nng lng nh sng thnh nng lng ha hc ti trung tm phn ng. 4. Pha sng: - Thu nhn v tch tr nng lng dng ATP v NADH. - y xy ra s quang photphoryl ha => s dng nng lng nh sng thm P vo ADP to ATP. a. Giai on quang l: - Cholorophyll hp th nng lng nh sng v tr thnh d ng kch ng, c vai tr quan trng trong vn chuyn in t. - Cc sc t ph cng nhn nng lng nh sng v truy n cho Cholorophyll. Carrotenoid => chlorophyll b => Chl a670 => Chl a680 => Chl a700. trong giai on quang l, Chl h p thu nng lng nh sng v t thnh dng giu nng lng sn sng tham gia vo cc phn ng sau ny. b. Quang ha: - Chl s dng nng lng hp thu vo cc ph n ng quang ha to cht d tr nng lng v cht kh. - Qu trnh to ATP do tc ng nh sng g i l qu trnh quang photphory ha. C 2 ki u quang photphory ha: + Photphory ha vng: i km vi con ng vn chuyn v vng ( xy ra TV khi gp iu kin bt li => to 1 2 ATP). + Photphory ha khng vng: i km vi qu trnh vn chuyn in t khng vng. Cc phn ng tp hp trong QH I v QH II: v Quang hp I: - nh sng kch thch Chlo lm mt 2 e => Ferdea => NADP+ kh thnh NADPH. - NADPH lp tc lm cht cho in t d kh CO2 to Cacbonhydrate ( c nh cacbon). -

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v Quang hp II: 2H2O

Xy ra p quang phn n c do nh sng.

ng sng Enzym

4e- + 4H + + O2

P680
H2O " P680 " chui vn chuyn e " P700 " chui chuyn in t QH I " NADPH2 " Cacbonhydrate. Cht nhn es c p plastoquinon e
-

Cht nhn s cp

ecytochrome

Feredoxin

NADPH

eATP plastocyanin

e-

NADP+

eeP680
photon

P700
photon O2 + 2H+ (thang proton) to ATP

e-

H2O S vn chuyn e- qua chui vn chuyn in t gip gii phng H+ vo pha trong thylakoid " cng vi H+ do s quang phn li nc lm nng H+ tng ln. H+ s i ra stroma theo graien qua ATP syuthase " to ATP stroma. Y Kt lun: pha sng to ATP v NADPH cung cp cho pha t i s dng. 5. Pha ti: C 2 c ch chnh trong qu trnh s dng c nh CO2 TV (chu trnh C3 v C4). S khc nhau ca 2 chu trnh l sn phm u tin v cht nhn CO2 u tin. M.Calvin nui to Chlorella trong mi trng ng v phng x (C14O2) theo di sn phm ca QH. Cht nhn CO2 thng c sn trong TB l l ribulose biphosphate c 5C (RuBP) " Cacbonxyl di xc tc ca enzym ribulose biphosphate cacbonxylase " to sn phm u tin ha l phosphoglyxeric acid (PGA). " 1.3 biphosphate glyxerate " (b kh bi NADH) Glyxeraehit 3 phosphate Giai on (G3P) " 1 phn t i ra ngoi chu trnh to glucose (c 2 phn t G3P to 1 fructose-1,6- diphosphate) ph n cn li tham gia ti to ribulose biphotphate. kh 3CO2 + 9ATP + 6NADPH + 6H 2O " 3 G3P + 9ADP + 9Pi + 6NADP +. Chu trnh C4 (Hatch Slack 1965) - CO2 t TB m giu vo TB bao b mch thc hin pha t i ( bm ch ng). - CO2 xm nhp vo TB tht l " gn vo PEP (phosphoenolpyruvic acid) to oxalic acid 4C (AOA) nh enzym PEP cacboxylase. - Trung tm hot ng ca PEP cacboxylase khng c i lc vi O2 " PEP cacboxylase c th c nh CO2 mt cch hiu qu khi khng c RuBP v lc nng CO2 rt thp vo nhng ngy nng kh.
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- AOA " acid malic qua si lin bo vo TB bao mch l. - Malic acid nh CO2 vo chu trng Calvin " malic bin thnh pyruvic acid tr v TB tht l. - Trn thc t, cc TB tht l bm CO2 vo TB bao mch l " ngn cn quang h hp v tng cng to ng nh nng CO2 c duy tr mc cao, thun tin cho quang hp.

Lc lp t bo m giu
AM AOA CO2 PEP ATP acid pyruvic

Lc lp t bo bao b mch
AM CHU TRNH CLVIN

CO2

AM: acid malic

Con ng c nh CO2 TV CAM (Crassulacea Acid Metabolism). - M kh khng vo ban m, ng li vo ban ngy. - m, kh khng m nhn CO2 v gn CO2 vo cc acid hu c. Cc TB tht l d tr cc acid hu c trong khng bo. - Ngy, p sng cung cp ATP v NADPH cho chu trnh Calvin, CO2 c phng thch khi acid hu c gn vo cc phn t ng.

M PEP CO2 AOA AM AM Tinh bt

NGY Chu trnh Calvin CO2

So snh cc con ng c nh CO2 C3, C4, CAM. a) Ging nhau: u s dng chu trnh Calvin c nh CO2. b) Khc nhau: TV C3 TV C4 - Trong iu kin nh sng, - QH trong iu kin nh sng cao, nng O2 cao v CO2 to, CO2, O2 bnh thng thp - QH 2 khng gian khc nhau - Sn phm QH u tin: APG (3C) AOA (4C) TV CAM - C nh CO2 tin hnh vo ban m. - QH 2 thi gian khc nhau AOA (4C)

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II. Dinh dng khong: 1. Nguyn t khong: - Cc nguyn t khng trong t thng tn ti di dng ha tan v phn li thnh anion v cation. - Cc nguyn t khong c chia thnh 2 nhm: + Nhm a lng (10-3 10-2 g/g cht kh): N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, + Nhm vi lng (< 10 -3 g/g ch t kh): Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Cu, Mo, - Vai tr ca khong a lng: + ng vai tr trong cu trc TB, l thnh phn ca cc i phn t trong TB + nh hng n tnh chtca h thng keo trong cht nguyn sinh nh S b mt, ngm nc, nht v bn vng ca h thng keo. - Vai tr ca khong vi lng: + Thnh phn khng th thiu cu enzym. + Lin kt vi cht hu c to thnh cc hp cht c vai tr quan trng trong trao i cht. 2. R v s hp thu dinh dng qua r: a. R: - Gm cc TB biu b pht trin thnh lng ht, chp r c bao r l cu trc chuyn ha bo v r. - Nhim v: + Gip cy bm cht vo gi th. + Hp th, vn chuyn nc v mui khong. + D tr cc cht dinh dng hu c trong cy. b. S hp thu dinh dng qua r: S hp thu nc: - TV thy sinh hp thu nc t mi trng xung quanh qua TB bi u b ca cy. - TV trn cn hp thu nc t t qua b mt TB biu b ca r (lng ht). - c im TB lng ht ph hp chc nng. + Thnh TB mng, khng th m cutin. + Ch c 1 khng bo trung tm ln. + p sut thm thu rt cao do hot ng h hp mnh m ca r " chnh lch th nng nc. S hp thu cc ion khong: - Hp thu b ng: + Khuych tn theo s chnh lch nng . + Vo r theo dng nc ha tan khong. + Cc ion khong bm trn b mt cc ht keo t " b mt r trao i khi c s tip xc gia r v dung dch t. - Hp thu ch ng: + Vn chuyn ngc graien nng , cn nng lng v cht mang. + Cc ion khong c hp th c chn lc nh cc protin cht mang v knh d n truyn gn vo mng. III. C nh nitogen: 1. Qu trnh c nh N kh quyn: Nh sm st N2 + O2 " NO + O2 " NO2 + H2O " NO3-

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Nh vi khun: - Nhm VK t do: Azotobacteria, Clostridium, - Nhm VK cng sinh: + Rhizobium trong n t sn r cy h u. + Anabaena azolleae trong bo hao du. - iu kin xy ra: + C cc lc kh mnh v nng lng ATP. + C enzym nitrogenaza trong iu kin k kh. 2. Qu trnh bin i N trong cy: Qu trnh amon ha: Cy ht c NO3- v NH4+ nhng cy ch cn NH4+ to aa nn vic u tin cy thc hin l bin i NO3- " NH4+. Qu trnh hnh thnh aa: Qu trnh h hp cu cy to ra cc acid (R-COOH) v nh qu trnh trao i ny cc acid c thm gc -NH2 hnh thnh aa. VD: acid pyruvic + -NH 2 " alanin.

B) DINH DNG V:
I. Nhu cu dinh dng V v ngi: - Cht dinh dng m c th tip nhn khng ch dng lm nguyn liu kin to c th m cn l ngun nng lng cn thit cho hot ng sng ca mi ngi, SV. - Nhu cu dinh dng thay i ty tui, mc ch nui dng. + C th ang ln: nhu cu protin cao c n cho hot ng sng, sinh trng, pht trin " cn nghin cu tng nng sut. + Mun vy, cn m bo ch nui dng lng v cht, v sinh ni . - Cng nh V d dng, con ngi cn c cung cp protein, cacbonhyrate, lipid, nc, khong, cho cc hot ng sng, v xy dng c th. Gm 2 nhm dinh d ng: nhm a lng nhm vi lng. Cht dinh dng a lng: - Hydrocacbon v lipid: l ngun nng lng s dng cho h h p TB v sn sinh n ng lng. + Hydrocacbon: sacroz, tinh bt, u bin i thnh glucose, nguyn liu ch yu cho h hp TB. + Lipid: m, du u bin i thnh glucose s dng cho h h p TB. - Protein: l nguyn li u cho tng trng v ti to. + Cc aa khng thay th: c th khng t tng hp c, phi cung cp t thc n (valin, lizin,). VD: sa, trng, + Cc aa thay th: c th c kh nng t tng hp. Cc cht dinh dng vi lng: vitamin, khong, cht v c. - Cc vitamin: + B1, B2, B3 : tham gia vo chui h hp TB. + B12 : coenzym cn cho s sn sinh hng cu. + A: tham gia to sc t mt rodopxin. + D: tng cng hp thu CA rut non, gip xng pht trin bnh thng. + K: tham gia vo c ch ng mu.

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- Cc cht v c: + Ca (Ca2+): cu to xng, thnh phn cu AND, ATP, ARN. + P (H2PO4-): cu to xng, n nh mng TB, tham gia co c v ng mu. + K+, Na+, Cl+ : cn bng in tch dch lng, nh hng n qu trnh to xung thn kinh. + S: cu disunfat gi vai tr quan trng trong cu trc protein. + Fe: thnh phn ca Hb v xitocrom. + I: thnh phn hoocmon tirozin. + Cu, Zn, Mn: thnh phn coenzym. II. Phng thc dinh dng: 1. V: T dng: nh lc lp " quang hp. 1 s loi c mu hi nu (do sc t xantophyl), hay tit c t (hin tng nc n hoa). D dng: hu ht cc loi. - Nhm cng sinh: hi qu v tm k c, - Nhm k sinh: cc loi giun k sinh, - Nhm hi sinh: su b sng nh trong t kin, mi, - Nhm d dng ton phn: loi n TV, loi n V, loi n tp. Va t dng, va d dng: VD: trng roi mu (Euglynida) 2. ngi: Thc n c con ngi hp th thng qua cc giai on: nhai - nut - hot ng d dy - hp th rut non - hp th rut gi - phn thi ra ngoi. " hot ng c hc v l PXKK. a. Nhai: - Ming nhai gip thc n c nghin nh v mt phn tinh bt c phn gii " ng maltose. - Nhai gm c: hm, rng, cc c nhai. - Thc n b ct, x, nho trn,vi nc bt. b. Nut: - L ng tc c hc ca ming v thc qun a thc n t ming vo st tm v d dy. - Lc u nut l ng tc c thc. Khi thc n di chuyn trong thc qun l hng lot PXKK. c. Hot ng c hc d dy: - D dy c dung tch 1200ml: tm v, thng v, thn d dy,h v, mn v. - Tm v ng m 1 chiu gip thc n khng tro ngc. - Thn d dy: co bp nh 3 c (vng, dc, xin) " thc n c nho trn thm acid v cc enzym tiu ha. - Mn v: ng m tng t gip chuyn thc n vo t trng. d. Hot ng rut non: - Rut non l on di nht ca ng tiu ha, tit dch mt, ty, rut. - C 2 chc nng chnh: hp th cht dinh dng cho c th, chuyn dch thc n xung rut gi. - Hot ng c hc: + C ng co tht: c vng " trn thc n + C ng qu lc: c dc 2 bn rut co gin " cc on rut trn ln nhau v lt qua li " nho trn thc n. + C ng nhu ng: lng ru t " di chuyn thc n

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e. C ng ca rut gi: - C h VSV rt &, thc hin qu trnh to phn. - Hp thu li nc. f. Phn v i tin: - Phn gm cc mnh vn cu t bo nim mc trc ra, dch tiu ha cn li khi tc ng ln T, VK cht, T khng tiu ha, - Khi phn c y xung trc trng, kch thch th quan nim mc c co tht hu mn " phn x i tin. 3. Phan biet tieu hoa noi bao va tieu hoa ngoai bao: v Tieu hoa noi bao: - Qua trnh tieu hoa xay ra trong te bao. - Cac protists tieu hoa thc an trong khong bao tieu hoa. - Khong bao tieu hoa chc thc an hoa vi lysosome cha cac enzyme thuy phan. ieu nay tron thc an vi ezyme cho phep thc an c tieu hoa trong mot buong kn. Qua trnh o c goi la tieu hoa noi bao. Hnh thc tieu hoa nay cung gap bot bien (Sponges) v Tieu hoa ngoai bao: - hau het cac ong vat hoac t nhat mot vai giai oan, phan cat thc an xay ra ben ngoai te bao. Nhieu ong vat co tui tieu hoa vi mot au m. Nhng tui nay cung c goi la xoang vi (gastrovascular cavity) va thc hien hai chc nang: tieu hoa va phan phat chat dinh dng en toan bo c the. - Thuy tc (hydra) dung xuc tu (tentacle) bat moi a va mieng sau o vao xoang v. Cac te bao ac biet cua bieu b ruot (xoang v) tiet ra enzyme tieu hoa cac mo cua con moi thanh nhng thanh phan nho hn. Cac ai phan t sau o c cac te bao bieu b bao lay va tiep tuc b thuy phan noi bao. Nhng chat ba con trong xoang v c thai ra ngoai qua hau mon (ung la mieng). Hnh thc tieu hoa nay (ngoai-noi bao) cung tm thay giun dep, giap xac nho (small crustacean). - Hau het cac ong vat nh giun tron (nematode), giun ot (annelid), than mem (mollusk), chan khp (arthropod), da gai (echinoderm) va ong vat co day song co ong tieu hoa vi hai au m hay ong (ng) tieu hoa hoan chnh (complete ingestive or alimentary canal): mot la mieng, mot la hau mon. Ong tieu hoa c to chc thanh nhng vung ac biet thc hien chc nang tieu hoa va hap thu chat dinh dng theo mot mo hnh bac thang (a stepwise fashion). Tuy thuoc vao ong vat, thc an c tieu hoa mieng, hau (pharynx) a xuong thc quan (esophagus), dieu (crop), me (gizzard) hay da day (stomach). Dieu, da day cha thc an trong khi me nghien thc an. Thc an sau o i en ruot va b thuy phan bi cac enzyme thanh cac phan t nho. Chat dinh dng c hap thu bi lp te bao lot thanh ong sau o vao mau. Chat ba c thai ra ngoai qua hau mon (anus).

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CHNG IV: H HP
I. H hp TB v s gii phng nng lng, ATP v vai tr ca n trong chu trnh nng lng t bo: 1. Khi nim: H hp l mt h thng oxi ha kh phc tp, trong xy ra cc p oxi ha kh, tch in t, v H t nguyn liu h hp, chuyn ti oxi khng kh di tc dng cu h enzym. Nng lng gii phng t h hp c c nh trong cc mi lin kt giu nng lng. 2. ngha ca h hp: - Chuyn nng lng trong cc nguyn li u h hp sang d tr trong cc ATP d s dng hn cn cho cc ho t ng sng. - H hp to cc sn phm trung gian lm ng.liu cho qu trnh sinh tng hp. - L ngun cung cp ATP, phc v cho qu trnh sinh tng hp ca TB. 3. Cc giai on ca qu trnh h hp: gm 3 giai on: a) ng phn: phn gii glucose " pyruvic acid. b) Chu trnh Crebs: oxi ha kh pyruvate " to e-. c) Qu trnh phosphot oxi ha: thng qua chu i vn chuyn in t " to ATP. + ng phn to: 2ATP + 2NADH + Chu trnh Crebs: 2ATP + 6NADH + 2FADH. + Chui truyn in t: NADH v FADH tham gia chui v to 32-34 ATP. Y Hiu sut: ch c 40%-60% s dng, 1 phn mt di dng nhit. 4. ATP v vai tr ca n trong chu trnh nng lng: - ATP (adenozintriphosphat): baz adenin, ng riboz, 3 nhm P. lin kt th 2-3 tch ly nng lng. - Chu trnh chuyn ha: ATP ADP ATP. + Khi TB s dng ATP nh l cht cung cp nng lng th ATP b hn gii nh enzym " ADP + Pi. + Nhm Pi khng b mt m s lin kt vi cc cht thc hin chc nng (protein hot ti, protein co c ,..). + Khi hot ng chc nng c hon thin th Pi li lin kt ADP " ATP nh ngun nng lng to ra t cc p gii phng nng lng. + Mt tnh cht quang trng ATP l d bin i thun nghch gii phng hay tch ly nng lng. ATP + H2O ADP + Pi + 7,3 Kcal/mol. - ATP tham gia hu ht cc qu trnh sinh hc TB nh sinh tng hp cc cht, vn chuyn cc cht qua mng, co c, dn truyn xung thn kinh, II. Qu trnh ng phn: Glycolysis: - L giai on th nht trong s phn gii glucose. 1 phn t glucose b oxi ha " 2 acid pyruvic, 1 phn nng lng c gii phng c tch vo ATP. - Qua ng phn to 4ATP nhng s dng 2ATP " tch ly 2ATP. ng thi gii phng 2NADH. - Qu trnh ng phn: khng sn sinh ra CO 2 v xy ra khi c hay khng c O2. - Khi c O2 th acid pyruvic s i vo chu trnh Crebs tip tc phn gii. - Khi khng c O2 th acid pyruvic phn gii theo con ng to ru hay lactic. - i vi vi khun, ng phn l qu trnh duy nht gii phng v tch ly ATP.
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III. Cc qu trnh ln men - Qua ng phn 1 glucose " 2 acid pyruvic m khng cn O2. V cht nhn e- l NAD+. - Nu c O2, pyruvate s tip tc oxi ha trong ti th. - S ln men l trng hp bin i ca qu trnh ng phn trong iu kin thiu O2 " pyruvate b bin i thnh ankol hay lactic. 1. S ln men ru: - L s ln men m s n phm cui l ru etanol. - Qu trnh gm: + ng phn to pyruvate. + Pyruvate " acetoldehyt (2C) + gii phng CO2. + Acetoldehyt b kh bi NADH to thnh etanol v ti sinh NAD+. - a s VK, nm men ln men r u trong iu kin k kh tch ly nng lng vo ATP 2. S ln men lactic - L s ln men m s n phm cui ca n l acid lactic. - Pyruvate b kh trc tip bi NADH to acid lactic + gii phng CO2. - S ln men lactic xy ra 1 s VK, nm " sn xut phomat, sa chua. - Trong TB c th ngi, khi thiu O2 " ng phn " ln men lactic. - Nhng acid lactic l cht c " tch ly nhiu trong c th gy mt, mi, au. - Bnh thng acid lactic " gan " chuyn ha thnh pyruvate s dng. IV. Chu trnh Crebs v ngha ca n: 1. Chu trnh Crebs: - Trong trng hp c O2, pyruvate s xm nhp vo cht nn ti th. Nh h enzym, pyruvates b oxi ha kh " chuyn nng lng vo ATP. - u tin, 2 pyruvate " 2 axetyl coenzym A sn sinh 2NADH v 2 CO2. - 2 axetyl coenzym A i vo chu trnh Crebs (chu trnh acid citric). V sn phm u tin t s oxi ha axetyl coenzym A l acid citric. - Chu trnh Crebs g m 8 giai on (p) v c xc tc bi 8 enzym c th. - Kt qu: nng lng gii phng uwc tch ly vo 2ATP, 8 e- c gii phng kh 6 NAD+ v 2 FAD+ " 2 FADH ng thi gii phng 4 CO2. 2. ngha chu trnh Crebs: - L ngun cung cp ATP. - Nng lng ATP phc v cho qu trnh sinh tng hp cc cht cn cho TB. - Cc sn phm trong qu trnh oxi glucose s tham gia vo cc qu trnh sinh t ng hp cc cht SH khc (axetyl coenzym A " acid bo " lipid)

CHNG V: S VN CHUYN VT CHT V TUN HON

I. S vn chuyn vt cht TV: 1. C ch vn chuyn mc TB - Tnh thm ca lp lipid kp: + Lp lipid mng ngn cn ion v cc cht c trng lng ln qua mng. Tuy nhin, 1 s phn t c trng lng nh c th thm thu qua mng hay cc phn t tan trong lipid (hydrocacbon, CO 2, O2).
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- Protein vn chuyn + Cc cht khng tan trong lipid mng c th vn chuyn qua mng nh protein v n chuyn. + Protein dng nh ng hm xuyn mng. + Protein lin kt voi c cht " vn chuyn qua mng " cc protein ny chuyn bit vi 1 vi c cht. - C ch khuych tn: cc cht chuyn t nng cao " thp. - C ch thm thu: S khuych tn nc qua mng bn thm t mi trng nhc trng sang u trng. - Vn chuyn nc qua mng bn thm: do s chnh lch v th nc. Nc nguyn cht th nc bng 0, nc c cht ha tan th nc m. - Khuych tn c lm d: mt s phan t phan cc hoac ion khong tham qua lp lipit kep co the c van chuyen qua mang nh cac protein van chuyen ( trong nhieu trng hp, protein thay oi hnh dang e van chuyen c chat) khong ton nang lng ( t nong o cao nong o thap). - Van chuyen nh kenh bm: Van chuyen ngc gradien nong o ton nang lng. 2. C che van chuyen mc o mo, c quan: - Vat chat co the van chuyen hau het cac mo TV qua 3 con ng: Van chuyen xuyen mang: vat chat ra khoi mang TB TB ke tiep. Vat chat c van chuyen qua cac phan song cua TB ( qua cau lien bao). Vat chat c van chuyen qua cac phan khong song cua TB ( vach TB, gian bao) 3. S van chuyen vat chat mc toan bo c the: a) S van chuyen nc va khoang qua mach go: - ong lc cua qua trnh van chuyen nc la do ap suat bm cua re, sc keo cua qua trnh thoat hi nc, lc lien ket gia cac phan t nc vi nhau va lc lien ket gia cac phan t nc vi vach TB. - Ap suat cua re: Hoat ong ho hap cua re tao ap lc ay nc len cao ( hien tng r nha, giot) - Sc keo cua thoat hi nc: s thoat hi nc kh khong lam cho cac TB be mat thieu nc hut nc cua cac TB lan can ben di tao lc keo nc( khoang 10 atm) - Lc lien ket gia cac phan t nc va lc bam gia cac phan t nc va thanh mach dan: lc nay co c do lien ket hidro gia cac phan t nc vi nhau va vi phan a nc cua vach TB mach go. b) S chuyen v dong nha trong cay: - Mach ray van chuyen cac san pham quang hp i en cac phan khac nhau cua cay. Thanh phan dong nha chu yeu la disaccarit, ngoai ra con co acid, khoang, hoocmon - ng t la TB kem TB ong ray en cac mo khac. - Nong o ng trong TB kem va ong ray cua nhieu loai cay cao hn TB tht la t 2-3 lan . TB kem va TB ong ray hap thu chu ong ng t TB nguon. II. Tuan hoan ngi va ong vat: 1. S can thiet phai co he thong tuan hoan : - Dien tch be mat c the nho hn the tch c the rat nhieu s khuech tan qua be mat c the khong ap ng c nhu cau.
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Be mat c the khong tham nc khoang cach ben trong rat ln gay kho khan cho viec khuech tan. 2. ac tnh cua he thong tuan hoan : - Dch tuan hoan (mau): van chuyen O 2, chat dinh dng va cac chat d tha. - Bm hay tim tao ra s chenh lech ap suat giup cho mau lu thong. - Mach mau mang mau ti cac c quan, t cac c quan mau chay ve tim. - Cac van : am bao cho dong mau chay theo hng nhat nh. 3. Cac dang tuan hoan: a) Tuan hoan h: La he tuan hoan trong o mau tam trc tiep cac c quan noi tang, khong co s phan biet gia mau va dch mo, dch c the goi la huyet tng. Tim bm huyet tng vi ap suat thap vao xoang c the trao oi chat vi TB, mo tr ve tim VD: He tuan hoan h cua chau chau. b) Tuan hoan kn : Mau phan biet vi dch mo va mau lu thong lien tuc trong mang li mach kn. Tim bm mau M Mao mach ( trao oi vi dch mo) TM tim. VD: VCXS va ngi. 4. He tuan hoan ngi: a) ieu hoa hoat ong cua tim. v ieu hoa hoat ong bang than kinh : - Than kinh noi tim: + Gom nut xoang nh va nut nh that, bao gom ca cac bo His va cac si purkine thanh tam that. + Nut xoang nh co the t hng phan, chung co bop theo nhp ma khong can phai kch thch. Nut xoang nh nam thanh tam nh phai, la ni phat nhp cho toan bo phan con lai cua tim, quyet nh tim ap nhanh hay cham. + Kch thch t nut xoang nh (tam nh co bop) Nut nh that hng phan Bo His va cac si purkine kch thch Thanh tam that co - Day than kinh giao cam va pho giao cam : Day TK giao cam( bat au t tuy song ngc ot th 1-5) : hng phan lam tim ap nhanh, tang toc o dan truyen va hng phan cua tim. Day pho giao cam( t hanh tuy) hng phan lam tim ap cham va yeu. v ieu hoa hoat ong bang phan xa: - Ap suat quai M chu tang day pho giao cam kch thch tim ap nhanh, giam huyet ap. - Phan xa tang nhp tim khi nong o CO 2 giam trong mau. - Phan xa tim- tim: Mau don ve tim nhieu c che day TK pho giao cam tim ap nhanh.
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v ieu hoa bang the dch: - Adrenalin, no- adrenalin, thyroxin, Ca 2+ trong mau cao tim ap nhanh, manh. - Acetylcholin, Ca 2+ trong mau giam tim ap cham va yeu.

CHNG VI: HE THAN KINH VA S PHOI HP CAC CHC NANG

I. S tien hoa cua he than kinh : He TK li hach ong. 1. He TK li: - La he TK n gian nhat, trong o cac nron c noi vi nhau mot cach ngau nhien tao nen cau truc mang li. - Co thuy tc( nganh Ruot Khoang) - Khi c the b kch thch xung ong TK lan truyen khap c the co cac TB bieu mo thanh c the. 2. TK hach: - Than cac nron tap trung lai tao hach TK rut ngan khoang cach gia cac nron. - ay la c s cho 2 xu hng tien hoa cua he TK - S hnh thanh cac trung khu TK: + S tap trung cac hach TK he TK trung ng, lien lac vi cac c quan cam giac va phan con lai cua he than kinh thong qua he TK ngoai bien ( cac bo si TK) + S hnh thanh nao bo: So lng cac hach TK tang len va tap trung lai hnh thanh nao bo. 3. He TK ong ( VCXS): - Ong TK c hnh thanh t la phoi ngoai. - La phoi ngoai gap nep mang TK ong TK chay doc theo lng c the. - Trong qua trnh phat trien, cac si TK moc ra t ong TK va than nron mao TK ( mao TK 2 ben ong TK). - au trc cua ong TK hnh thanh nao bo va cac day TK so, phan con lai hnh thanh tuy song va day TK tuy. II. Phan loai nron: - Nron la n v cau truc va chc nang cua he TK. o la nhng TB co cau tao ac trng, thch ng vi chc nang tiep nhan, x l, va dan truyen xung ong TK. - Tuy vao v tr, chc nang, TB tK co cau tao va hnh dang khac nhau. - Da vao hnh thai, cau tao, nron c chia lam 4 nhom: + Nron n cc: co 1 si truc duy nhat. + Nron lng cc: co 1 si truc va 1 si nhanh. + Nron n cc gia. + Nron a cc. - Da vao chc nang: co Nron van ong va nron li tam.
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III. S dan truyen hng phan qua si truc khong co bao myelin: - Khi co ien the ong, tai iem hng phan (A) co mat ngoai mang mang ien am, trong mang mang ien dng - Phan ke lien van trang thai ngh, tai iem yen tnh (B) co mat ngoai mang mang ien dng, trong mang mang ien am. - S chenh lech ien the gia iem hng phan va iem yen tnh lam phat sinh dong ien cuc bo, lam phat sinh ien the ong iem (B). - ien the ong iem (B) se la tac nhan kch thch gay ra ien the ong cho iem (C) ke tiep. C the hng phan c lan truyen trong si truc. -Vung nao hng phan va i qua se giai oan tr. IV. S dan truyen hng phan qua si truc co bao myelin : - Myelin la chat cach ien. Ch co eo rangvier, mang si truc mi lo ra. Do o s dan truyen hng phan van xay ra theo phng thc tren nhng nhay vot t eo Rangvier nay sang eo Rangvier khac. - Khoang cach gia cac eo cang ln , van toc dan truyen cang nhanh. - Do tnh chat nhay vot toc o dan truyen nhanh hn (khoang 50 lan) va tiet kiem nang lng. Si truc co the dan truyen theo 2 hng. Nhng trong c the song, xung TK ch dan truyen 1 chieu t cuc tan cung cua nron nay sang nron kia, chieu ngc lai khi en than nron se b dng lai. V. S dan truyen hng phan qua synap: 1. Synap ien : - Mang cua TB trc va sau synap gan nh dnh lien nhau, noi vi nhau bang cac kenh protein goi la connecxon, dan truyen ion trc tiep t TB nay sang TB khac. Chung con co the cho phep AMP vong, sucrose va cac peptid nho i qua. Do o, synap ien va la kenh dan truyen hng phan va can cho s chuyen hoa. - Synap ien dan truyen xung rat nhanh va co the dan truyen ca 2 chieu. - Loai synap nay co nheu trong c trn va c tim. 2. Synap hoa: - Qua trnh dan truyen qua synap hoa gom co 4 giai oan: + Tong hp va d tr chat moi gii. + Phong thch chat moi gii vao khe synap + Phan ng gia chat moi gii vi thu the cua mang sau synap. + Cham dt dan truyen qua synap - Khi ien the ong truyen ti au tan cung cua nron tien synap, no kh cc mang te bao , lam m kenh Ca 2+ cho phep Ca2+ di chuyen vao trong au tan cung. - Ca2+ lam phong thch chat moi gii cha trong cac tui synap bang hien tng xuat bao. - Vt qua khe synap, cac chat moi gii ket hp vi cac thu the cua mang sau synap lam m cac kenh ion lien ket vi thu the, cho phep cac ion chuyen biet qua mang. Dong ion nay co the co tac ong kch thch hoac km ham oi vi mang sau synap.

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+ Tac ong kch thch: M cac kenh Na+ cho phep Na+ vao trong TB , gay kh cc roi ao cc tao ien the ong. +Tac ong km ham: Cho phep K+ ra ngoai hoac chuyen vao trong TB khien cho ien the trong mang tr nen am hn (u phan cc) khong tao c ien the ong - Cham dt truyen qua synap: + Chat moi gii c hap thu tr lai vao trong au tan cung cua nron tien synap. + Hoac chat moi gii b enzim tng ng phan giai. Cac chat chuyen hoa nay c hap thu vao au tan cung cua nron tien synap, sau o chung c tong hp tr ;lai thanh chat moi gii, ong goi va d tr trong cac tui synap. - V cac chat moi gii ch co au tan cung cua nron tien synap nen s dan truyen hng phan qua synap hoa ch theo 1 chieu. VI. Phan biet 2 loai phan xa: Phan xa co ieu kien Tap nhiem. Co tnh ca nhan. Khong di truyen. Tam thi, de mat i neu khong c cung co thng xuyen. Tac nhan kch thch xac nh trong moi Tac nhan kch thch bat k, tuy thuoc vao phan xa xac nh. s cung co. Trung khu TK di vo nao. Trung khu TK la vo nao. Phan xa khong ieu kien Bam sinh. Co tnh chung loai. Di truyen. Ben vng, rat kho thay the.

CHNG VII: DI TRUYEN HOC

I. Chu trnh TB: 1. Khai niem: Nhieu TB cua c the a bao phai trai qua mot trnh t gom cac giai oan nhat nh va cuoi cung la phan chia tao ra TB mi. Qua trnh o c goi la chu trnh TB. 2. Cac giai oan cua chu trnh TB: Mot chu trnh TB nhan chuan gom 4 phase: - G1: la phase dai nhat, trong o TB chuan b cho tai ban AND. - S: la phase duy nhat trong chu trnh TB co s tai ban AND. - G2: la mot phase ngan trc khi nguyen phan. - M: ( Mitosis) la phase nguyen phan, gom s phan chia NST va phan chia TB.

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II. ieu hoa chu trnh TB: - Thi gian va t le cua s phan bao trong nhng phan khac nhau SV a baoco s khac biet, o la ket qua cua qua trnh ieu hoa chu trnh TB mc phan t. VD: TB TK khong co phan chia ngi trng thanh. TB gan ch phan chia khi can thiet. TB da phan chia thng xuyen. - He thong ieu hoa chu trnh TB gom cac checkpoint. Mo checkpointtrong chu trnh TB la ni ma tn hieu cho phep phan bao hay dng tien trnh phan bao , co the ieu hoa chu trnh TB. - Co 3 checkpoint quan trong la G 1,G2, M phase VD: c che ieu hoa checkpoint G 2 cua Cdk( Cyslin- dependent kinase) mot kinase phu thuoc vao cylin - Cdk ton tai trong TB trang thai bat hoat - Khi Cyslin tch luy trong TB phase G 2 , no se ket hp va hoat hoa Cdk tao cylin Cdk (MPF) Cyclin c phat hien au tien la MPF, no photphoryl hoa mang nhan , kch thch cac kinase khac photphoryl hoa cac protein khac cua mang nhan t o giup TB vt qua checkpoint G2 va tien vao phase phan bao( M phase) - Cuoi phase M, enzim phan giai cyclin, nh vay lam bat hoat Cdk. Cdk ton tai trong TB cho ti khi ket hp vi Cyclin mi. Nhng enzim nay cung lien quan ti viec giup cho chu trnh TB vt qua iem checkpoint M. Co t nhat 3 protein Cdk va nhieu Cyclin lien quan ti viec giup cho TB vt qua iem checkpoint G 1. - Nh vay, viec hoat ong tang giam cua cac phc hp Cyclin va Cdk co the kiem soat tat ca cac giai oan cua chu trnh TB. III. Phng thc lai TB: - c dung e xac nh v tr cua 1 gen tren 1 NST nhat nh. - Cac TB lai trong qua trnh nguyen phan se mat dan mot so NST cua TB cha me nen phan hoa thanh cac dong TB lai ( khac nhau ve so NST trong TB cua moi dong) - Can c vao s bieu hien cua 1 gen va oi chieu vi s hien dien cua 1 NST nao o trong dong TB lai co the biet gen thuoc NST nao. VD: M.C. Weiss va H. Green a dung k thuat nay e xac nh gen ma hoa cho Thymindine kinase (TK) nam tren NST 17. + Lai Tb chuot TK - vi TB ngi TK+ trong moi trng bo sung virut Sendai b giam hoat tnh . + Cac dong TB mi co TK - khong moc c tren moi trng aminoprotein do khong co kha nang chuyen hoa Thimindine thanh acid Thymydine do thieu TK can cho tong hp DNA. +Ch co dong TB lai co NST 17 cua ngi mi song c. Nh vay , gen ma hoa TK nam tren NST 17. + Neu nuoi TB lai trong moi trng co Bromo-deoxy-uridine- riboside ( B UDR), TB co TK se chet do TK chuyen hoa B UDR gan vao DNA lam chet TB. Trong khi o, dong TB khong co NST 17 (TK -) co the moc c. IV. Gen va ma hoa di truyen: 1. Gen:
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v nh ngha: Gen la n v chc nang c s cua bo may di truyen, chiem mot locus nhat nh tren NST. -Gen la nhng oan vat chat di truyen ma hoa cho 1 ai phan t sinh hocnh mARN hoac polypeptit 2. Ma di truyen: - AND co 4 loai nu, to hp 3 nu ke tiep nhau lap thanh 1 bo ba ma hoa cho 1 axit amin ( aa). + Neu 1 nu ma hoa cho 1 aa th 4 loai nu ch ma hoa c 4 loai nu thieu. + Neu 2 nu ma hoa cho 1 aa th 4 loai nu ma hoa cho 4 2= 16 loai aa thieu. + Neu 3 nu ma hoa cho 1 aa th 4 loai nu ma hoa cho 4 3= 64 bo ba ma hoa( 20 loai aa) - Bang thc nghiem, ngi thay trong 64 bo ba ma hoa ch co 61 bo ba c s dung e ma hoa cho cac loai aa. Vay, nhieu bo ba cung ma hoa cho 1 aa ma di truyen co tnh suy thoai ( do co 64 bo ba nhng ch co 20 loai aa) VD: Alanin: XGA, XGT, XGG, XGX v ac iem cua ma di truyen : - Ma di truyen la ma bo ba, khong goi len nhau va c oc mot cach lien tuc, khong ngat quang. - Ma di truyen co tnh thoai hoa, ngha la nhieu codon cung xac nh 1 aa, tr 2 ngoai le: AUG methionin, UGG trp( tryptophan) - Ma di truyen co tnh pho bien, la chung cho toan bo sinh gii. V. Di truyen ngi: 1. Cac phng phap nghien cu di truyen ngi: a) Phng phap phan tch pha he: - Nghien cu s di truyen cac tnh trang ngi theo dong ho, qua nhieu the he. - Cho phep xac nh tnh trang n gen hay a gen, troi hay lan, lien ket vi gii tnh hay khong. b) Phng phap nghien cu tre ong sinh: Nghien cu cac cap sinh oi cung trng hay khac trng.-- > phat hien rieng re anh hng cua tng yeu to di truyen va cua moi trng hoac phat hien anh hng tong hp cua ca 2. c) Phng phap nghien cu di truyen quan the : Da vao phng trnh Hacdi- Venbec.-- > anh gia tan so KH e tnh tan so KG trong quan the lien quan ticac benh di truyen. Ngoai ra ngi ta con dung phng phap sinh hoa, nuoi cay mo, nhuom mau NST. 2. Phan tch bo gen ngi: - Xay dng ban o di truyen ngi. - Phng phap lai TB soma co the xac nh v tr cua 1 gen tren 1 NST nhat nh . - Giai trnh t bo gen ngi. + S dung CNTT trong viec lu tr va x l d lieu ve trnh t cua cac nu, protein cung nh s bieu hien cua chung cac mo khac nhau. + Xay dng mo hnh tng tac gia cac gen, gan gen vao chuoi phan ng sinh hoa. + S dung he thong mo hnh ong vat nh chuot, ruoi giam, nam men. 3. Di truyen y hoc: Phan tch NST:
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+ Cac TB thng c s dung e phan tch NST la: bach cau, TB c nguyen sinh, TB mang oi + Cac TB phai ang giai oan nguyen phan, c nhuom mau Giemsa e xac nh hnh dang va cau truc NST. + Tieu ban c quan sat di knh hien vi huynh quang e xac nh cac bien oi cua NST.

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