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1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 GENERAL:
In this project a Higher secondary school building of G+3 floors has taken.In this building there are
three floors.. Total build up area is 98425.5 sq.ft.In this higher secondary school building there are
24 class rooms , four labs and one principal and office room.Separate toilet facilities for both staffs
and students are provided. Two Dog legged Staircase are provided in this building for easy
assessable of various floors.
A structure is an assembly of number of members such as slabs, beams, columns, walls, etc,
proportioned to resist the loads and forces, changes in climate conditions such as temperature, rain
fall, etc.
Design of a structure includes assessing the loads and providing members of sufficient proportions to
resist the assessed loads with a sufficient margin of safety.A structure is said to be efficiently design
if all the members are so arranged that they transit their self weight and other imposed loads to
foundation and supporting structures by cost effectively, so as to satisfy the requirement of
architecture, structural stability and the nature of the site with sufficient safety.In addition to
engineering calculation, experience and good judgment may also do much towards safety and
economy of the structure.
SLAB:
Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roof of building and carrying loads by flexure. A
slab is supported by T-beam in this project.
FRAMES:
Structurally, building may consist of load bearing walls and floors. The floor slabs may be
supported on column. The frame is designed for all the vertical loads and also horizontal loads. A
frame consist of columns and beams built monolithically, forming a network of three dimensions.
The loads are evenly distributed to the structure is not only safer but also economical.
COLUMNS:
The column is an element used primarily for axial compressive loads, with a height of the least
three times its lateral dimension. All columns are subjected to some moments, which may be due to
accidental eccentricity or due to the end restraint imposed by monolithically placed beams or slabs.
In this project columns are designed as short columns with axial load and biaxial bending.
FOUNDATION:
Foundations are structural elements that transfer loads from the columns to the subsoil. In this
project foundation are designed as mat foundation.
STAIRCASE:
Staircase consists of steps arranged in a series for purpose of giving access to the different floors
of buildings. In this project the staircase is designed as a dog legged staircase.
1.1.3 PLAN :
ELEVATION
Fig 5.Elevation
CHAPTER 2
2.2 DESIGN OF SLAB
2.1.1 GROUPING OF SLABS:
TYPE
S1
DIMENSION
(m)
9X8
CONDITIONS
Two adjacent edges
discontinuous
S2
9 X 10
S3
7X8
S4
3X3
S5
5X8
S6
7X3
DETAILING OF SLAB
Using Datas:
Lx=9m
Ly=8m
M20 Grade concrete fCk=20 N/mm2
Fe415 Grade Steel
Ly/Lx=9/8=1.125<2
Then the slab is 2-way slab.
Slab is continous slab.
10
fy=415N/mm2
1.1
=0.040
1.2
=0.045
0.035
1.125 = X
X =0.04125
(Mu)X=X WUlx2
=29.45kN-m
(Mu)y=Y Wulx2
=24.99kN-m
STEP6:TENSION REINFORCEMENT
SHORTER DIRECTION :
(Page No-96 IS 456-2000)
Mu x=0.87fy Astx d (1-Astx fy/bd fCK)
29.45*10^6=0.87*415*Astx *200(1-Astx*415/1000*200*20)
29.45*10^6=72210 Astx-7.492Astx2
Astx=424mm2=450mm2
11
LONGER DIRECTION:
Mu y=0.87fyAstyd(1-Ast fY/bd fck)
24.99*10^6=0.87*415*Asty*200(1-Asty*415/1000*200*20)
Asty=359mm2
Assume 10 mm bars
Spacing=1000*ast/Ast
=218=250mm
Provide 10mm at 250mm spacing in longer direction
STEP8:TENSION REINFORCEMENT
Tension reinforcement=0.75*Ast x
=0.75*450
=340mm2
Assume 8mm dia bars spacing at 175mm c/c.
12
13
SPAN
W
KN/m2
SIZE
m
SHORT
S1
12.56
9x8
LONG
SHORT
S2
12.562
9x10
LONG
SHORT
S3
12.562
7x8
12.562
5x3
LONG
SHORT
S4
LONG
SHORT
S5
12.562
5x8
LONG
SHORT
S6
12.562
LONG
7x3
B.M.
KN.m
24.99
29.45
24.99
29.45
16.63
45.04
16.63
45.04
18.11
31.04
18.11
31.04
9.42
24.83
19.68
14.89
9.42
24.83
9.42
24.83
16.2
58.01
16.2
58.01
14
SPACING
15
EFFECTIVE SPAN:
Clear span+d = 10+0.4 = 10.4m
C/c of support = 10+0.2 = 10.2m
L = 10.2m
LOAD CALCULATION:
Self wt. of beam = b*d*25 = 0.4*0.585*25
= 6.35 kN/m
Live load
= 3kN/m
W = 9.35 kN/m
Factored load,Wu = 1.5*9.35
=14.025 kN/m
service load=43.17 kN/m
16
d = 529.3mm <585mm
Hence safe.
TENSION REINFORCEMENT:
Mu=0.87fyAstd(1-(Ast*fy)/bdfck)
Ast=1909mm2
Assume 16mm dia. Bars
No. of bars,n= Ast /ast
=6 no.
Provide 6 bars of 16mm dia.
SHEAR STRESS:
Tv=vu/bd = 172.6*103/(400*585)
=0.51N/mm2
Pt=100 Ast /bd = 0.75
From table 19,IS456:2000
Tc=0.605N/mm2
Tv c Hence safe.
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT:
Asv/bsv=0.4/0.8fy
Asv=2 legged 8mm dia bars = 100mm2
sv=207.5mm or 208mm
As per IS code
sv =0.75d=450mm
sv =300mm
Provide 2 legged 8mm dia bars @210mm spacing.
17
18
DIMENSIONS
FACTORED
LOAD
TENSION
COMPRESSION
KN/m
REINFORC
EMENT
REINFORCEME
NT
SHEAR
REINFORCEMENT
B1
400*585
43.175
6-16mm
2-12mm
8mm @210mm
c/c spacing
B2
400*585
28.88
4-16mm
4-12mm
8mm @150mm
c/c spacing
B3
400*585
36.78
6-16mm
4-12mm
8mm @150mm
c/c spacing
B4
400*585
46.31
4-16mm
4-12mm
8mm @170mm
c/c spacing
B5
400*585
49.84
2-16mm
2-12mm
8mm @200mm
c/c spacing
B6
400*585
56.17
2-16mm
2-12mm
8mm @200mm
c/c spacing
19
20
21
=400*600mm
=1200kN
Length,L
=4m
Fck
=20 N/mm2
Fy
=415 N/mm2
Solution:
Here b=400mm,D=600mm,Pu=1800kN
22
23
24
2.4 ANALYSIS
2.4.1 ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
4kN/M
7m
=EI C
MDC=MFDC +2EI/l[2 D+ C -3]
=2EI/4[C]
=0.5EI C
=6.38kN-m
MBA=1*12.76
=12.76kN-m
MBC=-16.33+0.5*12.76-0.29*12.76
=-12.76kN-m
MCB=16.33-0.57*12.76+0.29*12.76
=12.76kN-m
MCD=1*(-12.76)
=-12.76kN-m
MDC=-0.5*12.76
=-6.38kN-m
26
27
MCD=MFCD+2EI/l[2 C + D-3]
=2EI/4[2 C]
=EI C
MDC=MFDC +2EI/l[2 D+ C -3]
=2EI/4[C]
=0.5EI C
STEP 3:EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS
(i)MBA+MBC=0
(ii)MCB+MCD=0
(i)1.8EI B+0.4EI C =8.33
(ii)0.4EI B+1.8EI C=-8.33
Solving the above equations
B =5.95/EI
C = -5.95/EI
STEP 4:MOMENT CALCULATIONS
MAB=0.5*5.95
=2.975kN-m
MBA=1*5.95
=5.95kN-m
MBC=-8.33+0.8*5.95 +0.4(-5.95)
=-5.95kN-m
=5.95kN-m
MCD=1*(-5.95)
=-5.95kN-m
MDC=-0.5*5.95
=-2.975kN-m
29
30
=4.48kN-m
MBA=1*8.95
=8.95kN-m
MBC=-12+0.67*8.95 +0.33(-8.95)
=-8.95kN-m
=8.95kN-m
MCD=1*(-8.95)
=-8.95kN-m
MDC=-0.5*8.95
=-4.48kN-m
32
33
MCB=MFCB+2EI/l[2 C+ B]
=3+2EI/3[2B+ C]
=3+0.67EI B+1.33EI c
MCD=MFCD+2EI/l[2 C + D-3]
=2EI/4[2 C]
=EI C
MDC=MFDC +2EI/l[2 D+ C -3]
=2EI/4[C]
=0.5EI C
STEP 3:EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS
(i)MBA+MBC=0
(ii)MCB+MCD=0
(i)2.33EI B+0.67EI C =3
(ii)0.67EI B+2.33EI C=-3
Solving the above equations
B =1.8/EI
C = -1.8/EI
STEP 4:MOMENT CALCULATIONS
MAB=0.5*1.8
=0.9kN-m
MBA=1*1.8
=1.8kN-m
MBC=-3+1.33*1.8 +0.67(-1.8)
=-1.8kN-m
=1.8kN-m
MCD=1*(-1.8)
=-1.8kN-m
MDC=-0.5*1.8
=-0.9kN-m
35
36
37
=2EI/4[2 C]
=EI C
MDC=MFDC +2EI/l[2 D+ C -3]
=2EI/4[C]
=0.5EI C
STEP 3:EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS
(i)MBA+MBC=0
(ii)MCB+MCD=0
(i)1.5EI B+0.25EI C =21.33
(ii)0.25EI B+1.5EI C=-21.33
Solving the above equations
B =17.06/EI
C = -17.06/EI
STEP 4:MOMENT CALCULATIONS
MAB=0.5*17.06
=8.53kN-m
MBA=1*17.06
=17.06kN-m
MBC=-21.33+0.5*17.06 +0.25(-17.06)
=-17.06kN-m
=17.06kN-m
MCD=1*(-17.06)
=-17.06kN-m
MDC=-0.5*17.06
=-8.53kN-m
38
39
40
=2EI/4[2 C]
=EI C
MDC=MFDC +2EI/l[2 D+ C -3]
=2EI/4[C]
=0.5EI C
STEP 3:EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS
(i)MBA+MBC=0
(ii)MCB+MCD=0
(i)1.4EI B+0.2EI C =33.33
(ii)0.2EI B+1.4EI C=-33.33
Solving the above equations
B =27.77/EI
C = -27.77/EI
STEP 4:MOMENT CALCULATIONS
MAB=0.5*27.77
=13.88kN-m
MBA=1*27.77
=27.77kN-m
MBC=-33.33+0.4*27.77 +0.2(-27.77)
=-27.77kN-m
=27.77kN-m
MCD=1*(-27.77)
=-27.77kN-m
MDC=-0.5*27.77
=-13.88kN-m
41
42
UPWARD PRESSURE
qu =
=
qu = 97kN/m2 < SBC
43
BENDING MOMENT
X = 1.56m
Mx1 = qu x shaded Area x C.G
=97x1.56x5.28x(1.56/2)
Mx1=623.19 kNm
Mx2=97x2.34x3.52x(2.34/2)
=934.79kNm
DEPTH OF FOOTING
Mulim = 0.138fckbd2
934.79x106 = 0.138(20)(1560)d2
D=465mm
Assume,D=500mm
d = D-50-(20/2)
= 500-50-10
=440mm
REINFORCEMENT
Mx1 = 0.87fyAstd(1- (ASTfy / bdfck))
934.79x106 = 0.87(415)(AST)(440)(1 (415AST/5280(440)(20)))
AST1 = 4070mm2
No. of bars = AST1/ast = 4070/(490) = 8rods
=648.74x103/(3520x440)
v
= 0.42 N/mm2
pt = 100AST/bd
pt = 100(4070)/3520(440)
pt=0.26
= 0.45 N/mm2
Ks=1
<Ks.
Design is safe
=1718x103/(5280x440)
45
=0.6
Ks=0.5+c
=0.5+(0.4/0.4)
Ks=1.5
K s should be always <1
K s =1
=0.25 fck
=0.25 20
=1.12
<Ks.
Hence safe
46
47
EFFECTIVE DEPTH:
No. of steps=Height b/w floors
Rise
=4/0.2= 20
10 no. of steps are used for first flight & other 10 no.s for second flight.
Length of staircase = 1.25+(0.3*9)+1.25+0.23
= 5.43m
Assume l/d =20
5.43/d=20
48
d=0.27m
d=271mm.
Overall depth,D=271+20+10/2
D=296mm
LOAD CALCULATION:
1)Load on going
Self wt. of Waist slab=25t 1+(R/T) 2
=8.89 KN/
Self wt. of steps= 25*R/2
=25*0.2/2
=2.5KN/m
Assume F.F.=0.6 KN/
L.L =5 KN/
Total load =(8.89+2.5+0.6+5)
=16.99KN/
MOMENT CALCULATION:
49
v=0
RA+RB=81.36
Moment about B
RA*5.43-(13*1.365)*(1.365/2+4.065)-(16.99*2.7)*2.7/2+1.36513(1.365)*1.365/2=0
5.43 RA-84.24-124.5-12.11=0
RA=40.67KN.
WE KNOW THAT:
RA+RB=81.36
40.67+ RB=81.36
RB=40.67KN.
Maximum Bending Moment@centre
=(16.99*1.35)*1.35/2+(13*1.365)*(1.365/2+1.35)- RB*2.715
=15.48+36.06-11.04
M=58.88KN-m
Factored moment,Mu=1.5*58.88
=88.32KN-m
W.K.T Mu=0.87*fy*Ast d(1-Ast fy/bd fck)
Assume M20&Fe415 steel
88.32*10^6=0.87(415)Ast(271)(1-Ast(415)/1000(2 )(20))
88.32*10^6=97844.55Ast-7.5Ast2
Ast=975.6mm2
50
Spacing=1000*
Provide 12mm
/975.6=115.9_115mm
115c/c
DISTRIBUTION OF STEEL:
0.15% OF C/S AREA
=0.15/100*1000*296
AstD=444mm2
Spacing=1000ast/Ast
Assume 8mm
Spacing=1000*
bars
/444
=113.2_110mm
Provide 8mm bars@110c/c
V=
V=MAX REACTION=40.67 KN
51
VU=1.5*40.67=61KN
61*10^3/1000*271=0.22N/mm2
V=
1000Ast/bd=100*975.6/1000*271=0.36
0.25
0.5
0.36
=0.412N/mm2
>
Hence Safe.
52
Sv = 10831500 / 39200
= 231 mm
Asv / b sv = 0.4 / 0.87 x fy
= 0.87 x 415 x 2 x 50 / 0.4 x 300
= 300.88 mm
Sv = 0.75 x d
= 0.75 x 400
300 mm
450 /d = 12
d = 37.5 mm , but min d = 100mm
D = d + cover + /2
=100+20+10/2
D=125mm
effective span:
Le = length to the face of the support + d/2
Le = 0.45 + 0.100/2
Le = 0.5m
load calculation:
Self weight + b*d*25 = 1(0.125)(25)
= 3.125 KN/m
Live load
= 2 KN/m
Floor load
=1 KN/m
Total load(w)
= 6.125 KN/m
Factored load wu
Vu = 4.6 KN
check for depth :
Mu ,lim = 0.138(20)(1000)(1002)
Mu ,lim = 27.6 KN.m > Mu
Design is safe.
Tension reinforcement:
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [ 1 Ast fy / bd fck ]
1.15*106 = 0.87(415) Ast(100) [ 1 Ast(415) / 1000(100)(20) ]
1.15*106 = 36105 Ast 7.49 Ast2
Ast = 32.06mm2
Spacing = 100 ast / Ast
Assume 10mm of bar
Ast = 78.5 mm2
Spacing = 1000(78.5) / 120 =654.17mm
But maximum spacing provided is 300mm
Spacing =300mm
Ast(pro) = 1000 ast / spacing = 1000(78.5) / 300
Ast(pro) = 262mm2
Provide 10mm bars @ 300mm c/c on shorter direction only.
57
Distribution reinforcement:
Ast = 0.12/100 (1000)(100)
Ast = 120mm2
Assume 8mm bars
Spacing = 310mm2
Provide 8mm dia bars @ 310mm c/c.
check for shear :
v = 0.046
pt = 100 Ast / bd = 100(262) / 100(100)
pt = 0.262
0.25 0.36
0.50 0.48
0.26x = x
x = 0.37
v = 0.37 N/mm2
here v < c
Hence safe.
58
CHAPTER 3
3.1 CONCLUSION
59
The proposed building is a framed structure. It has been Analysed and Designed
manually for various categories of loading over them. Finally the sectional details are
arrived by limit state method.
3.2 BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. IS 456:2000
2. SP:16 - 1980
61