5.1 Servlets N HTTP Request

Chapter 36 - Servlets: Bonus for Java Developers
Outline 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Servlet Overview and Architecture 36.2.1 Interface Servlet and the Servlet Life Cycle 36.2.2 HttpServlet Class 36.2.3 HttpServletRequest Interface 36.2.4 HttpServletResponse Interface 36.3 Handling HTTP get Requests 36.3.1 Setting Up the Apache Tomcat Server 36.3.2 Deploying a Web Application 36.4 Handling HTTP get Requests Containing Data 36.5 Handling HTTP post Requests 36.6 Redirecting Requests to Other Resources 36.7 Multi-Tier Applications: Using JDBC from a Servlet 36.8 Web Resources
2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Objectives In this lesson, you will learn:

To execute servlets with the Apache Tomcat server. To be able to respond to HTTP requests from an HttpServlet. To be able to redirect requests to static and dynamic Web resources.
36.1 Introduction Java networking capabilities

Socket-based and packet-based communications
Package java.net
Remote Method Invocation (RMI)

Package java.rmi
Servlets and Java Server Pages (JSP)

Request-response model Packages javax.servlet
javax.servlet.http javax.servlet.jsp javax.servlet.tagext
Form the Web tier of J2EE
36.1 Introduction (Cont.) Servlets

Thin clients Request/response mechanism redirection
Tomcat
Jakarta project Official reference implementation of the JSP and servlet standards
36.2 Servlet Overview and Architecture Servlet container (servlet engine)

Server that executes a servlet
Web servers and application servers

Sun ONE Application Server Microsofts Internet Information Server (IIS) Apache HTTP Server BEAs WebLogic Application Server IBMs WebSphere Application Server World Wide Web Consortiums Jigsaw Web Server
36.2.1 Interface Servlet and the Servlet Life Cycle Interface Servlet
All servlets must implement this interface All methods of interface Servlet are invoked by servlet container
Servlet life cycle

Servlet container invokes the servlets init method Servlets service method handles requests Servlets destroy method releases servlet resources when the servlet container terminates the servlet
Servlet implementation
GenericServlet HttpServlet
36.2.1 Interface Servlet and the Servlet Life Cycle (Cont.)

Method void init( ServletConfig config ) Description
The servlet container calls this method once during a servlets execution cycle to initialize the servlet. The ServletConfig argument is supplied by the servlet container that executes the servlet. This method returns a reference to an object that implements interface ServletConfig. This object provides access to the servlets configuration information such as servlet initialization parameters and the servlets ServletContext, which provides the servlet with access to its environment (i.e., the servlet container in which the servlet executes). This method is defined by a servlet programmer to return a string containing servlet information such as the servlets author and version.
ServletConfig getServletConfig()
String getServletInfo() void service( ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response ) void destroy()
The servlet container calls this method to respond to a client request to the servlet. This cleanup method is called when a servlet is terminated by its servlet container. Resources used by the servlet, such as an open file or an open database connection, should be deallocated here.
Fig. 36.1
Methods of interface Servlet (package javax.servlet).
36.2.2 HttpServlet Class Overrides method service Two most common HTTP request types
get requests post requests
Method doGet responds to get requests Method doPost responds to post requests HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse objects
36.2.2 HttpServlet Class (Cont.)

Description Called in response to an HTTP delete request. Such a request is normally used to delete a file from a server. This may not be available on some servers, because of its inherent security risks (e.g., the client could delete a file that is critical to the execution of the server or an application). Called in response to an HTTP head request. Such a request is normally used doHead when the client only wants the headers of a response, such as the content type and content length of the response. Called in response to an HTTP options request. This returns information to the doOptions client indicating the HTTP options supported by the server, such as the version of HTTP (1.0 or 1.1) and the request methods the server supports. Called in response to an HTTP put request. Such a request is normally used to doPut store a file on the server. This may not be available on some servers, because of its inherent security risks (e.g., the client could place an executable application on the server, which, if executed, could damage the serverperhaps by deleting critical files or occupying resources). Called in response to an HTTP trace request. Such a request is normally used doTrace for debugging. The implementation of this method automatically returns an HTML document to the client containing the request header information (data sent by the browser as part of the request). Fig.36.2 Other methods of class HttpServlet. Method doDelete
36.2.3 HttpServletRequest Interface Web server

creates an HttpServletRequest object passes it to the servlets service method
HttpServletRequest object contains the request
from the client
36.2.3 HttpServletRequest Interface (Cont.)

Method String getParameter( String name ) Enumeration getParameterNames( ) String[] getParameterValues ( String name ) Cookie[] getCookies() HttpSession getSession( boolean create ) Description
Obtains the value of a parameter sent to the servlet as part of a get or post request. The name argument represents the parameter name.
Returns the names of all the parameters sent to the servlet as part of a post request.
For a parameter with multiple values, this method returns an array of strings containing the values for a specified servlet parameter. Returns an array of Cookie objects stored on the client by the server. Cookie objects can be used to uniquely identify clients to the servlet.
Fig. 36.3
Returns an HttpSession object associated with the clients current browsing session. This method can create an HttpSession object (true argument) if one does not already exist for the client. HttpSession objects are used in similar ways to Cookies for uniquely identifying clients. Some methods of interface HttpServletRequest.
36.2.4 HttpServletResponse Interface Web server

creates an HttpServletResponse object passes it to the servlets service method
36.2.4 HttpServletResponse Interface (Cont.)

Method void addCookie( Cookie cookie ) Description Used to add a Cookie to the header of the response to the client. The Cookies maximum age and whether Cookies are enabled on the client determine if Cookies are stored on the client. Obtains a byte-based output stream for sending binary data to the client. Obtains a character-based output stream for sending text data to the client.
ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() PrintWriter getWriter() void setContentType( String type )
Fig. 36.4
Specifies the MIME type of the response to the browser. The MIME type helps the browser determine how to display the data (or possibly what other application to execute to process the data). For example, MIME type "text/html" indicates that the response is an HTML document, so the browser displays the HTML page. Some methods of interface HttpServletResponse.
36.3 Handling HTTP get Requests

get request
Retrieve the content of a URL
Example: WelcomeServlet
a servlet handles HTTP get requests
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
// Fig. 36.5: WelcomeServlet.java // A simple servlet to process get requests. import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; import java.io.*; public class WelcomeServlet extends HttpServlet { // process "get" requests from clients protected void doGet( HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response ) throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType( "text/html" ); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); // send XHTML page to client // start XHTML document out.println( "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" );
Outline
WelcomeServlet.java (1 of 2)
Import the javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http packages.
Extends HttpServlet to handle HTTP get requests and HTTP post requests. Override method doGet to provide custom get request processing. Uses the response objects Uses the responsemethod objectsto setContentType getWriter method toof obtain a to specify the content type the data reference PrintWriter be sent as to thethe response to the client. object that enables the servlet to send content to the client. Create the XHTML document by writing strings with the out objects println method.
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 "XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org" + "/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\">" );
out.println( "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD " +
2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 } } // end XHTML document out.println( "</html>" ); out.close(); // close stream to complete the page // body section of document out.println( "<body>" ); out.println( "<h1>Welcome to Servlets!</h1>" ); out.println( "</body>" ); // head section of document out.println( "<head>" ); out.println( "<title>A Simple Servlet Example</title>" ); out.println( "</head>" ); out.println( "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" );
Outline
WelcomeServlet.java (2 of 2)
Closes the output stream, flushes the output buffer and sends the information to the client.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
<?xml version = "1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">  <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Handling an HTTP Get Request</title>
Outline
WelcomeServlet.html (1 of 1)
10 </head> 11 12 <body> 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 </form> 20 </body> 21 </html> <p><label>Click the button to invoke the servlet <input type = "submit" value = "Get HTML Document" /> </label></p> <form action = "/iw3htp3/welcome1" method = "get">

Outline
Program output

36.3.1 Setting Up the Apache Tomcat Server Download Tomcat (version 4.1.27)
jakarta.apache.org/site/binindex.cgi
Define environment variables

JAVA_HOME CATALINA_HOME
Start the Tomcat server

startup
Launch the Tomcat server

http://localhost:8080/
36.3.1 Setting Up the Apache Tomcat Server (Cont.).
Fig. 36.7
Tomcat documentation home page. (Courtesy of The Apache Software Foundation.)
36.3.2 Deploying a Web Application Web applications

JSPs, servlets and their supporting files
Deploying a Web application

Directory structure
Context root
Web application archive file (WAR file) Deployment descriptor

web.xml
36.3.2 Deploying a Web Application (Cont.)

Description This is the root directory for the Web application. All the JSPs, HTML documents, servlets and supporting files such as images and class files reside in this directory or its subdirectories. The name of this directory is specified by the Web application creator. To provide structure in a Web application, subdirectories can be placed in the context root. For example, if your application uses many images, you might place an images subdirectory in this directory. The examples of this chapter use jhtp5 as the context root. This directory contains the Web application deployment WEB-INF descriptor (web.xml). WEB-INF/classes This directory contains the servlet class files and other supporting class files used in a Web application. If the classes are part of a package, the complete package directory structure would begin here. This directory contains Java archive (JAR) files. The JAR WEB-INF/lib files can contain servlet class files and other supporting class files used in a Web application. Fig. 36.8 Web application standard directories. Directory context root
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
<!DOCTYPE web-app PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.2//EN" "http://java.sun.com/j2ee/dtds/web-app_2_2.dtd"> <web-app>
Outline
web.xml (1 of 2)
Element web-app defines the configuration of each servlet in the Web application and the servlet mapping for each servlet.  Element display-name specifies <display-name> a name that can be displayed to the Internet World Wide Web How to Program JSP administrator of the server on which and Servlet Chapter Examples the Web application is installed.
</display-name> <description> This is the Web demonstrate our </description>
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 <description>
Element description specifies a description of the Web application application in which we that might be displayed to the JSP and Servlet examples. administrator of the server.
 <servlet> <servlet-name>welcome1</servlet-name>
Element servlet describes a servlet. servlet-name Element is the name for the servlet. Element description specifies a description for that handles an HTTP get request. this particular servlet.
A simple servlet </description>

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
<servlet-class> WelcomeServlet </servlet-class> </servlet>  <servlet-mapping>
Element servlet-class specifies compiled servlets fully qualified class name.
Outline
web.xml (2 of 2)
Element servlet-mapping specifies servlet-name and <servlet-name>welcome1</servlet-name> url-pattern elements.

<url-pattern>/welcome1</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
37 </web-app>

36.3.2 Deploying a Web Application (Cont.) Invoke WelcomeServlet example

/iw3htp3/welcome1 /iw3htp3 specifies the context root /welcome1 specifies the URL pattern
URL pattern formats

Exact match
/iw3htp3/welcome1
Path mappings
/iw3htp3/example/*
Extension mappings
*.jsp
Default servlet
/
36.3.2 Deploying a Web Application (Cont.)

WelcomeServlet Web application directory and file structure iw3htp3 servlets WelcomeServlet.html WEB-INF web.xml classes WelcomeServlet.class Fig. 36.10 Web application directory and file structure for WelcomeServlet.
36.4 Handling HTTP get Requests Containing Data Servlet WelcomeServlet2

Responds to a get request that contains data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
// Fig. 36.11: WelcomeServlet2.java // Processing HTTP get requests containing data. import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; import java.io.*; public class WelcomeServlet2 extends HttpServlet { // process "get" request from client protected void doGet( HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response ) throws ServletException, IOException { String firstName = request.getParameter( "firstname" ); response.setContentType( "text/html" ); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); // send XHTML document to client // start XHTML document out.println( "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" );
Outline
WelcomeServlet2 (1 of 2)
21 22 23 24
The request objects getParameter method receives the parameter name and returns the corresponding String value.

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 } }
out.println( "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD " + "XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org" + "/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\">" ); out.println( "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" ); // head section of document out.println( "<head>" ); out.println( "<title>Processing get requests with data</title>" ); out.println( "</head>" ); // body section of document out.println( "<body>" ); out.println( "<h1>Hello " + firstName + ",<br />" ); out.println( "Welcome to Servlets!</h1>" ); out.println( "</body>" ); // end XHTML document out.println( "</html>" ); out.close(); // close stream to complete the page
Outline
WelcomeServlet2 (2 of 2)
Uses the result of line 15 as part of the response to the client.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
<?xml version = "1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">  <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Processing get requests with data</title>
Outline
WelcomeServlet2 .html (1 of 1)
10 </head> 11 12 <body> 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 </form> 22 </body> 23 </html> <p><label> Type your first name and press the Submit button <br /><input type = "text" name = "firstname" /> <input type = "submit" value = "Submit" /> </p></label> <form action = "/iw3htp3/welcome2" method = "get">
Get the first name from the user.

Outline
Program output

36.4 Handling HTTP get Requests Containing Data (Cont.)

Descriptor element Value servlet element servlet-name welcome2 description Handling HTTP get requests with data. servlet-class WelcomeServlet2 servletmapping element servlet-name welcome2 url-pattern /welcome2 Fig. 36.13 Deployment descriptor information for servlet WelcomeServlet2.
36.5 Handling HTTP post Requests HTTP post request

Post data from an HTML form to a server-side form handler Browsers cache Web pages
Servlet WelcomeServlet3
Responds to a post request that contains data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
// Fig. 36.14: WelcomeServlet3.java // Processing post requests containing data. import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; import java.io.*; public class WelcomeServlet3 extends HttpServlet { // process "post" request from client protected void doPost( HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response ) throws ServletException, IOException { String firstName = request.getParameter( "firstname" ); response.setContentType( "text/html" ); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); // send XHTML page to client // start XHTML document out.println( "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" );
Outline
WelcomeServlet3 .java (1 of 2)
Declare a doPost method to responds to post requests.
21 22 23 24

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 } }
out.println( "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD " + "XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org" + "/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\">" ); out.println( "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" ); // head section of document out.println( "<head>" ); out.println( "<title>Processing post requests with data</title>" ); out.println( "</head>" ); // body section of document out.println( "<body>" ); out.println( "<h1>Hello " + firstName + ",<br />" ); out.println( "Welcome to Servlets!</h1>" ); out.println( "</body>" ); // end XHTML document out.println( "</html>" ); out.close(); // close stream to complete the page
Outline
WelcomeServlet3 .java (1 of 2)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
<?xml version = "1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">  <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Handling an HTTP Post Request with Data</title>
Outline
WelcomeServlet3 .html (1 of 1)
10 </head> 11 12 <body> 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 </form> 22 </body> 23 </html> <p><label> Type your first name and press the Submit button <br /><input type = "text" name = "firstname" /> <input type = "submit" value = "Submit" /> </label></p> <form action = "/iw3htp3/welcome3" method = "post">
Provide a form in which the user can input a name in the text input element firstname, then click the Submit button to invoke WelcomeServlet3.

Outline
Program output

36.5 Handling HTTP post Requests (Cont.)

Descriptor element servlet element servlet-name description Value
welcome3 Handling HTTP post requests with data. servlet-class WelcomeServlet3 servlet-mapping element servlet-name welcome3 url-pattern /welcome3 Fig. 36.16 Deployment descriptor information for servlet WelcomeServlet3.
36.6 Redirecting Requests to Other Resources Servlet RedirectServlet

Redirects the request to a different resource
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
// Fig. 36.17: RedirectServlet.java // Redirecting a user to a different Web page. import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; import java.io.*; public class RedirectServlet extends HttpServlet { // process "get" request from client protected void doGet( HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response ) throws ServletException, IOException { String location = request.getParameter( "page" ); if ( location != null ) if ( location.equals( "deitel" ) ) response.sendRedirect( else
Outline
RedirectServlet.java (1 of 3)
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Obtains the page parameter from the request.
Determine if the value is either deitel or welcome1 Redirects the request to "http://www.deitel.com" ); www.deitel.com. Redirects the request to the servlet WelcomeServlet.
if ( location.equals( "welcome1" ) ) response.sendRedirect( "welcome1" );

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
// code that executes only if this servlet // does not redirect the user to another page response.setContentType( "text/html" ); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); // start XHTML document out.println( "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" ); out.println( "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD " + "XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org" + "/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\">" ); out.println( "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" ); // head section of document out.println( "<head>" ); out.println( "<title>Invalid page</title>" ); out.println( "</head>" ); // body section of document out.println( "<body>" ); out.println( "<h1>Invalid page requested</h1>" );
Outline
RedirectServlet.java (2 of 3) Output a Web page indicating that an invalid request was made if method sendRedirect is not called.

49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 } }
out.println( "<p><a href = " + "\"servlets/RedirectServlet.html\">" ); out.println( "Click here to choose again</a></p>" ); out.println( "</body>" ); // end XHTML document out.println( "</html>" ); out.close(); // close stream to complete the page
Outline
RedirectServlet.java (3 of 3)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
<?xml version = "1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">  <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Redirecting a Request to Another Site</title>
Outline
RedirectServlet.html (1 of 1)
10 </head> 11 12 <body> 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 <p>Click a link to be redirected to the appropriate page</p> <p> <a href = "/iw3htp3/redirect?page=deitel"> www.deitel.com</a><br /> <a href = "/iw3htp3/redirect?page=welcome1"> Welcome servlet</a> </p>
Provide hyperlinks that allow the user to invoke the servlet RedirectServlet.
20 </body> 21 </html>

Outline
Program output

36.6 Redirecting Requests to other Resources (Cont.)

Descriptor Value element servlet element servletredirect name description Redirecting to static Web pages and other servlets. servletcom.deitel.iw3htp3.servlets. class RedirectServlet servlet-mapping element servletredirect name url-pattern /redirect Fig. 36.19 Deployment descriptor information for servlet RedirectServlet.
36.7 Multi-Tier Applications: Using JDBC from a Servlet Three-tier distributed applications
User interface Business logic Database access
Web servers often represent the middle tier Three-tier distributed application example
SurveyServlet Survey.html
MS Access database
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Fig. 36.20: SurveyServlet.java // A Web-based survey that uses JDBC from a servlet. package com.deitel.iw3htp3.servlets; import java.io.*; import java.text.*; import java.sql.*; import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*;
Outline
SurveyServlet.java (1 of 6)
10 11 public class SurveyServlet extends HttpServlet { 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 private Connection connection; private Statement statement;
Servlets are initialized by overriding method init.
// set up database connection and create SQL statement public void init( ServletConfig config ) throws ServletException { // attempt database connection and create Statements try { connection = DriverManager.getConnection( config.getInitParameter( "databaseName" ) ); Class.forName( config.getInitParameter( "databaseDriver" ) );
Loads the database driver. Attempt to open a connection to the animalsurvey database.

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 { } } }
// create Statement to query database statement = connection.createStatement();
Create Statement to query database.
Outline
// for any exception throw an UnavailableException to // indicate that the servlet is not currently available catch ( Exception exception ) { exception.printStackTrace(); throw new UnavailableException(exception.getMessage());
// end of init method
// process survey response protected void doPost( HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response ) throws ServletException, IOException // set up response to client response.setContentType( "text/html" ); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); DecimalFormat twoDigits = new DecimalFormat( "0.00" ); // start XHTML document out.println( "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" );

50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
out.println( "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD " + "XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org" + "/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\">" ); out.println( "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" ); // head section of document out.println( "<head>" ); // read current survey response int value = Integer.parseInt( request.getParameter( "animal" ) ); String query; // attempt to process a vote and display current results try { // update total for current survey response "WHERE id = " + value; statement.executeUpdate( query );
Outline
Obtain the survey response
query = "UPDATE surveyresults SET votes = votes + 1 " +
Create query to update total for current survey response Execute query to update total for current survey response

73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
// get total of all survey responses query = "SELECT sum( votes ) FROM surveyresults"; ResultSet totalRS = statement.executeQuery( query ); totalRS.next(); int total = totalRS.getInt( 1 ); // get results
Create query to get total of all Outline survey Execute responses query to get total of all survey responses SurveyServlet.java (4 of 6) Create query to get survey results Execute query to get survey results
query = "SELECT surveyoption, votes, id FROM surveyresults " + "ORDER BY id"; ResultSet resultsRS = statement.executeQuery( query ); out.println( "<title>Thank you!</title>" ); out.println( "</head>" ); out.println( "<body>" ); out.println( "<p>Thank you for participating." ); out.println( "<br />Results:</p><pre>" ); // process results int votes; while ( resultsRS.next() ) { out.print( resultsRS.getString( 1 ) ); out.print( ": " ); votes = resultsRS.getInt( 2 ); out.print( twoDigits.format( ( double ) votes / total * 100 ) );

99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 } } }
out.print( "%
responses: " );
out.println( votes );
Outline
resultsRS.close(); out.print( "Total responses: " ); out.print( total ); // end XHTML document out.println( "</pre></body></html>" ); out.close(); } // end try // if database exception occurs, return error page catch ( SQLException sqlException ) { sqlException.printStackTrace(); out.println( "<title>Error</title>" ); out.println( "</head>" ); out.println( "<body><p>Database error occurred. " ); out.println( "Try again later.</p></body></html>" ); out.close();
// end of doPost method

125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 } // end class SurveyServlet } } // handle database exceptions by returning error to client catch ( SQLException sqlException ) { sqlException.printStackTrace(); } // close SQL statements and database when servlet terminates public void destroy() { // attempt to close statements try { statement.close(); connection.close();
Method destroy closes Statement and and database database connection. connection
Outline

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
<?xml version = "1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">  <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Survey</title>
Outline
Survey.html (1 of 2)
10 </head> 11 12 <body> 13 <form method = "post" action = "/iw3htp3/animalsurvey"> 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 <p> <input type = "radio" name = "animal" value = "1" />Dog<br /> <input type = "radio" name = "animal" value = "2" />Cat<br /> <input type = "radio" name = "animal" value = "3" />Bird<br /> <input type = "radio" name = "animal" value = "4" />Snake<br /> <p>What is your favorite pet?</p>

26 27 28 29 30 31
<input type = "radio" name = "animal" value = "5" checked = "checked" />None </p> <p><input type = "submit" value = "Submit" /></p>
Outline
Survey.html (2 of 2)
32 </form> 33 </body> 34 </html>

Outline

36.7 Multi-Tier Applications: Using JDBC from a Servlet (Cont.)

Descriptor element Value
servlet element servlet-name animalsurvey description Connecting to a database from a servlet. servlet-class com.deitel.iw3htp3.servlets.SurveyServlet init-param param-name databaseDriver param-value sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver init-param param-name databaseName param-value jdbc:odbc:animalsurvey servlet-mapping element servlet-name url-pattern animalsurvey /animalsurvey
Fig. 36.22
Deployment descriptor information for servlet SurveyServlet.
36.8 Web Resources Servlet resources

java.sun.com/products/servlet/index.html www.servlets.com www.servletsource.com www.servletforum.com www.coolservlets.com

5.1 Servlets N HTTP Request

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Chapter 36 - Servlets: Bonus for Java Developers

2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives In this lesson, you will learn:

2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

36.1 Introduction Java networking capabilities

Remote Method Invocation (RMI)

Servlets and Java Server Pages (JSP)

Form the Web tier of J2EE

2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

36.1 Introduction (Cont.) Servlets

2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

36.2 Servlet Overview and Architecture Servlet container (servlet engine)

Web servers and application servers

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Servlet life cycle

36.2.1 Interface Servlet and the Servlet Life Cycle (Cont.)

Methods of interface Servlet (package javax.servlet).

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36.2.2 HttpServlet Class (Cont.)

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36.2.3 HttpServletRequest Interface Web server

HttpServletRequest object contains the request

from the client

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36.2.3 HttpServletRequest Interface (Cont.)

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36.2.4 HttpServletResponse Interface Web server

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36.2.4 HttpServletResponse Interface (Cont.)

ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() PrintWriter getWriter() void setContentType( String type )

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36.3 Handling HTTP get Requests

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Import the javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http packages.

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 "XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org" + "/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\">" );

out.println( "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD " +

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Define environment variables

Start the Tomcat server

Launch the Tomcat server

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36.3.1 Setting Up the Apache Tomcat Server (Cont.).

Tomcat documentation home page. (Courtesy of The Apache Software Foundation.)

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36.3.2 Deploying a Web Application Web applications

Deploying a Web application

Web application archive file (WAR file) Deployment descriptor

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36.3.2 Deploying a Web Application (Cont.)

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<servlet> <servlet-name>welcome1</servlet-name>

A simple servlet </description>

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<servlet-class> WelcomeServlet </servlet-class> </servlet>  <servlet-mapping>

Element servlet-class specifies compiled servlets fully qualified class name.

Element servlet-mapping specifies servlet-name and <servlet-name>welcome1</servlet-name> url-pattern elements.

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36.3.2 Deploying a Web Application (Cont.) Invoke WelcomeServlet example

URL pattern formats