A.

SITE PLANNING/DESIGN PROCESS Planning and design as a process, by which we mean that they follow a logical sequence of actions or events that must be carried out to arrive at a viable solution. SITE PLANNING (BY KEVIN LYNCH) It is the art of arranging structures on the land and shaping the spaces between. It is a multi-disciplinary problem solving operation often involving architects, landscape architects and engineers and frequently may require input from physical scientists as well to address environmental issues. It requires a logical objectivity for some steps, but also allows room for subjective design interpretation at others. There are several notable models from which we can draw to understand the basic components of the site planning and design process. Kevin Lynch outlines an eight stage site planning cycle that includes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Defining the problem Programming and the analysis of site and user Schematic design and the preliminary cost estimate Developed design and detailed costing Contract documents Bidding and contracting Construction Occupation and management

SITE IMPACT CHECKLIST A. 1. 2. 3. 4. General Site Context Geographic location Political jurisdiction Ecological and hydrographic system Nature of the area economy other proposals or projects nearby and their effects on the site

B. Physical Data, Site and Adjacent Land 1. Geology and soils ( underlying geology, soil, types, areas of fill or ledge) 2. Water ( existing, surface drainage pattern, water table) 3. Topography (contours, pattern of land forms, unique features)

4. Climate (regional pattern of temperature, local microclimate, snow fall, ambient air quality) 5. Ecology (plant and animal communities, pattern of plant covers, specimen trees modifications) 6. Man-made Structures ( existing buildings, networks, fences and other human modifications) 7. Sensory qualities (character an relationship of visual spaces, viewpoints and vistas, quality and variations of light C. Cultural Data, Site and Adjacent Land 1. Resident and using population (number, social structure, economic status, organization and leadership 2. Behavior settings nature, location, participants, rhythm, stability, conflicts 3. Site values, rights and restraints (ownerships, zoning, economic value, accepted 4. Past and future (history of the site, public and private intentions for future use 5. Site character and Image (user identification with aspects of the site, how site is organized, meanings attached to th site , symbolic associations, hopes, fears, preferences D. Correlation of Data 1. Subdivision of the site: areas of consistent structure, character, problem 2. Identification of key points, axes, areas best left undeveloped, areas where intensive development is possible 3. Ongoing changes, and those likely to occur without intervention, the dynamic aspect of the site 4. Summary of significant problems and potentials, including a summary of the key positive and negative impacts of the proposal

PHASES OF THE SITE DESIGN PROCESS

Site Planning, 2ndEd., Kevin Lynch 1. PROGRAMME PHASE Program Total Budget Site Analysis

Design and construction schedule

2. SCHEMATIC PHASE Revised program and schedule Schematic site plan showing structures, activity location, circulation, major outdoor spaces, critical utility mains, plant massing, over-all ground form and general level of finish Rough costs estimated from experience by the length or area of typical features Fixed essential site design 3. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PHASE Complete specification of detail, sufficient to assure the solution of all problems and to allow a detailed costing Cost estimated by elements 4. CONTRACT DOCUMENT PHASE Drawings and verbal documents on which the contract bidding is based 5. CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION PHASE To ensure compliance and to make detailed adjustments as unexpected problems and opportunities arise

FIRST STEP : PROGRAMME PHASE Output: This phases from aims and resources and the knowledge of the actions and purposes of the users Influence by the site and the technical possibilities Furnishes the following: Quantitative schedule of behavioral settings to be provided their linkages o Their desired qualitative characteristics o Resources to be devoted to them (allowable costs including time element Result is an activity diagram

1. Statement of Objectives and Performance Requirements Typical considerations include accessibility, adequacy, diversity, cost, health and safety, adaptability and stability, legibility Supplemented by technical objectives Indicates what aspects of the site are relevant 2. Budget Defines what can be done 3. 4. Site analysis Sometimes preceded by site selection General un-oriented reconnaissance Systematic inventory of significant information Concise identification of sites essential character, how it maintains itself and is likely to respond to development and its major problems and potentialities Typical considerations include subsurface conditions, topography, climate, ecology, existing land use, circulation Influence goals that are possible and desirable Design and Construction Schedule Identifies interrelationship and timing of activities Necessary project management tool Specifies the time frame for the projects start to finish

SECOND STEP : SCHEMATIC PHASE Output Deals with patterns of activity, circulation and th physical environment Shows building location and form, circulation on the surface, expected activities in all outdoor and associated indoor areas, general shape and treatment of the ground, major landscaping and any additional featues that will affect the outdoor space Accompanied by a duly revised program and budget Plan, program and budget are now formally reviewed by the client

The Design Process Deals with three (3) fundamental patterns of location in space and time: Pattern of activity Pattern of circulation Physical form

Characteristic of the Process Alteration of attention from part to part while judgment is reserved (prepares the mind for studies in which the significance of each partial decision is quickly understood in every important dimension) Simultaneous mastery of the whole that, when achieved, makes each trial modification reacts on the remainder of the design in all its aspects Study carried out in various forms such as plans, sections diagrams of behavior settings and circulation, model studies, etc. Studies proceed in the schizophrenic manner common to all design alternating between stages of reason and unreason A large number of sketch studies Proceeds gradually from partial aspects Goes into a simultaneous treatment of the whole pattern in all its major dimensions Through a process which typically alternates between bursts of unconscious suggestions and the rational development and criticism of feasible alternatives

Possible Approaches Unit Analysis: Piecemeal attack: reserves final judgment until the problem can be seen as a whole and is based on the cause and effect analysis of the following: Possible alternatives of the activity pattern Analyze circulation Analyze form

Unit Analysis: Seek the cheapest or most flexible plan possible Isolated Studies of Use, Form, Site or Circulation

Analyze overall patterns of the whole, alternating with other sketches for the development of small units of developments

THIRD STEP: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Output: Shows the precise alignment and specification of the road and walk systems, location and design of utilities and grading plan and is checked for internal consistency and for compliance with the basic plan, the program and the budget Precise layout of the structures and paths shown on the Schematic Plan Detailing of Vertical Dimension Design of road profile General grading plan Utility layout

Landscaping and Site Details Utility fixtures Pavement construction and finish Street furniture

FOURTH STEP: CONTRACT DOCUMENT PHASE Output A set of detailed plans and terms and conditions for the construction work and is the basis of estimates and work to guide actual construction. Working Drawings Precise surveying layout Set of road profiles Grading plans and spot elevations at key points Utility layout Landscape plan Sheet details specifications Outlines work methodology, type and kind of material utilities, grading, site

Topic 2: Cultural heritage planning INTRODUCTION TO CULTURAL LANDSCAPES There exist a great variety of Landscapes that are representative of the different regions of the world. Combined works of nature and humankind, they express a long and intimate relationship between peoples and their natural environment. Certain sites reflect specific techniques of land use that guarantee and sustain biological diversity. Others, associated in the minds of the communities with powerful beliefs and artistic and traditional customs, embody an exceptional spiritual relationship of , have been people with nature. To reveal and sustain the great diversity of the interactions between humans and their environment, to protect living traditional cultures and preserve the traces of those which have disappeared, these sites, called cultural landscapes, have been inscribed on the World Heritage List. Cultural landscapes Cultivated terraces on softly mountains, gardens, sacred places, testify to the creative genius, social development and the imaginative and spiritual vitality of humanity. They are part of our collective identity. Definition According to the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, cultural landscapes are cultural properties that represent the combined works of nature and man designated in Article I of the Convention. They are illustrative of the evolution of human society and settlement over time, under the influence of the physical constraints and/or opportunities presented by their natural environment and of successive social, economic, and cultural forces, both external and internal. Historical and Terminology In 1992 the World Heritage Convention became the first international legal instrument to recognize and protect, cultural landscapes. The Committee at its 16th session adopted guidelines concerning their inclusion in the World Heritage List.

The term cultural landscape embraces a diversity of manifestations of the interaction between humankind and its natural environment. Cultural landscapes often reflect specific techniques of sustainable land-use, considering the characteristics and limits of the natural environment they are established in, and a specific spiritual relation to nature. Protection of cultural landscapes can contribute to modern techniques of sustainable land-use and can maintain or enhance natural values in the landscape. The continued existence of traditional form of land-use supports biological diversity in many regions of the world. The protection of traditional cultural landscapes is therefore helpful in maintaining biological diversity. Man This embraces garden and parkland landscapes constructed for aesthetic reasons which are often ( but not always) associated with religious or other monumental buildings and ensembles. Organically Evolved Landscape This results from an initial social, economic, administrative, and/or religious imperative and has developed its present form by association with and in response to its natural environment. Such landscapes reflect that process of evolution in their form and component features. They fall into two sub-categories:

A relict (or fossil) landscapes is one in which an evolutionary process came to an end at sometime in the past, either abruptly or over a period. Its significant distinguishing features are, however, still visible in material form. Continuing landscape is one which retains an active social role in contemporary society closely associated with the traditional way of life, and in which the evolutionary process is still in progress. At the same time it exhibits significant material evidence of its evolutionary process is still in progress. At the same time it exhibits significant material evidence, which may be insignificant or even absent. Inscription of Cultural Landscapes on the World Heritage List The extent of a cultural landscape for inscription on the World Heritage List is relative to its functionality and intelligibility. In any case, the sample selected

must be substantial enough to adequately represent the totality of the cultural landscape that it illustrates. The possibility of designating long linear areas that represent culturally significant transport and communication networks should not be excluded. General criteria for protection and management are equally applicable to cultural landscapes. It is important that due attention be paid to the full range of values represented in the landscape, both cultural and natural. The nominations should be prepared in collaboration with and the full approval of local communities. The existence of a category of cultural landscape, included on the World Heritage List on the basis of the criteria set out in Paragraph 77 of the Operational Guidelines, does not exclude the possibility of properties of exceptional importance in relation to both cultural and natural criteria continuing to be inscribed. In such cases, their outstanding universal value must be justified under both sets of criteria.

B DEFINITIONS Adaptation means modifying a place to suit the existing use or a proposal use. (Burra Charter Article 1.9) Assessment of Significance means producing a succinct statement of significance summarizing an items heritage values. The assessment is the basis for policies and management structures that will affect the items future and will ensure retention of these values. (NSW Heritage Office)

Compatible use means a use which respects the cultural significance of a place. Such as use involves no, or minimal, impact on cultural significance. ( Burra Charter Article 1.11) Conservation means all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance. (Burra Charter Article 1.4) Conservation encompasses the activities that are aimed at the safeguarding of a cultural resource so as to retain its historic value and extend its physical life. There are conservation disciplines that address different kinds of cultural resources.

strategies that can be placed on a continuum that runs from least intervention to greatest that is, from maintenance to modifica tion of the cultural resource. (Parks Canada) All operations designed to understand a property, know its history and meaning, ensure its material safeguard and if required, its restoration and enhancement (Nara Document). Conservation Plans set out clearly the conservation needs, priorities and methodologies for a heritage property. They are used by custodians to guide their actions and the use of funds. Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment is a systematic methodology for assessing potential impacts on heritage resources of proposed development or other actions. It is embedded in environmental legislation and carried out by heritage professionals who recommend and design mitigating measures to address impacts. Cultural Tourism is that form of tourism whose object is, among other aims, the discovery of monuments and sites. It exerts on these last a very positive effect in so far as it contributes to satisfy its own ends to their maintenance and protection. This form of tourism justifies in fact the efforts which said maintenance and protection demand of the human community because of the socio-cultural and economic benefits which they bestow on all the populations concerned. 1976 ICOMOS Charter on Cultural Tourism) Fabric means all the physical material of the place including components, fixtures, contents and objects (Burra Charter Article 1.3) Groups of buildings comprise groups of separate or connected building including towns or parts thereof which are noteworthy because of their architecture, their homogeneity, their place in the landscape, or historical, cultural, economic, social, political or ideological significance, whether abandoned, still-inhabited or newly-built Information Sources are all physical, written, oral, and figurative sources which make it possible to know the nature, specificities, meaning, and history of the cultural heritage.

Intagible Cultural Heritage means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith that communities, groups and in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage (Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, Article 2). Integrity describes the health and wholeness of a heritage resource. A resource can be said to possess integrity when the values for which it was designated are not impaired or under threat, they are effectively communicated to the public and are respected in all decisions and actions affecting the site (Parks Canada). Interpretation means all the ways of presenting the cultural significance of a place Burra Charter Article 1.17) and is to be distinguished from repair. Repair involves restoration or reconstruction (Burra Charter Article 1.5) Management Plans set out clearly the short and long term priorities and methodologies to be used to monitor, maintain and conserve the significance and authenticity of a heritage property. Meaning denote what a place signifies, indicates, evokes or expresses (Burra Charter Article 1.16) Monuments are architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwelling, and combinations of these features. Patina means the sense of age or passage of time as reflected in the layers of visible change to fabric of a building or object. Period restoration is the accurate recovery of an earlier form, fabric and detailing of a site or structure based on evidence from recording, research and analysis, through the removal of later additions and the replacement of missing or deteriorated elements of the earlier period. Depending on the intent and degree of intervention, period restoration maybe a presentation rather than a conservation activity. (Parks Canada) Place Site, area, land, landscape, building or other work, group of buildings or other works and may include components, contents, spaces and views

(Burra Charter Article 1.1). Places may have a range of values for different individuals or groups. Preservation means maintaining the fabric of a place in its existing state and retarding deterioration. (Burra Charter Article 1.6) Preservation encompasses conservation activities that consolidate and maintain the existing form, material and integrity of a resource. Preservation includes short-term protective measures as well as long-term actions to retard deterioration or prevent damage. Preservation extends the life of the resource by providing it with a secure and stable environment. (Parks Canada Preservation Guidelines) Preservation standards require retention of the greatest amount of historic fabric, including the historic form, features and details as they have evolved over time (Secretary of the Interiors St andards for Treatment of Historical Properties) Reconstruction means returning a place to a known earlier state and is distinguished from restoration by the introduction of new material into the fabric. (Burra Charter Article 1.8) recreation of vanished or irreversibly deteriorated resources (Appleton Charter). Redevelopment means insertion of contemporary structures or addition sympathetic to the setting. (Appleton Charter) Rehabilitation is the modification, including adaptive re-use, of resource to meet various functional requirements such as safety, property protection and access while preserving the historic character of the structure. Renovation entails refurbishing and/or adding to the appearance of an original building or elements of a building in an attempt to renew its appearance in keeping with contemporary tastes and perceptions of conservation. Replication means the copying of an existing structure in order to maintain aesthetic unity and harmony. Restoration means returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material (Burra Charter Article 1.7) to reveal the original state within the limits of design (Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites)

Setting means the area around a place, which may include the visual catchment ( Burra Charter Article 1.12). This includes natural and built aspects, fixtures and the activities associated. Sites are works of human groups or individuals or the combined works of humans and nature and areas including archaeological sites, cultural landscapes planned or evolved over time through use or human events, environments of cultural significance, sacred geographies, and landscaped religious, artistic, historical or other cultural associations. Statement of Significance is the product of assessment of significance. It briefly summarizes an items heritage value and clarifies why the item is important. The statement is an important part of the management of all heritage items and forms the basis for policies, management structures and all good heritage decisions which will affect the items future. (NSW Heritage Manual) Sustainability refers to the preservation and management of cultural heritage in such way as to ensure that its fabric and values are safeguarded for the benefit of future generations. Tangible Cultural Heritage includes all resources that have some physical embodiment of cultural values such as historic towns, buildings, archaeological sites, cultural landscapes and objects. Use means the functions of a place, as well as the activities and practices that may occur at the place. (Burra Charter Article 1.10)

C SIGNIFICANCE AND AUTHENTICITY The Cultural Significance of heritage sites has been defined by the Burra Charter as the aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations which is embodied in the place itself, its setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects.

The goal of conservation is to preserve this significance by ensuring that all int relative degree of significance of interventions and actions meet the test of authenticity in all respects. Understanding the relative degree of significance of heritage resources is essential if we are to rationally determine which elements must be preserved under any circumstance, which should be reserved under some circumstances and which, under exceptional circumstances, will be sacrificed. Degree of significance can be assessed on the basis of the representativeness, rarity, condition, completeness and integrity and interpretive potential of a resource. Assessment of the significance of a place site or monument should be carried out as a necessary preliminary to any conservation action. Significance assessment is the process of studying and understanding the meanings and values of places, objects and collections. It involves three main steps: firstly analyzing the object or resources; secondly, Understanding its history and context and thirdly, identifying its value for the communities which created and/or carefor it. The key to the process is the concept of Authenticity which has become the universal concern of the conservation profession since the adoption of the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention, which defines authenticity as the primary and essential condition of the heritage. Authenticity is usually understood in terms of a matrix of dimensions of authenticity of essential qualities. Together these form the complete authenticity from which significance derives. The Retention of authenticity is the aim of good conservation practice. Dimensions of Authenticity: 1. LOCATION AND SETTING 2. FORM AND DESIGN 3. USE AND FUNCTION 4. ESSENCE 5. Place Spatial layout Use(s) Artistic expression 6. Setting Design User(s) Values 7. Sense of Place Materials Associations Spirit

8. Environmental riches 9. Crafts Changes in use overtime 10. Emotional impact 11. Landforms and vistas 12. Building techniques Spatial distribution of usage 13. Religious context 14. Environs Engineering Impacts of use Historical associations 15. Living elements Stratigraphy Use as a response to environment 16. Sounds, smells, and tastes 17. Degree of dependence on locale 18. Linkages with other properties or sites 19. Use as a response to historical context

CLASSIFICATION OF HISTORIC SITES AND STRUCTURES

Under existing procedures, the framework adopted by the Institute in the classification of historic sites and structures for preservation consists of the following: 1. National Shrine historic site or object hallowed and hallowed and honored for their history or association, e.g.; Rizal Shrine-Calamba, Laguna; Rizal Shrine-Fort Santiago, Intramuros, Manila: Aguinaldo Shrine, Kawit, Cavite; Pinaglabanan Memorial Shrine; San Juan, Metro Manila; Quezon Memorial Shrine, Quezon City; and, Mabini Shrine, Tanauan, Batangas. 2. National Monuments objects, structures or sites dedicated to memorialize or give reverence to a special historic personage or event, e.g; Rizal National Monument, Rizal, Park; A. Bonifacio National Monument, Caloocan City 3. National Landmarks sites or structures that are associated with an event, achievement, characteristic, or modification that makes a turning point or stage in Philippine history, e.g.; Paoay Church Historical Landmark ( also a World Heritage Site), Ilocos Norte; Miagao Church Historical Landmark ( also a World Heritage Site), Iloilo; Barasoain Church Historical Landmark, Malolo,s, Bulacan; Sheik Mahkdum Historical Landmark, Tawi-tawi; Taal (Town Center) Historical Landmark; and, Pila (Town Center) Historical Landmark, Pila, Laguna.

4. Heritage Houses house of ancestry with notable historical and cultural significance, e.g.; Syquia Mansion, Vigan City Ilocos Sur, Houses in Silay City, Negros Occidental. 5. Historic Sites natural areas or places with historical significance, and places recognized, marked or declared such as, Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel, Bulacan;Pamitinan Cave, Montalban, Rizal. 6. Classified structures and sites not falling under the above categories and marked are listed as Classified and recorded in the NHIs National Registry of Historic Structures. e.g.; All Philippine colonial churches which are more than 50 years old, with or without the official historical marker of the National Historical Institute, by virtue of NHI Board Resolution No. 3,s.1991. All sites and structures must fall within the NHI Criteria for Identification of Historic Sites and Structures. In the identification procedure, all sites and structures must, at least be 50 years old and display a high degree of authenticity to qualify for consideration.

The Global Habitat Agenda: Conservation and Rehabilitation of Historic and Cultural Heritage To promote historic and cultural continuity and to encourage broad civic participation in all kinds of cultural activities, governments at the appropriate levels, including local authorities, should: 1. Identify and document, whenever possible, the historic and cultural importance of areas, sites, landscapes, ecosystems, buildings, other objects, and manifestations and establish conservation goals relevant to the cultural and spiritual development of society; 2. Promote the awareness of such heritage in order to highlight the value and the need for its conservation and the financial viability of rehabilitation; 3. Encourage and support local heritage in order to highlight the value and the need for its conservation and rehabilitation efforts and inculcate in children and youth an adequate sense of their heritage; 4. Promote adequate financial and legal support for the effective protection of cultural heritage;

5. Promote education and training in traditional skills in all disciplines appropriate to the conservation and promotion of heritage; and 6. Promote the active role of older persons as custodians of cultural heritage, knowledge, trades, and skills.

To integrate development with conservation and rehabilitation goals, governments at the appropriate levels, including local authorities, should 1. Recognize that the historic and cultural heritage is an important asset and strive to maintain the social, cultural, and economic viability of historically and culturally important sites and communities; 2. Preserve the inherited historic settlement and landscape forms, while protecting the integrity of the historic urban fabric and guiding new construction in historic areas; 3. Provides adequate legal and financial support for implementation of conservation and rehabilitation activities, in particular through adequate training of specialized human resources; 4. Promote incentives for such conservation and rehabilitation to public, private, and nonprofit developers; 5. Promote community-based action for the conservation, rehabilitation, regeneration, and maintenance of neighborhoods; 6. Support public-and private-sector and community partnerships for the rehabilitation projects; 7. Ensure the incorporation to environmental concerns in conservation and rehabilitation projects; 8. Take measures to reduce acid rain and other types of environmental pollution that damage buildings and other items of cultural and historic value; 9. Adopt human settlements planning policies, including transport and frustracture policies that avoid environmental degradation of historic and cultural areas; 10. Ensure that the accessibility concerns of people with disabilities are incorporated into conservation and rehabilitation projects. Source: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements 1996

Conceptual Framework for Revitalization of Historic Inner-City Areas

Urban regeneration refers to reinvestment in the social, economic, cultural, and physical infrastructure of urbanized areas. Couch (1990) describes urban regeneration as seeking to bring back investment employment, and consumption and to enhance the quality of life within urban areas. Holcomb and Beauregard (1981) agree with Couch, but they add growth and progress to the definition of what they refer to as urban revitalization and state that, as with earlier labels (e.g., urban redevelopment, urban renewal, and urban regeneration), urban revitalization implies growth, progress, and infusion of new economic activities into stagnant or declining cities that are no longer attractive to investors or middle-class households. Ultimately, all cities are in a state of continuous transition. That is, they are continually in the process of becoming larger, smaller, better, or worse-in one way or another, different than they were in the past. This process of continual transition occurs partly in response to the political, industrial, economic, and social changes cited by Middleton (1991). Holcomb and Beauregard (1981) discuss the reasons for continual transition, pointing out that cities experience periods of growth and decline, both of which lead to transformation of urban space from one economic and social use to another. Decay of inner urban space often occurs within the context of such transformation. According to Clark (1989), inner urban decay, crime, racial tension, riots, mass unemployment, and falling standards in the provision of urban services are some of the more obvious and disturbing indicators of a general and deep-seated deterioration in the social, economic, political, and financial fabric of a city. Middleton (1991) points out that such decline leads to out-migration of younger and more skilled members of urban populations as they seek employment elsewhere. The result is that, as Robson (1988) points out, the population trapped in inner-city areas tends to mainly comprise single parents, unskilled workers, and elderly persons. In recent decades, urban revitalization initiatives have enjoyed increasing support in industrialized countries. However, in developing countries, interest in it--both intellectually and professionallyhas rarely extended beyond heritage campaign

groups, a relatively small number of foreign-trained local professionals, and external advisors who advocate adaptive reuse of heritage structures. This pattern is perhaps most apparent in the political dimension in developing countries. For the most part, the legal and administrative framework for conservation of historic areas in developing countriesin so far as it exists at alllargely consists of a set of prohibitions against construction within historic areas, although effective enforcement of such prohibitions is rare. In developing countries, housing areas of earlier vintages are, for the most part, still seen as problems rather that as an aspect of urban life that can make an important contribution to growth in national income and cultural identity. In some cases, modernization drives have been carried out to the extent th At historic urban cores were decimated. Singapore provides an excellent example of this phenomenon, in that it has almost completely destroyed its stock of heritage building.

How Should Historic City Centers Be Rebital for seeing initiativesized? Adaptive reuse and cost recovery. Ultimately,, all revitalization initiatives must be financed. A key concern is raising the funds necessary approach, private entities and/or nongovernment institutions are allowed to lease historic facilities for commercially viable uses that respect their historical value and to earn a profit from the use to which the facilities are put. Integrated area development. There exist few examples of initiatives that address integrated revitalization of entire historic city centers. The reason for this is that such initiatives simultaneously require 1. Modernization of economic activities within the entire urban core, which usually requires significant investment in infrastructure; 2. Restoration of monument; and 3. Mass rehabilitation of entire housing areas, which requires a cooperative financing plan funded by individuals as well as commercial and public sector entities. Full commercialization of historic city centers. Few cities have followed an entirely commercial model in revitalizing historic urban areas. Singapore provides the best example of this approach, since it allowed the local redevelopment authority to acquire all plots of land located within the designated conservation

areas. These plots were then sold to commercial entities for rehabilitationcumredevelopmentas shops, restaurants, tourist hotels or offices.

Transfer of development rights. Both Mumbai and Rio de Janeiro are experimenting with the North American method of transfer of development rights, which can be applied to privately held or owned premises listed as monuments and located in areas deemed ripe for development. Typically, land prices are rising rapidly in such areas due to the construction of nearby high-rise buildings. In order to encourage renovation rather than demolition of privately owned monuments, owners are offered alternative plots of land suitable for development. This intent is to compensate the owners for the income they forego by not developing the plots occupied by the monuments and to cover the cost of their renovation. A precondition to success in using this approach is availability of government owned land that can be offered as compensation. From socialism to real estate development. Historic city centers in the PRC offer numerous opportunities for urban revitalization, mainly because of the current trend toward privatization, commercialization, and the opening of housing and real estate to private investors. Modernization of commercial activity. An emerging concern within the context of modernization of historic of historic urban centers is the likely disappearance of traditional forms of land use and the economic activities with them Tourism. Development of tourism often encourages conservation of monuments and revitalization of historic urban center. However, the degree to which the economic benefits of tourism are distributed across the population of the entire city in question depends on the manner in which the revitalization initiative is implemented Conservation of historic monuments. Numerous local and national governments and religious organizations that administer monuments simply do not have the financial resource to rehabilitate them-even the most precious ones. Implementations of Conservation Projects and Heritage Interventions. The process is initiated by establishing a conservation task force that plans and implements the urban heritage projects in question. It comprises the following members: Relevant municipal corporations and/or urban local bodies; Urban development authorities;

Agencies responsible for financing the initiative, including infrastructure and housing; and Private sector investors and developers.

An urban heritage committee is then established for the purpose of monitoring the implementation process and providing advice to the conservation task force It comprises the following: Relevant NGOs; Municipal corporations and/or urban local bodies; Urban development authorities; and Individuals and specialists with an interest and stake in the initiative.

Proposals for specific development projects within the heritage zone are routed through the urban heritage committee prior to reaching the conservation task force. This ensures that such proposals have the concurrence of the urban heritage committee members, as well as those they represent prior to reaching the conservation task force. However, care must be taken to avoid procedures based on subjective, bureaucratic control; instead, procedures should emphasize transparent, objective criteria for approving or supporting specific interventions. Any special limitations on development within the heritage zone must be routed through the urban heritage committee prior to being put into place. As well, the urban heritage committee may wish to organize public hearings on specific development proposals likely to impact the urban heritage zone resident community. The purpose of the above structure is to separate planning and implementation functions from monitoring and technical advice. To ensure that these functions remain separate, guidelines are then established for both the conservation task force and the urban heritage committee that delineate how planning, implementation, monitoring, management of the information database, and advocacy are to be carried out. An information campaign targeting all members of the community that stresses the need for conservation is then formulated and implemented to ensure participation by all members. A list of buildings, precincts, or heritage zones that merit conservation is also drawn up. This list is then used to established urban heritage zones for the area concerned in accordance with relevant urban planning statutes. The second stage of the information and awareness campaign is then implemented. The purpose of this second stage is to encourage owners and occupants of heritage buildings to collaborate with the conservation task force and urban heritage committee in the formulation and preparation of specific interventions. These interventions are then implemented. Throughout the

initiative, the conservation task force and urban heritage committee remain the primary actors in formulating specific interventions, including: Adaptive reuse projects for rehabilitating landmark buildings of historical e Revenue-generating development projects that raise sufficient revenue that then can be used to subsidize rehabilitation of heritage buildings or monuments for which the revenue generating potential is weak or entirely lacking; Provision of affordable home improvement loans for homeowners or renters; Mitigation of the negative impacts of removing rent control (e.g., through the information of renters cooperatives as in the case of Bombays shawls {mass housing complexes for workers} redevelopment projects); and Provision of infrastructure appropriate to the renovated heritage zone in question, as well as financing for its construction or upgrading.

The following often facilitate implementation of specific interventions such as those referred above : Tax incentives that support private investment; Ensuring availability of sufficient financing from urban financial institutions for specific interventions; Procuring as much technical assistance as is practicable from urban financial institutions, urban heritage campaign organizations, NGOs, and state governments; Obtaining written commitments from all persons with an interest in particular revitalization projects; and Generating public interest in schemes that facilitate replication of successful demonstration projects. Processes similar to that outlined above have been successful in moving from small scale demonstration projects to a full-blown development master plan and an integrated conservation policy for specific heritage zones. Source: Steinberg 1998.

Impact of Gentrification Gentrification is an aspect of urban revitalization that has received considerable

Attention in both popular and professional literature. Williams (1983) finds that gentrification indicates whether an urban rehabilitation has been successful in that the principal purpose of urban revitalization is to produce a profitable real estate market.

When Does Gentrification Occur? There has been a significant amount of discussion in literature regarding the conditions that must be fulfilled for gentrification to occur. For Holcomb and Beauregard (1981), it is replacement of a neighborhoods residents with newcomers of higher income, who, having acquired homes cheaply, renovate them and upgrade the neighborhood.

Topic 4 : Integrated area or integrated rural development (IAD or IRD) Integrated Area Development (IAD) The Old IAD The Integrated Area Development or IAD approach evolved from traditional rural development strategies such as community development, comprehensive planning and integrated rural (agriculture) development. It is also one of the tools whereby decentralized planning can be operationalized. Through this approach the population in the area can be involved in identifying projects beneficial to them and would be able to discuss and plan the projects together with planners, technicians and politicians. The basic idea for an IAD is to build a planning region or a community region that has a common interest in some development projects or set of projects. There are varied approaches in setting up these planning areas or IAD units. The general principles that these units should be small enough to be seen steadily and seen whole, possessing some kind of cohesion and homogeneity but big enough to be of some significance in the overall national development scene. he search for a homogeneous region became a failure and thus a more pragmatic approach was taken. In this vein, some IAD units were conceived or chosen on the basis of the following: influence of feeder roads, river basin, irrigation projects, erosion zone, reforestation area, mining area, resettlement area, school districts, among others. However, still the concept of ideal or

functional units have been problematic and there was a realization that IAD units necessitate an institutional mechanism or organizations at the local or community level top plan and execute the projects and where funds can be channeled. Analytical framework for delineating communities or areas as IAD units that can be generally applicable, Higgins(1981) enumerated six general principles in this regard which can be met in real field situations: 1. Functional Meaning. The area (in spatial terms) must have some meaning in terms of function. They should not be haphazard or meaningless in terms of the development planning exercise (e.g. not cutting region into rectangular areas of identical size and shape). Borders should have a development planning significance, e.g. area of influence of a feeder road, an irrigation project, resettlement, erosion, zone etc. 2. Inhabitants are Target Population. The population inhabiting the area should distinguish its populations from the populations of other areas, e.g. beneficiaries of feeder roads, population interested in school or clinic, etc. The old IAD approach takes the bottom up perspective of the agropolitan approach 3. Integration Potential. The area should be suitable for integrated development whether alone or in conjunction with a limited number of other areas. 4. Aggregation Potential. The area should be capable of aggregation with other units to permit integrated planning and development at the provincial, regional and national levels. 5. A Political and Administrative Unit. The area should be itself a political or Administrative unit, with an organization suitable for participation of the target population in planning and execution of projects and programs, or it must be capable of easy aggregation with other areas into such a unit. The political authority may, however, be a regional development authority, a special body with representatives of all levels of government interested in the execution of program or local organizations altogether outside the existing political and administrative structure, e.g. youth groups, community councils, etc. Caution has been placed, however, in adopting either of the two depending on which one is worse. The former ( political units) will leave the way to bureaucratic manipulation while the latter (non-political organizations) may merely deliver the population into the hands of the local power structure. 6.Available Information and Statistics. The area must be one where statistics and other information already exist or one where the same can be available without excessive cost or delay.

The New IAD The IAD concept has seen transformations and has taken new terminologies in the process. While it has been so, one will find still similarities of these new IAD approaches to the basic or old IAD concept but thi s time in a new or bigger dimension and dynamics. Two general categories according to the nature of the approach their objectives and the setting in which it is applied: 1. Inter-Regional or Inter-Local Approach Clustering in the past decades, the use of clusters or clustering, networks and other related terms have emerged. The use of the term cluster has been popularized with the introduction of Porter (1998)33 of the term in the context of competition of firms and locations. He defined a cluster to mean a geographical proximate group of interconnected companies and associated institutions in a particular field, linked by commonalities and complementarities. He showed the significance of these inter industry linkages in the competitiveness of national (and regional) economies. There are two ways clustering has been used in regional development strategies. 1.1 The first is a traditional strategy, which identifies a growth cluster basing itself from the growth pole or growth center paradigm. A growth cluster is where clustering of areas (small political units, e.g. municipalities) are based on criteria such as common economic activities, growth potentials and physical linkages. A growth cluster has a center which offers more diversified and higher level of services than what is present in the influence areas which can perform any of the following roles: industrial center, trading center, administrative center, educational center, recreational center, and other functional roles. 1.2 A more recent use of clustering is in pursuit of sustainable urban development and environmental management. Here, a cluster is defined as a sub-regional development area wherein the boundaries are determined using inter-local delineation covering two or more areas or political units. Such cluster comprises a development sub-region which is a suitable unit for land management and planning due to its physical, demographic, spatial and economic characteristics. The criteria to determine the boundaries of a cluster includes the following:

Economics(existence of common economic base, complementary resources, high economic growth and export potentials), social (having the same cultural background and using the same language and dialect), physical (geographically contiguous and linked by infrastructure within the urban structure), political ( the demarcation of the cluster coincided with the administrative boundaries of the LGUs) and environmental (experiencing similar environmental problems and existence or use of common resources such as water) 2. Inter-country Approach Trans-border Regions. The creation of transborder regions or cross-border regions as exemplified by growth triangles and similar kind of integration of sub-national areas across national boundaries have been very prominent in Asia especially in the 1990s. Currently, there are six of these government sponsored regions that are in operation: 1. Trumen River Area Development Program (Russia, China, North Korea, South Korea, Japan); 2. Southern China Growth Triangle (Hongkong, Taipei, China and Southern China manily parts of Guandong and Fujian provinces); 3. Greater Mekong Sub region (or GMS including areas in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand); 4. Singapore-Johor-Riau Growth Triangle (Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia); and 5. The BruneiDarussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines (BIMP) East ASEAN Growth Area (EAGA). This approach has been used in the on-going World Bank-assisted project in the Philippines Cavite-Laguna (CALA) Urban Development and Environment Management Project. Douglass (1998)36 observes that the current trans-border region in Asia as mentioned above cover sites which had serious political and ideological conflicts in recent years and yet they now comprise zones of international economic integration and cooperation. The reduction of political tensions may explain partly the foundation of the re kindled interest in forming regional cooperation. In fact, Tang and Thant(1994)37 mentioned this factor in the formation of growth triangles along with the other traditional rationale for regional cooperation in Asia such as increase in economies of scale, exploitation of complementarities in production and enlarging the size of markets. Trans-border or cross-border regions are what Douglass (1998)

calls the emerging forms of so-called transnational spaces, a term for geographies that are detached in varying degrees from normal regulation by the nation state. The more classic forms of these transnational spaces include export-processing zones (EPZs) or free port zones While both exploit international mobility of capital and the comparative lowcost of labor, there are basic differences in the features of a growth triangle or cross border regions with EPZs,. First, is the involvement of more than one country compared with activities with EPZs, which only one country is involved. Second, there is a wider range or diversity in activities from economic (including tourism) to cultural, or even educational activities compared with EPZs which are largely manufacturing. Third, there is a much more complex policy coordination required than in EPZs. The success of cross-border regions had been attributed to three factors: economic complementarity ( significant differentials in factor endowments), geographical proximity (to reduce transaction and transport costs and seize cultural and linguistic similarities) political commitment (willingness of member countries for compromises in sovereignty), policy coordination (tariffs, employment regulation, real estate, finance, foreign while the benefits are enormous, the cost for capital development and physical maintenance are also high. The experience of existing cross-border regions showed that member countries minimized start-up costs by taking advantage of existing physical infrastructure if possible. It is expected that on a longer term, the benefits point to both regional development goal attainment as well as the development of human resources.

CLUSTER HOUSING Cluster Housing Environment its the most fundamental and enduring form of human settlement Cluster Housing defined; housing that is joined together so that individual units share common walls, floors and ceiling and including a share of common open space and common facilities. Cluster Housing has the flexibility of configuration and space to be organized into prescribed social groupings.

CHARACTERISTIC Focus a focal point that serve a group of houses rather that individual hous/unit. Unity / Similarity there is a measure of similarities among the building giving the whole design a unique appearance. Articulation each cluster is articulated, group of building are made identifiable through the use of planning material, design, color or open space Spatial Relationships there is a definable space relating to a group of unit or territory. Identification a trellised walkway / covered bus stop sign, or special planting identifying cluster entrances.

ADVANTAGES Development costs are lower since there are fewer areas of developing and less linear meter utilities for dwelling. Sewerage is cheaper and there is less run off with cluster since there is less paving and more ground surface to absorb water. Concentration of Building aids in good drainage, leaving natural water coursed and the drainage network in its natural state. Reduced maintenance cost for residences and community to realize. Lot size can be reduced and the land thus saves, can be used for common green and open spaces.

PHYSICAL CRITERIA: 1. Stagger units to relieve row house monotony. 2. Design placement of playground, active recreational areas and connecting walk pattern to invite friendliness and compatibility. 3. Planting screens, walks or fences to contribute to individual privacy. 4. Design walls without steps or excessive gradient wherein possible. 5. Interim Collector Street which links off-size circulation network to interior building cluster. 6. Cluster interrelates to lie into a continuous network of open spaces and recreation. 7. Varied landscape treatment within development of a cluster enhances individuality or repetition of landscape theme.

Four (4) to five (5) units are about the minimum units to form a cluster, while 20 units maximum. Cluster Units within a development shall appear as a unified whole yet each cluster should be from adjacent to nearby cluster, through buffering, point variation, architectural theme, plantings for, one single access point for interaction.

TYPES OF CLUSTER HOUSING LINEAR unites the level areas with circulation in a linear pattern NODAL relates each cluster to itself using the open space for buffer and Separation. GRADUATED - has a center or several centers from which units move out in concentric rings.

PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT (PUD) Planned Unit Development or PUD is an approach of designing residential neighborhoods where it: o Provides better environment for its users o Produces more profits for developers

DEFINITION A means of land regulation which promotes large scale, unified land development through midrange realizable program in pursuit in physically curable, social and economic deficiencies in peripheral land and city scape.

SALIENT FEATURES OF PUD 1. Greater flexibility in locating building and combining land uses to achieve reduction in construction costs and preserve open spaces and other amenities. 2. Allow the best use and arrangement of land

3. Propose to arrange buildings in any durable manner eliminating setbacks to save natural features. 4. Land and development costs per unit are reduced and so with street facilities and grading costs 5. Provided guarantees of quality to the community and approval securities of grading costs. 6. Flexibility in design 7. Open spaces can be utilized for recreational areas, i.e. playgrounds and parks and community facilities 8. Permits small groups of shops, markets, school and churches.

GRAPHICAL CONCEPT OF PUD o o o o Direct Street Access Court Yard Related Path Related Street Related (parallel)

Advantages for people living in a planned unit development: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Larger houses for less money More choice of house types Presentation of natural features like ponds and lakes Community recreation space Safe pedestrian ways and safer streets More conveniently located schools and shops

Advantages for the developer and builder: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Less land use for streets More efficient utility return Better drainage, less grading and site preparation More varied house types that can reach a wider market More dwelling units and bigger houses The ability to include shops and stores.

Preservation of Natural Features Instead of developing the whole section with paved streets and narrow fenced yards. Planned Unit Development permits as much as 30% of the land area to remain in its natural state, while housing the same number of families as conventional development sometimes even more. This means that natural features like ponds and rock outcropping as well as trees and streams can be preserved near the places where people live.

Community Recreation Space Open space created by Planned Unit Development can be used for recreation areas like playing fields and swimming pools and there can easily be areas for open space or schools and other facilities that is integral to a residential neighborhood, instead of being in their own separate locations.

Safe Pedestrian ways and Safer Streets The community open space of Planned Unit Development can also be used to create pedestrian greenways connecting houses with schools and large open areas. Such greenways can be designed so that cross few or no streets providing safe routes for children to walk to school or play areas. The intersection of 2 conventional grid iron streets creates as many as 16 potential places where a collision can take place. The neighborhood loop street, possible in Planned Unit Developments can have as few as 3 potential collision points. In addition the clear distinction between through traffic streets and neighborhood streets made possible by Planned Unit Developments provides a generally safer traffic pattern with fewer cars moving more slowly in the areas where people live.

More Convenient to School and Shops In conveniently zoned areas, shops can only be placed in sections with commercial zoning. A planned Unit Development permits small groups of shops and restaurants in the middle of a residential area giving the kind of convenience often found in the center of the city but seldom in outlying residential districts. In addition, by placing a school adjacent to community open space it is likely to be far more centrally located than would be possible under conventional conditions.

Fewer and Shorter Streets Developers in large low density areas generally are responsible for buildings that streets themselves, therefor the fewer and shorter streets needs for Planned Unit Developments mean a substantial savings for the developer. Thus may be as much as 30% less street area under Planned Unit Developments which not only means less development cost but more valuable land available for housing.

MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIAL CENTERS INTRODUCTION A publication concerned with property development naturally tends to concentrate on the physical activities but the question of use is of vital importance comparing the particular mix of activities with those analogous cities and regions. It is possible to argue that planning control is basically one of land-used; because once the use of land has been determined the question of precisely what is built is a matter of detail. In fact, it is a substantial commitment to use land or buildings for particular

DEVELOPMENT DEFINED The statutory definition of development is the carrying out of building, engineering, mining or other operations in, on, over or under land, or the making of any material change of use in any building or land.

KEY STAGES 1. 2. 3. 4. Preparation Implementation Objectives Local Authority

1. Preparation Once the decision to proceed with a particular site has been made, there are many things that have to be done before the site can be purchased and the development started. In the period of preparation the following work to be completed: o Study of the physical extent and nature of the site o Investigation of extent and nature of the interest in the land that is being purchased o Preparation of detailed drawings. Submission of planning application Obtaining short and/or long term finance In some cases, securing a pre-letting of whole or part of the project In all cases, through investigation of the market and establishment of levels of price or rent. Discussion as to the contractor to be selected and possibly some preliminary negotiations with one or more contractors.

2. IMPLEMENTATION Implementation brings together at one point in space and times all the raw materials of the development process. A commitment has now been made to a particular site and to particular buildings at a particular cost spread over a particular time.

3. OBJECTIVES It is very difficult to set down objectives for development; in simple terms the purpose of development is to provide accommodation for occupation for the person carrying out the development, or for someone else. An Occupier his prime objective is to provide a building within which he can carry on his business or activities A Property Company the prime objective, whether it is a small, local one man band or multi-national, is to make direct financial profit from the process of development. An Investor the prime objective is to make direct financial gain. However, they tend to take long view are more concerned with the flow of income over an extended period of time.

A Builder extends his contracting role and takes on the additional risk of development, buying land, arranging the finance and organizing sales of lettings. When he acts merely as contractor, he takes profit related to building cost and time. 4. LOCAL AUTHORITY Directly related to and ancillary to their statutory public duties. LAND USE VALUE According to planner McHarg there are land-use values discernible after inventory and analysis, namely; Productive Value are those which can be intelligently utilized for economic gain. I.e. forestry, fisheries, extractive minerals, housing and so forth Performing Values are those lands which are needed for water purification and climate drought water, air control Negative Values includes land subject to natural disasters where occupancy by man might lead to costly destructions. Intrinsic are lands which neither produce perform, nor endanger , I.e. land having scenic, scientific, and educational value.

Pattern of Land Uses 1. 2. 3. 4. Residential land-use Industrial land-use Industrial activities and environment Comercial land-use

Factors in determining best location 1. Accesibility 2. Site availability 3. Relation of site to prospective

1. Downtown Center Trend is toward a close integration on two or more shopping levels of department stores, shopping facilities, hotels, office building, and theaters or parking groups.

2. Regional Center Contains four (4) department stores plus 50 to 100 more satellite shops and facilities all fronting on a interval pedestrian mall or shopping walkway. Parking surrounds the building groups so that all stores face inward to the mall with their backs to the parking. Combines major function plus some function of community center plus sale of general merchandize, apparel, furniture, etc.

3. Community Center Usually strip of stores but larger than neighborhood center containing a department store as the major unit. Parking pattern similar to neighborhood center Major function: sales of convenience goods and personal services plus sale of shopping goods.

4. Neighborhood Center Row of stores, customarily in a strip or line or parallel the highway; parking between line of store fronts and the highway. Service is by an alley in the rear. Range from 20,000-100,000 sq. ft of space contains a supermarket, drugstore, variety about half-dozen or more service-type stores, cater to limited trade area. Major function sales of convenience goods and personal services Perquisites of a center are 1. Motivated quality of the Etrepreneur 2. Supporting population 3. The site 4. Accessibility New towns and other spatial districts ( agro/eco villages) Industrial estates/economic zones development

Topic 5

INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS/ESTATES

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 282 OCTOBER 30, 1995 PROVIDING FOR THE GUIDELINES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF THE EXPORT PROCESSING ZINE AUTHORITY; CREATED UNDER PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 66, INTO THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMIC ZONE AUTHORITY UNDER REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7916 SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE ACT OF 1995 (Republic Act No. 7916) SECTION 3. Purposes, Intents and Objectives It is the purpose, intent and objectives of this Act. a. To establish the legal framework and mechanisms for the integration, coordination, planning and monitoring of special economic zones, industrial estates/parks, export processing zones and other economic zones; b. To transform selected areas in the country into highly developed agroindustrial, commercial, tourist, banking investment, and financial center, where highly trained workers and efficient services will be available to commercial enterprises; c. To promote the flow of investors, both foreign and local, into special economic zones which would generate employment opportunities and establish backward and forward linkages among instries in and around the economic zones; d. To stimulate the repatriation of Filipino capital by providing attractive climate and incentives for business activity; e. To promote financial and industrial cooperation between the Philippines and industrialized countries through technology-intensive industries that modernize the countrys industrial sector and improve productivity levels by utilizing new technological and managerial know- how; f. To vest the special economic zones on certain areas thereof with the status of a separate customs territory within the framework of the Constitution and the national sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Philippines.

SECTION 4. DEFINITION OF TERMS For purposes of this Act, the following definitions shall apply to the following terms: a. Special economic zones (SEZ) - hereinafter referred to as the ECOZONES, are selected areas with highly developed or which have the

potential to e developed into agro-industrial, industrial tourist/recreational, commercial, banking, investment and financial centers. An ECOZONE may contain any or all of the following: industrial estates (IEs), export processing zones (EPZs), free trade zones, and tourist/recreational centers. b. Industrial estate (IE) refers to a tract of land subdivided and developed according to a comprehensive plan under a unified continuous management and with provisions for basic infrastructure and utilities, with or without prebuilt standard factory buildings and community facilities for the use of the community of industries. c. Export processing zone (EPZ) - a specialized industrial estate located physically and/or administratively outside customs territory, predominantly oriented to export production. Enterprises located in export processing zones are allowed to import capital equipment or stored, repacked, sorted, mixed, or otherwise manipulated without being subject to import duties. However, movement of these imported goods from the free-trade area to a non-freetrade area in the country shall be subject io import duties. Enterprises within the zone are ganted preferential tax treatment and immigration laws are more lenient.

SECTION 6. CRITERIA FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF OTHER ECOZONES In addition to the ECOZONES identified in Section 5 of this Act,other areas may be established as ECOZONES in a proclamation to be issued by the President of the Philippines subject to the evaluation and recommendation of the PEZA, based on a detailed feasibility and engineering study which must conform to the following criteria: a. The proposed area must be identified as a regional growth center in the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan or by the Regional Development Council; b. The existence of required infrastructure in the proposed ECOZONE, such as roads, railways, telephones, ports, airports, etc. and the suitability and capacity of the proposed site to absorb such improvements; c. The availability of water source and electric power supply for use of the ECOZONE;

d. The extent of vacan lands available for industrial and commercial development and future development of residential areas for the ECOZONE workers; e. The availability of skilled, semi-skilled and non-skilled trainable labor force n and around the ECOZONE; f. The area must have a significant incremental advantage over the existing economic zones and its potential profitability can be established; g. The area must be strategically located; and h. The area must be situated where controls can easily be established to curtail smuggling.

INDUSTRIAL ESTATES a. A tract of land which is subdived and developed according to a comprehensive plan for the use of a community of industrial enterprises. b. Classification ranges from the most restricted uses for light industry to the unrestricted heavy industry areas c. Light industry may be located within the central and sub-communities in order that a considerable amount of employment may be provided close to living areas d. More offensive light industries should be located within special light industrial zones in the green wedges or adjacent to the heavy industrial districts. e. Heavy Industry should be located at the outer edges of the sub-communities or within the green wedge areas where they can be connected by the railroad belt line and made accessible to all railroads on equal terms, and where they can be quickly reached from employees homes. f. Adoption of performance standards may obviate the need for arbitrary distinctions between light and heavy industry and provide a more rational utilization of industrial land g. Performance standards for control of smoke, oder, glare, vibration, dust, sound, radiation, water or sewer pollution, and moisture are enforced through the measurement of the effects of plant operation h. Industrial areas have a density of some 30 to 50 workers per acre while the areas of heavy industry have less than 10 workers per acre. i. Size of industrial estates vary depending on factors such as types and number of industries to be accommodated, number of units, size of their employment, potential industrial growth, availability of land and its development costs, proximity of transport and availability of workers housing.

j.

Large enough to achieve practical economies of scale but not to the point where this economies of scale, particularly traffic and administrative difficulties may become serious. k. In the US, the most popular factory lot size is from 2,000 sq. m. to 25,000 sq. m. The smallest plot being 200sq. m l. United Nations has recommended that the smallest industrial lot should have a frontage of 40 meters and a depth of 65 meters. Room for expansion twice the original floor space should be provided

CLASSES OF INDUSTRIAL ESTATES 1. Industrial tract - An improved tract of land including provisions for streets and access roads, and installation of utilities. No buildings are provided. 2. Industrial subdivision An improved tract of land with industrial buildings and large enough in area to provide sufficient economics of scale to offer special facilities and services to industrial occupants.

Facilities of Industrial Estate 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Parks and open spaces Standard Factory Buildings Fire Station Warehouses Administrative Buildings Bank Communications Office Canteen for Executives Clinic Training Area Conference Room Administrators Office Accounting Office

INDUSTRIAL PARKS A more highly restricted type of planned industrial district in which special attention and emphasis is given to aesthetics preservation of open spaces and community compatibility. A planned industrial district and distinguished from a miscellaneous collection of industrial structures on separate parcels of land Serve the same manner as industrial districts of earlier times Industrial parks are not suitable to all industries Development was due to effort to become more integrated with home areas of employees. Relieve industry of legal problems stemming from zoning Offers utilities and services thus wont encounter problems from local government in obtaining them. There is a signification on site development cost to the industry that locates with the park. Provide benefits to industry such as security, eating facilities and club employees. Communities housing industrial parks benefit from diversification of local economy, broader tax base, more community income, and a general stimulant to the area. Standards of industrial parks are high to be accepted by residents bu not so rigid to become unacceptable to industries Proper development and restrictions can make land usage predictable and can protect property values in the park and the surrounding area. Density in Industrial Parks range from 15 to 20 workers per acre. Typical standard include architectural control through an architectural board of review, minimum setback of 25 feet with complete landscape treatment of open areas, provision of adequate enclosed parking and loading spaces, exclusion of any operation that emit smoke or fumes and limiting noise levels.

RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRY 1. Resource-oriented Industries Characterized by the large proportion of raw materials value to production value. Located in areas where resources are available, thus minimizing added cost to transporting raw materials 2. Market-oriented Industries

These involve processing that add bulk and weight to the products Distribution costs and other related problems are minimized if located near marketing centers 3. Footloose Industries Second-stage users where processing cost of materials count more than transfer costs Located where linkages are great

INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION BY SIZE 1. 2. 3. 4. Cottage Industry Total assets not exceeding 100,000 pesos. Small Scale Industry Total assets should be 2 million pesos. Medium Scale Industry total assets should be 1 to 4 million pesos Large Scale Industry total assets should be 4 million pesos and up.

TYPES OF INDUSTRY 1. Heavy Industry An operating establishment having an employment size greater that 500 employees Precedent activity, proximity to raw materials, natural resources, pwer sourcces, and location at major transportation hubs and population centers are several factors that prompt that continuation of heavy industrial activity Facilities include intense manufacturing operations, heavy equipment, construction and fuel yards, mining and quarrying major transportation terminals.