Past Papers Paper 1 2000 - Medicine 2) Individuals have been important in the development of medicine.

. Choose one of the following individuals Hippocrates Florence Nightingale Louis Pasteur a) Describe the developments he or she made in medicine (5) b) Explain why the individual was able to make these developments at that time (7) c) Explain the importance of these developments in the history of medicine (8) 3) Ambrose Pare, Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey all contributed to the Medical Renaissance a) Describe the main developments in the Medical Renaissance (5) b) Explain why the Medical Renaissance took place when it did (7) c) What was the most important development in the Medical Renaissance? Explain your answer (8)

4) There were several reasons why the importance of penicillin was discovered in the twentieth century. Study the list of factors ;The work of Alexander Fleming ;The work of Howard Florey and Ernst Chain ;Chance a) Describe how Fleming discovered penicillin (5) b) Explain whether or not the factors in the list were equally important in discovering the importance of penicillin (7) c) Do you agree that no more work needed to be done to develop penicillin after Florey and Chain had shown its importance? Explain your answer (8)

2000 American West 2) In the 1840s the Mormons decided to go West a) Explain why the Mormons decided to move to the Great Salt Lake (5) b) Did the leadership of Joseph Smith help or harm the Mormons? Explain your answer (7) c) Why were the Mormons successful at the Great Salt Lake? (8)

3) Both the homesteaders and the cattlemen had to overcome many problems on the plains a) Explain why the homesteaders faced problems on their homesteads (5) b) Explain how most homesteads overcame these problems (7) c) How successful were the cattlemen in coping with the problems facing cattle ranching on the Plains? Explain your answer (8) 2001 Medicine 2) There have been many theories about what causes people to be ill. They include The theory of the Four Humours The Germ Theory a) Explain one of the theories listed above (5) b) Choose one of the theories listed above and explain why it was accepted (7) c) Which theory is more important in the history of medicine, the Theory of the Four Humours or the Germ Theory? Explain your answer using your knowledge (8)

3) Different societies in the past had public health systems a) Explain how the Roman public health system worked (5) b) Explain why the Romans had a good public health system (7) c) Explain why public health in the early nineteenth century Britain was not as good as in Ancient Rome (8)

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Several different factors have helped bring about progress in medicine

a) Explain one example of how the government has helped bring about progress in medicine (5) b) Explain how war has helped and hindered progress in medicine (7)] c) Chance by itself has never brought about progress in medicine Explain whether or not you agree with this view (8)

2001 American West 2) Many different types of people travelled West a) Explain what dangers faced travellers crossing the Plains and the Rockies (5) b) Did homesteaders and the Mormons travel west for the same reasons? Explain your answer using your knowledge (7) c) Who were the more successful in the West, the homesteaders or the Mormons? Explain your answer using your knowledge (8) 3)The Plains Indians and White Americans were in conflict for most of the time during this period a) What did White Americans not like about the Plains Indians way of life? Explain your answer using your knowledge (5) b) Why did the Battle of the Little Big Horn take place in 1876? (7) c) How far was Crazy Horse responsible for winning the Battle of the Little Big Horn and how far was General Custer responsible for losing it? Explain your answer using your knowledge (8)

2002 Medicine 2) The Ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans all made advances in medicine a) Explain what advances the Ancient Egyptians made in medicine (5) b) Did the Ancient Greeks use only natural approaches to medicine? Explain your answer (7) c) The Romans made no advances in medicine. They just copied Greek ideas and methods How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer (8)

3) There was much opposition to Edward Jenners work a) Explain how Edward Jenner was able to discover vaccination (5) b) Did people oppose his ideas only because he was a country doctor and not a rich and famous one? Explain your answer (7) c) Louis Pasteur was more important then Jenner in getting vaccination accepted. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer (8) 4) James Simpson and Joseph Lister both made important contributions to the development of surgery a) Explain what problems faced surgeons in the early nineteenth century (5) b) Was Listers work more important than Simpsons in the development of surgery? Explain your answer (7) c) After the work of Simpson and Lister there was little left to do in the development of surgery How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer (8) 2002 American West 2) Indians and homesteaders often found it difficult to share the Plains a) Explain why the Indians did not like the homesteaders settling on the Plains (5) b) Were the Indians the only problem the homesteaders faced on the Plains? Explain your answer (7) c) The Plains Indians were forced onto reservations. How far were the homesteaders the main reason for this? (8)

2003 Medicine 2) The Greeks made important advance in medicine a) Explain the part played in Greek medicine by Asclepeia (5) b) Explain the ways in which Hippocrates improved Greek medicine (7) c) How far was Galen more important than Hippocrates in the development of medicine? Explain your answer (8)

3) Plague killed many people in England. In the fourteenth century it was called the Black Death and in the seventeenth century it was called the Great Plague a) Why was the Black Death able to spread quickly in the fourteenth century England (5) b) How well did people in the fourteenth century understand the causes of the Black Death (7) c) How far did people in the seventeenth century deal with the plague more successfully then people in the fourteenth century/ Explain your answer (8) 4) Many people helped the development of medicine. Choose one of the following Andreas Vesalius Joseph Lister Florence Nightingale A) Explain the advances he or she made in medicine (5) B) Explain the difficulties he or she faced (7) C) How far was he or she helped by factors other than his or her own contribution? Explain your answer (8) 2004 Medicine 2) Understanding and treating illness were as important to early societies as they are to us today a) Briefly describe ways in which prehistoric people treated illness(5) b) Explain how the way of life and the beliefs of the Egyptians helped them to make advances in medicine (7) c) How far were Greek ideas about medicine accepted in the Middle Ages? Explain your answer (8) 3) Factors such as war, religion and chance have sometimes slowed down and sometimes helped progress in medicine a) Briefly describe the way in which religion has affected medicine (5) b) Explain how war has helped progress in medicine (7) c) Chance by itself has never helped progress in medicine Explain how far you agree with this statement (8)

4) Both Louis Pasteur and Alexander Fleming are important in the history of medicine a) Briefly describe how Fleming discovered penicillin (5) b) Explain how factors other than Flemings work contributed to the development of penicillin (7) c) Who were the more important in the history of medicine, Pasteur or Fleming? Explain your answer (8) 2004 American West 2) Both Mormons and Homesteaders settled in the West a) Explain why many white Americans at first thought the Great Plains were a desert (5) b) Explain why people travelled west to become homesteaders (7) c) Who were the more successful in the West, the Mormons or the homesteaders? Explain your answer (8) 3) White Americans and Indians often came into conflict on the Great Plains a) Explain why many white Americans thought the Plains Indians were savages (5) b) Explain why the Battle of the Little Big Horn took place when it did (7) c) Custer lost the Battle of the Little Big Horn only because of his mistakes How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer (8)

2005 Medicine 2) Important advance in medicine were made both in Ancient Greece and during the Medical Renaissance a) Briefly describe the medical advances of the Ancient Greeks (5) b) Explain why it was possible for advance to be made in medicine during the Medical Renaissance (7) c) Were the medical advances made by the Greeks more important than those made during the Medical Renaissance? Explain your answer (8)

3) Progress was made in public health in Roman times and in nineteenth century Britain a) Briefly describe the advances the Romans made in public health (5) b) Explain why it was possible to make advances in public health in nineteenth century Britain (7) c) Were the advances in public health made by the Romans more important than those made in nineteenth century Britain? Explain your answer (8) 4) Important advances were made in surgery during the nineteenth century a) Briefly describe the problems faced by surgeons at the beginning of the nineteenth century (5) b) Explain why there was opposition to advances in surgery in the nineteenth century (7) c) Was Lister more important than Simpson in the development of surgery? Explain your answer (8) 2005 American West 2) During the second half of the nineteenth century, many people moved west to set up homesteads a) Briefly describe the problems that settlers faced during their journey westwards (5) b) Explain why the American Government passed the Homestead Act of 1862 (7) c) How successful were homesteaders in overcoming the problems of living and working on a homestead? Explain your answer (8) 3) Cowboys lived and worked on the Plains a) Briefly describe the dangers faced by cowboys in their work (5) b) Explain why cattle ranching spread to the Plains (7) c) Three reasons for the decline of the cowboys traditional way of life were The invention of barbed wire The harsh weather of 1886 1887 The Johnson County War of 1892 Was one of these reasons more important than the others? Explain your answer (8)

2006 Medicine 2) Ancient societies like those of the Egyptians and the Greeks made more progress in medicine than people in the Middle Ages a) Briefly describe the medical progress made by the Ancient Egyptians (5) b) Explain why bloodletting was widely used in the Middle Ages (7) c) Why did the Ancient Greeks make more progress in medicine than people in the Middle Ages? Explain your answer (8) 3 The Renaissance led to the Medical Renaissance and many important developments in medicine a) Briefly describe the work of Vesalius (5) b) Explain why Vesalius was able to make so many discoveries about the human body at that time (7) c) Who is more important in the history of medicine, Ambroise Pare or William Harvey? Explain your answer (8) 4) Both Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur were important in the development of vaccination a) Briefly describe how Jenner discovered smallpox vaccination (5) b) Explain why there was so much opposition to smallpox vaccination throughout the nineteenth century (7) c) Who contributed more to the development of vaccination, Jenner or Pasteur? Explain your answer (8) 2006 American West 2) The Plains Indians eventually lost the Plains a) Briefly describe how the Plains Indians used the buffalo (5) b) Explain why the Plains Indians disliked living on government reservations (7) c) How far was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876 a victory for the Plains Indians? Explain your answer (8)

3) Both Joseph Smith and Brigham Young made important contributions to the development of the Mormons. a) Briefly describe the main beliefs of the Mormons (5) b) Explain why the Mormons faced many difficulties under Joseph Smiths leadership (7) c) Which was Brigham Youngs most important contribution to the Mormons: deciding to go west and organising the journey, or organising the community at Salt Lake? Explain your answer (8) 2007 Medicine 2) Both the Ancient Greeks and the Romans made important contributions to the development of medicine a) Briefly describe the medical treatments provided at a Greek Asclepion (5) b) Explain how Galen contributed to the development of medicine (7) c) Who is more important in the history of medicine, the Greeks or the Romans? Explain your answer (8) 3) Both religion and chance have had an important impact on the development of medicine a) Briefly describe the impact of religion on medicine in Egyptian times (5) b) Explain ways in which chance has had an impact on the development of medicine (7) c) Since Roman times religion has hindered, rather than helped, medical progress Explain how far you agree with this statement (8) 4) Progress in medicine was rapid in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries a) Briefly describe the main problems of public health in the early nineteenth century (5) b) Explain why there was so much improvement in public health in the second half of the nineteenth century (7) c) The second half of the nineteenth century saw many improvements in public health. How far were these improvements more important in the development of medicine than the work of Fleming? Explain your answer (8)

2007 American West 2) Homesteaders and Mormons both travelled west across the Plains a) Briefly describe the problems faced by homesteaders on their journey across the Plains (5) b) Explain why the Mormons went west to settle at the Great Salt Lake (7) c) How far did the homesteaders and the Mormons face the same problems once they had settled in the West? Explain your answer (8) 3) The American government faced many problems in establishing law and order in the West a) Briefly describe the problems of law and order in mining towns (5) b) Explain why there was so much conflict between the American government and the Plains Indians (7) c) The cattlemen and the homesteaders were often in conflict with one another. Who were more to blame, the cattlemen or the homesteaders? Explain your answer (8) 2008 Medicine 2) Great individuals were important in the development of medicine from Greek times to the Medical Renaissance a) Briefly describe the work of Hippocrates (5) b) Explain why the work of Galen is important in the history of medicine (7) c) Great individuals were more important than other factors in the development of medicine during the Medical Renaissance. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer (8) 3) The development of surgery has been an important part of the history of medicine a) Briefly describe the work of surgeons in the Middle Ages (5) b) Explain why the work of Pare is important in the history of surgery (7) c) The most important advances in surgery were made in the nineteenth century rather than the twentieth century How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer (8)

4) Both Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch were important in the fight against germs a) Briefly describe what people believed about the causes of disease at the beginning of the nineteenth century (5) b) Explain why Pasteur was able to make important advances in medicine (7) c) Pasteur is more important than Koch in the history of medicine How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer (8) 2008 American West 2) The Indians adapted well to the conditions on the Great Plains a) Briefly describe the main features of the Great Plains (5) b) Explain why the Plains Indians lived in Tepees (7) c) The Homesteaders were more important than the US army in taking the Plains from the Indians. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer (8) 3) By 1890 many homesteaders had settled successfully on the Great Plains a) Briefly describe why people moved West to settle on the Great Plains (5) b) Explain why many homesteads at first found it difficult to make a success of their homesteads (7) c) The introduction of dry farming and new types of crops were the most important reasons why many homesteads became successful. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer (8) 2009 Medicine 2) The Ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans made much progress in medicine a) Briefly describe the main features of Egyptian medicine (5) b) Explain why the Greeks used both supernatural and natural approaches to medicine (7) c) The Romans depended on the Greeks for their medical ideas How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer

3) Many aspects of medieval medicine were changed during the Medical Renaissance a) Briefly describe the main medical treatments used by doctors during the Middle Ages (5) b) Explain why Pare was able to make advances in medicine (7) c) Who is more important in the history of medicine, Andrea Vesalius or William Harvey? Explain your answer (8) 4) Much progress was made in medicine during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries a) Briefly describe the main features of surgery in the early part of the nineteenth century (5) b) Why did some people oppose the use of chloroform as an anaesthetic? Explain your answer (7) c) Who is more important in the history of medicine, Joseph Lister or Alexander Fleming? Explain your answer (8) 2009 American West 2) People often disagreed about the advantages and disadvantages of living in the American West a) Describe a womans life in a homestead on the Plains (5) b) Explain why the Mormons decided to go west in the 1840s (7) c) Did the Indians and homesteaders want to live on the Plains for the same reasons? Explain your answer (8) 3) Cattle ranching experienced several important changes in the second half of the nineteenth century A) Describe the work done by cowboys (5) B) Explain why cattle ranching spread to the Plains (7) C) Was the harsh weather of 1883 to 1887 the most important reason why the open range came to an end? Explain your answer (8)

2010 Medicine 2) Medicine in Greek time was more advanced than prehistoric medicine a) Briefly describe the medical treatments used in prehistoric medicine (5) b) Explain why Hippocrates was an important person in Greek medicine (7) c) After the time of the Greeks, the Theory of the Four Humours helped rather than hindered the development of medicine. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer (8) 3) After the Romans, improvements in public health were slow to improve a) Briefly describe the Roman public health system (5) b) Explain why public health improved so little between the time of the Romans and the middle of the nineteenth century (7) c) The main reason why public health was improved in Britain during the nineteenth century was because the working classes were given the vote How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer (8) 4) Different factors have had an important impact on the development of medicine a) Briefly describe how improvements in communications have helped medicine to develop (5) b) Explain how governments have helped the development of medicine (7) c) War had hindered rather than helped in the development of medicine. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer (8) 2010 American West 2) The Plains Indians lived freely on the Plains until the arrival of white Americans a) Briefly describe the religious beliefs of the Plains Indians (5) b) Explain why the Indians were able to survive on the Plains (7) c) Which was more important in finally defeating the Plains Indians, the Battle of the Little Big Horn or the reservations? Explain your answer (8)

3) Law and order was a serious problem in the West a) Briefly describe the problems of law and order in mining towns and cow towns (5) b) Explain why cattlemen and homesteaders came into conflict with each other (7) c) Vigilantes were meant to be the answer to lawlessness but they only made the situation worse. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer (8)