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Lecture12: GenerationandDetectionofFMandPM
Thislecture: DirectFMandVCO PhaseModulatorsandIndirectFM OpticalPhaseModulatorsandindirectAM FrequencyDetection
Ref: Carlson,Chapter5;Haykin,Chapter2.7
PhaseModulation(PM)
c (t ) = c t + (t )
PMdefined:Phasemodulationis thatformofanglemodulationin (t ) = x(t ); 180o whichtheanglec(t)isvaried linearlywiththemessagesignalx(t) I Instantaneous phase h varies i directly di l withthemodulatingsignal Ph modulation Phase d l ti index i d orphase h deviation isthemaximumphase x (t ) = A cos[ t + x(t )] c c c shiftproducedbyx(t) 180o < <180o
COMS3100
Lecture 12
FrequencyModulation (FM)
c (t ) = c t + (t )
COMS3100
Instantaneousrateofrotation 1 d c (t ) 1 d (t ) orinstantaneousfrequency f(t) f (t ) = = fc + 2 dt 2 dt isgivenby FMdefined:Frequency f c + f x(t ), f < f c modulationisthatformofangle f (t ) = modulationinwhichthe instantaneousfrequencyf(t)is variedlinearlywiththemessage signalx(t) NB:instantaneousfrequency f isfrequencydeviation or f(t) isnotthespectral maximumshiftfromcarrierfc frequencyf
Lecture 12
GenerationandDetectionof fFMandPM
Todaywewilldiscussthebasicmethodsforgenerationanddetection ofFMandPM Communicationsystemsareelectrical(RFandMicrowave)and optical.Differentenablingtechnologyisinvolvedforangle modulationinthesetwofields. fields However,operationprinciplesareexactlythesame. Inbothcasesweneedtoestablishamethodforlinearchangeofthe instantaneousphase(PM)orfrequency(FM)withthemessagesignal Thisrequiresdevicesthatwillproducephaseorfrequency deviationinalinearfashion. fashion Suchdevicesaretypicallyhardtoobtaininpractice,especiallyover awideoperatingrange(freq.). However,constantamplitudepropertyisadvantagetohardware implementation Constantpowerinputsignal Canuselimiters/zerocrossingdetection
COMS3100
Lecture 12
FMProcessing gwithhardlimiter
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Hardlimiter (0vcomparator)
COMS3100 Lecture 12
Optical
frequency eque cyof o the t equantum qua tu oscillator osc ato (laser) ( ase )ca canbechanged c a gedby changingthecurrentthroughthedevice.Thisfrequentlyoccursas asideeffectoftheAMcausingfrequencychirp. directFMmodulationisstraightforward;itrequiresonlyavoltage controlledoscillator(VCO) whoseoscillationfrequencyisalinear functionoftheappliedvoltage
RF&Mi Microwave
Theoutputvoltageneedstobeoftheform:
1 dc (t ) 2 dt
Lecture 12
DirectFMandVCOs
COMS3100
Lecture 12
DirectFMandVCOs
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Thisisdirectfrequencymodulationwithf=(C/2C0)fc Theapproximationisgoodto1%when C/C0<0.013; <0 013;theattainable frequencydeviationis C i.e.,Cx(t) issmall f = f c 0.006 f c IfW <<fc then h 2C0 Cx(t) isslow COMS3100
Lecture 12
DirectFMandVCOs
COMS3100
Lecture 12
DirectFMof fasemiconductorlaser
Mostofthetimethisisexactlywhatyouwanttoavoid
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However,FMoflasercarrierfrequencycanbeefficientlyusedinlaser rangefinders
Lasercurrentmodulationis appliedtochangethelaserpower andatthesametimethe instantaneousfrequency Differentiatedpowerwaveform producesseriesofsharppeaks duetointerferencewithreflection Distanceisproportionaltothe averagetimeseparationbetween thepeaks Notabsolute(liketimeof flight)
Lecture 12
COMS3100
PhaseModulation/IndirectFMmodulation
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f1 (t ) = f c1 + x(t ) 2 T
f 2 = nf1 = nf c1 + f x(t ),
f = n 2T
COMS3100
NarrowbandPhaseModulator
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COMS3100
Lecture 12
Switching gcircuitPM
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FlipflopPMsquarewave BPFisPMoutput
COMS3100
Lecture 12
Frequency q yDetection
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COMS3100
Lecture 12
FMtoAMconversion
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AM
COMS3100
Lecture 12