NOI DUNG ON TAP

CHNG : CUNG CAU VA GIA CA TH TRNG 1/ Xac nh ham so cau & cung th trng 2/ Cac nhan to anh hng en ng cung va cau 3/ Xac nh gia va san lng can bang va s thay oi cua gia can bang 4/ o co gian cua cau theo gia (thu nhap va co gian cheo) 5/ S can thiep cua chnh phu vao th trng (qui nh gia tran , gia san, anh thue, tr cap) CHNG : LY THUYET S LA CHON CUA NGI TIEU DUNG 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ Viet phng trnh ng ngan sach va ve ng ngan sach Cac nhan to anh hng en s dch chuyen ng ngan sach Xac nh phng an tieu dung toi u Xac nh ng tieu dung theo gia va ng cau ca nhan Thang d tieu dung CHNG : LY THUYET VE CHI PH SAN XUAT 1/ Viet phng trnh va ve ng ang ph, s dch chuyen ng ang ph 2/ Xac nh phng an sx toi u 3/ Cac loai chi ph tong: TFC, TVC, TC 4/ Cac loai chi ph n v: AVC, AFC, AC, MC 5/ San lng toi u, qui mo san xuat toi u CHNG : TH TRNG CANH CANH HOAN TOAN 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ Nguyen tac toi a hoa li nhuan Nguyen tac toi thieu hoa lo. ng cung ngan han cua XN & nganh Thang d san xuat cua XN , cua nganh Can bang trong dai han S can thiep cua Chnh phu vao th trng ( CP qui nh gia toi thieu va gia toi a) CHNG : TH TRNG C QUYN HOAN TOAN 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ Nguyen tac toi a hoa li nhuan Nguyen tac toi a hoa doanh thu Nguyen tac toi a hoa san lng ma khong b lo Nguyen tac at li nhuan theo nh mc m% chi ph sx S can thiep cua Chnh phu vao th trng (qui nh mc gia toi a, anh thue)

CHNG II: CUNG CAU VA GIA CA TH TRNG -1-

1/ Phan tch ve cau - Ham cau: -

QD = f(P, I, PR, N.)

Ham so cau la ham bac nhat tuyen tnh: P =a*QD + b,

(a = Q

<0).

Cac yeu to lam dch chuyen ng cau: + Thu nhap cua ngi tieu dung (I): DX khi I X la hang hoa thong thng DX (or ko ) khi I X la h2th cap + Qui mo cua th trng ( d/so) (N). + Gia ca cua hang hoa lien quan: (PR). + D oan trong tng lai (Ky vong cua ngi t/dung oi vi c/s kte cua CP) He so co gian cua cau theo gia: P 1 P Q P EDP =% QD/% P= = Q P a Q

+ TH1: |EDP| < 1 th P va TR ong bien + TH2: |EDP| > 1 th P va TR nghch bien + TH3: |EDP| =1 th TR khong oi khi P (or ) (D) P + TH4: |ED | = 0 0 + TH 5: |EDP| = Q P Cac nhan to tac ong en ED : + Tnh thay the cua san pham ( h2 cang co nhieu sp? thay the th EDP cang ln) + Thi gian: h2 lau ben th EDP trong nghan > EDP trong dai han h2 # th EDP trong nghan < EDP trong dai han v do: Thoi quen tdung h2 lien quan. + Ty phan chi tieu cua sp? trong I: (chiem ty trong cao trong I th |EDP| > 1). + V tr mc gia tren ng cau: P cao th |EDP| > 1 + Tnh chat cua SP?: h2 thiet yeu co cau t co gian hn h2 xa x. o co gian cua cau theo thu thu nhap: EDI =% QD/% I = + + + + o co TH1: EDI > 0 th h2 thong thng TH2: EDI > 1 th h2 cao cap TH3: EDI <1 th h2 thiet yeu TH4: EDI < 0 th h2 th cap. gian cheo cua cau theo gia:
Q I Q I

+ EDXY + EDXY

EDXY =% QX/% PY = Py Qx > 0 th X va Y la hang hoa thay the > 0 th X va Y la hang hoa bo sung

Qx

Py

2/ Phan tch ve cung: - Ham cung: -

QS = f( P, C, Tec,Po). P = c* QS + d , (c>0) Cac yeu to lam dch chuyen ng cung (S): + CPSX + S thay oi ve ky thuat SX -2-

+ Thay oi cua c/sach kte cua CP ( thue, tr cap, l/suat) + So lng cac hang trong nganh. S co gian cua cung theo gia: ESP =
Qs P = Qs P

+ TH1: ESP >1 cung co gian nhieu ( thng la trong dhan) + TH2: ESP <1 cung co gian t ( thng la trong ngan han). 3/ Can bang th trng (E): QD = QS - Thang d: QD < QS khi P > PE. - Khan hiem: QD > QS khi P < PE 4/ S can thiep cua Chnh phu: a. Can thiep trc tiep: - Qui nh gia san ( Pmin > PE): QS > QD nen d tha 1 lng : Q = (QS - QD) CP phai chi tien mua het h2 d tha o e nha sx bu ap CPSX: T = Q *Pmin P Pmin PE (D) QD Qui nh gia tran (P0 max<PE): P P1 PE Pmax O QD QS QS QE A E B (S) Khan hiem (D) Q A E D tha B (S)

1 P Qs c

QE Q QS < QD nen thieu hut 1 lng : Q = (QD - QS ) Mot so ngi yieu dung c li v mua h2 vi gia thap la Ptran. Mot so ngi tdung khac b thiet v ko mua c hang hoa vi gia thap ma phai mua vi gia ch en vi gia cao hn gia th trng ( P1> PE). B/Can thiep gian tiep: - anh thue: - Trc khi co thue ham cung la: P= cQS+d va ham cau la: P= aQS+ b Th trng at can bang tai iem E1 khi : QD =QS - Sau khi Chnh phu anh thue t /sp th ham cung mi se la: P1S = PS + t. ng (S1) dch chuyen sang trai len tren (S2) ung bang khoan thue t Th trng at can bang mi tai iem E2 khi : QD =QS 1 Phan thue ngi tieu dung chu tren moi dn v sp la: ttd = E1A= P2 P1 -3-

Phan thue nha sx chu tren moi dn v sp la: tsx = AB=t ttd P (E2) P2 P1 P0 0 t A B Q2 Q1 (E1) Q (D) Q (S2) (S1)

+ |EDP| > ESP : ngi tieu dung chu t thue (E1A) nha sx chu nhieu thue (AB) P P + |ED | < ES : ngi tieu dung chu nhieu thue (E1A) nha sx chu t thue (AB) P + |ED | = 0 : ngi tieu dung chu hoan toan thue (v khi anh thue th Pt tang ung bang lng thue t). P + |ED | = : nha sx chu hoan toan thue (v khi anh thue th Pt ko tang). Phan thue chuyen vao gia c tnh theo cong thc sau: 1 P P P t = ES ES ED -Tr cap: - Trc khi co tr cap ham cung la: P= cQS+d va ham cau la: P= aQS+ b Th trng at can bang tai iem E1 khi : QD =QS - Sau khi Chnh phu tr cap s/sp th ham cung mi se la: P1S = PS - s ng (S1) dch chuyen sang phai (S2) ung bang khoan tr cap s Th trng at can bang mi tai iem E2 khi : QD =QS 1= Phan tr cap ngi tieu dung c hng tren moi dn v sp la: std = E1A= P1 P2 Phan tr cap nha sx c hng tren moi dn v sp la: ssx = AB = s std P P1 P2 P0 + |EDP| + |EDP| + |EDP| + |EDP| E1 A s B E2 (S1) s (S2) (D)

Q1 Q2 Q 0 > ESP : ngi tieu dung hng tr cap t hn (E1A) nha sx hng tr cap nhieu hn (AB) P < ES : ngi tieu dung hng tr cap nhieu hn nha sx = 0 : ngi tieu dung hng toan bo tr cap = : nha sx hng toan bo tr cap -4-

CHNG III: LY THUYET LA CHON CUA NGI TIEU DUNG I/ Phan tch can bang tieu dung bang thuyet hu TUXdung: 1/ Mot so k/n: TUmax - Tong hu dung (TU) : Q th TU & Q na th TUmax & TU se neu tiep tuc Q (TU) Hu dung bien (MU): + Neu Q thay oi 1 n v: + Neu Q thay oi 1 lng n v: + Neu TU la mot ham lien tuc: QX 0 Q1 MUn = TUn TUn-1 MU = MUx
TU Q dTU = dQx

TUmax

MU la o Mqh gia MU & TU: + MU > 0 + MU = 0 + MU = 0

doc cua ham TU TU TUmax TU

2/ Nguyen tac toi a hoa hu dung: - Ngi tieu dung b gii han bi: I, Psp, thi gian. - Muc ch: at toi a thoa man nhu cau (TUmax) Nguyen tac toi a hoa hu dung: {
MUx MUy = Px Py X .Px +Y .Py = I

3/ S hnh thanh ng cau th trng: - S hnh thanh ng cau ca nhan oi vi san pham X: PX thay oi, PY, I ko oi + Neu gia sp X la: PX1 x P/A TDT x X1 & Y1 co iem A (X1, PX1) + Neu gia sp X tang len PX2 x P/A TDT x X2 & Y2 co iem B (X2, PX2) Noi 2 iem A & B ta c ng cau ca nhan oi vi sp X (dX) - S hnh thanh ng cau th trng (D): c x bang tong cong cac hoanh o cac ng cau ca nhan: dxi D= II/ Phan tch can bang tieu dung bang hnh hoc: 1/Mot so van e c ban: a. Ba gia thiet c ban ve s thch ngi tieu dung : o S thch co tnh hoan chnh: ( ngi tdung biet sap xep th t s thch) o Ngi tieu dung luon thch nhieu hn t ( oi vi h2 tot) o S thch co tnh bac cau. b. ng ang ch (U): La tap hp cac phoi hp khac nhau gia hai hay nhieu sp cung mang lai mot mc thoa man cho ngi tieu dung. Y (U -2) 5(U1)

ng ang ch cang xa goc 0 th mc o thoa man cang cao. Tap hp ca ng ang ch tren o th goi la s o ang ch. ac iem: o Doc xuong ve pha phai: the hien khi phai Y e TU khong oi. o Cac ng (U) khong cat nhau. o Loi ve pha goc O: t/hien ty le ma ngi t/dung muon tnh oi gia 2 san pham dan. Ty le nay goi la ty le thay the bien (MRS = Marginal Rate Substitution). MRSXY = ( co ngha la so lng Y e s dung them 1 n v sp X nham TU ko oi) MRS la o doc cua ng ang ch (U). Mqh gia MUX, MUY & MRSXY: - MUy =
MUx

Y X

c/ ng ngan sach: La tap hp cac phoi hp khacnhau gia 2 sp ma ngi tieu dung co the mua c cung mot mc thu nhap va gia sp a cho. Y X.PX + Y.PY = I I/PY .X I/PX 0

Y = MRSXY X

Y=

I Py

Px Py

X ac iem: o La 1 ng thang doc ve pha phai: the hien khi phai Y e TU ko oi.

Px o - Py o doc cua ng ngan sach la ty le gia gia 2 sp

tren th trng: (t/hien muon mua sp nay th phai tng ng bao nhieu sp khac khi I ko oi).

Px VD:Y - Py = -2 (ngha la muon mua 1 v sp X th phai mua so lng Y

I2/PY Y nham I ko oi) I1/P Y S dch chuyen cua ng ngan sach : phu thuoc vao I thay oi hoac Psp thay oi I3/PY I thay oi & PX, PY ko oi PX thay oi & I, PY ko oi -6I3/PX I1/PX I2/PX 0

I3/PY

X 2/ Nguyen tac toi a hoa hu dung: TUmax) M la: tiep iem cua ng A E Tai o o 2 ng bang nhau: (U1) (U0) X

I/PX2

I/PX

I3/PX3

(X iem phoi hp toi u sao cho iem phoi hp toi u

ngan sach (I) vi ng ang ch (U). Y1 (iem phoi hp T) doc cua Tai E: MRSXY = - Py
Px

X1

3/ S hnh thanh ng cau th trng: - S hnh thanh ng cau ca nhan ve sp X: ( c x t ng tieu dung theo gia) P cac phoi hp I/PY ng tieu dung theo gia:la tap hp u gia 2 sp khi gia 1 sp thay

oi khac con lai khong oi Y0 E0 E1 Y1 (U0) X (U1)

X1 0 Y X0 F0 F1 (d) I/PX1

I/PX0

PX0 PX1

3/ Thang 0 d tieu dung: X0 ca X1 nhan (CSq): la phan X chenh lech gia tong so Thang d tieu dung P tien toi a ma ngi tieu dung san long tra vi (S)tra cho q san pham. so tien thc E Thang d tieu dung tren th trng (CS): c xac nh bi dien tch Pt nam di ng cau (D) & pha tren gia (D) th trng cua san pham. N -70 QE

CHNG IV: LY THUYET VE SAN XUAT VA CHI PH A/Ly thuyet ve ham san xuat: I/ Ham san xuat 1/ Khai niem: Ham sx mo ta nhng so lng sp toi a co the sx c bi 1 so` lng cac yeu to sx nhat nh tng ng vi trnh o ky thuat nhat nh. Ham sx co dang: Q = f ( X1, X2, X3,..,Xn) = f (Xi). 2/ Phan loai: a.Ham sx ngan han: Trong ngan han, cac ytsx c chia lam 2 loai: Ytsx co nh: khong de dang thay oi trong qua trnh sx: MMTB, nha xng, nhan vien qtr toi cao.Do o qmo sx nhat nh (khong oi) Ytsx bien oi: de dang thay oi ve so lng trong qua trnh sx: NVL, l trc tiep. V von (K) khong oi qui mo ch phu thuoc mc s dung lao ong (L) Ham sx ngan han co dang: Q= f(L) ac iem: Khi L th Q cung vi toc o cua L. Khi Q at Qmax neu tiep tuc L th Q se b.Ham sx dai han: Trong dai han moi ytsx eu la bien oi nen san lng phu thuoc ca 2 ytsx K & L. do o qmo sx la co the thay oi. Ham sx dai han co dang : Q= f(K, L) 3/ Nang suat trung bnh (AP): Nang suat trung bnh (AP) cua 1 ytsx bien oi la so sp tnh trung bnh tren 1 n v ytsx o. APL= 4/ Nang suat bien (MP): Nang suat bien (MP) cua 1 ytsx bien oi la phan thay oi trong tong san lng khi thay oi 1 n v ytsx bien oi o trong khi cac ytsx khac khong oi. MPL = MPL = dQ dQ hoac MPK = dL dK Q Q hoac APK = L K

Neu ham sx la mot ham lien tuc th : Mqh gia APL & MPL khi MPL > APL th APL tang dan khi MPL = APL th APL max

Q L

hoac MPK =

Q K

Mqh gia MPL & Q khi MP > 0 th Q tang dan khi MP = 0 th Q max -8-

khi MPL < APL th APL giam dan

khi MP < 0 th Q giam dan

II/ Nguyentac san xuat: 1/ Phoi hp cac ytsx vi chi ph toi thieu: a. Phng phap co ien (Da vao nang suat bien): Nguyen tac tong quat:
MPl MP k = Pl Pk L Pl + K Pk = TC

(1)

Trong o: Pl, Pk: lan lt la gia cua ytsx lao ong va von. MPl, MPk: la nang suat bien cua lao ong va von TC: la tong chi ph cho ca 2 ytsx L & K Do o Qmax =

MPki +
i =1

MPlj
j =1

Phng phap hnh hoc: - ng ang lng: la tap hp cac phoi hp khac nhau gia cac ytsx cung tao ra 1 mc san lng. ac iem: Cac ng ang lng ko cat nhau K Loi ve pha goc O: the hien ty le thay the co tnh chat ky thuat cua cac ytsx nay cho ytsx khac giam dan goi la ty le thay the ky thuat bien Q2 Ty le thay the ky thuat bien cua L cho K Q1 (MRTSLK): la so lng von (K) giam xuong khhi s dung tang them 1 n v O lao ong (L) nham am bao mc san L lng von ko oi: MRSTLK = lng Mqh gia MRST & MP: MRSTLK = K MP l = L MP k

MRSTLK < 0: la o doc cua ng ang

K L

ng ang ph: La tap hp cac phoihp khac nhau gia cac ytsx ma XN co kha nang thc hien c cung mot mc CPSX va gia cac ytsx a cho. ng ang ph co dang: K.PK + L.PL = TC K =
TC Pl .L Pk Pk

-9-

(T/hien muon s dung them 1 n v L th phai giam tng ng bao nhieu n v K) - Phoi hp cac ytsx & CPSX toi thieu: La iem phoi hp toi u gia 2 ytsx La tiep iem cua ng ang ph vi ng ang lng cao nhat co the co, tai o o doc cua 2 ng bang nhau:
MP l Pl = MP k Pk

Pl : la o doc cua ng ang ph: Pk

(1) (2)

K TC2//PK TC1//PK K2 K1 E1 E2

K.PK + L.PL = TC

ng m rong sx: la tap hp cac phoi hp toi u gia cac ytsx khi CPSX thay oi va gia cua cac ytsx ko oi

Q2 Q1

L L1 L TC1//PL TC2//PL 2 B/ LY THUYET VE CHI PH SX 1/ Chi ph sx trong ngan han: - Tong chi ph co nh (TFC): la toan bo chi ph ma x nghiep bo ra e mua cac ytsx co nh trong 1 n v thi gian. - Tong chi ph bien oi (TVC): la toan bo chi ph ma x nghiep bo ra e mua cac ytsx bien oi trong moi n v thi gian. - Tong chi ph (TC): la toan bo chi ph ma chi nghiep bo ra e mua tat ca cac ytsx co nh va bien oi trong moi n v thi gian. TC TVC TC = TFC + TVC TFC Q Chi ph co nh trung bnh (AFC): la CPC tnh trung bnh tren moi n v san pham: AFC =
TFC Qi

AFC Q

- 10 -

Chi ph bien oi trung bnh (AVC): la tong chi ph bien oi tnh trung bnh cho moi n v san pham tng ng moi mc san lng: AVCi =
TVCi Qi

Chi ph trung bnh (AC): La tong chi ph tnh trun g bnh cho moi n v san pham tng ng moi mc san lng: AC =
TCi = AFCi + AVCi Qi

MC Chi ph bien (MC): la s thay oi trong tong chi ph hay trong tong chi ph AC bien oi khi thay oi 1 n v san lng: ACmiu Neu TC va TVC la mot ham so th:
n

MC =

TC TVC AVC = Q Q

AVCmin -

MC =

dTC dTVC = dQ dQ

Q Moi quan he gia MC vi AC Q1 & QAVC: 2 Moi quan he gia MC vi AC Moi quan he gia MC vi AVC + Khi MC < AC th AC giam dan + Khi MC < AVC th AVC giam dan + Khi MC =AC th ACmin + Khi MC =AVC th AVCmin + Khi MC > AC th AC tang dan + Khi MC > AVC th AVC tang dan Vay ng MC luon cat AC & AVC tai iem cc tieu cua 2 ng o. - San lng toi u: la mc san lng tai o ACmin 2/ Chi ph san xuat trong dai han: - Tong chi ph dai han (LTC): la ng co chi ph thapnhat co the co tng ng moi mc san lng khi tat ca cac ytsx eu bien oi. No c xac nh t ng m rong sx: TC LTC K TC2 ng m rong sx

E2 E1 Q2 Q1 L

TC1

- 11 Q1 Q2

ng chi ph trung bnh dai han (LAC): La ng chi ph trung bnh thap nhat co the co tng ng vi moi mc san lng khi XN t do thay oi qui mo sx theo y muon. No la ng bao cua tat ca cac ng SAC SAC1 C LAC =
LTCi Qi

C2

SAC2 C SAC3 C

LAC

C1

Q mo): La LAC Tnh kinh te theo qui mo ( Chi ph giam dan theo qui Q1 giam dan khi tang Q & tai mc san lng toi u th LACmin. ieu o the hien nhng qmo sx lien tuc ln hn va co hieu qua hn cac qmo nho trc o. Tnh phi kinh te theo qui mo ( Chi ph tang dan theo qui mo): La LAC tang dan khi tang Q vt qua san lng toi u ieu o the hien kem hieu qua trong viec m rong qmo sx. Moi quan he gia MC vi LAC: + Khi MC < LAC th LAC giam dan + Khi MC = LAC th LACmin + Khi MC > LAC th LAC tang dan Qui mo sx toi u: la qmo co hq nhat trong tat ca cac qmo sx ma XN co the thiet lap. o la qmo sx tiep xuc vi ng LAC tai iem cc tieu cua ca 2 ng ( LAC & SAC). LMC SMC SAC C LAC

CHNG V LACmin=SAC min TH TRNG CANH TRANH HOAN TOAN 1/ ac iem cua t2 CTHT: - Co rat nhieu ngi mua & ngi ban, lng cung cua tng XN larat nho so vi lng cung ng tren t2. Do o ho la ngi chap nhan gia & ko the kiem soat c gia sp tren t2. - XN co the tham gia hoac rut lui th trng mot cach de dang.

CHNG VI TH TRNG OC QUYEN HOAN TOAN Qt2 QHT: 1/ ac iem cua Q* - Ch co mot ngi ban duy nhat & rat nhieu ngi mua. T2 q ko co ng cung. - S gia nhap nganh kho va hoan toan b phong toa bi cac rao can nh: luat kte, bang phat minh sang che ,q t nhien do 1 XN trong nganh MRSX ngay cang co hq, CPTB giam - 12 -

- San pham cua cac XN phai ong nhat vi nhau ( hoan toan giong nhau ve chat lng,hnh thc ben ngoai). - San pham cua cac XN co the hoan toan thay the cho nhau. - Gia la do t2 quyet nh nen ngi mua & ngi ban phai nam bat thong tin ve gia ca cua cac sp tren t2. 2/ ac iem cua XN CTHT: - ng cau cua sp ng trc XN(d) la 1 ng thang nam ngang mc gia cua th trng:

- Ch co 1 loai san pham rieng biet. Do o s thay oi gia cua san pham khac ko ah en P & Q cua san pham q & ngc lai. - Khong co san pham thay the. - Ngi b an co the anh hng P bang cach ieu chnh QS tuy theo muc tieu cua XN mnh. Ngi ban quyet nh gia ban. 2/ ac iem cua XN QHT: - ng cau cua sp ng trc XN (d) chnh la ng cau t2 (D). P = a.Q + b

P=MR=AR

Q - ng TR cua XN la 1 ng thang doc len tren TR

- ng TR cua XN se len khi Q & at Qmax & se giam neu tiep tuc Q. TR O

- MR = P (v P ko oi nen s thay oi cua TR do s thay oi 1 v sp ban c se ngang bang mc gia ban sp) - AR =
TR P Q = =P Q Q

D MR Q - MR < Pban ( moi mc san lng) Nen ng MR nam di ng cau (d). Ham MR co cung tung o goc va co he so gap 2 lan ng cau: MR = 2a.Q + b - AR = Q = Q =P ng AR chnh la ng cau ng trc XN. 3/ Phan tch trong ngan han: - Muc tieu toi a hoa li nhuan:
TR P Q

Tong li nhuan cua XN: LN = TR - TC

3/ Phan tch trong ngan han: Toi a hoa li nhuan cua XN: P = MC e toi thieu hoa lo, XN se ngng SX & chu lo FC khi: P < AVCmin iem hoa von ( ngng sinh li):

MR = MC

- Muc tieu m rong th trng ma ko b lo ( toi a hoa san lng): Qmax (1) P AC hay TR TC (2) - 13 -

P = ACmin iem ong ca tai mc san lng ma: P = AVCmin XN van tiep tuc sx (v bu ap c FC): AVCmin < P < ACmin ng cung ngan han (SS) cua XN la ng SMC nam tren iem cc tieu cua AVC Thang d SX cua 1 XN: PS = TR - MC PSXN = TR TVC MC P A AVC P0 MR=d C PSXN B O Q QE Thang d SX oi vi 1 nganh la phan dien tach nam di gia th trng cua sp va pha tren ng cung t san lng O en QE ( S EFPE) P S PE F O E D Q

P A B AC D Q Q1 Q2 - Muc tieu toi a hoa doanh thu: MR = O O

- Muc tieu at li nhuan nh mc theo chi ph:

P = (1+ m%)AC Hay TR = (1+ m%)TC

PB

B (D) (1+m%)AC

C O

PA
QB QA

AC Q

- Quy tac nh gia cua XN q:

MC P = 1 1 Ed

- o lng mc o oc quyen: + He so Lerner: L=

1 P MC = Ed P

QE Can bang dai han: LACmin = Psp LMC P SMC SAC LAC P2 O Q2 d=MR2 Q

(L > O)

L cang ln th the lc q cang ln + He so Bsin: B= 4/ Cac bien phap quan ly & ieu tiet vi XN oc quyen cua CP: - Nguyen tac nh gia toi a (Pmax) cua Nha nc: P1 < Pmax =MC< AC
P AC P

(B >O)

- anh thue: + anh thue theo san lng (t ong /sp): AC2 = AC1 + t MC2 = MC1 + t Nguyen tan sx : MR=MC2 Sau khi co thue gia ban tang len nhng san lng mi b
- 14 -

giam i & LN cua XNcung b giam MC1 MC2 AC2 P2 ` AC1 P1 D C2 C1 MR O Q

Q2 Q1 + anh thue ko theo san lng: Sau khi CP khoan 1 mc thue la T trong 1 v t/gian th MC ko oi nhng AC tang len1oan laT/Q: AC2 = AC1 + T/Q MC1=MC2 Va XN van sx tai mc san lng va Pban nh cu nhng LN cua XN b giam ung bang khoan thue (T). P MC1 A P1 C2 C1 O Q1 F D E MR Q AC2 AC1

C cau

Toi a hoa li nhuan

Toi a hoa doanh thu

Toi a hoa san lng ma k0 b lo

at li nhuan theo nh mc m% chi ph

Can bang dai han

1. P=MC Canh tranh hoan toan 2. oc MR= MC quyen

P= LACMIN

MR=0

TRTC & Q max

TR=(1+m LMR=LMC %)TC Hay:

- 15 -

P=1+m%)AC o lng mc c quyn: + H s Lerner: L=(P-MC)/P + H s Bsin: B=(P-AC)/P 2/ S ieu tiet cua chnh phu oi vi X nghiep oc quyen: Nguyen tac sx khi: + Chnh phu quy nh gia toi a: Pmax = MC + Chnh phu anh thue theo san lng t ong/sp: MR=MC 1+t + Chnh phu anh thue khong theo san lng (thue khoan: T ong): MR=MC1=MC

- 16 -