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Sote layout
scale 1:1000
1st floor
Ground floor
Sections
scale 1:250
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House in Hallertau
A
239
Example 1
Sections
Verge
scale 1:20
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1 Roof construction:
natural-colour concrete roof tiles
battens and counterbattens
roofing felt, open to diffusion
wood fibre insulation batts. 22 + 40 mm
80 x 176 mm rafters. with 100 + 60 mm
thermal insulation between
vapour barrier
16 mm spruce boarding
2 Reinforced concrete ring beam.
240x300mm
3 Lightweight clay toothed bricks,
large block 8-0.8-12 DF
4 3-coat lime rendering
5 Steel angle, 60 x 190 x 10 mm,
with welded dowels
6 Timber joists, 60 x 190 mm
7 Wall heating
8 Glass fibre fabric
9 Heat-absorbing glass (2 panes of
toughened safety glass)
10 Titanium-zinc perforated sheet
11 Wall plate. 60 x 160 mm
12 Angle, 90 x 90 x 7 mm. to both sides
of rafter
13 Toughened safety glass. 8 mm
14 Stainless steel angle, 25 x 25 x 3 mm
15 Wood/aluminium window
16 Louvre blind
17 Prefabricated clay lintel
18 Drainage channel
19 Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) board.
30mm
20 Titanium-zinc verge flashing
21 Clay channel block
Example 6
House in Hellerup, Denmark
1995
Architects:
Frederiksen & Knudsen, Copenhagen
Assistants:
Ulrik Schwanenflugel,
Carsten N0hr Larsen
Structural engineer:
Kurt Thybo, Hellerup
The captivating design of this three-storey
detached house is due to its distinctive posi-
tion within the streetscape, its forecourt en-
closed by masonry walls, the capacious setting
of the entrance and the clear lines of the build-
ing itself. The house was sited towards the rear
of the plot in order to retain an existing bay
which determined the atmosphere of the loca-
tion. The simple plan layout results from a dis-
tinct north-south zoning of the functional areas
of the house. Arranging the levels of the house
offset by half a storey with respect to the sur-
rounding ground level places the entrance on
the level of the children's bedrooms. Dining
area and kitchen look out onto a sunken ter-
race in the garden on the southern side. The
spacious living room with fireplace is located
on the second floor; it faces south and com-
mands a good view across the waters of The
Sound. The second floor also contains a study
and the master bedroom.
The skill of the design is not apparent at first
sight. The external walls of the house are con-
structed from two 11 0 mm leaves with 130 mm
cavity insulation, while the single-leaf load-
bearing transverse wall is 170 mm thick. Pre-
cast concrete planks were used for the floors,
the roof structure is of timber. Large spans, like
over the window openings of the south eleva-
tion, make use of additional steel members. ffi
The other openings have been kept small and W
correspond to the structural requirements of
the 110 mm masonry. The unorthodox facade
arrangement is explained by the fact that the
fenestration was chosen to suit the atmosphere
of the interior and provide certain picturesque
views.
The whitewashed masonry is left exposed
internally as well, with the exception of the blue
walls to the staircase.
This project shows that careful planning, par-
ticularly with respect to the building services
normally encountered in the walls, and accu-
rate structural analysis can provide a future for
masonry in a "slimline" construction as well.
258
aa
Location plan
scale 1:750
Sections
Upper floor
Ground fl()()(
Basement
scale 1:200
House in Hellerup
10 3
1 Lobby
2 Hall
3 Room
4 Bathroom
5 Kitchen
6 Dining area
9
7 Guest's bedroom
8 Wine cellar
9 Living room
bb 10 Bedroom
3 3
al
8
6 5
259
Example6
A
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5
7
260
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3
4
11
Section through south facade
H o n ~ o n t a l section through corner glazing detail
Section through north facade
scale 1:20
15
14
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11
I I
16
1 Sheet znc capp1ng
2 Laminated veneer lumber (l VL). 16 mm
3 Windowframe,
50 x 100 x 3.2 mm steel hollow sectiOn
4 Floor construction:
20 mm wooden planks
50 x 50 mm Imber supporllng construcbon
bmber levelling layer
180 mm lightweght concrete slab
5 Column, 115 mm d1a steel crcular hollow secbon
6 Woodfalumonium Window, With onsulatong glazong
7 Extending marquise
8 Slid1ng door I ttongs
g Slid1ng door
0 Concrete pav1ng slabs
Floor construction:
20 mm natural stone tiles m varying lengths
30 mm mortar bed
100 mm reinforced concrete
75 mm rigid mineral wool
200 mm gravel
2 Bitumen sheeting, welded on
3 Lightweight concrete brickwork
4 Insulating glazing, flush with outside face
15 Renforced plaster
16 Comer column, 60 x 60 x 4 mm steel hollow sectoon
17 Guard rail mounted on window frame
18 Roof construcbon:
waterproofing
21 mmwaterproofLVL
F1rnng pieces
75 x 200 mm rafters
thermalonsulabon, 180 mm moneral wool
vapour barner
50 x 50 mm battens
13 mm plasterboard, 21ayers
19 Wall construction:
115 mm clay brickwork With whitewash flmsh
110 mm thermal insulatoon
115 mm clay brickwork with whitewash f1nish
20 Steel angle, 100 x 150 x 10 mm
21 Steel angle, 75 x 100 x 9 mm
22 Cav1ty closer, 2 mm aluminium sheet
23 Cladd1ng, alumimum sheet
24 Steel channel, 220 mm
25 Steel angle, 50 x 30 x 4 mm, with white coating
26 Glass door to lobby
27 Entrance doors
House in Hellerup
2
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28 Wooden planks, courbanl
29 Lightweight concrete slab, 180 mm
30 Chpboard 20 mm
31 Doormat
32 Steel open-grid floorong
33 Steel angle, 80 x 80 mm
34 Renforced concrete wall, 135 mm
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20
22
261
Example9
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Houses will walled gardens
Section Ground floor
scale 1:250
Sections
scale 1:20
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
board, with bitumen sheet water-
proofing
2 Open perpend
3 Wall construction:
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
102 mm facing clay brickwork
28 mm air space
60 mm thermal insulation
100 mm calcium silicate brickwol'k
15 mm plaster
Damp proof course
Steel angle, 80 x 80 x 8 mm
Wooden window, with insulating
glazing
Window sill, aluminium sheet
Built-in bench, precast concrete
Bracket, bent steel sheet,
500x80mm
Ventilation pipe, grille in facade
Waterproofing, bitumen sheeting, 1 layer
Example 10
Two apartment blocks in Berlin, Germany
1997
Architects:
Tim Heide and Verena von Beckerath, Berlin
Assistants:
Rainer Schmitz (project manager).
Heike Lauterbach, Wolfgang Rehn
Site manager:
Wolfgang Garsch, Berlin
Structural engineer:
Jorg Wiese, Berlin
Following on from the inter-city housing develop-
ments of the 1980s, housing estates continued
to be built and added to on the north-east
boundary of Berlin after German unification.
New urban development strategies were
intended to do justice to the great demand for
housing. These two isolated blocks are part of
a general plan. The four-storey buildings with-
out basements both contain three apartments
on each upper floor (each with three rooms
plus kitchen, bathroom) and two smaller apart-
ments on the ground floor, which leaves space
for ancillary rooms.
The simple two-apartment format was de-
veloped within the scope of the guidelines for
publicly assisted housebuilding. The staircase
and the ground floor storage rooms, which
replace cellars, form the central core. This
arrangement enables a slim plan layout and
enables occupants to utilize the space to the
full. The spacious hallways can be used for
different purposes as required and may also
be subdivided by way of a sliding door. Bath-
rooms and kitchens are placed on ex1ernal
walls to permit natural lighting and ventilation.
Walls of calcium silicate masonry with rein-
forced concrete floors and beams form the
loadbearing structure. The outer leaf, with air
space behind, of blue-brown, facing bricks,
hard-burned almost to vitrification, forms the
finish on three sides of each block; on the
garden elevation all floors have full-width bal-
conies. The masonry facades are regular and
identical. The room-height glazing is positioned
in the plane of the thermal insulation and is
combined with a sliding shutter of perforated
stainless steel and a galvanized steel
balustrade. The shutter finishes flush with the
facade and can be slid into a shallow recess in
the masonry, which results from the outer leaf
of masonry being set back into the cavity.
276
aa
Ground floor Upper floor
Section
scale 1:400
1 Titanium-zinc sheet capping
2 Cast-in slot
3 Wall construction:
115 mm facing brickwork
40 mm air space
thermal insulation, 60 mm mineral wool
or 60 mm external insulation behind sliding
elements
175 mm calcium silicate brickwork
15 mm plaster
4 Open perpend
5 Galvanized steel angle, 80 x 130 x 10 mm
6 Rustproof track for twin-wheel roller
7 Galvanized steel angle, 30 x 30 x 3 mm
bb 3 10
Facade details
Horizontal section Vertical section
scale 1.20
8 Galvanized steel angle, 20 x 30 x 3 mm
9 Stainless steel sheet with elongated per-
forations, 1 mm, edges not perforated
10 Spandrel element of 10 x 40 mm
galvanized steel sections
11 Plastic track
12 Support bracket fixed to cast-in slot
13 External insulation. 60 mm rigid expanded
foam
14 Reinforced concrete ground slab
15 Waterproofing, bitumen sheeting
16 Timber boarding, 28 mm
17 Rafters, 100 x 160 mm
9
Two apartment blocks in Bertin
A
17
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277
Example 13
Youth hostel in Dachau, Germany
1998
Architect:
Rudolf Hierl, Munich
Assistants:
Peter Hofman (project manager),
Dominik Fischer, Maleen Fromm,
Nadja Herrmann, Michaela Oswald,
Jeannette Quecke, Ulrike Rechler,
Bernhard Schambeck, Oliver Schubert,
Tanja Wienecke
Structural engineer:
Hans Tischner, Dachau
This facility, run by the German Youth Hostels
Association, is more than just a youth hostel.
Situated near the former Nazi concentration
and extermination camp, it acts as a centre for
getting to grips with the dark side of Germany's
history. The architectural form is intended to
reflect both the functions of the building but
also this special task. Apart from the main
building, there is also a building for the staff
and the separate "Raum der Stille" (Room of
Silence). These three structures frame a tran-
quil inner courtyard -a garden and structured
space, which is ideal for understanding and
experiencing the serious issues that dominate
this place. The restrained architecture
responds to its surroundings by limiting the
materials used to timber and facing brickwork
of light-coloured concrete bricks. The texture
of the building emphasizes the low-rise, elon-
gated form; both in terms of the size and the
style of the facade. The main building covers a
large area and so two storeys are adequate. It
measures 24.5 x 60 m and is arranged as two
parallel blocks either side of a central circu-
lation zone. The architectural setting distin-
guishes between the different materials. For
instance, on the west side of the building, the
wooden recesses for windows and sunshades
on the ground floor are juxtaposed with the
concrete masonry lintels and spandrel panels
of the upper floor. Placing the masonry above
the timber is a reversal of our customary ideas
and introduces a different reality to challenge
the perception of the observer. This is an artis-
tic contrivance for reminding us of the special
importance of this place. The wall construction
is conventional - partial-fill cavity wall with
outer leaf supported on individual brackets -
but incorporates special details that emphasize
and preserve the restful uniformity of the
stretcher bond. Such details include the mortar
joints raked out to a depth of 15 mm and the
movement joints which zigzag to follow the
bond.
288
Ground floor
Upper floor
Sections
scale 1:600
I I
1 Raum der Stille
2 Staff accommodation
3 Hall
4 Dining room
5 Seminar room
6 Cafeteria
7 Reception
8 Management
g Ubrary
Youth hostel in Dachau
a a
bb
289
Example 13
Section through east facade
scale 1:20
A
Canopy construction:
0.7 mm titanium-zinc
sheet metal roof covering,
with standing seams
bitumenized non-woven glass fibre
sheeting
welded bitumen sheeting, 1 layer
24 mm timber boarding
battens to form fall
precast concrete element
2 Wedge-shaped insulation, with foil. 45
3 Gravel, 40/50 mm
4 Flat roof construction:
80 mm vegetation layer
filter, 5 mm non-woven fabric
40 mm drainage layer
waterproofing, 2 mm PVC
thermal insulation, 140 mm rigid
expanded foam
wel ded bitumen sheeting, 1 layer
bituminous undercoat
180 mm reinforced concrete slab
5 Lining to opening, larch, 20 mm,
glazed finish
6 Wooden window, larch,
glazed finish, insulating glazing
7 Roll-over stop, steel channel,
70x60x 1 mm
8 Wall construction:
90 mm concrete bricks, water-repellent
60 mm air space
thermal insulation, 80 mm mineral fibre
160 mm reinforced concrete wall
9 Joints. water-repellent,
recessed 15 mm
reinforcement to some bed joints
10 Support for masonry outer leaf,
indivi dual brackets
11 Steel angle. 85 x 85 x 1 0 mm
12 Insect screen,
perforated aluminium sheet
13 Multiplex board, veneered, 16 mm
14 Wooden window, oak, glazed finish,
insulating gl azing
15 Terrace construction:
20 mm reconstituted stone pavings
60 mm screed, reinforced
separating membrane, 0.2 mm poly
ethylene sheeting
thermal insulation, 80 mm rigid
expanded foam
welded sheeting, 2 layers
bituminous undercoat
screed laid to 1 .5% fall
120 mm reinforced concrete slab
16 Grating, galvani zed, 40 x 3 mm
17 Steel angle, 60 x 60 x 8 mm
18 Waterproof reinforced concrete,
300mm
19 Plinth construction:
60 mm precast concrete element
thermal insulation, 60 mm ri gid
expanded foam
welded bitumen sheeting
150 mm reinforced concrete wall
20 Precast concrete parapet
21 Wall construction, timber stud wall :
16 mm multiplex board
30 x 50 mm battens
0.2 mm airti ght membrane
19 mm chipboard
140 x 60 mm timber studs
140 mm thermal insulation
vapour barrier, aluminium foil
20 mm chipboard, maple veneer
290
4
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11
12
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16
18 19
Example 25
A
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15
Sections
scale 1:250
Section through north facade
Section through south facade
scale 1:20
1 Timber section, g5 x 45 mm
2 Timber section, 240 x 35 mm
3 Roof construction:
standing seam roof covering, zinc
sheet
roofing felt
laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
board, 16mm
220 mm rafters
200 mm thermal insulation
between rafters
vapour barrier
20 mm boarding
20mm battens
13 mm plasterboard
4 Timber section, 50 x 50 mm
5 LVL board, 12 mm, waterproof
6 Zinc flashing
7 Single glazing, fixed
8 Hardwood frame, oiled, with
insulating glazing
9 Thermal insulation, 30 mm rigid
expanded foam
Housing development in Rungsted
10 Wall construction:
115 mm facing brickwork
150 mm thermal insulation
vapour barrier
120 mm reinforced concrete
11 Damp proof course
12 Shallow lintel, clay
13 Rendering, 20 mm
14 lightweight clay bricks,
150x90mm
15 lightweight clay bricks,
190x400mmm
16 Timber section, oak
17 Floor construction:
parquet flooring on supporting
members
damp proof membrane
reinforced concrete slab
18 Plasterboard, 13 mm
19 Window sill, MDF board, 30 mm
341
Example 29
A
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358
Town hall
2nd fl()()(
1st floor
Ground floor
North elevation
Sections
scale 1:400
Section through north facade
scale 1:20
1 Roof construction:
60mm gravel
protective membrane, non-woven fabnc
waterproofing and thermal insulation of 80 mm in-situ
plastic foam
200 mm reinforced concrete slab
15 mm gypsum plaster
2 Capping, 0.2 mm copper sheet
3 MDF board, 15 mm
4 Wall construction:
gneiss stone. 200-500 x 100-170 x 100-250 mm
cement mortar with galvanized reinforcing lattice
thermal insulation, 80 mm in-situ foam
150 mm clay brickwork
15 mm gypsum plaster
5 Floor construction:
10 mm parquet flooring
70 mm cement screed
separating membrane
20 mm impact sound insulation
220 mm reinforced concrete slab
15 mm gypsum plaster
6 Fair-face concrete surface
7 Thermal insulation, 30 mm rigid expanded foam
8 Window sill, 40 mm reconstituted stone
9 Column, steel circular hollow section, 200 dia. x 5.6 rnrr
10 Glass bricks, 200 x 200 x 80 mm
11 Steel channel. 120 x 80 x 5 mm
12 Precast concrete threshold
13 Granite slabs, 40 mm, on sand or cement bed
Community buildings in lragna
2 3
bb
359
Example 8
School , Paspels, Switzerland
1999
Architect:
Valerio Olgiati, Zurich
Assistants:
Iris Datwyler, Gaudenz Zindel ,
Raphael Zuber
Structural engineer:
Gebhard Decasper, Chur
The little vil lage of Paspels, about 20 km south
of Chur, has enriched the Swiss architectural
landscape with its new school building. Here in
an Alpine setting, this is a remarkable example
of contemporary building design. The viewer
does not suspect that the client of this school
building, with its amazingly simple, unequivo-
cal design by Valerio Olgiati , is a tiny mountain
village with a population of just 400. The archi-
tect has created a building that clearly stands
out from its counterparts in neighbouring com-
munities. Apart from its very economical foot-
print, it employs only materials fami liar to the
local inhabitants from the local agricultural
structures. The three-storey fair-face concrete
building rises like an outcrop of rock from the
surrounding meadow. It is only the fenestration
that discloses the fact that this is a building for
use by humans. The varying treatment of circu-
lation and working zones within the building is
also reflected in the facade. The wide windows
of the wood-lined classrooms are set in deep section aa
reveals, flush with the inner face. Each window
projects a different but clearly defined extract
of the surroundings into the classroom. Win-
dows positioned flush with the outer face are
located at all places where light is admitted to
the corridors and stairwells constructed exclu-
sively in concrete. The cruciform access layout
enables dayli ght to enter from all directions,
which leads to ever-changing impressions of
the interior over the course of a day. In struc-
tural terms, the concrete internal walls, cast
monoli thically with the floor slabs, form an inde-
pendent loadbearing frame, which is connected
to the enclosing fair-face concrete facade only
by means of individual shear pins. All the junc-
tions between wall s and floors/ceilings are
clearl y delineated by way of deep rebates. 1st floor
216
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Location plan 1 Cloakroom
scale 1 :5000 2 Multipurpose
Sectionaa room
Plans 3 Staff room
scale 1:500 4 Classroom
2
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Ground floor
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2nd floor
School, Paspels
Detail
scale 1:20
02 In situ reinforced concrete
12 Steel
13 Aluminium
40 Thermal insulation. 120 mm
53 Sealing compound. resistant to UV radiation
87 Window element
90 Roof construction:
copper roof covering
bitumenised felt
30 mm timber boarding
100 mm battens I air space
roofing felt. bonded over entire surface
2 layers of 100 mm thermal insualtion
vapour barrier
260 mm reinforced concrete slab
91 Floor construction:
20 mm granolithic concrete
80 mm cement screed incorporating pipes for
underfloor heating
separating layer
40 mm impact sound insulation
280 mm reinforced concrete fair-face slab
90
02
40
13
12
13
. 87
217
Example 15
Detached house, Berlin, Germany
1999
Architects:
OIKOS, Peter Herrle and
Werner Stoll , Berlin
Assistants:
Amun Bieser, Tobias Schmachtel
Structural engineers:
Wilhelm & Wulle, Stuttgart
0
D
This private house on the outskirts of Berlin
consists of two halves joined by a glass link.
There is a separate apartment on the ground
floor with its own entrance at one end of the
glass link. The narrow concrete block on the
north side contains the utility rooms and the
entrance, in the long north facade. The living
quarters are situated on the south side, in the
timber block with pitched roof.
The ends of the concrete block are closed off
with inset timber facades. Their horizontal bat-
tens of untreated larch wood match the timber
facade of the southern block. This facade con-
sists of prefabricated timber-frame elements
8 m high, clad both ins1de and outside w1th the
horizontal larch wood battens. The timber bat-
tens also enclose the two terraces at the west-
ern end of the southern block, and are omitted
on the narrow side facing the garden only.
Concrete and timber dominate the interior. The
steps of the fair-face concrete stair cantilever
from the face of the -likewise- fair-face con-
crete wall to the northern block. The stair leads
to a gallery on the upper floor, which permits
access to the accommodation in the southern
block.
The unequivocal external architecture of the
house is reflected in the interior.
232
7
ID
0
6 5
m
J
al
Location plan
scale 1:2000
Plans
scale 1:200
1 Kitchen
2 Lobby
3 lncom1ng
services
4 Bathroom
5 Study
6 Uv1ng
room
7 Terrace
8 Separate
apartment
9 Room
10 Dress1ng room
!J.
a a
Detail
scale 1:20
02 Reinforced concrete,
200mm
21 Plasterboard, 12.5 mm
2g
Screed
32 Glass g1
40 Thermal insulation,
100mm
43 Bitumenised felt (water-
proofing)
48 Separating layer
50 Vapour barrier
87 Window element
90 Roof construction:
synthetic waterproofing
layer
separating layer
1 00 mm polyurethane
thermal insulation
vapour barrier
160 mm fair-face
concrete
Floor construction:
15 mm bamboo parquet
flooring
21ayers of 19 mm
composition board
separating layer
1 00 mm polyurethane
thermal insulation
vapour barrier
160 mm fair-face
concrete
Section aa
scale 1:200
43 02
::. 2:.
90
Detached house, Berlin
48
0000000 0000000
233
O a
Example A
Section through mezzanine floor
The mezzanine floor is constructed as a
composite slab. In this example, a galvan-
ised and coated profiled sheeting with
dovetail slots on the underside is used in
conjunction with a concrete topping. The
edges are reinforced with sheet metal
which at the same time serves as perma-
nent formwork for the edges of the con-
crete topping. Composite columns and
slabs with reinforcement in the concrete
have a higher fire resistance than steel on
its own and therefore do not need to be
clad (see also page 16).
D b
The columns to the mezzanine floor are
mainly loaded in compression. At the top
and bottom they are held in position which
means that the column base requires only
a simple connection. Such steel compo-
nents, e.g. barriers, facade members, but
also columns that need to be held in posi-
tion only, are secured with drilled anchors,
normally undercut anchors. However, if
higher loads have to be accommodated,
resin or bonded anchors can be used,
but these entail more work during erec-
tion. After drilling a hole in the concrete,
the hole is cleaned out and filled with a
two-part resin mixture into which a
threaded bar or an anchor is inserted as
accurately as possible. After the resin has
cured, the component can be bolted into
place. Construction tolerances and sub-
sequent changes to the layout can there-
fore be compensated for, taking into
account the edge clearance distances
and thicknesses of the components, and
the erection work can continue without
interruption.
13