HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION AND SIMULATION OF MICROPROCESSOR BASED OVERCURRENT RELAY, PRACTICALLY APPLICABLE AT 220 KV GRID STATION

As partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Bachelors Degree
In

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
This report is submitted to Department of Electrical Engineering, Rachna College of Engineering & Technology Gujranwala

We declare that the work submitted in this report is our own, and any work that is not ours has been quoted and acknowledged in the references. (Group Members)

Internal Examiner:

Name: Muhammad Usman Aslam Sign: _____________

External Examiner:

Name:
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Sign: _____________

Declaration

We declare that the work obtained in this report is our own, except where explicitly stated otherwise. In addition this work has not been submitted to obtain another degree or professional qualification.

Ahmad Mohiuddin
Signed: Date:

2008-RCET-ELECT-03

Huma Iqbal
Signed: Date:

2008-RCET-ELECT-09

Abdul Basit

2008-RCET-ELECT-19

Signed: Date:

Rao Muhammad Ali

Signed: Date:

2008-RCET-ELECT-21

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Acknowledgements

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Dedicated to:
Our Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), our Parents whose prayers guided us And, to our worthy teachers who encouraged and supported us at every point

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Abstract

Table of Contents
Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables iii v vi ix

Chapter 1: Introduction to Relays

1.1) Introduction 1.2) Protection Equipment 1.3) What is a Relay? 1.4) Types 1.4.1) Protective Relays 1.4.2) Overload Protection Relay 1.4.3) Overcurrent Relay 1.4.5) Distance Relay 1.4.6) Ground Fault Relays 1.4 7) Motor Protection Relays 1.4.8) Feeder Protection Relays 1.4 9) Current-Leaking Relay 1.4.10) Frequency Relay 1.4.1) Under Voltage Relay 1.5) Latching Relay 1.6) Reed Relay 1.7) Mercury-Wetted Relay 1.8) Polarized Relay 1.9) Machine Tool Relay 1.10) Contactor Relay 17 15 15 14

1
12 13 13 14

14 14 15 15

15 16 16 16

17 18 18 18

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1.11) Solid-State Relay 1.11.1) Solid State Contactor Relay 1.12) Buchholz Relay 1.13) Forced-Guided Contacts Relay 1.14) Temperature Relays 1.15) Time-Delay Relay 1.16) Electromechanical Relay 1.16.1) Attraction Relay 1.16.2) The Attracted Armature Type 1.16.3) Piston or Solenoid Type Relay 1.17) Thermal Relay 1.18) Earth Protection Relay 1.19) Power Factor Relay 1.20) Digital Relay

18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22

Chapter 2: Overcurrent Relay

2.1) Introduction 2.2) Overcurrent Protection 2.3) Overcurrent Protective Device Ratings 2.3.1) Voltage Rating 2.3.2) Ampere Rating 2.3.3) Interrupting Rating 2.4) Overcurrent Relay 2.5) Types of Overcurrent Relay 24 25

20
23 23 23 24 24 24

2.5.1) Instantaneous Time Overcurrent Relay25 2.5.2) Time Overcurrent Relay 25

2.5.3) Definite Time Overcurrent Relay 25 2.5.4) Inverse Overcurrent Relay 2.6) Setting for Overcurrent Relay 25 26

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2.6.1) Pickup Setting 2.6.2) Time Delay Setting 2.7) Directional Overcurrent Relay 2.8) Principle of Relay Coordination 2.8.1) General Rules for Setting and 2.9) Applications of Overcurrent Relays 31 32

26 27 28 30

2.10) Microprocessor Based Overcurrent Relay 32 2.11) OVERCURRENT RELAY (Type NCO11P... 2.11.1) FEATURES 2.11.2) APPLICATION 2.11.3) SPECIFICATION 2.11.4) CHARACTERISTICS 36 34 35 33 33

Chapter 3: Relay Setting

3.1) Application 3.2) Features 3.3) Matching The Rated Frequency 3.4) Technical data 3.4.1) General Data 3.4.1.1) Input/Output Data 3.4.1.2) Auxiliary Voltage 3.4.2) Output Relays 3.4.3) Binary Inputs 3.4.3.1) Serial Operator Interface (non-isolated) 3.4.3.2) Serial System Interface (isolated) 40

34
37 37 39 39 39 39 39 40 40

41

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3.4.4) Protocol IEC 60870-5-103 3.4.4.1) RS232 3.4.4.2) RS485 3.5) Definite Time Overcurrent Protection 3.5.1) Setting Range/Steps 3.5.2) Pick-up Times 3.5.3) Reset Time 3.5.4) Tolerance 3.5.5) Influence variable 3.6) Inverse Time Overcurrent Protection 3.6.1) Setting Range/Steps Trip Time Characteristics acc. IEC 3.7.1) Tolerance 3.7.2) Influence Variable 3.8) Trip Time Characteristics According To ANSI/IEEE 3.8.1) Tolerance 3.8.2) Influence variable

41 41 41 41 41 41 42 42

42 42 43 43 43 47 47 44 48

3.7)

Chapter 4: PIC Microcontroller

4.1) Introduction 4.1.1 Why Are There So Many Different Microcontrollers? 4.1.2) Why Buy PIC Microcontrollers (MCUs) 4.1.3) Writing Program into the Microcontroller 4.2) A Note on Programming 4.2.1) Installing the Software 4.3) Writing Program into the Microcontroller 4.3.1) Programming Language 4.3.2) Assembly-Language 4.3.3) C/C++ Languages 4.3.4) BASIC Language 4.4) Writing Your First Program 57 59 56 56 56 56 52 53 53 52 51 51

49

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4.4.1) Declares 4.4.2) Identifiers 4.5) Statements and Commands 4.5.1) Labels 4.5.2) Variables 4.5.3) Accessing Part of a Variable 4.5.4) Symbols 4.5.5) Arrays 4.5.6) Strings 4.6) Numeric Representation of Numbers 4.7) Accessing Ports and Registers

60 60 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 63 63

Chapter 5: Programming and Hardware Implementation 09

5.1 Introduction and Description 5.2 Why we are Using PIC Microcontroller 5.3 How can we Test Our Relay? 69 69 70 70 70 71 71 65 69

5.4 Description of Components used in Hardware 5.4.1 JZC 22F (Relay) 5.4.1.1 Features 5.4.1.2 Operation Condition 5.4.1.3 Safety Approvals 5.4.2 Diode 5.4.2.1 What do we use diodes for? 71 5.4.2.2 Features 5.4.2.3 Mechanical Data 5.4.3 Capacitor 5.4.3.1 Energy Storage 71 71 72 72

5.4.3.2 Capacitive Reactance Xc 72

5.4.4 Resistance 5.4.5 LM7805 (Regulator) 5.4.5.1 Features 5.4.5.2 Description/Ordering Information 5.4.6 Transistor c945 (NPN) 5.4.6.1 Features

73 74 74

74 74 75

5.4.7 4 Pin phototransistor Photocoupler 75 5.4.7.1 Features 5.4.7.2 Description 5.4.7.3 Applications 75 75 76

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List of Figures and Tables

(Fig. 1.1) Latching Relay (Fig 1.2) Top, middle: reed switches, bottom: reed relay (Fig 1.3) Solid state relay, which has no moving parts (Fig 1.4) Armature type relay (Fig 1.5) Solenoid relay (Fig 2.1) Inverse Overcurrent Relay Curves (Fig 2.2) Typical Time-Overcurrent Characteristic of a Time Overcurrent Relay (Fig 2.3) Principle of directional protection (Fig 2.4) Reverse powers protection against motoring action of a generator (Fig 2.5) Relay Coordination Example (Fig 2.6) Relay Coordination Sequence (Fig 2.7) Type NCO11P Relay 29 30 31 34 28 29 18 20 21 26 17 16

(Table 2.1) Specifications of Type NCO11P Relay 35 (Fig 2.7 a) Standard Inverse (Fig 2.7 b) Extremely Inverse (Fig 2.7 c) Very Inverse (Fig 2.7 d) Instantaneous Element (Fig 3.1) SIPROTEC 7SJ602 (Fig 3.2) Trip Time Characteristics of Inverse Time Overcurrent Protection; according IEC 44 xii 36 36 36 36 38

(Fig 3.3) Trip Time Characteristics of Inverse Time Overcurrent Protection; according IEC, & RI/RD 45

(Fig.3.4) Reset Time Characteristics of Inverse Time Overcurrent Protection; according IEC, with disk emulation (Fig 3.5) Trip Time Characteristics of Inverse Time Overcurrent Protection; according ANSI/IEEE 49 46

(Fig 3.6) Reset Time Characteristics of Inverse Time Overcurrent Protection; according ANSI/IEEE, with disk emulation50

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