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Chng 1: CU TRC TINH TH VT RN....................................................3
Chng 2: DAO NG MNG TINH TH......................................................14
Chng 3: TNH CHT NHIT CA TINH TH..............................................17
Chng 4: L THUYT VNG NNG LNG..............................................20
Chng 5: KH ELECTRON T DO TRONG KIM LOI.................................22
Chng 6: BN DN..........................................................................................25
Chng 8: TNH CHT T CA VT RN.....................................................28
Vt l cht rn
LI NI U
Nh chng ta bit, vt l cht rn l mn hc nghin cu tnh cht ca phn
ln cc vt cht nh cht rn, cht lng trong th gii thng ngy ca chng ta, da
trn cc c tnh v tng tc gia cc nguyn t. L lnh vc tng i kh v tru
tng trong Vt l hc.
c th hiu v nm vng c nhng kin thc cn bn, c trng ca mn
hc ny, bn cnh vic tm hiu l thuyt th vic gii quyt cc bi tp lin quan cng
ng mt vai tr quan trng khng th thiu.
Nm bt c vn , bi tiu lun ny ca chng ti hng n vic gii
quyt mt s bi tp c bn thuc mt s ni dung chnh trong mn hc nh cu trc,
dao ng mng, tnh cht nhit ca tinh th..
Trong qu trnh hon thnh bi tiu lun, nhm chng ti khng th trnh khi
mt s thiu st. Do , rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp ca thy v cc
bn.
Nhm 2-Lp SP Vt l k09
1/ Nguyn Hu Mnh Cng
2/ L Th Diu
3/ Phm Th Kim Dung
4/ Nguyn Th Kim Duyn
5/ Nguyn Th Thy Dng
6/ Nguyn B ng
Vt l cht rn
Chng 1:CU TRC TINH TH VT RN
Bi 1. Xac inh chi s chiu cua ng thng i qua hai nut 100 va 001 cua mang lp
phng P.
z
[[11]]
[[001
]]
[[11]]
O
x
[[100]
]
Vy chiu cua ng thng i qua hai nut 100 vao 001 la chiu [ 1 11]
Bi 2. Xac inh chi s miller cua mt i qua cac nut 200, 010, 001 cua mang lp
phng P.
Ta co :
n1 = 2, n2 = 1, n3 = 1
=>h:k:l=
1 1 1
: : =1:2:2
2 1 1
= > h : k : l = ( 122 )
Bai 3.Ve cac mt (212), (110), (001), va (120) cua tinh th lp phng.
Mt (212)
1 1 1
: :
h : k : l = 2 : 1: 1= 1 1 1
2
2
= > n1 =
1
1
, n2 = 1, n3 =
2
2
z
y
Mt (110)
y
x
Vt l cht rn
1 1
1 1
h: k : l = 1 : 1 : 0 = : : 0
= > n1 = 1, n2 = 1, n3 = 0
Mt (001)
h:k:l=0:0:1=0:0:
1
1
= > n1 = 0, n2 = 0, n3 = 1
y
x
Mt (120)
1 1
: :0
h:k:l=1:2:0= 1 1
2
= > n1 = 1, n2 =
1
, n3 = 0
2
y
r r
r r
r r
r r r
a2 a3 ] [ a3 a1 ]
a1 a2 ]
[
[
V = b1 b2 b3 = 2
2
2
V
V
V
'
( 2 )
=
V
[ a2 a3 ] ( [ a3 a1 ] [ a1 a2 ] )
V = ( 23) [ ar2 ar3 ] { ar1 ( [ ar3 ar1 ] ar2 ) ar2 ( [ ar3 ar1 ] ar1 ) }
3
r r r r
a2 ( [ a3 a1 ] a1 )
=0
4
Vt l cht rn
V = ( 2 )
V3
( 2 )
r r r r r r ( 2 )
[ a2 a3 ] a1.[ a3 a1 ] a2 = 3 V 2 =
V
V
3
r
G
H
H
r
P
Ta c:
r
r
r
r
hb
+
kb
+
lb
rG
1
2
3
r
r
r
R r = ( n1a1 + n2 a2 + n3a3 )
r
OH = G
G
OH ' =
2 ( n1h + n2 k + n3l ) 2 n
= r
r
G
G
( nZ )
2 ( n + 1)
r
G
2
M: d ( hkl ) = HH = OH OH = Gr
Bai 5. Chng minh trong h lp phng, khoang cach dhkl gia 2 mt co chi s
Miller(hkl) c tinh bng cng thc:
d hkl =
a
h + k2 + l2
2
Gii
Ta c:
OA =
a
a
a
, OB = , OC =
h
k
l
H
B
K
A
x
Vt l cht rn
1
1
1
=
+
2
2
OH
OK
OC 2
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
2
2
2
OH
OA OB OC 2
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
2
2
2
OH
OA OB OC 2
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
2
2
2
2
OH
a a a
h k l
1
h2 + k 2 + l 2
1
h2 + k 2 + l 2
=
OH 2
a2
OH 2
a2
d hkl = OH =
a
h2 + k 2 + l 2
Bai 6. Tinh khoang cach gia cac mt ln cn thuc ho mt (111) trong vt liu kt
tinh theo lp phng tm mt vi ban kinh nguyn t r.
Gii
Mang lp phng tm mt ta co:
4r = a 2 a =
d hkl =
4r
2
a
h2 + k 2 + l 2
4r
4r
=
2. 3
6
d111 =
D
C
Vt l cht rn
A
D
B
H
+ Xet BCK: BC = a, CK =
BK =
+ Xet ABH: BH =
AH =
Ma AH =
a
3
BC CK = a
=a
4
2
2
2
3 2
3
BK = a . = a
3
2 3
3
AB 2 BH 2 = a 2 (
a 3 2
6
) =a
2
3
c
6 c
6 c
c
8
a
= a
= =
2
3
2
3
2
a
3
Bi 8: Tnh hng s mng ca silic.Bit khi lng ring ca silic l 2,33g/cm 3, khi
lng mol l 28,1 g/mol.
Vt l cht rn
Gii
Theo cng thc khi lng ring, ta c:
N .A
N .A
=m=
= 3
V V .N A a . N A
Trong :
1
8
(1)
1
2
T (1)
a= 3
N .A
8.28,1
=3
=5,43.10-8 = 5,43 0
.N A
2,33.6, 02.1023
1
2
a a 3 a2 3 3
=
2 2
2
8
Vt l cht rn
a 2 c3 3
2
c
8
a 8
c =
=
a
3
3
3
V= a 3 8 = a 3 3 2
2
Mt khc: =
N .A
N .A
= 3
V .N A a 3 2 N A
a=
c=
N .A
6.24,3
=3
= 3, 2.108 =3,2 A0
23
.N A .3 2
1, 74.6, 02.10 .3 2
a 8 3, 2.108. 8
=
= 5, 2.108 = 5, 2 A0
3
3
1
2
4 R 3
3
Mi quan h gia R v a: 4r = a
3
2
Vt l cht rn
4 r 3
3
3
= 0,34
APF= 8r =
16
3
( )
3
.8
1
2
4 R 3
3
APF= 3
=
= 0, 74
3
3 2(2r )
3 2
Bi 11: Khi lng ring ca NaCl l =2,15.103 kg/m3. Khi lng nguyn t ca
Na v Cl ln lt l 23g/mol v 35,46 g/mol. Hy xc nh hng s mng ca tinh th
mui n NaCl.
Gii
10
Vt l cht rn
a=
N
( ANa + ACl )
NA
=
4
(23 + 35, 46)
6, 02.1023
= 5, 65.108 = 5.65 A0
2,15
Bi 12: Cr kt tinh theo lp phng tm khi. T php phn tch nhiu x tia X, suy
c khong cch gia 2 mt ln cn thuc h mt(211) l 1,18 angstrom. Hy xc
nh khi lng ring ca tinh th Cr. Cho bit khi lng ca 1 mol Cr l 50g.
Gii
a
2 +1 +1
2
= 1,18.1010
a = 6.1,18.1010 = 2,89.10 10
1
8
N .A
2.50
=
= 6,879 g / cm3
V .N A ( 6.1,18.1010 )3 .6, 02.1023
Bi 13: Khi dng chm tia X vi bc sng 1,54 angstrong, tinh th lp phng cho
cc i nhiu x di gc 330 t h mt (130). Xc nh hng s mng ca tinh th
.
Gii:
11
Vt l cht rn
d130 =
Ta c:
a
12 +32 +0 2
a
a = 10d
10
(1)
Dng chm tia X gy nhiu x trong tinh th, p dng nh lut Bragg:
2d sin = n
lch pha:
2
2
2d sin =
n = 2 n
y ta xt nhiu x bc 1 vi n=1
T (1) v (2) 2
(2)
a
sin =
10
a = 10
1,54
= 10
= 4, 47 ( A0 )
0
2sin
2sin 33
d hkl =
h 2 + k 2 + l2
(1)
2d sin = n
Nhiu x l bc 1 nn 2d sin =
T (1) v (2) : sin =
M:
(2)
=
h2 + k 2 + l 2
2d 2a
sin 1
h2 + k 2 + l 2 1
2a
( h2 + k 2 + l 2 ) 1
2a
2
S 1 vi S=
2a
h 2 + k 2 + l2
12
Vt l cht rn
2
10
2a 2.2,56.10
S =
= 8,19
10
1, 789.10
S = 1 (hkl) = (001)
S = 2 (hkl) = (011)
S = 3 (hkl) = (111)
S = 4 (hkl) = (002)
S = 5 (hkl) = (012)
S = 6 (hkl) = (112)
13
Bi 4: Cho tinh th mt chiu gm cc nguyn t cng loi, khong cch gia 2 nguyn
t gn nhau nht l a = 3.1010 m . Vn tc sng m truyn trong tinh th v0 3.103 m/s.
Tm gi tr ca tn s ngng max
Gii:
Cng thc tnh tn s ngng max :
M
Vn tc truyn m trong tinh th:
max = 2
v=a
(1)
(2)
2v 2.3.103
=
= 2.1013 ( rad / s )
10
a 3.10
ca nhnh m v nhnh
2a
quang.
Gii:
Cng thc tnh tn s ca nhnh m:
2
1
1
1
1
4
=
+
+
sin 2 (qa)
M
M
M
M
M
M
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
t:
1
1
4
2
2
= +
sin 2 (qa)
=
M1 + M 2
M1 M 2
4sin 2 (qa)
= 1 1
(M1 + M 2 )
sin 2 ( qa )
sin 2 ( qa )
= 2
= 2
( M1 + M 2 )
( M1 + M 2 )
2
q2a2
=
M1 + M 2
2
qa
M1 + M 2
d
=
dq
Do M1 = M 2 = M nn v =
2
a
M1 + M 2
d +
=
dq
a
M
1
1
1
1
4
Nhnh m : = + + +
sin 2 (qa)
M1 M 2
M1 M 2 M1M 2
2
Nu q=0 = 0
2
M
a
M
Nu q =
_ =
2a
= 2
v0
103
= 2
= 5, 66.1012 ( rad / s )
10
a
2,5.10
vi v0 =
Nu q=0 + = 2
+ = 2
vi v0 =
a
M
v0
103
=2
= 8.1012 ( rad / s )
10
a
2,5.10
Nu q =
+ = 2
2
+ =
2a
M
vi v0 =
a
M
v0
103
= 2
= 5, 66.1012 ( rad / s )
10
a
2,5.10
Bi 5: Tm nhit Debye ca vng, bit nguyn t lng v khi lng ring ca vng
ln lt l M = 197g / mol v D= 1,9.104 kg / m 3 ; vn tc truyn m trong vng l
u=2100m/s.
Gii:
Xt vi 1 kg vng(Au):
Cng thc tnh nhit Debye:
D = h
D hu 3 6 2 N hu 3 6 2 ND
=
=
k B kB
V
kB
m
Thay s:
h = 1,055.10-34J.s
Vi
T
12
C = 4 NK B
5
D
h
h2 f
D = kBD = kB
12
4 T
C = 4 N ( kB )
5
hf
C=
4
12 4
10
6, 02.1026. ( 1,38.1023 )
34
12
5
6, 625.10 .6,55.10
C=62,339J/(kmol.k)
Vy nhit dung ca ng ti 10K l C=62,339J/(kmol.k)
Vi
T
C = 234 Nk
D
Suy ra
T
T
T
Q = m234 Nk B T = m234 Nk B dT = m 234 Nk B dT
D
D
D
T
Q = m234 Nk B dT
10 D
50
T4
Q = m234 Nk 3
4 D
50
10
Q = 2.234.6, 02.1026.1,38.1023
Q = 2, 7335.105 J
504 104
4.2813
N 3
k f = 3 2 f
V
Vi
V=
h2 k 2f
2m
( 1, 05.10
=
.1, 2.1010 )
34
2.9,1.1031.1, 6.1019
= 5, 45eV
( )
( )
( )
( )
Gii
Vng ha tr :
r
k
e =0.
Ee ( ke ) = Ee ( ke ) = Eh ( ke ) = Eh ( ke )
n i
Vy Ee ( ke ) = Eh ( kh )
r 1 dE0 1 d ( Eh ) 1 dEh r
r =
r = vh
ve =
r =
h dke h d kh
h dkh
( )
Vy ve = vh
1
1 d 2 Ee
1 d 2 Eh
m = 2
=
= mh*
2
2
2
h dke
h dkh
h2 2 2 2
2
2
E=
( n x + n y + nz )
2m L
nng lng thp nht l E111 v E112
2
3 ( 1, 055.1034 )
h2 2 2 2 2
2.3,14
E111=
(1 +1 +1 ) =
2m L
2.9,1.10 31.1, 6.10 19 50.10 10
2
Vy E111=0,18ev
2
2
2
6 ( 1, 055.1034 )
2.3,14
E112= h 2 ( 12 + 12 + 22 ) =
2m L
2.9,1.1031.1, 6.10 19 50.1010
2
Vy E112=0,36ev
Bi 7: Ti nhit no th xc sut electron trong Ag chim cc mc nng lng cao
hn mc Fermi 1% s l 10%. Bit nng lng Fermi ca Ag l EF = 5,5 eV; hng s
Boltzmann kB = 1,38.10-23J/K.
Gii:
+ 1
Vi gi thit bi cho:
f = 10% = 0,1
E = 1,01EF
EF = 5,5 eV = 8,8.10-19J
kB = 1,38.10-23J/K.
T y ta suy ra
1
f = exp 1,01E F E F
k BT
1 = 0,1
0 , 01E F
k BT
0 , 01E F
k BT
+ 1
1
0,01E F
exp
k BT
= 0,1
+1
=9
0,01E F
= ln9
k BT
T=
0,01E F
0,01 8.8.10 19
=
ln 9 k B
ln 9 1,38.10 23
= 290K
Vy ti nhit T = 290K th xc sut electron trong Ag chim cc mc nng lng
cao hn Fermi 1% l 10%.
Bi 8: Bit nng lng Fermi ca Cu l EF = 7,05 eV. Tm nhit dung phn t (nhit
dung ca mt mol vt cht) ca kh electron t do trong Cu ti 4K.
Gii:
p dng cng thc tnh nhit dung ca kh electron t do, ta c:
Cel =
Vi
2
kT
Nk B B
2
EF
T = 4K
EF = 7,05 eV = 1,128.10-18J
Ta c:
Cel
1,38.1023 4
1,128.1018
= 2,0 J/(kmol.K)
Vy nhit dung phn t ca kh electron t do trong Cu l Cel = 2,0J/(kmol.K)
Bi 6 : Zn c khi lng ring = 7,13 kg/m3 ; nguyn t lng M=65,4. tm nng lng
fermi ca Zn ti 0K.Cho bit khi lng hiu dng ca electron trong Zn bng 0,85 khi
lng ca electron trong chn khng ; s Avogadro NA=6,02.1026 kmol-1
Gii
Xt 1kmol Zn
Cng thc tnh nng lng fermi :E=
1
Vi
h2 k 2f
2m
N 3
N 3
kf= 3 2 f = 3 2 f
V
M
Do
1
2
N f 3
3
N
2
2
f
2
3
h 3
h
3
E=
V
M
=
2m
2m
Chng 6: BN DN
Bi 5: Tnh mt hiu dng ca trng thi i vi vng dn Nc ca bn dn GaAs ti
300K. Cho bit me* = 0,067m0, trong m0 = 9,1.10-31kg l khi lng ngh ca electron,
cc hng s =1,05.10 34 Js v kB = 8,617.10-5 eV/K.
Gii:
p dng cng thc tnh mt hiu dng ca electron trong vng dn, ta c:
NC
=
4 2
2me* k B T
Vi
me* = 0,067 m0 = 0,067 9,1.10 31 = 6,097.10-32kg
T = 300K
=1,05.10 34 Js
T y ta suy ra
3
2
2.6, 097.1032.1,378772.1023.300
NC = 2
2
34
4
1,
05.10
(
)
= 4,4.1023 m-3
Vy mt hiu dng ca trng thi i vi vng dn NC ca bn dn GaAs l
NC = 4,4.1023 m-3.
Bi 6: Tnh v tr mc Fermi trong bn dn thun Si ti 300K. Cho bit me* = 1,08m0, mh*
= 0,56m0.
Gii:
Ta c cng thc xc nh mc Fermi trong bn dn tinh khit:
EF =
Vi
m* E g
3
k B T ln h*
4
2
me
k B = 1,38.10 23 J / K
T = 300K
mh* = 0,56m0 = 5,096.10 31 kg
me* = 1,08m0 = 9,828.10 31 kg
T ta suy ra
EF =
Eg
3 1,38.10 23 300 5,096.10 31
ln
31
4
2
9,828.10
Eg
2
Eg
2
Cu 7: Tnh nng ht ti trong bn dn thun InAs ti 300K. Cho bit Eg = 0,35 eV,
me* = 0.027m0, mh* = 0,4m0.
Gii:
Nng ht ti trong bn dn thun
n = ne n p =
N c N v exp(
Eg
2k B T
E
2 K B 32 * * 34
.( 2 ) .( me mh ) .exp( g )
2
4
h
2 k BT
3
2
3
0,35.1, 6.10 19
2.1,38.10 .300
31
31 4
= 2
. 0.027.9,1.10 .0, 4.9,1.10 .exp
23
4 (1.055.1034 ) 2
2.1,38.10 .300
= 9,82.1020 (m 3 )
23
Gii:
Ta c hng s Hall ca cht babs dn l
RH= -7,35.10-5 (m3.C-1) < 0 nn y l bn dn loi n.
Nng :
RH = n=
1
ne
1
R H .e
1
= 8,5.10 22 (m 3 )
7,35.10 .1,6.10 19
5
e =
e.n
200
1,6.10 19.1,6.10 19
vi 0 = 1, 2566.106
=>
J = B =
=>
N .0 .H e.h
M = 3k
.
B
2.me
N .Z e2
n.Z e2
< r 2 >= 0 .
. < r2 >
6m
6.mV
.
= 0 .
n.Z e2
. < r2 >
3
6.m.a
Vi:
N=
n n
=
: s nguyn t trong mt n v th tch
V a3
4. ( 1, 6.1019 )
6.9,1.10
= -5.10-6
31
( 3, 608.10 )
10 3
(1010 ) 2