GTC / UNRWA

Telecommunications Second Year - First Semester 23 1 - 2006

Antennas Final Exam Time: 7200 Seconds
Good writing and well tidy answers will be appreciated
Solve the following questions.
Q(1): ( 10 Mark )
Define
o Cross-polarization isolation
A vertical polarized antenna cannot receive horizontal polarized signal and vice
versa, A right-hand circularly polarized antenna cannot receive left-hand
circularly polarized signal and vice versa
o Antenna Array
A number of antennas arranged in space and interconnected
o Parasitic antenna
Metallic structures or wires which are not connected to feed network
o Half power beam width.
The angular separation of the points in the main beam where the power equals
one-half (-3 dB) the power radiated in the direction of maximum power
Right HPBW Left HPBW
HPBW


o Axial ratio
The measure of the response of the helix to different polarizations, and can be
defined as the ratio of the amplitude with the polarization that give the
maximum response to the amplitude with the polarization that give the
minimum response.
N
N
AR
2
1 2 +

Q (2): (10 Mark)

Describe Radome and its effect on various parameters of helical antenna?
Radome (radar domes), are protective housing for millimeter-wave or microwave
antennas. They are shaped to cover the antenna and are usually made of low-loss
dielectric of thickness much smaller than a wavelength.
Because of reflection and refraction and losses, a Radome modifies the electrical
characteristics of the antenna it covers. These changes usually result in some
distortion of the radiation pattern. The half power beamwidth is slightly reduced
and the level of sidelobes increase
Q (3): (10 Mark)
Explain why the /2 dipole is better performance than dipole even if the
directivity of dipole is better than that of /2 ?
Because the gain of antenna equals efficiency multiplied by directivity, so even the
directivity of dipole is better than that of /2 , the /2 is better as the dipole
has high input impedance which reduces antenna efficiency.
Q (4): (10 Mark)
Demonstrate how to draw the current distribution of 3 /2 dipole antenna.
( )
2
,
2
2 L
Z Z
L
Sin I I
D Z
<
1
]
1

,
_

Where L = 3/2.
( )
2
,
2
2
3 L
Z
Z
Sin I I
D Z
<

,
_

Z I(z) I(z)
3/4 I(z) = I
D
Sin [ 0 ] 0

/2 I(z) = I
D
Sin [ /2 ] I
D
/4 I(z) = I
D
Sin [ ] 0
0 I(z) = I
D
Sin [ 3 / 2 ] - I
D
Q (5): (10 Mark)
Explain with analysis the operation of the four to one impedance
transformation balun.
) ( ) ( t COS V t COS V V
o o a
+
( ) t COS V V V V
o a b
2
2

Use the relationship
( )
Z
V
P
rms
2

( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
Z
V
P
Z
V
P
rms rms

( )
( )
4 2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2

rms
rms
V
V
Z
Z
1 2
4Z Z
Q (6): ( 10 Mark )
Prove that the input impedance of folded dipole antenna equals four times the
input impedance of dipole antenna
2
D
F
I
I
2
2
D D
D
I Z
P
8 2
2 2
D F F F
F
I Z I Z
P
D F
P P
8 2
2 2
D F D D
I Z I Z

So
D F
Z Z 4
Q (7): (10 Mark)
Compare between axial mode and normal mode antennas
Axial mode Normal mode

3
4
4
3
< <C
C very small compared to
Q (8): (10 Mark)
Classify array antennas according to
1. Configuration
Linear
Planner
Conformal
2. direction of maximum radiation
Broad side
End fire
Q (9): (10 Mark)
Write short description about phased array antenna and its theory
It is an array antenna contains of antenna elements that is driven by computer
controlled electronic circuit, by adjusting the amplitude and phase of the
signals fed to each element the radiation pattern can be shaped according to
needs. And by dynamically changing the phases over time, the radiation pattern
can be scanned through space.
Phased array have many applications especially in radar
Q (10): ( 10 Mark )
Calculate the gain for an isotropic antenna operating at a frequency 915MHz
whereas the power delivered to antenna equals 100mw and the radiated
power equals 80 mw.
a
D

4
Where
4
a and 1 D
And the efficiency
8 . 0
100
80

o
rad
P
P

So
8 . 0 1 8 . 0 D G
Good Luck
Eng.\ Mohammed el_aydi