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STATEMENTS & SETS

Main points: A Sentence which is either true or false but not both is called statement. If two simple statements are combined with the connectives then the statements so formed are called compound statements. conditional : p q conditional : p q Inverse : (p) (q) Contrapositive : (q) (p) A compond statement which contains only 'T' in the last column of it is truth table is called tantology. A compond statement which contains only 'F' in the column of it is truth table is called contradiction. '' is the symbol for iniversal quantifier. '' is the symbol for Existential quantifier. A and B are disjoint sets i) and ii) only i) A B = ii) n (A B) = 0 A B and B C then A C If A B and B C then A= B x(AB) xA x x(AB) xA x x(AB) xA x x(AB) xA x x(AB) xA x x(AB) xA x
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iii) n (AB) = n (A) + n (B)

xA x then A B xB x then B C Basic Theorem

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AB&BCA=B Laws of algebra of statement in Sets: Name of the Law Idempotent Laws Associative Laws Sets AA= A ; AA= A A (BC) = (AB) C A (BC) = (AB)C Commutative laws AB = BA, A B = BA, Distributive law Statement pp = p ; pp = p

A(BC) = (AB) (AC) p (q r) = (pq) (pr)

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A = A, A = A, (AB)' = A' B' (AB)' = A'B'

A (BC) = (AB) (AC) p (qr) = (pq) (q r) pf = p , pf = f, pt = t pt = p,

Identity law

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4 Marks Questions

complement law

AA' = , AA' =

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Demograms law 1.

(A')' = A, ' = , ' =

A (BC) = (AB) (A C) A (BC) = (AB) (A C)

prove that A (BC) = (AB) (AC) for any three non-empty sets A, B and C.

Proof : In order to prove A(B C) = (A B) (AC), according to Basic Theorem we have to prove that
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p (q r) = (pq) r pq = qp pq = qp p (p)= t, p(p) = f

p(qr) = (pq)r

(p) = p, t = f, f = t, (pq) = (p) (q) (pq) = (p) (q)

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i) A (B C) (A B) (A C) ii) (A B) (A C) A (B C) i) Let x A(B C) x A x (B C) x A (x B x C) (x A x B) (x x C) x (A B) x (A C) x (A B) (A C) A(B C) (A B) (A C) ------(1)

ii)

Let x (AB)( C) (x A x B) (x x C) x A (x B x C) x A x (B C) x (A B) x (A C) x A (B C) (AB) (C) A (B C) ------(2) From (1) & (2) A(B C) = (A B) (A C) 2. (pq)' = p'q' Proof: In order to prove (pq)' = p'q' according to basic theorem, we have to prove that i) (pq)' p'q' i) p'q' (pq)' i) Let x (pq)' x(pq) xp xq xp' xq' xp'q' (pq)' p'q'.......................(1) ii) Let x p'q' xp' xq' xp xq x(pq)' p'q' (pq)'........................(2) (pq)' = p'q' From (1) & (2) 3. Prove that A (BC) = (AB) (AC) for any three sets A, B, C Proof: In order to prove A (BC) = (AB) (AC) according to 'Basic Theorem' we have to prove that i) A(BC) (AB) (AC) i) (AB) (AC) A(BC) i) Let x A(BC) x x(BC) x (xB xC) (x xB) (xA xC) x (B) x (A C)
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 x (B) (A C) A(BC) (AB) (AC) ....................... (i) ii)

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i)

ii)

x (AB) (AC) x (AB) x (AC) (x A xB) (xA xC) xA (xB xC) xA x(BC) xA (BC) (A B) (AC) A (BC) --------- (II) From (I) and (II) A (BC) = (AB) (AC) 5. prove that (AB)' = A'B' proof : In order to prove (A B)' = A' B', According to "Basic Theorem" we have to prove that i) (A B)' A' B' ii) A' B' (A B)' i)

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Let x (A B)' x (A B) xA xB x A' x B' x A' B' (A B)' A' B' Let x A' B' x A' x B' xAxB

ii)

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-------(1)

Let x A (BC) xA x (BC) xA (xB xC) (xA xB) (xA xC) x (AB) x(AC) x(AB) (AC) A (BC) (AB ) (AC) --------- (I)

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Let (AB) (AC) x(AB) (AC) (xA xB) (xA xC) xA x(BC) xA (BC) (AB) (AC) A(BC) ....................(ii) From (i) & (ii) A(BC) = (AB) (AC) 4. Prove A (BC) = (AB ) (AC) for any three non-empty sets A, B, and C. Proof: In order to prove A (BC) = (AB) (AC) according to basic theorem, we have to prove that i) A (BC) (AB ) (AC) ii) (AB) (AC) A (BC)

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x (A B) x (A B)' A' B' (A B)' From (1) and (2) (A B)' = A' B'

--------(2)

6. Prove that (AB)' = A'B' proof : In order to proove (AB)' = A'B' according to basic theorem we have to prove that i) (AB)' A'B' ii) A'B' (AB)' i) Let x(AB)' x(AB) xA xB xA' xB' xA' B' (AB)' A'B' Let xA'B' xA'xB' xA xB x(AB) x(AB)' A'B' (AB)' From (I) and (II) (AB)' = A'B'

-------------- (I)

7.

In a city they are three major news papers A,B,C, of which atleast two are read by 35% of the population . It is known that news paper C is read by 45% of the populaton and the newspaper A and B. are seen by 15 % and that all the Three are read by 10%. what present of read only news paper C ?
n(A)
5%
10%

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------------ (II)
n(B)
y% x%

Sol : n(A B C) = 10% n(A B) = 15% The news papers, at least two are read by 35% i.e., x% + y% + 5% + 10% = 35% x% + y% + 15% = 35% x% + y% = 35% 15% x% + y% = 20% --------(1) The population who read only newspaper C. i.e., only n(C) = n(C) [x% + y% + 10%] = 45% [x% + y% + 10%] = 45% [20% + 10%] [ from (1)] = 45% 30% = 15%

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n(C) = 45%
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ii)

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2 Marks Questions

1.
A.

Define Conjunction and write its truth table?

If two simple statements are combined with the connective 'AND' then the compond statement formed is called conjunction. Conjuction connective is '' Truth table of conjunction P q pq
T T F F T F T F T F F F

2.
A.

Define Disjunction and write its truth table?

A.

4.
A.

5.
A.

i)

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T T F F T F T F T F F T

T T F F

Define Bi- conditional and write its truth table?

If two simple statements are combined with the connective ''IF AND ONLY IF'' or ''IFF'' then the compond statement formed is called 'Bi-Conditional' The connective symbol of bio-conditional is '''' '''' Truth table of Bi -Conditional P q pq

Prove that (A')' = A

In order to prove (A')' = A, according to Basic Theorem. We have to prove that ii) A (A')' (i) (A')' A Let x (A')'
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T F T F T F T T

If two simple statements are comditioned with the connective 'IF-THEN' then the compond statement formed is called conditional. The connective symbol of conditional is '''' or '''' Truth table of conditional. P q pq

3.

Define conditional and write its truth table?

T T F F

T F T F

T T T F

If two simple statemets are combined with the connective 'OR' then the compond statement formed is called 'Disjunction' Disjunction connective is '' Truth table of Disjunction P q pq

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x A' xA (A')' A -------(i) ii) Let x A x A' x (A')' A (A')' -------(ii) From (i) and (ii) (A')' = A

ii)

From (i) and (ii) AB' = AB

7. Prove that (pq) = p(q) A: P q (pq) (pq) q p(q)

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T T F F T F T F T F T T F T F F

(pq) = p(q) 8. Write the convesse inverse and contra positive of If a polygon is a square then it is a rectangle

Sol : conditional : If a polygon is a square then it is a rectangle. convesse : If a polygn is a rectangle, then it is a square inverse : If a polygon is not a square , then it is not a rectangle contra positive : If a polygon is not a rectangle, then it is not a square.

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F T F T F T F F

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Let xA B xA xB xA xB' x AB' AB AB' ----------- (ii)

6. Prove that AB' = AB proof: In order to prove AB' = AB, according to "Basic theorem" we have to prove that AB' AB AB AB' i) Let x AB' xA xB' xA xB xA B AB' AB ----------- (i)

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1 Mark Questions 1. A. 2. A. Define equivalence of statements? Two statements are said to be logically equivalent if the last columns of their truth tables are identical. Prove that (p) p P ~p ~(~p)
T F F T T F

3. A.

4. If n (AB) = 51, n(A) = 20, n(B) = 44, find n(AB) Sol : n(AB) = n(A) + n(B) n(AB) 51 = 20+ 44 n(AB) 51 = 64 n(AB) n(AB) = 64 51, n(AB) = 13 5. If n (AB) = 50, n(A) = 21, n(AB) = 14, find n(B) Sol : n(AB) = 50 n(A)= 21 n(AB) = 14 n(AB) = n(A) + n(B) + n(AB) 50 = 21+ n(B) n(AB) 50 = 7+ n(B) 507 = n(B) n(B) =43

Sol : A { 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19} B= { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} AB = { 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19} { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} = { 2, 3, 5, 7} 7. Write the set builder form of A = { 1,8, 27, 64, 125} sol : A = { 1,8, 27, 64, 125} A= { 13, 23, 33, 43, 53} Set builder form of A = { n3/xn , x 5} 8. Show that AB = implies A = and B= Sol: we have A AB, B B, Given that AB = A A B A also we know that A
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6.

If A = {all primes less than 20}, B = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} then find AB

Mention the symbols of universal quantities and existential quantities. The symbol of universal quantities is The symbol of Existential quantities is

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A= Similerly we can show that B = 9. If A B, then show that B A, then show that B'A' Given that AB To Prove B'A' Let x B' xB xA xA' B' A'

Fill in the Blanks 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. If A B then AB = .............., AB = ................ If A B and B C then ................ (pq) = ............... or ............... A conditional is equalent to it's ............... The symbol for existential quantifier is ........... A true statement can't imply a ........... statement. The set builder form of A = { 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5} is ................. A B and B C A = B is known as ............. AB' = ..............

Answers
1) B, A 4) contrapositive

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2) A= B 5) 8) basic theorem Multiple choice

7) A= {1/x/ xN, x 3

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

converse of p q is ....................... a) (p) (q) b) p q c) q p p (qr) = .......................... a) (pq) (pr) b) (pq)(pr) c) (pq)r Identity set over the intersection of sets is .................. a) b) c) both A and B are disjoint sets then n (AB) = ...................... a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 p p p is ............................. law a) commutative b) idenpotent c) Demorgans p p is a = ...................................
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(pq) = .......................... a) p (q) b) p (q)

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3) (p) q) or p (q) 6)....... 9) AB c) (p) q d) (p) q d) (q) (p) d) p (qr) d) None d) 3 d) Distributive

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a) Contradiction b) Tautology c) neither contradiction nor tautology d) None 8. If n(A) = 6 then the number of proper subsets of A are .................. a) 30 b) 32 c) 33 d) 31 9. If n(AB) = 12, n (BA) = 15 , n(AB) = 7 then n (AB) = ....................... a) 30 b) 32 c) 33 d) None 10. In series network pq, the current flows only when ............ a) p is closed, q is closed b) p is opened, q is opened c) p is closed, q is opened d) p is opened, q is closed

Answers
1) B 6)B 2) C 7) B 3) A 8) D 4) B 9) D 5) A 10) A

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