GV:

Nguon goc pho tia X

Nhieu xa tia X va nh luat Bragg

Thc nghiem nhieu xa tia X

2

 Tia X lan au tien c Rnghen nam 1895 khi nghien cu cac tia
catod
Rnghen t chup hnh xng ban tay va tia X nhanh chong c s
dung trong y khoa
Nam 1912, Von Laue va cac cong s a chng minh c ban chat
song cua tia X qua pho nhieu xa cua tia X tren tinh the ong sulfat,
ong thi chng minh c rang trong tinh the cac nguyen t sap
xep theo mang khong gian

33

Kieu bc xa

Khoang chieu dai song

Kieu dch chuyen

Tia gamma

<10-12 m

Hat nhan

Tia X

1 nm-1 pm

Cac electron ben trong

UV

400 nm-1 nm

Cac electron ben ngoai

VIS

750 nm-400 nm

Electron ben ngoai

Can IR

2,5 m-750 nm

Dao ong phan t

IR

25 m-2,5 m

Dao ong phan t

Vi song

1 mm-25 m

Quay phan t

Song radio

>1 mm

Spin hat nhan

Tia X sinh ra do s chuyen dch cac electron cua lp ben trong

Hieu suat chuyen thanh tia X

rat thap (ch khoang 0,8%) ma
phan ln nang lng sinh ra do
va ap se chuyen thanh nhiet
nang

Di nhng ieu kien nhat nh, bia se

phat ra bc xa tia X ac trng thng gom
2 vach phan biet goi la vach K va K (lan
lt tng ng vi s chuyen electron t n
= 2 en n = 1 va t n = 3 en n = 1.
Bia
Mo
Cu
Co
Fe
Cr
S o pho tia X vi bia Mo the gia toc 35 kV

ca K ()
0.71
1.54
1.79
1.94
2.29
7

Nhiu x l hin tng quan st c khi sng lan truyn qua khe nh hoc
mp vt cn (r nht vi cc vt cn c kch thc tng ng vi bc
sng), trong sng b lch hng lan truyn, lan to v mi pha t v tr vt
cn, v t giao thoa vi cc sng khc lan ra t vt cn.
Hin tng nhiu x c quan st vi mi loi sng, nh m thanh, sng
nc, sng in t (nh nh sng hay sng radio), hay cc ht th hin tnh
cht sng thng qua lng tnh sng ht.
8

10

11

 lch = 2
tia 1

tia 2

Hiu s ng i gia tia 1 v tia 2 = 2d Sin

iu kin nhiu x: n = 2d.sin

12

13

14

nh nhiu x Laue ca Si theo chiu [0 0 1]

15

16

17

18

19

21

22

V tr cc mi ph
V tr cc mi cho cc thng tin v cc yu t i xng tnh tin
(translational symmetry), c ngha l xc nh c hnh dng v
kch thc mng.
T y c th xc nh tn khong cht, vt liu, hp cht,
phanu c cc ph chun so snh.
Cng cc mi ph
C th tnh mt electron bn trong mng, c ngha l xc nh
c v tr ca cc nguyn t trong mng.
Hnh dng v b rng mi
B rng v hnh dng cc mi c th cung cp thng tin v s sai
lch so vi tinh th hon ho (sai khuyt trong tinh th)
23

24

25

26

Sau khi a mau i phan tch rontgen thu c ng cong pho

nhieu xa tia X. Moi chat tinh the cho mot gian o rontgen ac
trng.
Chon vach co chieu cao ln nhat ng vi cng o manh nhat (I1)
coi nh la 100%.
Lay tiep 2 vach co cng o thap dan I2 va I3.
Xac nh cac goc 1, 2, 3 tng ng bang cach chieu vuong goc
xuong (tren truc hoanh cua bang pho thng co in kem gia tr goc
tng ng.
Tra bang gia tr - d e tm d1, d2, d3 tng ng (hoac t tnh t
cong thc = 2dsin)
So sanh d1, d2, d3 vi bang chuan tm khoang (trong cac ngan
hang d lieu) e xac nh c thanh phan khoang cua mau phan
tch
e nhanh chong xac nh c pha tinh the, can nh hng pha
tinh the co trong mau bang cach xac nh lch s mau (thanh phan
27
hoa, nguyen lieu, qua trnh nung, qua trnh ieu che, tong hp)

 Cng thc Bragg cho php nh v mt vch c cc ch

s hkl, hkl, qua tng quan vi khong cch gia cc
mt d theo cng thc:
= 2dhkl sin hkl
1/d = 2 sin /
1/d2 = 4 sin2 / 2
Vi cu trc lp phng, cc gi tr d c th tnh c
t cc ch s Miller (hkl)
1/d2 = (h2 + k2 + l2)/a2
Kt hp cc phng trnh ny, ta c biu thc:
sin2 /(h2 + k2 + l2) = 2 /4a2
Nh vy phi tm c cc gi tr h,k,l sao cho t s
sin2 /(h2 + k2 + l2) l mt hng s
28

29

30

35-0734
SrTiO3
Strontium Titanium Oxide
Tausonite, syn

Wavelength = 1.54056
2
Int
hkl
22.873
12
100
32.424
100
110

: 1.5405

Rad.: CuK1

39.984

30

111

Ref: Swanson, H., Fuyat, Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Circ. 539, 3, 44, (1954).

46.483
52.357

50
3

200
210

System:
a: 3.9050
:

57.794
67.803
72.543
77.175

40
25
1
15

211
220
300
310

81.721
86.204
95.127

5
8
16

311
222
321

Cubic

Filter: Ni Beta

S.G.: Pm m (221)
b:
c:
:
g:

Pattern taken at 25C. Sample from Nat. Lead Co.

Spectrographic analysis: <0.01% Al, Ba, Ca, Si; <0.001% Cu, Mg.
Perovskite SuperGroup, 1C Group. PSC: cP5. To replace 5-634
and 40-1500.
Mwt: 183.52. Volume[CD]: 59.55

31

Measured XRD pattern of TiO2 mixture and its phases analysis.

32

33

34

35

n 2d hkl sin

VD: Cho bc x Cu K ( = 1.54 )

trn mt d110= 2.22

d hkl
2
sin
n

2d nh nk nl sin
2d hkl sin
d hkl

a
h k l
2

sin

0.34

0.69

a
d 220
8
a
d110
2

Mt tinh th

20.7 Bc 1 (110)
Bc 2 (110)
43.92
Hoc (220)

d 220 1

d110 2
36

Mang

Co nhieu xa

Khong co nhieu xa

sc

Tat ca

Khong

bcc

(h2+k2+l2) = chan

(h2+k2+l2) = le

fcc

h,k,l cung chan hoac

cung le

h,k,l khong cung chan hoac

cung le

Tnh tng h2 + k2 + l2 ca tng kiu mng lp phng

37

So b cam

sc

fcc

bcc

hkl tng ng
100

110
111

200

210

211

220

7
8

221-300

10

10

11

11

12

12

310
311

12

13

222
320

14

14

15

321

16

16

16

400

38

VD1: Tnh v tr goc cua mui nhieu xa au tien ( nho nhat)

cua Cr khi dung bc xa CuK ( = 1,542). Bit Cr c cu
trc bcc vi r = 1,30. 1010 m
Tng quan gia r v a c cho bi biu thc :

a 3 4r

4 *1,30.1010
10
a
3,00.10 m
3

i vi h bcc, mi nhiu x u tin ng vi mt (110) v vi

biu thc = 2dsin

a
3.1010
10
d110

2,12.10 m
2
2
10

1,542.10
sin 1

0,363
10
2d110 2 * 2,12.10

1 = 21,3o

39

VD2: Mt vt liu tinh th c cu trc lp phng c cc vch

nhiu x ng vi cc gc (o) c gi tr sau:
9.30

13.26

16.32

19.01

21.27

23.41

25.44

Mi nhiu x c cng mnh nht ng vi vch th t (I/Io

= 1), vch th nht (I/Io =0,9); vch th by (I/Io = 0,55).
c bit ph tia X chp vi bc sng Cu = 1,541.

a) Xc nh cu trc lp phng ca vt liu ny

b) Tnh thng s mng ca vt liu.
c) Da trn bng s liu chun, xc nh tn vt liu
40

9.3

13.26

16.32

19.01

21.27

23.41

25.44

sin

0.162

0.229

0.281

0.326

0.363

0.397

0.430

sin2

0.026

0.053

0.079

0.106

0.132

0.158

0.185

dhkl

4.768

3.359

2.742

2.365

2.124

1.939

1.794

d2

22.732 11.284 7.518

5.595

4.511

3.761

3.217

TH1: SC

a2
TH2: BCC
a2
TH1: FCC

a2

22.73 22.568 22.555 22.381 22.556 22.565 25.738 const

2

10

12

14

45.46 45.137 45.111 44.762 45.113 45.131 45.042 =const

3

11

12

16

19

68.20 45.137 60.147 61.548 54.135 60.174 61.128 const

Vy vt liu ny c cu trc bcc (lp phng tm th). T tnh

c lun thng s mng a ca vt liu l a = 4 5.1 0 8
a = 6.716
41

Cc gi tr d cc vch th t (2,365; I/Io=1); th nht (4,768;

I/Io=0,9) v th by (1,794; I/Io=0,55)

1

9.3

13.26

16.32

19.01

21.27

23.41

25.44

sin

0.162

0.229

0.281

0.326

0.363

0.397

0.430

sin2

0.026

0.053

0.079

0.106

0.132

0.158

0.185

dhkl

4.768

3.359

2.742

2.365

2.124

1.939

1.794

Tra bng d liu chun ng vi d bt u t gi tr 2.365 v cc t l

cng tng ng, thu c :
2.365(1)

4.77(0.9)

1.794(0.55)

Brucite Mg(OH)2
42

43

VD3: Mot vat lieu tinh the bot co cac vach nhieu xa c ghi nhan
ng vi cac goc sau (bc song s dung la 1,542):
13,41o;15,51o; 22,44o; 26,56o; 28,14o; 33,7o; 36,32o; 37,39o; 42o;
45,13o; 50,36o; 53,54o; 55,2o; 59,45o.
a) Xac nh cau truc tinh the cua vat lieu bot nay, cho biet no thuoc
he lap phng.

b) Pho nhieu xa cho thay cac mui co cng o manh nhat la mui th
hai (100%), mui th ba (55%) va mui th nam (15%). Da tren ngan
hang pho chuan, xac nh ten cua vat lieu bot nay.
44

hkl(o)

sin2

h2+k2+l2

hkl

13,41
15,51
22,44
26,56
28,14
33,7
36,32
37,39
42,0
45,13
50,36
53,54
52,2
59,45

0,0560
0,0746
0,1492
0,2052
0,2239
0,2984
0,3544
0,3731
0,4477
0,5036
0,5972
0,6529
0,6715
0,7462

3
4
8
11
12
16
19
20
24
27
32
35
36
40

111
200
220
311
222
440
331
420
422
511,333
440
531
600,442
620

45

Thanh phan khoang (ngan hang d lieu)

2.82(1) 3.44(0.9) 2.117(0.5) Trimounsite-(Y) (Y,REE)2Ti2SiO9

2.82(1) 3.44(1) 2.91(1) Franckeite (Pb,Sn)6Fe++Sn2Sb2S14

2.82(1) 5(1) 5.4(1) Atacamite Cu2Cl(OH)3
2.821(1) 1.994(0.55) 1.628(0.15) Halite NaCl
2.821(1) 2.551(0.8) 2.806(0.7) Dellaite Ca6Si3O11(OH)2 2.821(1)
2.822(1) 3.363(0.5) 3.118(0.27) Sicherite ! TlAg2(As,Sb)3S6

2.823(1) 3.587(0.86) 2.778(0.84) Jentschite ! TlPbAs2SbS6

2.824(1) 3.03(0.8) 2.724(0.6) Killalaite 2Ca3Si2O7(H2O)
46