Cẩm nang sử dụng máy tính

Cm nang my tnh
- 1
St by hoangly85
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Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Mc lc

H iu hnh MS - DOS. ................................................................................... 10
Cch Setup BIOS................................................................................................ 22
Chn on bnh qua ting bip ca bios ........................................................... 31
My tnh ku bp, bp... ri khng khi ng.................................................... 35
Bo v cmos ........................................................................................................ 36
Bo v cmos ........................................................................................................ 36
B mt v tc ca pc....................................................................................... 37
Bo mch ch, nn tng ca tc .................................................................... 41
B ngun atx ...................................................................................................... 48
Cn bit v CPU ................................................................................................. 50
Chn on v khc phc cc li h thng........................................................ 54
Cch sa floppy disk b track 0 bad................................................................... 58
a cng gp tnh trng kh x......................................................................... 58
Fat l g ............................................................................................................... 61
Format cp thp a cng(low level format)..................................................... 63
Gn thm a tho lp..................................................................................... 64
Gii quyt s c a cng................................................................................ 67
Th thut vi Windows 98 ................................................................................. 69
Ci t modem.................................................................................................... 71
M-i li khuyn khi lp t card nng cp ...................................................... 75
M-i th thut vi modem................................................................................. 77
Cch thit lp mng my tnh qui m nh........................................................ 80
Mng my tnh.................................................................................................... 84
Ni kt my tnh ................................................................................................. 87
Xy dng mt mng my tnh............................................................................ 89
S dng usb ........................................................................................................ 93
S dng a cd rom......................................................................................... 95
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
DMA v cc ch-ng trnh qun l b nh........................................................ 99
Ghost 5.1 ........................................................................................................... 104
S dng a cng IDE .................................................................................. 106
Boot 2 h iu hnh ......................................................................................... 112
S dng disk manager ca hng sn xut a cng ................................... 113
cng trn 4GB khng khi ng -c ......................................................... 115
Phc hi d liu trong a cng b cht bt ng.......................................... 116
Nhng s c phn cng................................................................................... 116
Khc phc s c hin th mn hnh ................................................................ 119
Tn dng cc chc nng ca DiskEdit ........................................................... 120
Nguyn tc sa cha cc thng bo ca DOS................................................ 122
S dng Card Sound........................................................................................ 123
L-u d phng v phc hi Registry:............................................................... 131
Chy c NT ln Windows 95/98 ...................................................................... 155
Khc phc li CDRom ca Win 98 Beta 3...................................................... 157
Ti -u ha Windows 98 ................................................................................... 158
Ci t Windows2000....................................................................................... 163
Giao thc mng ................................................................................................ 170
Cch bm u dy RJ45 vo cp utp .............................................................. 170
Tng tc kt ni vo mng.......................................................................... 172
th thut registry cho mng ni b(lan) ......................................................... 174
Nhn i tin ch mn hnh............................................................................. 178
To logo khi ng mi trong rom bios ......................................................... 178
Ph lc: Cc b phn cu thnh my tnh..................................................... 181
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
i c-ng v my tnh v cng ngh tin hc.
I- Tin hc v cng ngh thng tin .
1- Tin hc (Informatics):
L 1 ngnh nghin cu v cu trc v tnh cht ca thng tin, v l-u tr, x l
v truyn tin. Qu trnh -c thc hin mt cch t ng trn My tnh in
t.
2- Cng ngh thng tin (Information Technology):
Bao gm tt c cc hnh ng v cc cng ngh cha ng ni dung x l
thng tin bng ph-ng tin in t t vic thu nhp, l-u tr, tm kim, ch bin,
truyn thng tin cho n vic x l thng tin cho mi lnh vc.
3- Thng tin (Information ):
L nhng hiu bit v 1 s kin, 1 hin t-ng no qua kho st, o l-ng v
nghin cu.
4- X l thng tin ( Data Processing ):
Qu trnh x l thng tin bao gm:
Thu nhn - Phn loi - Sp xp - Tng hp - L-u tr - Tnh ton - So snh
- La chn - Tm kim - Thng k - Cp nht - To lp thng tin mi.
Tm li l iu khin qu trnh x l nhm t -c 1 mc ch nht nh.
Thng tin -c biu din qua nhng hnh thc : con s - ch vit - ting ni -
m thanh - hnh nh. Thng qua phn tch, tng hp, x l ta thu -c thng
tin c gi tr ln.

II- My tnh in t.
1- My tnh in t:
my tnh trong s dng ph-ng tin in t m qu trnh hot ng ca n
da vo qu trnh hot ng vt l ca thit b in t.
My tnh in t c chc nng x l t ng theo ch-ng trnh t chnh
xc cao, tc nhanh.
My tnh in t khc my khc ( bin i dng nng l-ng ny sang dng
nng l-ng khc ) m n bin i thng tin
x l
thng tin.
Nguyn l tnh ton ca my tnh in t c 2 dng:
Nguyn l t-ng t: S dng 1 i l-ng vt l bin thin lin tc
biu din v x l s liu My tnh t-ng t
Nguyn l s ( Digital ): S dng 1 i l-ng vt l bin thin gin
on biu din v x l s liu My tnh s.

Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
2- Cu trc chung ca MTT:
MTT t khi ra i cho ti nay, d -c ci tin lin tc vn gm c 5 khi
chnh sau:

Ch thch : Quan h vn chuyn
Quan h iu khin

Hot ng MTT:
Cc ch-ng trnh m s liu u vo -c -a vo b nh trong nh
cc thit b vo.
Khi thc hin ch-ng trnh th cc cu lnh ca ch-ng trnh v s liu
ln l-t -a ra s dng.
Tp lnh -c tch lu trong b nh trong s -c -a vo thit b
iu khin ( CU) theo trnh t nht nh. Cc cu lnh s -c gii m
v thc hin, t ton b thit b trong h thng MTT s -c thc
hin v iu khin theo tp lnh m thit b iu khin pht ra. Mt
khc cc s liu trong b nh -a dn ALU thc hin cc php ton
s hc, php ton lgic,..v.. Ta thy quan h gia b nh trung tm vi
ALU l quan h 2 chiu: S liu -a vo ALU x l. Khi ALU x l
xong s -a v b nh trung tm v c th lp li hu hn ln. khi
c lnh t CPU th s liu ny c th -a ra cc thit b ngoi vi.
B nh trong + CU + ALU to thnh khi x l s liu gi l CPU.
Thit b vo
Input Device
B nh ngoi
EXT-Memory
Thit b ra
Output Device
B nh trung tm
Centrer-Memory
ALU
Arithmetric-Logic Unit
CU
Control-Unit
Thit
b
ngoi
vi
B
x l
trung
tm
CPU
Control
Processing
Unit
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Cc thit b ngoi vi trong h thng tuy khng trc tip tham gia x l
s liu nh-ng lin kt trc tip MTT. N c 4 nhim v:
-a s liu vo
-a s liu ra
Truyn v phi ghp d liu
L-u tr d liu.

Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
III- phn loi My tnh in t.
1- Phn loi theo ln:
Micro Computer (My vi tnh) - cn -c gi l my tnh c nhn (Persioner
Computer) : th-ng ch c 1 b x l, c c im nh gn, kh nng lm
vic phong ph, d dng s dng. N c th ni mng d-i dng thit b u
cui (Terminal) tng kh nng lm vic.
Mini Computer (My tnh c trung): Th-ng s dng nhiu b x l. C kh
nng x l mnh hn rt nhiu so vi my PC
Main frame Computer (My tnh c ln): C nhiu b x l mnh, c kh nng
x l thng tin khng l vi tc , chnh xc ln. Ng-i ta th-ng s dng
loi my ny iu hnh mng my tnh c ln, trong trung tm nghin cu
ln. Cn gi l siu my tnh.

2- Phn loi theo th h my tnh ( Lch s my tnh ):
Th h Zero ( my tnh c kh ) - 1642 - 1945: My tnh u tin do nh ton
hc Blase Pascal ch to 1642.
Th h 1 (1945-1955): Nh ton hc Anh l Turing thit k ra chic my
tnh s dng n in t l chic my tinhs ENIAC. Kin trc my tnh c
18000 bng in t, tiu tn nng l-ng 140 kW/h.
Th h 2 (1955-1965): Dng transistor, l b-c ngot trong ch to my tnh,
cho ra i my tnh c kh nng x l tnh ton nhanh hn ( vi chc ngn
php tnh/giy ) , nng l-ng tiu th gim nhiu.
Th h 3 (1965-1980): S dng mch tch hp IC, tc tnh ton vi trm
ngn php tnh/giy
Th h 4 (1980-....): S dng mch tch hp IC mc cao, xut hin my tnh
PC, tc tnh ton rt ln ( hng chc triu, trm triu v hng t php
tnh/giy).

Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
IV- phn cng- phn mm My tnh.
1) Phn cng:
Bao gm tt c thit b tin hc v in t -c s dng trong vn x l, l-u
tr thng tin.
Ni mt cch khc phn cng l phn xc.
Cc loi thit b phn cng nh- hnh v:

Mouse

2) Phn mm:
Bao gm tt c cc ch-ng trnh do ng-i vit ra m my tnh c th thc hin
-c, chy -c. C 4 loi phn mm chnh
Phn mm h thng: bao gm cc ch-ng trnh lm nhim v iu khin mi
hot ng ca h thng my tnh ( ta th-ng hay gi l h iu hnh).
V d :
- H iu hnh MS-DOS: l h iu hnh h-ng a, n nhim.
- H iu hnh UNIT: l h iu hnh a nhim
- H iu hnh WINDOWS: h iu hnh dng ca s, biu t-ng
- H iu hnh mng my tnh : NOVEL, WINDOWS NT,....
Phn mm tin ch: l cc ch-ng trnh gip cho ng-i lm vic trn my tnh
mt cch thun li, ch yu l cc ch-ng trnh tr gip vic qun l my
tnh nh-: NC, NU, PCSHELL,...
Cc ngn ng lp trnh: PASCAL, C v C++, LISP,...
Monitor
CPU
Key board
Camera
CD-ROM
MODEM
Printer
Ploter
Scaner
Digitizen
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Cc ch-ng trnh ng dng:
Cc ch-ng trnh ng dng trong qun l: FOXPRO,ACCESS,
EXCEL...
Cc ch-ng trnh son tho: BKED, WINWORD,...
Cc phn mm ng dng trong cc ngnh k thut : AutoCAD,
MECAD,....

V - Biu din thng tin trn my tnh:
1) D liu cho my tnh:
L nhng thng tin m my tnh c th x l -c, l cc con s, cc k t,
m thanh, hnh nh,.v.v. oc t chc theo 1 nguyn tc no v oc chun
ho to iu kin thun li trong x l t ng.
2) M ho thng tin:
My tnh ch c kh nng nhn bit -c 2 trng thi : c in v khng c
in. V vy nu ta biu din cc d liu trn v dng h nh phn ( c 2 s
0,1 ) th my tnh c th hon ton x l -c da trn cc php tnh ca h
nh phn.
V d : mt s 25= 1*2
4
+1*2
3
+0*2
2
+0*2
1
+1*2
0
th s 25 c th biu
din d-i dng h nh phn.
Ng-i ta xy dng bng m tiu chun ASCII trong m ho cc k
t, cc con s h thp phn, cc k hiu c bit,...
Trn c s h nh phn ng-i ta tin hnh t hp thnh h bt phn, h
16,.v.v.

3) Cc n v thng tin:
T 2 trng thi h nh phn, ng-i ta ly lm n v thng tin nh nht l
Bit ( Binary Digital )
T hp 8 bit thnh n v 1 Byte, nh- vy 1 byte c 2
8
=256 trng thi
T hp 2
10
byte thnh Kilobyte: 1 KB=2
10
byte = 1024 B
T hp 2
10
KB thnh Megabyte: 1 MB=2
10
KB = 1024*1024 B
T hp 2
10
MB thnh Gigabyte: 1 GB=2
10
MB
T hp 2
10
GB thnh Tetabyte: 1 TB=2
10
GB
4) Phn loi b nh:
c th x l cc thng tin v ly kt qu, ta phi s dng cc b nh.
B nh chia ra lm b nh trong v b nh ngoi:
B nh trong: l b nh m vi x l c th nh a ch theo a ch nh
-c , b nh trong chia 2 phn c bn l ROM v RAM.
ROM : Read Only Memory: B nh ch c.
RAM: Random Access Memory: B nh truy nhp ngu nhin, c kh
nng c, ghi -c.
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
b) B nh ngoi: l b nh m vi x l khng th nh a ch theo a ch
nh -c. Cc thng tin trn b nh ngoi -c x l d-i dng file. B nh
ngoi nh- ba c l, bng t, a mm, a cng, a quang,.v.v

H iu hnh MS - DOS.
I) Gii thiu v h iu hnh MS - DOS
( MicroSoft - Disk Operating System ):
1) nh ngha:
L h thng ch-ng trnh iu khin mi hot ng ca my tnh. Ch-ng
trnh do ta to ra tc ng vi phn cng ca my tnh nhm thc hin cc
yu cu no .
L phn mm h thng, l mi tr-ng giao tip gia ng-i v my tnh, n c
cc nhim v:
*) Nh- 1 ng-i thng dch gia ng-i v my tnh, nhn mnh lnh t
ng-i dng d-i dng ngn ng sau dch ra m my my tnh thc hin.
*) Cung cp cc dch v c bn m cc ch-ng trnh chy trn MT c th
s dng.
*) L tp hp cc ch-ng trnh phn mm nm sn trong b nh RAM
phc v cho vic thc hin cc ch-ng trnh khc.
N c cc chc nng:
*) Qun l, phn phi v thu hi b nh ( c b nh trong v b nh
ngoi ).
*) iu khin hot ng ca h thng thit b ngoi vi.
*) Tr gip iu khin thc hin cc ng dng phn mm.
*) Qun l thng tin trn a d-i dng cc file thng tin.
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
H iu hnh MS - DOS dng cho cc my vi tnh, n th-ng trc trong MT
t khi khi ng cho n khi tt my.
2 ) Lch s pht trin ca H iu hnh MS - DOS:

3) Cc thnh phn c bn ca h iu hnh MS - DOS:
Gm c 6 thnh phn:
*- ROM - BIOS
* - Record khi ng
* - IBMBIO.COM ( IO.SYS)
*- IBMDOS.COM ( MSDOS.SYS)
*- COMMAND.COM
*- Cc lnh ngoi tr ca DOS
3 tp IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS v COMAND.COM cn gi l cc tp h thng.

a) ROM - BIOS ( ROM - Base Input Output System):
Cha cc dch v vo ra c s m mi phn mm my tnh u dng n
(cn gi l cc dch v vo ra c s) nh- :
Xut k t ra mn hnh.
c 1 cung t trn a t .
Ghi 1 cung t trn a t .
N -c ghi ngay t ni sn xut.

b) Record khi ng ( Cn gi l Boot Sector hoc Boot Record i vi a mm,
gi l Master boot Record i vi a cng ):
N cha 1 ch-ng trnh tm file.
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Record khi ng s tm v np cc file IO.SYS v MSDOS.SYS, sau n
trao quyn iu khin ngay cho cc file .

c) IBMBIO.SYS ( IO.SYS ):
File ny cha cc dch v vo ra c s b sung hoc sa i cc dch v c
sn trong ROM - BIOS

d) IBMDOSSYS ( MSDOS.SYS ):
Cha tt c cc dch v ca DOS lin quan n File : c, xem, sa, xo ... v
cc dch v ngt ( gi cc ch-ng trnh khc ).
2 file IO.SYS v MSDOS.SYS th IO.SYS ng tr-c MSDOS.SYS v u c
cc thuc tnh : Read only, Hidden, system

e) COMMAND.COM:
Gm c 2 dng: Command Tnterprefer ( Thng dch lnh ) v Command
Processor ( X l lnh ) l b thng dch v x l lnh ca DOS c chc nng
nhn lnh t bn phm , gii m lnh v thc hin lnh.
Command.com c 3 phn:
Phn 1: l phn th-ng tr trong RAm lm nhim v kim sot, canh
gi phn bn th-ng tr. Phn th-ng tr np vo RAM sau khi np
MSDOS.SYS.
Phn 2: lm nhim v np tip cc phn sau phn th-ng tr vi
nhim v tm xem trong a c file Config.sys v .bat, nu c s
cho thc hin cc file . Xong nhim v th phn ny -c gii
phongd ra khi RAM.
Phn 3: chnh l phn bn th-ng tr cha cc ch-ng trnh thng
dch, cc ch-ng trnh x l lnh. Phn ny c th -c gii hng ra
khi RAM khi cn thit th np t a vo.

g) Cc lnh ngoi tr ca DOS:
L cc ch-ng trnh c ui .COM v .EXE do cc phn mm khc to ra v
chy -c trn DOS. Chng -c nm trn a t, khi cn dng -c gi vo
RAM, khi khng cn dng -c gii phng ra khi RAM.

II ) Qun l thng tin trn a:

1) File v k thut qun l File:
a) nh ngha File: l tp hp cc thng tin c mi quan h mt thit vi nhau
-c t chc theo mt nguyn tc nht nh trn cc vt ti theo mt ph-ng
php xc nh. Vt ti l a t, bng t ,CD-ROM...

b) K thut qun l File:
Tn File ( File name ): gm c cc phn nh- sau:
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Tn ring ( c t 1-8 k t i vi DOS v c 1256 k t i vi
WINDOWS 98, khng c du cch ) l tn do ng-i s dng t ra th-ng l
tn gi nh.
Tn m rng ( cn gi l tn loi file hoc l tn ui ): Khng qu 3 k t v
cng khng c du cch. Tn m rng cho ta bit loi file.
Gia tn ring v tn m rng c du "." ngn cch.

c) Th- mc ( Directory ):
DOS qun l cc file thng tin trn a thnh tng nhm v phn thnh nhiu
cp khc nhau gi l th- mc, vi mc ch l to iu kin cho vic tm
kim thng tin trn a thun tin nht.
DOS t chc v qun l th- mc trn a theo dng hnh cy.
Mi th- mc c 1 tn ring, th- mc gc ca mi a k hiu '\' ( du path
), cn tn cc th- mc khc t t 1 - 8 k t, khng c du cch.
Ta xt 1 v d v t chc th- mc qun l sinh vin tr-ng i hc KTCN
nh- sau:

d) -ng dn ( path):
L 1 dy cc cc du "\" v tn cc th- mc cho ti 1 th- mc c th gip cho
vic tm thng tin v chy cc ch-ng trnh ng dng.
V d: C:\DHKTCN\KDIEN

e ) a ( Driver):
L thit b ca MT c v ghi thng tin ln b nh ngoi nh- a t (
DISK), a quang (CD - ROM), ... Mi a u c tn nhn dng l ch ci
ting Anh t A..Z.
Trong quy nh l A,B l a mm. C..Z l da cng, lgic hoc
CD-ROM.

III) Khi ng my tnh:

1) Trnh t khi ng:
HKTCN
KCOKHI KIEN
K33I K33IA TC98I
K33MB K33MA TC98M
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Khi khi ng MT ( trn b nh ngoi phi c cc file h thng), u tin
ROM-BIOS thc hin chy ch-ng trnh kim tra tnh hon thin ca MT.
Tip theo ch-ng trnh ny s thc hin ti Boot sector t a khi ng vo
RAM.
Khi Boot sector tm c v ti phn tip theo l IO.SYS, n ch c vi
sector u ri chuyn quyn iu hnh cho file ny.
Ti tip MSDOS.SYS
Tip ti COMMAND.COM.
COMMAND.COM s tm cc file CONFIG.SYS v .BAT thc hin
t ng cc lnh ny.
Hon thnh qu trnh khi ng th s hoc l xut hin du nhc, hoc l
mi tr-ng lm vic ca lnh cui cng trong file .BAT

2) Cc dng khi ng my tnh:
a) Khi ng t a cng ( a C phi -c ci t h iu hnh DOS):
B ngh a A(B)- tc khng cho a mm vo cc ny
Bt ngun in mn hnh
Bt ngun in CPU
b) Khi ng t a mm ( a mm phi -c ci t cc file h thng):
Cho a mm vo a
Bt ngun in mn hnh
Bt ngun in CPU

Ch : Tr-ng hp a khng ci t cc File h thng s c thng bo:
" No System or disk eror. Replace and press any key when ready"

c) Khi ng nng:
L hnh thc khi ng li my khi my ang c in, ta c 2 cch
Cch 1: n ng thi 3 phm Ctr + Alt + Del
Cch 2: n nt Reset

Ngoi ra ta cn c cc ph-ng php khi ng t BootROM ( nu c lp mng cc
b ) Hoc t a CD-ROM

IV - Cc lnh ca DOS:
1) Dng tng qut v 1 s vn chung v lnh ca DOS:
a) Dng tng qut:
T kha Cc tham s lnh
Trong :
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
T kho ( key word): l 1 t ting Anh nhm xc nh chc nng ca lnh,
c th l mt t vit tt theo quy tc chun ca DOS.
Cc tham s lnh: c th l tham s bt buc hoc tham s khng bt buc.
th-ng hay quy -c vit khi ging bi th tham s bt buc t gia 2 du <
...> , cn tham s tu chn t gia 2 du [ ...]

b) Cch nh lnh:
i vi DOS th cc nh lnh l g vo t bn phm.
G k t no th xut hin trn bn phm k t , nu g sai th ta dng phm
Delete hoc phm Back spase xo v g li.
G xong lnh th n phm Enter ( th-ng k hiu ) nhp lnh vo my
thc hin.
Nu g sai t kho hc cc tham s th c thng bo: " Bad command or
filename"
Mun gi li lnh c th n phm F3
c) K t i din:
Th-ng dng k t ?,* lm k t i din
Du ? i din cho 1 k t bt k no
Du * i din cho nhiu k t bt k
Ta th-ng dng cc k t i din ny khi dng cc lnh thao tc vi file v
th- mc.
d) Lnh ni tr v lnh ngoi tr:
DOS c 2 loi lnh:
Nhm lnh ni tr: Sau khi khi ng my, n lun th-ng trc trong b
nh RAM, chng -c t trong file COMMAND.COM
Nhm cc lnh ngoi tr: Bao gm cc lnh l cc ch-ng trnh mang 1
chc nng ring, chng nm trn a d-i dng c ui COM v EXE. Mun
chy 1 ch-ng trnh no ta phi np t a vo, sau khi chy xong n s gii
phng ra khi b nh.

2) Cc lnh tc ng ln th- mc:
a) Lnh xem th- mc ( DIR - Directory): l lnh ni tr.
C php:
DIR [ a][-ng dn][<tn th- mc cn xem>] [ Tham s]
Lnh ny s hin ln mn hnh ton b ni dung trong th- mc cn xem, bao
gm cc th- mc con v cc file th- mc .
Cc tham s:
- /A: hin c cc file n ( file c thuc tnh hidden )
- /P: hin theo chiu dc (Page)
- /W: hin theo chiu rng ( ct ) - Wide
Mt s dng thc c bit:
- DIR : hin ni dung th- mc hin hnh ( th- mc ang ng )
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
- DIR *.Tn m rng : xem cc file c cng dng tn m rng
b) Lnh to th- mc - MD ( Make Directory ): l lnh ni tr.
Lnh ny c chc nng to lp th- mc mi trn a ( nh-ng ti v tr to
lp khng c th- mc cng tn ).
C php :
MD [ a][-ng dn] <tn th- mc cn to >
c) Lnh thay i th- mc - CD ( Change Directory)- lnh ni tr:
Lnh ny di chuyn sang mt th- mc mi.
C php :
CD [ a][-ng dn] <tn th- mc cn di chuyn n >
Mt s dng c bit:
- Thay i ln th- mc cha: CD..
- Thay i ln th- mc gc: CD\

d) Lnh xo th- mc - RD ( Remove Directory)- l lnh ni tr:
C php:
RD [ a][-ng dn] <tn th- mc cn xo >
Lnh ny c 3 iu kin:
- Ni dung trong th- mc cn xo phi rng
- Tn th- mc cn xo phi trn a
- Phi ng th- mc ngoi mi xo -c

e) Lnh hin th cy th- mc - TREE - lnh ngoi tr ( V vy trn a phi c file
TREE.COM ):
C php:
TREE [ a][-ng dn] [/F]
Tham s /F ngoi hin cy th- mc cn cho ta bit c tn cc file trong th-
mc con

g) Lnh xo cy th- mc -DELTREE - lnh ngoi tr ( V vy trn a phi c
file DELTREE.COM ):
C php:
DELTREE [ a][-ng dn]
Ton b cc th- mc con v cc file bn trong th- mc -c ch ra trong
-ng dn u b xo ht

h) Lnh t -ng dn- PATH-l lnh ni tr:
C php:
PATH [ a][-ng dn]; [ a][-ng dn]
Cm nang my tnh

- 17
St by hoangly85
Lnh ny gip vic thi hnh cc ch-ng trnh -c ch ra trong -ng dn, do
ng-i ta t bn trong 1 file c kh nng t ng ngay sau khi khi ng
my ( v d nh- trong file CONFIG.SYS, file .BAT).
Xt 1 v d: ....
3) Cc lnh tc ng lin quan n File:
a) Lnh sao chp file - COPY - l lnh ni tr:
C php:
COPY [ a][-ng dn][<tn file ngun>] [ a][-ng dn][<tn
file ch>]
Lnh ny c tc dng sao chp ni dung t file ngun sang file ch no .
Nu tn file ch khng c th ly lun tn file ngun ( lc ny th th- mc
cha file ch phi khc th- mc cha file ngun ), cn nu mun c tn file
ch khc th phi nh tn file vo ( lc ny file ch c th cng th- mc
vi file ngun )
C th khng cn ch ra [ a] [-ng dn] file ngun (hoc file ch) nu
ta ang ng th- mc cha file ngun ( hoc th- mc cha file ch)
C th dng cc k t i din thc hin copy cc file cng loi do k t
i din ch ra.

b) Lnh xa file - DEL - l lnh ni tr:
C php:
DEL [ a][-ng dn][<tn file cn xo>][/P]
Lnh ny c tc dng xo 1 file hoc mt nhm file -c ch ra tn file cn
xo ( khi xo 1 nhm file phi s dng k t i din ).
/P nhc ta khng nh li mi khi xo thc s 1 file hoc 1 nhm file

c) Lnh khi phc file b xo nhm -UNDELETE - l lnh ngoi tr ( v vy
trong a phi c file UNDELETE.EXE):
C php:
UNDELETE [ a][-ng dn][<tn file cn khi phc>]
Lnh ny c tc dng phi phc file ta xo nhm, nu khng c tn phi
cn khi phc th khi phc tt c cc file trong th- mc ch ra trong -ng
dn. Chng ta cng c th dng k t i din khi phc cc file cng
loi.

d) Lnh xem ni dung file vn bn - TYPE - l lnh ni tr:
C php:
TYPE [ a][-ng dn][<tn file cn xem>][>PRN]
Tc dng lnh ny l hin ni dung tp vn bn ra mn hnh xem, nu c
>PRN th ni dung file vn bn -c in ra my in, lnh ny ch xem cc file
c ni dung ngn.

Cm nang my tnh

- 18
St by hoangly85
e) Lnh xem ni dung file vn bn - MOVE - l lnh ngoi tr ( phi c tp
MORE.COM a):
C php:
MOVE [ a][-ng dn][<tn file cn xem>]
Lnh ny khc lnh lnh TYPE ch l ht 1 trang vn bn trn mn hnh th
my dng li. Mun xem tip th n 1 phm bt k.
f) Lnh in file vn bn - PRINT - l lnh ngoi tr ( phi c tp PRINT.EXE
a):
C php:
PRINT [ a][-ng dn][<tn file cn in>]
g) Lnh i tn file - REN - l lnh ni tr:
C php:
REN [ a][-ng dn][<tn file c tn file mi >]

4) Cc lnh lin quan n a:
a) Cu trc vt l ca a t:
a t l b nh ngoi, l ni l-u tr thng tin.
Hnh thc l-u tr thng tin trn da t l thng tin -c ghi ln cc b mt a
theo cc -ng trn ng tm gi l track ( a cng l cylinder).
Mi track li -c chia thnh cc cung gi l sector, kch th-c sector c th
128, 512, 1024,..v.v byte. Thng th-ng hin nay l 512 byte.
to thun li cho vic c v ghi ln a, ng-i ta cn nhm mt s sector
thnh 1 lin cung ( cluster).

ng thi DOS c cch t chc qun l theo quy tc nht nh. DOS chia a
thnh 4 phn:
Phn 1: Boot sector ( bn ghi khi ng) chim 1 sector trn a v l
sector u tin.
Phn 2: Bng FAT ( File allocation table ) - bng v tr file trn a:
Bng FAT nm ngay sau Boot sector ( tc l sector 2). FAT cha thng
tin chnh thc v khun dng v bn cc sector m cc file
chim gi trn a. Nh- vy DOS dng FAT qun l cc khng gian
Sector
Track
Cm nang my tnh

- 19
St by hoangly85
l-u tr ca a. Do FAT rt quan trng nn c n 2 bn sao ging
nhau trn a.
Phn 3: Th- mc gc ( Root directory ) l phn k tip sau bng FAT.
y l 1 bng cho php nhn dng cc file trn a. Mi mc ca Th-
mc gc cha tn tp, kch th-c tp, s hiu clusterr u tin m file
chim gi.
Phn 4: Phn d liu: L phn tip theo th- mc gc cho n ht,
-c dng l-u tr d liu.

b) Lnh khi to a - FORMAT - l lnh ngoi tr ( v vy phi c file
FORMAT.COM trn a):
C php :
FORMAT [ a][cc tham s]
Tc dng lnh ny l to nn cc khun dng a nh- to ra track, sector,
cluster, Boot sector, th- mc gc,.v.v. v cp nht cc file h thng ca DOS
vo a.
Cc tham s c th l:
- /U : xo sch thng tin trn a
- /V: cho php t tn nhn
- /S: Cp nht 4 file h thng ln a, nu khng c phn ny th a ch
l-u tr thng tin, khng dng khi ng my -c.

c) Lnh sao chp a mm - DISKCOPY - l lnh ngoi tr ( phi c file
DISKCOPY.COM trn a):
C php :
DICOPY [ a ngun] [ a ch][/V]
Tc dng lnh ny sao chp ton b ni dung 1 a mm l (a ngun) sang
a mm khc ( a ch) khc cng loi
Tham s /V dng kim tra thng tin -c sao chp c ng khng.

4) Cc file CONFIG.SYS v .BAT:
y l 2 file nm a khi ng v ngay th- mc gc v -c DOS thc
hin t ng khi khi ng my.

a) File CONFIG.SYS:
Cha cc cu hnh ca phn cng ca my tnh (nh- b nh, bn phm, con
chut, my in,...) gip cho DOS v cc ch-ng trnh khc s dng -c
chng. File ny bao gm mt tp hp cc cu lnh, vic son ra flie ny c
th dng bt k h son tho no.
C mt s lnh thng th-ng trong file CONFIG.SYS nh- sau:
- Lnh BREAK:
C php: BREAK=ON/OF
Cm nang my tnh

- 20
St by hoangly85
Nu l ON th khi ang chy 1 ch-ng trnh no mun dng li th
ch cn n Ctrl + C hoc Ctrl + Break
- Lnh BUFFERS:
C php: BUFFERS= con s buffers
Lnh ny to ra mt vng m trong b nh trong dng gh9i trung
gian khi c ghi a. B m cng ln th tc c ghi cng ln nhng
dung l-ng b nh trong gim.
Mt buffers = 512 byte.
- Lnh DEVICE: dung np cc ch-ng trnh iu khin thit b ci
t -c.
C php : DEVICE=[ a][-ng dn] < Ch-ng trnh iu khin>
- Lnh FILES: khai bo s tp c th m ng thi
C php : FILES=s file -c m cng mt lc.
Tc dng: Xc nh s file ti a c th m cng mt lc

b) Tp .BAT
Tp .BAT c th cha bt k cu lnh no m ta mun thi hnh ngay khi
khi ng my nh-: lnh xo mn hnh, lnh gi NC, lnh chy WINDOWS
,...
Ngoi ra cn mt s cu lnh c bit khc nh- sau:
*) Lnh ECHO OFF: khng hin cc lnh trong tp .BAT khi thc
hin
*) Lnh PATH
*) Lnh SET : To mt bin mi tr-ng
*) Lnh PROMPT - l lnh ni tr: lnh thay i du nhc lnh
cu lnh:PROMPT $P$G
$G:lm du nhc lnh c du >
$p:lm du nhc lnh c du \
Ch :khi sa i to mi file trn, phi khi ng li my th cc lnh trn mi
c tc dng.

6) Mt s lnh khc v chy cc ch-ng trnh ng dng.
a) Xem h-ng dn cu lnh (trn a c file HELP.EXE v HELP.Text)
C php:
HELP {tn lnh}
hoc F1
b) Lnh xo mn hnh- CLS (Clear Serecm).
C php:
CLS

c) Lnh xem v sa ngy thng:DATE
C php:
Cm nang my tnh

- 21
St by hoangly85
DATE

d) Lnh xem v sa thi gian- TIME
C php:
TIME

e) Lnh xem th h ca DOS-VER.
C php:
VER

g) Chy cc ch-ng trnh :
C php:
{ a}{-ng dn}{tn file ch-ng trnh}

Cm nang my tnh

- 22
St by hoangly85
Cch Setup BIOS

Khi khi ng my ln u tin, my tnh s c mt tp hp d liu -c l-u
trong CMOS (mt chip b nh c bit lun hot ng nh 1 cc pin nh),
khng c thng tin ny my tnh s b t lit. Vic xc lp cc thng tin ny gi
l Setup Bios v bao gi ng-i bn cng phi lm th tc Setup Bios ngay sau
khi rp my. Nh-ng bn cng phi bit cch Setup Bios phng tr-ng hp
my t mt cc thng tin l-u trong Bios v cc l do nh-: Ht pin, nhiu in,
virus...Hin nay, ng-i ta dng Flash Ram l-u thng tin Bios nn khng cn
phi c Pin nui trn mainboard. Ty Mainboard, cc mc trong Bios c th
khc nhau theo tng hng ch to (Award, Ami, Pheonix...) nh-ng v cn bn
chng vn ging nhau v trong phn ny ch yu bn v cn bn, cn cc tnh
nng ring bn phi chu kh tm hiu thm nh vo cc kin thc cn bn ny.
Mn hnh Bios Setup a s l mn hnh chy ch TEXT. Gn y ang pht
trin loi BiosWin (Ami) c mn hnh Setup gm nhiu ca s ging t-ng t
Windows v s dng -c Mouse trong khi Setup nh-ng cc mc vn khng
thay i.
Ch thao tc vo Bios Setup l: Bm phm Del khi mi khi ng my i
vi my i Loan. i vi cc my M, th-ng l bn phi thng qua ch-ng
trnh qun l my ring ca tng hng nu mun thay i cc thng s ca Bios.
* Bios th-ng: Di chuyn vt sng la chn mc bng cc phm mi tn.
Thay i gi tr ca mc ang Set bng 2 phm Page Up v Page Dn. Sau
nhn phm Esc thot khi mc (gi tr mi s -c l-u tr). Nhn F10
thot Setup Bios nu mun l-u cc thay i, khi hp thoi hin ra, bm Y l-u,
N khng l-u. Nhn Esc nu mun thot m khng l-u thay i, khi hp thoi
hin ra, bm Y khng l-u, N tr li mn hnh Setup Bios.
* Bios Win: Mn hnh Setup xut hin d-i dng ha gm nhiu ca s, s
dng -c mouse nu bn c mouse loi: PS/2 mouse, Microsoft mouse, Serial
mouse, Logitect C mouse. Dng mouse bm kp vo ca s m mt thnh
phn, bm vo mc cn thay i, mt ca s lit k gi tr xut hin, bm vo gi
tr mun chn ri thot bng cch bm vo nh gc trn bn tri. Nu khng
c mouse, dng cc phm mi tn di chuyn, n mc cn thay i bm
Enter, xut hin hp lit k, chn gi tr mi, bm Enter, cui cng bm Esc.
1. Setup cc thnh phn cn bn (Standard CMOS Setup):
y l cc thnh phn c bn m Bios trn tt c cc loi my PC phi bit
qun l v iu khin chng.
* Ngy, gi (Date/Day/Time):
Bn khai bo ngy thng nm vo mc ny. Khai bo ny s -c my tnh xem
l thng tin gc v s bt u tnh t y tr i. Cc thng tin v ngy gi -c
s dng khi cc bn to hay thao tc vi cc tp tin, th- mc. C ch-ng trnh
khi chy cng cn thng tin ny, th d bo cho bn cp nht khi qu hn,
chm dt hot ng khi n ngy quy nh...Bnh th-ng bn Set sai hay khng
Set cng chng nh h-ng g n hot ng ca my. Cc thng tin ny c th sa
Cm nang my tnh

- 23
St by hoangly85
cha trc tip ngoi Dos bng 2 lnh Date v Time, hay bng Control Panel ca
Windows m khng cn vo Bios Setup.
Ch : ng h my tnh lun lun chy chm khong vi giy/ngy, thnh
thong bn nn chnh li gi cho ng. Nh-ng nu qu chm l c vn cn
phi thay mainboard.
* a mm (Drive A/B):
Khai bo loi a cho A v B, bn cn c vo vic ni dy cho a xc
nh. a ni vi u ni ngoi cng ca dy ni l A, kia l B. c kch
th-c ln l 1.2M 5.25 inch, nh l 1.44M 3.5 inch. Nu khng c th chn
Not Installed. Nu bn khai bo sai, a s khng hot ng ch khng h-
hng g, bn ch cn khai bo li. Trong cc mainboard s dng Bios i mi,
khai bo sai loi da 1.2Mb thnh 1.4Mb hay ng-c li, da vn hot ng
bnh th-ng nh-ng ku rt ln lc mi bt u c a, v lu di c th h- a.
Cc Bios v cc card I/O i mi cho php bn tro i 2 a mm m khng
cn tro i dy (swap floppy drive), tc l A thnh B v ng-c li khi s
dng. Khi tro i bng cch Set jumper trn card I/O, bn nh khai bo li
trong Bios Setup (Khi tro bng lnh Swap trong Bios th khng cn khai bo li),
nh-ng c ng dng khng chu ci t khi Swap a mm, nht l cc ng dng
c bo v chng sao chp.
* a cng (Drive C/D) loi IDE:
Phn khai bo a cng rc ri hn, bt buc bn phi khai bo chi tit cc
thng s, bn khai bo sai khng nhng cng khng hot ng m i khi cn
lm h- cng nu bn khai bo qu dung l-ng tht s ca cng v cho tin
hnh FDISK, FORMAT theo dung l-ng sai ny. May mn l cc Bios sau ny
u c phn d tm thng s cng IDE t ng (IDE HDD auto detection) nn
cc bn khi mc cng nh khi s dng a cng loi IDE. Chng ti s ni v
phn auto detect ny sau. Ngoi ra, cc cng sau ny u c ghi thng s trn
nhn dn trn mt. Bn cho chy Auto detect, Bios s t ng in cc thng s
ny dm bn. Vic khai bo cng C v D i hi phi ng vi vic Set cc
jumper trn 2 cng. Bn xc lp cng khng phi qua u ni dy m bng
cc jumper trn mch iu khin cng. Cc cng i mi ch c mt jumper
3 v tr: duy nht, Master ( C), Slave ( D) v c ghi r cch Set trn nhn.
Cc a cng i c nhiu jumper hn nn nu khng c ti liu h-ng dn l
rc ri, phi m mm rt lu.
* a cng (Drive E/F) loi IDE:
Cc Bios v cc card I/O i mi cho php gn 4 da cng, v hin nay cc
da CDROM cng s dng u ni cng hot ng, gi l CDROM
Interface IDE (giao din a IDE) n gin vic lp t.
Ch : Khai bo l NONE trong Bios Setup cho a CD-ROM.
* Mn hnh (Video) - Primary Display:
EGA/VGA: Dnh cho loi mn hnh s dng card mu EGA hay VGA, Super
VGA.
CGA 40/CGA 80: Dnh cho loi mn hnh s dng card mu CGA 40 ct hay
CGA 80 ct.
Cm nang my tnh

- 24
St by hoangly85
Mono: Dnh cho loi mn hnh s dng card trng en, k c card VGA khi dng
mn hnh trng en.
* Treo my nu pht hin li khi khi ng (Error Halt):
Tt c li (All error): Treo my khi pht hin bt c li no trong qu trnh kim
tra my, bn khng nn chn mc ny v Bios s treo my khi gp li u tin
nn bn khng th bit cc li khc, nu c.
B qua li ca Keyboard (All, But Keyboard): Tt c cc li ngoi tr li ca
bn phm.
B qua li a (All, But Diskette): Tt c cc li ngoi tr li ca a.
B qua li a v bn phm (All, But Disk/Key): Tt c cc li ngoi tr li ca
a v bn phm.
Khng treo my khi c li (No error): Tin hnh qu trnh kim tra my cho n
khi hon tt d pht hin bt c li g. Bn nn chn mc ny bit my b trc
trc b phn no m c ph-ng h-ng gii quyt.
* Keyboard:
Install: Cho kim tra bn phm trong qu trnh khi ng, thng bo trn mn
hnh nu bn phm c li.
Not Install: Khng kim tra bn phm khi khi ng. Ch : chn mc ny
khng c ngha l v hiu ho bn phm v nu vy lm sao iu khin my. N
ch c tc dng cho Bios khi mt cng kim tra bn phm nhm rt ngn thi
gian khi ng.
2. Setup cc thnh phn nng cao (Advanced Setup):
* Virut Warning:
Nu Enabled, Bios s bo ng v treo my khi c hnh ng vit vo Boot
sector hay Partition ca a cng. Nu bn cn chy ch-ng trnh c thao tc vo
2 ni nh-: Fdisk, Format... bn cn phi Disable mc ny.
* Internal cache:
Cho hiu lc (enable) hay v hiu ho (disable) Cache (L1) ni trong CPU 486
tr ln.
* External cache:
Cho hiu lc (enable) hay v hiu ho (disable) cache trn mainboard, cn gi l
Cache mc 2 (L2).
* Quick Power On Self Test:
Nu enable Bios s rt ngn v b qua vi mc khng quan trng trong qu trnh
khi ng, gim thi gian khi ng ti a.
* About 1 MB Memory Test:
Nu Enable Bios s kim tra tt c b nh. Nu Disable Bios ch kim tra 1 Mb
b nh u tin.
* Memory Test Tick Sound:
Cho pht m thanh (enable) hay khng (disable) trong thi gian test b nh.
* Extended Bios Ram Area:
Khai bo mc ny nu mun dng 1 Kb trn nh ca b nh quy -c, tc Kb
bt u t a ch 639K hay 0:300 ca vng Bios h thng trong b nh quy -c
l-u cc thng tin v a cng. Xc lp c th l 1K hay 0:300.
Cm nang my tnh

- 25
St by hoangly85
* Swap Floppy Drive:
Tro i tn 2 a mm, khi chn mc ny bn khng cn khai bo li loi
a nh- khi tro bng cch Set jumper trn card I/O.
* Boot Sequence:
Chn a cho Bios tm h iu hnh khi khi ng. C th l C ri n A hay
A ri n C hay ch c C. Bn nn chn C,A hay ch c C, phng tr-ng
hp v tnh khi ng bng a mm c Virus.
Hin nay trn cc Mainboard Pentium. Bios cho php bn ch nh khi ng t
1 trong 2 mm hay trong 4 cng IDE hay bng cng SCSI thm ch bng
CD Rom cng -c.
* Boot Up Floppy Seek:
Nu Enable Bios s d tm kiu ca a mm l 80 track hay 40 track. Nu
Disable Bios s b qua. Chn enable lm chm thi gian khi ng v Bios lun
lun phi c a mm tr-c khi c a cng, mc d bn chn ch khi
ng bng C.
* Boot Up Numlock Status:
Nu ON l cho phm Numlock m (n Numlock sng) sau khi khi ng, nhm
phm bn tay phi bn phm dng nh s. Nu OFF l cho phm Numlock tt
(n Numlock ti), nhm phm bn tay phi dng di chuyn con tr.
* Boot Up System Speed:
Quy nh tc ca CPU trong thi gian khi ng l High (cao) hay Low
(thp).
* Memory Parity Check:
Kim tra chn l b nh. Chn theo mainboard v c loi cho php mc ny
enable, c loi bt bn phi disable mi chu chy. u tin bn chn enable,
nu my treo bn chn li l disable. Mc ny khng nh h-ng n h thng,
ch c tc dng kim tra Ram.
* IDE HDD Block Mode:
Nu a cng ca bn h tr kiu vn chuyn d liu theo tng khi (cc a
i mi c dung l-ng cao). Bn cho enable tng tc cho a. Nu a i
c bn cho disable mc ny.
* Pri. Master/Slave LBA (Logic Block Addressing) Mode:
Nu 2 a cng -c ni vo u ni Primary ca card I/O c dung l-ng ln
hn 528Mb, bn cho enable mc ny.
* Sec. IDE Ctrl Drives Install:
Mc ny khai bo my bn c a cng ni vo u ni Secondary ca card
I/O. Cc ch nh c th l Master, Mst/Slv v disable.
* Sec Master/Slave LBA Mode:
Xc lp LBA cho u ni th 2.
Ch : Cc mc h tr cho a cng c dung l-ng ln v cc card I/O i mi
gip bn s dng a c dung l-ng trn 528Mb. Trong tr-ng hp bn cho
enable cc mc ny ri mi tin hnh Fdisk v Format a, nu sau bn li
disable cc mc ny hay em gn qua my khc cng chn disable, bn s
khng th s dng -c da cng. Khi dng CDROM c u ni IDE, bn
Cm nang my tnh

- 26
St by hoangly85
nn gn vo u ni Secondary khi nh h-ng n da cng (gn vo u
ni Pri) khi cn chy 32BitDiskAccess trong Windows.
* Typematic Rate Setting:
Nu enable l bn cho 2 mc d-i y c hiu lc. 2 mc ny thay th lnh
Mode ca DOS, quy nh tc v thi gian tr ca bn phm.
* Typematic Rate (Chars/Sec):
Bn la chn s k t/giy tu theo tc nh phm nhanh hay chm ca bn.
Nu bn Set thp hn tc nh th my s pht ting Bip khi n chy theo
khng kp.
* Typematic Delay (Msec):
Ch nh thi gian lp li k t khi bn bm v gi lun phm, tnh bng mili
giy.
* Security Option:
Mc ny dng gii hn vic s dng h thng v Bios Setup.
Setup: Gii hn vic thay i Bios Setup, mi khi mun vo Bios Setup bn phi
nh ng mt khu quy nh tr-c.
System hay Always: Gii hn vic s dng my. Mi khi m my, Bios lun
lun hi mt khu, nu khng bit mt khu Bios s khng cho php s dng
my.
Ch : Trong tr-ng hp bn ch-a ch nh mt khu, Disable (v hiu ho)
mc ny, bn chn Password Setting, bn ng nh g vo cc nhp mt khu
m ch cn bm ENTER. Trong tr-ng hp bn c ch nh mt khu nay li
mun b i. Bn chn Password Setting, bn nh mt khu c vo nhp mt
khu c (Old Password) cn trong nhp mt khu mi (New Password) bn
ng nh g c m ch cn bm ENTER. C mainboard thit k thm 1 jumper
xo ring mt khu ngoi jumper xo ton b thng tin trong CMOS. Tt
hn ht l bn ng s dng mc ny v bn thn chng ti chng kin rt nhiu
tr-ng hp d khc d c-i do mc ny gy ra. Li t m hi nhiu. Ch nhng
my tnh cng cng mi phi s dng ti mc ny thi.
* System Bios Shadow, Video Bios Shadow:
Nu enable l cho copy cc d liu v System v Video trong Bios (c tc
chm) vo Ram (tc nhanh) rt ngn thi gian khi cn truy nhp vo cc
d liu ny.
* Wait for <F1> if Any Error:
Cho hin thng bo ch n phm F1 khi c li.
* Numeric Processor:
Thng bo c gn CPU ng x l (Present) trn my hay khng (absent). Mc
ny th-ng c cho cc my dng CPU 286, 386, 486SX. T 486DX tr v sau
c con ng x l bn trong CPU nn trn cc my mi c th khng c mc
ny.
* Turbo Switch Funtion:
Cho nt Turbo c hiu lc (enable) hay khng (disable). Mc ny th-ng thy
cc Bios i c, trn cc my i mi la chn ny th-ng bng cch Set jumper
ca Mainboard. T Mainboard pentium tr i khng c mc ny.
Cm nang my tnh

- 27
St by hoangly85
3. Setup cc thnh phn c lin quan n vn hnh h thng (Chipset Setup):
* Auto Configuration:
Nu enable, Bios s t ng xc lp cc thnh phn v DRAM, Cache...mi khi
khi ng ty theo CPU Type (kiu CPU) v System Clock (tc h thng).
Nu Disable l cho bn t ch nh.
* AT Clock Option:
Nu Async (khng ng b) l ly dao ng chun ca b dao ng thch anh
chia i lm tc hot ng cho AT Bus (bus 8 - 16Bit). Th-ng l
14.318MHz/2 tc 7.159MHz. C Bios cn cho chn tc ca mc ny l
14.318MHz. Nu Sync (ng b) l dng System Clock (do bn ch nh bng
cch Set jumper trn mainboard) lm tc chun.
* Synchronous AT Clock/AT Bus Clock Selector:
Ch nh tc hot ng cho AT Bus bng cch ly tc chun (system
clock) chia nh cn li khong 8MHz cho ph hp vi card 16Bit. Cc la
chn nh- sau:
CLKI/3 khi system clock l 20 - 25MHz.
CLKI/4 khi system clock l 33MHz.
Tc ny cng ln (s chia cng nh), my chy cng nhanh do tng tc
vn chuyn d liu. Tuy nhin ln n u l cn ty thuc vo mainboard v
card cm trn cc Slot (quan trng nht l card I/O). Cc bn phi th nghim
gim s chia tng nc v ch my c khi ng hay c a bnh th-ng
khng, nu pht sinh trc trc th gim xung 1 nc. Th-ng th bn c th tng
-c 2 nc, th d: System clock l 40MHz, bn chn CLKI/3. Card ISA 8 v 16
Bit c th chy tt trong khong t 8MHz n 14MHz. Nu nhanh qu, th-ng
card I/O gp trc trc tr-c (khng c -c a cng).
* AT Cycle Wait States/Extra AT Cycle WS:
enable hay disable vic chn thm 1 thi gian ch vo thi gian chun ca
AT Bus. Nu system clock d-i 33MHz chn disable. Nu trn 33MHz chn
enable.
* Fast AT Cycle:
Khi enable s rt ngn thi gian chun ca AT Bus.
* DRAM Read Wait States/DRAM Brust Cycle:
D-i 33MHz l: 3 - 2 - 2 - 2 hay 2 - 1 - 1 - 1
T 33 - 45MHz l: 4 - 3 - 3 - 3 hay 2 - 2 - 2 - 2
50MHz l: 5 - 4 - 4 - 4 hay 3 - 2 - 2 - 2
Chn mc ny nh h-ng ln n tc CPU.
* DRAM/Memory Write Wait States:
Chn 1WS khi h thng nhanh hay DRAM chm (tc 40MHz tr ln). Chn
0WS khi h thng v DRAM c th t-ng thch (33MHz tr xung).
* Hidden Refresh Option:
Khi enable, CPU s lm vic nhanh hn do khng phi ch mi khi DRAM -c
lm t-i.
Cm nang my tnh

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* Slow Refresh Enable:
Mc ny nhm bo m an ton d liu trn DRAM, thi gian lm t-i s ko
di hn bnh th-ng. Bn ch -c enable mc ny khi b nh ca my h tr
vic cho php lm t-i chm.
* L1 Cache Mode:
La chn gia Write-Through v Write-Back cho Cache ni trong CPU 486 tr
ln. Xc lp Write-Through my s chy chm hn Write-Back nh-ng vic lc
chn cn tu thuc vo loi CPU.
* L2 Cache Mode:
Xc lp cho cache trn mainboard.
* IDE HDD Auto Detection/IDE SETUP:
Khi chn mc ny s xut hin mt ca s cho bn ch nh a cn d tm
thng s (2 hay 4 a tu theo Bios). Sau bn bm OK hay YES Bios
in vo phn Standard dm cho bn. Trong Bios i mi, Auto detect c th
-a ra vi loi a. Tu theo cch s dng da (normal, LBA,...) m bn chn
loi thch hp.
* Power Management Setup:
i vi CPU 486:
Phn ny l cc ch nh cho ch-ng trnh tit kim nng l-ng sn cha trong
cc Bios i mi. Ch-ng trnh ny dng -c cho c 2 loi CPU: Loi th-ng
v loi CPU kiu S. CPU kiu S hay CPU c 2 k t cui SL l mt loi CPU
-c ch to c bit, c thm b phn qun l nng l-ng trong CPU. Do
trong phn ny c 2 loi ch nh dnh cho 2 loi CPU.
i vi Pentium:
Dng chung cho mi loi Pentium hay cc chp ca cc hng khc cng i vi
Pentium.
* Power Management/Power Saving Mode:
Disable: Khng s dng ch-ng trnh ny.
Enable/User Define: Cho ch-ng trnh ny c hiu lc.
Min Saving: Dng cc gi tr thi gian di nht cho cc la chn (tit kim nng
l-ng t nht).
Max Saving: Dng cc gi tr thi gian ngn nht cho cc la chn (tit kim
nhiu nht).
* Pmi/Smi:
Nu chn SMI l my ang gn CPU kiu S ca hng Intel. Nu chn Auto l
my ang gn CPU th-ng.
* Doze Timer:
Mc ny ch dng cho CPU kiu S. Khi ng thi gian my rnh (khng nhn
-c tn hiu t cc ngt) theo quy nh, CPU t ng h tc xung cn
8MHz. Bn chn thi gian theo bn (c th t 10 giy n 4 gi) hay disable
nu khng mun s dng mc ny.
* Sleep Timer/Standby timer:
Mc ny ch dng cho CPU kiu S. Ch nh thi gian my rnh tr-c khi vo
ch Sleep (ng-ng hot ng). Thi gian c th t 10 giy n 4 gi.
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
* Sleep Clock:
Mc ny ch dng cho CPU kiu S: Stop CPU h tc xung cn 0MHz
(ng-ng hn). Slow CPU h tc xung cn 8MHz.
* HDD Standby Timer/HDD Power Down:
Ch nh thi gian ngng motor ca a cng.
* CRT Sleep:
Nu Enable l mn hnh s tt khi my vo ch Sleep.
* Ch nh:
Cc ch nh cho ch-ng trnh qun l ngun bit cn kim tra b phn no khi
chy.
Ch : Do Bios -c sn xut s dng cho nhiu loi my khc nhau nn cc
bn lun lun gp phn ny trong cc Bios. Thc ra chng ch c gi tr cho cc
my xch tay (laptop) v xi pin nn vn tit kim nng l-ng -c t ln
hng u. Chng ti khuyn cc bn ang s dng my bn (desktop) nn v
hiu ho tt c cc mc trong phn ny, trnh cc tnh hung bt ng nh-:
ang ci ch-ng trnh, t nhin my ng-ng hot ng, ang chy Defrag t
nhin my chm cc k...
4. Phn dnh ring cho Mainboard theo chun giao tip PCI c I/O v IDE On
Board (peripheral Setup):
* PCI On Board IDE:
Cho hiu lc (enabled) hay v hiu (disabled) 2 u ni a cng IDE trn
mainboard. Khi s dng Card PCI IDE ri, ta cn chn disabled.
* PCI On Board Secondary IDE:
Cho hiu lc (enabled) hay v hiu (disabled) u ni a cng IDE th 2 trn
mainboard. Mc ny b sung cho mc trn v ch c tc dng vi u ni th 2.
* PCI On Board Speed Mode:
Ch nh kiu vn chuyn d liu (PIO speed mode). C th l Disabled, mode 1,
mode 2, mode 3, mode 4, Auto. Trong mode 4 l nhanh nht.
* PCI Card Present on:
Khai bo c s dng Card PCI IDE ri hay khng v nu c th -c cm vo
Slot no. Cc mc chn l: Disabled, Auto, Slot 1, Slot 2, Slot 3, Slot 4.
* PCI IRQ, PCI Primary IDE IRQ, PCI Secondary IDE IRQ:
Ch nh cch xc lp ngt cho Card PCI IDE ri.
Ch : Trong mc ny c phn xc lp th t gn ngt cho cc Card b sung. Th
d: 1 = 9, 2 = 10, 3 = 11, 4 = 12 c ngha l Card u tin cm vo bt k Slot
no s -c gn ngt 9, nu c 2 Card th Card cm vo Slot c s th t nh s
-c gn ngt 9, Slot c s th t ln s -c gn ngt 10.v..v...
* IDE 32Bit Transfers Mode:
Xc lp ny nhm tng c-ng tc cho a cng trn 528Mb, nh-ng cng c
a khng khi ng -c khi enabled mc ny d fdisk v format vn bnh
th-ng.
* Host to PCI Post Write W/S, Host to PCI Burst Write, Host to DRAM Burst
Write:
Cm nang my tnh

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Cc mc ny xc lp cho PCU Bus, khng nh h-ng nhiu n tc CPU, c
th nguyn xc lp mc nhin.
* PCI Bus Park, Post Write Buffer:
Khi enabled cc mc ny c th tng c-ng thm tc h thng.
* FDC Control:
Cho hiu lc hay khng u ni cp v xc lp a ch cho a mm.
* Primary Seral Port:
Cho hiu lc hay khng cng COM 1 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny.
* Secondary Serial Port:
Cho hiu lc hay khng cng COM 2 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny. Ch :
Nu bn s dng Card b sung c xc lp i ch l COM 1 hay COM 2, bn
phi disabled cng t-ng ng trong hai mc trn.
* Parallel Port:
Cho hiu lc hay khng cng LPT 1 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny.
5. H-ng dn Setup Bios:
Trong cc ti liu i km mainboard, u c h-ng dn Setup Bios. Khi mua
my hay mua mainboard, cc bn nh i cc ti liu ny v n rt cn cho vic
s dng my.
Trong cc phn Setup trn, phn Standard, Advanced c nh h-ng n vic cu
hnh my. Phn Chipset nh h-ng n tc my. Phn PCI nh h-ng n cc
gn ngt, a ch cho cc Slot PCI, cng; cch vn chuyn d liu cho IDE On
Board.
Nu gp cc thnh phn hon ton mi, tr-c tin bn hy Set cc thnh phn
bit, kim tra vic thay i ca my, cui cng mi Set ti cc thnh phn ch-a
bit. Chng ti xin nhc li, vic Setup Bios sai khng bao gi lm h- my v
cc bn s d dng Setup li nh vo chnh Bios. Trn mainboard lun lun c 1
Jumper dng xa cc thng tin l-u trong CMOS bn c th to li cc
thng tin ny trong tr-ng hp khng th vo li Bios Setup khi khi ng my.
Khi tin hnh tm hiu Setup Bios, bn nn theo mt nguyn tc sau: Ch Set
tng mc mt ri khi ng my li, chy cc ch-ng trnh kim tra xem tc
CPU, a c thay i g khng?. Cch lm ny gp bn pht hin -c nh
h-ng ca tng mc vo h thng v bn c th bit chc trc trc pht sinh do
mc no sa cha. Khi xy ra trc trc m bn khng bit i ph, bn ch
cn vo li Bios Setup chn Load Bios Default hay bm F6 trong phn Set m
bn mun phc hi sau khi ng my li l xong.

Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Chn on bnh qua ting bip ca bios

bao gi bn ch ti ting bp mi khi khi ng my tnh? N chnh
l thng bo m ho cha ng thng tin kt qu ca qu trnh kim tra
c s cc thit b phn cng trong my. Qu trnh kim tra ny c gi
l POST (Power-On-Self-Test).
Nu POST cho ra kt qu tt, my tnh s pht mt ting bp v mi th
din ra sun s. Nu cc thit b phn cng my c vn th loa s
pht ra vi ting bp. Nu gii m c nhng ting bp ny th bn c
th tit kim c nhiu thi gian trong vic chn on bnh ca my
tnh. Trn cc my tnh i mi hin nay, mainboard c tch hp cc
chip x l m nhim nhiu chc nng, gim bt card b sung cm trn
bo mch. Tuy nhin, iu ny s lm gim tnh c th ca vic chn
on. V d, nu chip iu khin bn phm b li th gii php duy nht l
phi thay c mainboard.

Bi ny, ch cp ti 2 loi BIOS tng i ph dng l Phoenix v
AMI. Rt tic, Award BIOS hin nay c rt nhiu phin bn v do nh
sn xut bo mch ch h tr, do chng b thay i nhiu trc khi
c tung ra th trng. V vy, Award BIOS khng c cp ti
trong bi ny.

(POST l qu trnh kim tra ni b my c tin hnh khi khi ng
hoc khi ng li my tnh. L mt b phn ca BIOS, chng trnh
POST kim tra b vi x l u tin, bng cch cho n chy th mt vi
thao tc n gin. Sau POST c b nh CMOS RAM, trong lu
tr thng tin v dung lng b nh v kiu loi cc a dng trong
my ca bn. Tip theo, POST ghi vo ri c ra mt s mu d liu
khc nhau i vi tng byte b nh (bn c th nhn thy cc byte c
m trn mn hnh). Cui cng, POST tin hnh thng tin vi tng thit
b; bn s nhn thy cc n bo bn phm v a nhp nhy v my
in c reset chng hn. BIOS s tip tc kim th cc phn cng ri
xt qua a A i vi DOS; nu a A khng tm thy, n chuyn qua
xem xt a C).

M t m li chn on POST ca BIOS AMI

1 ting bp ngn: Mt ting bp ngn l test h thng t yu cu, do l
khi bn thy mi dng test hin th trn mn hnh. Nu bn khng thy g
trn mn hnh th phi kim tra li monitor v card video trc tin, xem
cm ng cha. Nu khng th mt s chip trn bo mch ch ca bn
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
c vn . Xem li RAM v khi ng li. Nu vn gp vn th c kh
nng bo mch ch b li. Bn nn thay bo mch.

2 ting bp ngn: Li RAM. Tuy nhin, trc tin hy kim tra card mn
hnh. Nu n hot ng tt th bn hy xem c thng bo li trn mn
hnh khng. Nu khng c th b nh ca bn c li chn l (parity
error). Cm li RAM v khi ng li. Nu vn c li th o khe cm
RAM.

3 ting bp ngn: V c bn th tng t nh phn 2 ting bp ngn.

4 ting: V c bn th tng t nh phn 2 ting bp ngn. Tuy nhin
cng c th l do b t gi ca bo mch b hng

5 ting bp ngn: Cm li RAM. Nu khng th c th phi thay bo mch
ch.

6 ting bp ngn: Chip trn bo mch ch iu khin bn phm khng hot
ng. Tuy nhin trc tin vn phi cm li keyboard hoc th dng
keyboard khc. Nu tnh trng khng ci thin th ti lc phi thay bo
mch ch khc.

7 ting bp ngn: CPU b hng. Thay CPU khc.

8 ting bp ngn: Card mn hnh khng hot ng. Cm li card. Nu
vn ku bp th nguyn nhn l do card hng hoc chip nh trn card b
li. Thay card mn hnh.

9 ting bp ngn: BIOS ca bn b li. Thay BIOS khc.

10 ting bp ngn: Vn ca bn chnh l CMOS. Tt nht l thay bo
mch ch khc.

11 ting bp ngn: Chip b nh m trn bo mch ch b hng. Thay bo
mch khc.

1 bp di, 3 bp ngn: Li RAM. Bn hy th cm li RAM, nu khng th
phi thay RAM khc

1 bp di, 8 bp ngn: Khng test c video. Cm li card mn hnh.

BIOS PHOENIX
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85

Ting bp ca BIOS Phoenix chi tit hn BIOS AMI mt cht. BIOS ny
pht ra 3 lot ting bp mt. Chng hn, 1 bp dng-3 bp dng. Mi loi
c tch ra nh mt khong dng ngn. Hy lng nghe ting bp, m
s ln bp.

M t m li chn on POST ca BIOS PHOENIX

1-1-3: My tnh ca bn khng th c c thng tin cu hnh lu trong
CMOS.

1-1-4: BIOS cn phi thay.

1-2-1: Chip ng h trn mainboard b hng.

1-2-2: Bo mch ch c vn .


1-3-1: Bn cn phi thay bo mch ch.

1-3-3: Bn cn phi thay bo mch ch.



1-4-2: Xem li RAM.

2-_-_: Ting bp ko di sau 2 ln bp c ngha rng RAM ca bn c
vn .

3-1-_: Mt trong nhng chip gn trn mainboard b hng. C kh nng
phi thay mainboard.

3-2-4: Chip kim tra bn phm b hng.

3-3-4: My tnh ca bn khng tm thy card mn hnh. Th cm li card
mn hnh hoc th vi card khc.

3-4-_: Card mn hnh ca bn khng hot ng.

Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
4-2-1: Mt chip trn mainboard b hng.

4-2-2: Trc tin kim tra xem bn phm c vn g khng. Nu khng
th mainboard c vn .

4-2-3: Tng t nh 4-2-2.

4-2-4: Mt trong nhng card b sung cm trn bo mch ch b hng.
Bn th rt tng ci ra xc nh th phm. Nu khng tm thy c
card b hng th gii php cui cng l phi thay mainboard mi.

4-3-1: Li bo mch ch.

4-3-2: Xem 4-3-1.

4-3-3: Xem 4-3-1.

4-3-4: ng h trn bo mch b hng. Th vo Setup CMOS v kim tra
ngy gi. Nu ng h khng lm vic th phi thay pin CMOS.

4-4-1: C vn vi cng ni tip. Bn th cm li cng ny vo bo
mch ch xem c c khng. Nu khng, bn phi tm jumper v
hiu ho cng ni tip ny.

4-4-2: Xem 4-4-1 nhng ln ny l cng song song.

4-4-3: B ng x l s c vn . Nu vn nghim trng th tt nht
nn thay.

1-1-2: Mainboard c vn .

1-1-3: C vn vi RAM CMOS, kim tra li pin CMOS v mainboard
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
My tnh ku bp, bp... ri khng khi ng
Trong qu trnh khi ng, khi Bios pht hin ra li trc khi h thng
video ca PC lm vic, n s thng bo li ny bng mt chui ting bp
c tn s thay i ty theo li.
Di y l ngha chui bp ca AMI Bios.
Beep Thng bo li M t
1 di Khng tm thy card
Video
Khng p dng cho mainboad c card
Video On board.
2 ngn 1
di
Cha ni dy tn
hiu cho mn hnh
Ch p dng cho mainboad c card Video
On board.
3 ngn 1
di
Li lin quan n
Video

1 ngn Li v lm ti b
nh
Mch lm ti b nh trn mainboard b
h hng
2 ngn Li sai chn l Vic kim tra chn l khng c h tr
trn sn phm ny.
3 ngn Li trong 64kb b
nh
Li trong 64Kb u tin ca Ram
4 ngn Li b nh thi B nh thi trn mainboard khng hot
ng.
5 ngn Li v b x l CPU gy ra li
6 ngn Li 8042-cng A20 Bios khng chuyn sang ch bo v
c.
7 ngn Li v b x l
8 ngn Li card Video Card Video hay Ram trn card b h
9 ngn Li sai s tng kim
tra Rom
S tng kim tra Rom khong ng vi gi
tr c trong Bios

Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Bo v cmos
My tnh ang chy thng bo li "CMOS Checksum Error".
Thng bo li CMOS (Complementary Metal - Oxide Semiconductor)
ny thuc v mt chip c nui bng pin gn trn bo m dng lu
gi cc thng tin cu hnh phn cng. Mt s thng tin trong - v d
kiu a cng m bn ci t - kh quan trng. i vi loi d liu
ny bn khng h mun b mt. Nu khng c trong tay nhng chng
trnh c th sao lu d phng cc thng tin CMOS nh Norton Utilities
hoc Nuts & Bolts, bn phi in ra hoc ghi li cc thng tin : vo
chng trnh ci t PC bng cch nhn phm <Delete> hoc mt phm
no (thng c ghi trn mn hnh) ngay khi ang xy ra qu trnh
khi ng - trc khi Windows bt u khi ng. Bn vo tng mn
hnh ca chng trnh ny v nhn <Print Screen> in ra, hoc ghi li
thng tin trong .
V li ny: PC ca bn s pht thng bo li nu n cho rng thng tin
CMOS b thay i m khng phi do bn ch ng thay i. Virus, ht
pin, hoc mt bt thng nht thi no c th gy tnh trng ny.
Khi nhn c thng bo li ny, bn phi phc hi li cc thng s ci
t ca CMOS. Nu c a Rescue Disk ca Norton hoc ca Nuts &
Bolts, hy khi ng li my bng a khi ng khn cp v thc
hin theo nhng ch dn ca n. Nu sao lu d phng c ghi trn
giy, bn phi vo chng trnh ci t h thng v phc hi li cc
thng s ci t bng tay. Nu khng c sao lu d phng, bn tm hiu
cu hnh ca h thng thng qua ti liu k thut ca my, hoc hi ni
mua my.
Khi nhp li nhng thng tin ny, bn lu li nhng thay i v khi
ng PC. Kim tra bo m mi th u hot ng tt, ng
Windows v tt my tnh. Sau vi pht, bt my tr li. Nu vn cn
thng bo li th pin trong my ht. Bn phi m np PC v thay pin
mi - hoc nh k thut vin lm vic ny. Nu pin c hn ln bo m,
c l bn cn phi thay c bo m (tui th ca pin my tnh khong
nm nm).
Nu trc trc khng phi do pin, bn cp nht chng trnh chng virus
mi nht ri thc hin qut virus. Nu chng trnh qut khng tm thy
g, th hy vng trng hp hng CMOS ny ch l mt tai nn ngu nhin
v s khng xy ra ln na.

Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
B mt v tc ca pc
Khi bn tm mua mt PC mi, vic quyt nh chn chip gia Intel v
AMD ch l mn khi u. Di y, chng ti s hng dn bn cch
lm ch cc tnh nng v la chn c my c tc nhanh tht s.
Cnh tranh qu tht l mt iu hay ho, nht l khi bn tm kim PC mi
c tc cao. Gn nh mnh hn cuc chin ginh u th v CPU. Cc
cng ty mi trong lnh vc sn xut chip cng nhy vo cuc. Tc
ca b x l c tng ln mi, gi li gim. Ngi mua c c my tnh
mnh hn vi gi thp hn.
Tuy nhin cnh tranh cng c th gy nn tnh trng ln ln. CPU no
ph hp nht vi nhng nhu cu ring ca bn - Athlon? Celeron?
Duron? Pentium III? Hay bn nn b thm t tin mua mt trong
nhng h thng Pentium 4 u tin? Hn na, cuc chin CPU mi ch
bt u. Liu PC mi ca bn c tng thm tc nh RDRAM hay
SDRAM? Cn DDR SDRAM th sao? Megahertz hay Gigahertz? C qu
nhiu vn phi gii quyt.
Ch mi 4 nm trc, cache u tin ca Intel Pentium c gn sn
trn b x l, cn cache Level 2 chm hn th kt ni vi chip bng bus
d liu. Thit k CPU ny nay tch hp c 2 loi cache trn b x l, nh
vy tc nhanh hn.
B nh cache Level 2 - nguyn nhn km h m tc ca Athlon th h
u tin - khng cn l vn nan gii na nh cache tch hp L2
256KB va c gii thiu ma h qua. Athlon ban u c cache L2
512KB tc chm nm ngoi chip, nhng gi y CPU loi tr
thnh lc hu. m bo mua ng PC Athlon mi, hy kim tra c
tnh: My phi c tng cng 384KB cache b x l (L1+L2). Nu c tnh
ghi cache L2 256 cng c. Cache tng cng ca Athlon ln hn 288
KB cache tng cng ca PIII (32KB L1 v 256 KB L2). Ni chung, cache
gn trn chip cng ln th tc cng cao.
Ring Pentium III, mc d kch thc cache nh hn v t CPU hn so
vi Athlon, nhng tc vn kh d. N l CPU c trung ca Intel, vi
tc t 733 MHz n 1 GHz. "Nu bn ch vit th cho m, Pentium III
l tt; nhng nu bn son tho video, nhn dng ting ni, hay s
dng nh trm lm vic mc thp th P4 thch hp hn", theo li ni ca
mt vin chc Inel.
Thc ra P3 c rt nhiu kh nng. N mnh chy cc ng dng
nng v ho nh CAD hay son tho video. Nu bn ch cn son
tho vn bn, tt hn ht l tit kim vi trm USD vi chip Celeron 566
MHz r tin. Mt nh phn tch cho rng: "K hoch ca Intel l tung ra
P4 mc cao cp, ri nhanh chng chuyn n xung th trng PC bc
trung cnh tranh vi Athlon".
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Theo i din ca Giga Information Group, Athlon va c a ra nm
ngoi c kin trc mi hn v kh nng tng tc xung nhp cao hn
trong tng lai, trong khi PIII dng nh t n nh im l 1GHz.
Cng cha hn nh vy, Intel ang pht trin PIII thnh Tualatin, d
kin pht hnh vo gia nm sau, s cnh tranh vi Athlon th trng
1000-1500 USD, theo li mt phn tch vin ca InQuest Research.
Tualatin s c cache L2 512KB v h tr bus h thng 133 MHz hoc
200 MHz. N cn cho php s dng DDR SDRAM, song cng c th
Intel dnh li DDR cho cc h thng P4. Nh vy PIII tip tc sng.
Chn chip r tin
i vi ngi dng PC c nhu cu n gin nh duyt Web, trao i e-
mail th cng chng cn phi mua PIII hay Athlon. c s dng trong
cc PC gi di 1000USD, nhng chip nh AMD Duron, Intel Celeron
v Via Cyrix II vi tc khi u 500MHz l dng. Cui nm nay,
Celeron v Duron s t ti 800MHz, cn Cyrix III s t 700 MHz.
Kt hp vi tc vi gi c phi chng th Duron l thch hp hn c.
Th nghim PC WorldBench 2000 cho thy PC Duron chy nhanh
ngang nga vi PIII. Chng hn PC Duron 600MHz khng nhng vt
PIII 600MHz 13 im, m cn thu PIII 733 MHz ch c 5 im.
Duron cn sng chi hn na nu so snh vi Intel Celeron hay Via
Cyrix III. Bus front-side 200MHz ca n nhanh gp 3 ln bus 66MHz ca
Celeron, v n c cache tch hp 192KB (128KB L1 v 64KB L1 v
128KB L2).
Cache cng ln th CPU cng t phi dng n b nh chnh lu
thng tin v lnh, nh vy tc h thng nhanh hn.
Tuy nhin nn nh rng tc h thng khng ch ph thuc vo CPU.
Chng hn PC Celeron thng c km theo b iu khin ho tch
hp trn chip ch khng phi trn card tng tc ho ring ging nh
trong phn ln cc h thng PIII. B iu khin ho tch hp ny li
thng chia s b nh h thng chnh ca PC. H thng b thc p, tc
ho b chm li, kt qu l hnh nh trong cc tr chi 3D hay b
git. Nu bn l tay chi game, tt hn ht nn u t vo PC PIII hay
Athlon.
Via Cyrix III c 128KB cache L1 nhng khng c cache L2, v vy n
chy chm nht trong 3 loi chip gi r ni trn. Via Technology d nh
u nm ti s gii thiu chip Cyrix III nng cp, m hiu l Samue II, c
64 KB cache L2 nng cao tc . Cyrix III h tr tc bus front-side l
66, 100, hay 133MHz. Hin nay cha c nh sn xut PC ln no ti M
cng b s dng chip Cyrix III, do n cha c ph bin rng ri
trong gii sn xut my tnh.
Gim c tip th ca Via Technology cho bit cui nm nay Cyrix III s
xut hin trong cc h thng t 500 n 600USD. Tc xung nhp
Cm nang my tnh

- 39
St by hoangly85
trong khong 500-700 MHz, nhng Via cng cng nhn l thit k ca
chip ny khng cho php tc cao hn, nht l i vi cc ng dng
ho. Tuy nhin, khi chy nhng chng trnh thng th ng nh x
l vn bn v duyt Web, tc ca Celeron v Cyrix II l qu .
Intel ang pht trin mt sn phm cnh tranh vi Cyrix III mang m hiu
Timna, s ra mt khong u nm ti tng cc my tnh gi di
700USD. Timna lm gim chi ph h thng nh tch hp cc b iu
khin ho v b nh vi b vi x l ngay trn chip. Mt nh phn tch
tin rng thit k tch hp cao ca Timna khng nh hng ti tc h
thng, thc t n cn h tr thm cho mt s ng dng. ng ni: "Khi
tch hp h thng b nh ln mt chip, bn thc s c li v tc do
CPU khng phi vin n chip trao i vi b nh".
Liu Timna c phi l mt dng sn phm mi ngi dng cn nhc
khi mua my tnh? C l l khng. Vn theo nh phn tch trn, c th
Intel s gii thiu Timna di nh n hiu Celeron; ngi dng cui s
khng quan tm PC Celeron 600MHz c chip Timna hay chip Celeron
bn trong.
Tc xung nhp cao hn l xu hng r rt. Nhng PC cn cn c bo
mch ch v thit b ngai vi tc nhanh hn mi thc s tng c
tc tng th. Chng hn chip Celeron th h k tip ca Intel s nng
cp bus 66MHz ca phin bn hin thi ln 100MHz hoc hn-khng
phi v ngi dng i hi m v bus 200MHz ca Duron nng mc
tc ca my tnh cp thp ln. Cc nh phn tch cho rng ngi
dng Celeron s khng nhn thy s khc bit ny khi chy cc ng
dng hng ngy; bus h thng khng gy cn tr i vi cc ng dng
thng thng. i din ca Intel cng ng quan im: "Tc bus i
vi Celeron t quan trng. Khch hng thng ch n megahertz".
Ni cc khc, khi so snh quyt nh mua my, phn ln ngi mua
quan tm nhiu n loi CPU v tc (Celeron-660, Duron-600, v.v...)
hn l nhng g c th lm cho PC chy nhanh.
Tuy nhin hng lot nguyn nhn gy tr tr cho h thng c nh hng
r rt n ngi dng, k c nhng ngi dng x l vn bn hng
ngy, v c bit l nhng ai lm vic c yu vi nhng phn mm
ho v hnh nh phn gii cao. C mt gii php l tng thm b
nh. Nu a cng ca bn b chm ch mi khi chuyn t ng dng
ny sang ng dng khc, b sung RAM c th ci thin tnh hnh. V d
PC Pentium III- 500 c 128MB RAM chy nhanh hn 13% so vi PIII-
500 ch c 64MB b nh.
CPU di ng, tit kim nng lng
Mt trn tnh ton di ng cng ang thay i rt nhanh chng. Ngi
dng laptop mong mun c kh nng s dng my c ngy m khng
cn cm in. p n kh ng phi t cc i gia chip Intel hay AMD:
Cm nang my tnh

- 40
St by hoangly85
Crusoe ca Transmeta l b x l cho my di ng duy nht c thit
k tng thi gian sng ca pin, d kin c tung ra cui nm nay
trong cc my xch tay nng khong 1,35-1,8KG bi cc nh sn xut
PC ln nh Fujitsu, HItachi, IBM v Sony.
Thay v to b x l tng thch Intel (x86) trong phn cng, Transmeta
to phn mm "code-morphing" bin dch cc lnh x86 thnh lnh m
c cu phn cng Very Long Instruction Word ca Crusoe c th hiu
c. Cc h iu hnh v ng dng hot ng nh th chng ang
chy trn chip x86, mc d khng phi vy
Chip Crusoe ha hn tit kim nng lng mt cch ng k - IMB d
on 7 n 8 gi lm vic trn ThinkPad 240X. Mt ThinkPad tng t
vi chip Pentium III 500 MHz chy c khong 4-5 gi. V thnh phn
phn cng ca Crusoe nh hn v c t transistor hn cc CPU di ng
truyn thng, n to t nhit hn v dng t nng l ng hn, rt l tng
cho cc notebook nh, khng c qut v cc thit b Web. Chip Crusoe
dng 500mw n 1,5w nang lng - rt nh so vi 6 n 16w tiu th
bi cc CPU di ng khc.
Tuy nhin, IBM d on rng th h Crusoe u tin s c tc chm
so vi cc CPU di ng tng ng ca AMD v Intel; "lot chip ny
s c gii hn 300-600 MHz, nhng tc cao nht tng t nh PIII
500MHz". Yu im v tc ny c th gim khi cc phin bn tip
theo ca b x l ra i. Trong khi , cc CPU di ng cnh tranh ca
AMD v Intel li c ci tin vi nhng cng ngh tit kim nng lng
m cc nh sn xut cho rng lm gim nng lng tiu th trung bnh
xung mc ng k. Chng hn cng ngh SpeedStep ca Intel t ng
gim in nng v tc x l Pentium III xung khi hot ng bng
nng lng pin. C th b x l Pentium III di ng khi chy bng ngun
in AC c tc 600MHz th khi chy pin tc cn 500MHz. Cng
ngh PowerNow ca AMD chy CPU vi nhng mc in nng v tc
khc nhau, tu thuc nhu cu ca tng ng dng. Cng ngh no s
tit kim c nhiu nng lng nht th cn phi ch xem.

Cm nang my tnh

- 41
St by hoangly85
Bo mch ch, nn tng ca tc
Trong s cc thnh phn cu thnh my tnh, nu CPU l yu t quyt
nh kh nng v tc x l ca h thng th bo mch ch ng vai tr
to ra mt mi trng hot ng n nh cho tt c cc thit b khc, k
c CPU. Bn thn tn gi motherboard cng chng t iu ny.
Bo mch ch, hay cn gi l bo m (motherboard) c ngha rt ln
trong c h thng PC ca bn. Bn c th l ch nhn ca a cng
SCSI nhanh nht, u DVD/CD-ROM tn k, 64 MB SDRAM DIMM, BXL
Pentium II 400MHz, card m thanh Creative Sound Blaster Live, ha
Voodoo II v modem V.90 56kbps... ngha l nhng g tt nht c th.
Nhng tt c nhng th trn s u khng c ngha l nu my tnh ca
bn thng xuyn b treo, chy chp chn. y l cn c mng ca
nhiu ngi dng my tnh m c l nguyn nhn chnh l bn ang c
mt bo mch ch cht lng km.
Tht khng c g ti t hn khi bn va hon tt bn lun n 80 trang
c trnh by t m vi nhiu hnh nh minh ha, v ghi thc hin ng
tc lu cui cng, my tnh t ngt a ra thng bo li "cht ngi",
i loi nh "khng th lu ln a cng bi....", v sau hon ton bt
ng trc mi thao tc ca bn. Ch cn cch cui cng l tt my ri
bt li. Kt qu tht thm hi: tp tin Word ca bn gi y ch l rng
tuch vi kch thc 0 byte. Tt c nhng n lc ca bn nhm hi phc
li tp tin u v ngha. Cng t y, bn mi hiu c tc hi ca mt
bo mch ch ti.
Bi hc v tc
i vi ngi t lp rp my tnh, iu quan trng l phi chn ng bo
mch ch. Bi nu c trc trc sau ny, bn phi t mnh xoay s ly
m khng c s h tr k thut no. Bn c th y tc bus PCI ln
n 133MHz, nhng khi ng i hi nh cung cp i cho bn bo
khc trong trng hp s c. Tc quan trng, nhng tnh n nh c
ngha ln hn. C g hay ho khi bn li xe vi tc 200km/h ch i
c na qung ng v xe cht my. Tc ca bo mch ch phi
nhanh. Tuy nhin s n nh v nhng c tnh khc nh kh nng h
loi CPU, ch tit kim nng lng, cc u kt ni I/O v kim sot
nhit .. ng vai tr quan trng trong vic bo dng h thng v
ng gi vi chi ph b ra.
minh ha, bn hy th xem th mt my server dng cho LAN.
Server v cc phn mm i km khng ch mnh v cu hnh, tnh nng
m n cn bo trc c nhng s c sp xy ra, cho d l a
cng hay cc vn lin quan n mng, v thng l t khc phc
chng. iu ny cho thy tm quan trng ca s n nh v tin cy
ca mt h thng. Bn d dng nhn thy l cc my PC xong xnh
Cm nang my tnh

- 42
St by hoangly85
thng c nhiu thit b, tnh nng ph tr b sung nhm hp dn ngi
mua.
Th nghim thc t
Chng ta cng xem xt mt s bo mch s dng chip "Klamath",
Pentium II ca Intel. y khng phi l nhng CPU mnh nht, v chng
s dng loi SDRAM DIMM 66MHz v thm ch cn EDO DRAM
SIMM/DIMM. Cc bo mnh da trn b chip 82440LX ny khng h tr
AGP v c gi thp trong s cc bo mch Slot 1. Cc bo mch mi loi
Super Socket 7 (bus 100MHz) va c a ra c gi cao hn. Loi bo
mch tn tin v nhanh nht s dng b chip Intel 82440BX AGP c th
chy n dnh tc 100MHz v h tr AGP, SDRAM DIMM 100MHz
v tnh nng t kim sot. Nhng i vi cc bn, ngi t lp rp my
tnh, th hay nht c l l c tnh t pht hin v t cu hnh c ci
sn vo nhiu bo mch loi BX, gip bn khi phi kh nhc vi cc
jumper v switch DIP (dual in-line package).
kim tra v mt k thut, chng ta s dng chng trnh PC
WorldBench 98 (chng trnh trc nghim tc ) v chy trn mi bo
mch ch.
Ngoi ra, cc thit b ngoi vi c s dng cng vi bo mch bao gm:
a cng Quantum Fireball SE2 2,1 GB, 64MB SDRAM DIMM cho cc
bo mch LX v 64MB SDRAM DIMM 100MHz theo chun PC-100 cho
bo mch BX; Card AGP v 2D/3D; 24x CD-ROM...
Vn tn ti chung cho tt c cc bo mch, v khng ch i vi cc
loi ang xem xt m cn tt c bo mch trc y l s khng cn
thn, ln ln, i khi sai trong ti liu v s hng dn. Tht kh
xc nh v tr cm n LED ca a cng, v thm ch c cng tc
ngun. iu ny c th do phn ln cc bo mch ch u c sn xut
ti i Loan, ni m ting Anh cha phi thng dng.
Vi ngi dng PC, khng c g hnh phc hn khi my tnh khi ng
chun xc. Nu tt c c cu hnh ng, tr chi 3D s chy nhanh
v trn tru, cc ng dng vn phng c thc hin nhp nhng, khng
c s tr tr kh chu. Hn na, bn c th tin chc rng bo mch ca
bn ang kim sot nhit v mi hot ng ca n vi s chnh xc
v cn thn.
Bo mch s dng b chip Intel 822440BX
Aristo AM-608BX
c gii thiu nh mt bo mch tch hp cao, gn v c gi hp dn,
Aristo AM-608BX h tr SDRAM v Registered SDRAM, c c tnh
Super I/O, Ultra-DMA/33, PCI Bus Master IDE, AGP version 1.0, tun
th PCI version 2.1, USB, theo chun VRM 8.2, kim sot h thng
LM79/75 v Creative sound (ty chn). Khe cm Slot 1 c th tip nhn
bt k loi Pentium II no t 233 - 450MHz vi tc bus 66MHz hoc
Cm nang my tnh

- 43
St by hoangly85
100MHz. Voltage Regulator Module (VRM) c ci sn trn bo cho
php d dng nng cp ln cc b x l OverDriver ca Intel trong
tng lai.

Bo mch h tr n 412MB SDRAM hay 1GB Registered SDRAM vi
cc khe DIMM 168 chn. SDRAM ch c h tr cho bus 66MHz. C 4
khe DIMM ( nng cp b nh), 3 khe cm ISA (1 dng chung vi
PCI), mt khe cm AGP1 (h tr version 1.0, 1x/2x), v 4 khe cm PCI
Bus-Master. Bo mch thuc loi ATX (ATX form factor). BIOS h thng
l loi flash c th nng v c jumper thay i in p 5V hay 12V.
BIOS c th nhn bit a cng loi LBA vi dung lng trn 8,4GB. V
kh nng qun l nng lng, Aristo h tr SMM, APM v ACPI.
Ngoi ra, cn c cng tc chuyn i dng tm ngng thao tc h
thng (suspend/resume), Wake-On-LAN (WOL), Wake-On-Ring (WOR)
dng cho modem v tun theo tiu chun Energy Star "green PC". Bo
Aristo AM608BX l loi PC97/98 v bao gm c tnh nng kim sot h
thng.
Trong th nghim vi PC WorldBench 98, Aristo t 172 im vi card
video PCI S33ViRGE/GX. Ti liu hng dn t v khng ch ra k hiu
+/- ca dy ni.
AZZA PT-6IB
y l bo mch nhanh th hai trong s cc bo BX c xem xt (im
PC WorldBench 98 l 172), v thuc loi tt i vi ty chn gi thp.
Tuy nhin, c vi vn v setup v phi khi ng li vi ln. Nhng
sau khi thit lp, bo mch hot ng bnh thng.
iu gy nhm ln l hng chn ni n tn hiu ca LED/power/HDD
khng c k hiu cho cc dng/m (+/-), buc ngi dng phi t m
mm th.

Vi mt PCI Local Bus, PT-6IB l bo mch loi ATX da trn c s b
chip h thng 82440BX AGPset v Winbond I/O. N bao gm hai knh
PIO (Programmed Input/Output) v cng Ultra-DMA/33 Bus Master
mode PCI IDE ci trn bo, mt cng iu khin a mm, hai cng serial
tc cao (UART) v mt cng parallel nhiu ch , h tr mouse
PS/2, cng hng ngoi IrDA v USB. AZZA c th chy vi cc chip
Pentium II t 233 n 450MHz vi cu trc SEC.
Ngoi ra, PT-6IB cn c cc c tnh nh mch chnh in p, h tr
+1,8V DC n +3,5V DC ca CPU, kch thc t c th l 8-, 16-, 32- v
64-bit, ng a ch 32-bit. Trn bo c 3 khe cm DIMM 168 chn, cho
php ti a 384MB b nh loi parity v ECC (error correcting code).
AZZA PT-6IB h tr tnh nng Wake-On-LAN v cc chc nng Green
(tiu chun mi trng).
Cm nang my tnh

- 44
St by hoangly85
DFI P2XBL
Bo mch P2XBL c trang b cm CPU Slot 1 cho Pentium II cc
loi t 266MHz n 450MHz. PCI Bus c th thit lp 66MHz hay
100MHz. Vi 3 khe cm dnh cho b nh loi DIMM 168 chn, kch
thc b nh c th t 384MB. Khe cm m rng bao gm: mt dnh
ring cho AGP, ba PCI, hai ISA v mt chung cho PCI/ISA. Tt c khe
cm PCI v ISA c Bus Mastering. P2XBL h tr b nh EC v ECC.
H thng km theo Desktop Management Interface (DMI) 2.0 c ci
vo Award BIOS c th nng cp. Tin ch ny t ng ghi li cc thng
tin v cu hnh h thng v lu chng vo "vng DMI" (mt phn trong
BIOS Plug-and-Play ca h thng. DMI c thit k nhm gip vic
bo dng, sa cha, khc phc s c tr nn d dng hn. Kt ni I/O
c sn trn bo mch bao gm: hai cng serial ND16C550 tng thch
DB-9, mt cng parallel SPP/ECP/EPP DB-25, mt giao tip cho a
mm h tr n hai a mm loi 2,88MB, mt cng mouse PS/2 mini-
DIN-6, mt cng bn phm PS/2 mini-DIN v mt u ni Wake-On-LAN.
Ngoi ra, bo mch cn c mt cng IrDA v hai USB.

B iu khin PCI Bus Master IDE cho php hai giao tip PCI IDE h tr
4 thit b IDE. Bo mch cng h tr Ultra-DMA/33 (ch Synchronous
Ultra DMA/33), Enhanced IDE PIO Mode 3 v Mode 4 vi tc truyn
16,6MB/s, ATAPI CD-ROM v LS-120 v Iomega ZIP. DFI P2XBL cn
c u cm cho Creative SB-Link kt ni gia bo h thng v card
Creative SB PCI. Bo mch ny c kh nng theo di v iu khin nhit
lm vic v hot ng ca qut thng gi.
P2XBL t 172 im trong th nghim. Setup bo mch d dng v n
lm vic n nh.
Elitergroup P6BX-A+
y l bo mch nhanh nht v cng l mt trong s nhng bo mch
nhiu tnh nng nht (im trc nghim 176). P6BX-A+ khng ch chy
n nh m cn rt d setup, c in p cho BIOS v xung nhp u
c t ng thit lp. Tuy nhin, ti liu hng dn cn cha hon
ho.
Bo mch c 3 khe cm DIMM, c th tip nhn 384MB SDRAM loi
3,3V. Elitegroup ch s dng SDRAM 100MHz tun theo chun PC-100
t tc cao nht. c tnh tit kim nng lng bao gm ngun
cung cp loi ATX v ACPI. BIOS h thng h tr t ng Wake-On-
LAN v Wake-On-Call. P6BX-A+ cn c trang bi SB-Link ca
Creative, cho php tng thch ngc gia chip PCI audio v chip ISA
audio (thut ng thng dng l "PC to PCI bridge").

Cm nang my tnh

- 45
St by hoangly85
Bo mnh c 7 khe cm m rng: hai ISA 16-bit, nm PCI 32-bit (trong
1 dng chung vi ISA) v mt khe cm AGP. Cc cng chun gm hai
knh Enhanced IDE, mi knh h tr hai thit b; mt u ni h tr hai
a mm; mt cng parallel v hai cng serial; hai cng USB; hai cng
PS/2 (cho mouse v bn phm). S dng firmware (phn mm c ci
cng), bn c th ci thm phm nng bt ngun (power-on hot-key).
Gigabyte GA-686BX
Gigabyte l mt trong nhng nh sn xut c tn tui trn th trng
hin nay. Bo mch mi GA-686BX ca Gigabyte (172 im PC
WorldBench 98) km theo mt a CD-ROM vi 6 tin ch hu dng cho
mainboard. Ti liu trnh by tt vi nhiu s v hnh nh. Bo mch
lm vic tt v n nh. Cc u cm cho LED, DIP swich c b tr
hp l, mch lc v tit kim ch.
V tnh nng, GA-686BX c trang b mt khe cm AGP, Slot 1 tip
nhn Pentium II 233 - 450MHz. Tc bus c th thay i 66 hay
100MHz v c t ng iu chnh. Bo mch gm b chip Intel 440BX
AGPset, Winbond 83977 I/O v chip Winbond 83781 Health (tng
ng vi LM78). B chip 440BX h tr c tnh Quad-Port Acceleration
(QPA) ca Intel, cho php m rng bng thng gia CPU, AGP,
100MHz SDRAM v bus h thng PCI. Phn b nh gm 4 khe cm
3,3V DIMM vi kh nng h tr ti 1GB DRAM. Kh nng m rng gm
1 khe cm AGP, bn khe PCI v ba khe ISA.

GA-686BX c trang b 2Mbit Award BIOS loi flash c chc nng
chng virus v Green. N cn cung cp nhng thng tin b ch nh nhit
CPU v tnh trng qut gi. u cm ngun loi ATX v cc ch
tt/m c p dng cng ngh mi nht. Bo mch cn h tr Wake-
On-LAN, u ni Creative SB-Link, cu ch bo v bn phm. Cc driver
bao gm LDCM, SIV, Intel PIIX4 v Ultra DMA/33 Bus Master IDE.
Microstar (MSI) MS-6116
Ging nh bo mch LX, MS-6116 vi b chip 82440BX c y tnh
nng v l bo mch rt n nh. mc d ch t im 170 (thp nht
trong th nghim). Nhng bn cn bit rng khc bit 10 im khng
ng k v kh nhn thy i vi nhiu ngi. Bo mch c nhiu kh
nng t theo di v kim sot nhit tng cng.
Mt s c tnh c bn ca MS-6116 l tun theo chun PCI/ISA v
Green, kt ni Host/AGP, cc chc nng ACPI, h tr Ultra-DMA/33 v
SHMC (system hardware monitor control). SHMC c th nhn bit CPU,
ngun in, vng quay ca qut v kim sot in p v nhit ca
CPU, h thng. cm Slot 1 trn bo c th dng cho Pentium II 233 -
400MHz. T l tc li/bus c thay i t x2 n x6 hoc cao hn.
Switching Voltage Regulator cho php iu chnh in p DC v tun
Cm nang my tnh

- 46
St by hoangly85
theo chun Intel VRM 8.2. Bo MS-6116 h tr cho bus 66,6MHz v
100MHz, cng nh dnh cho 75MHz v 83MHz.

B nh chnh gm 4 khe cm DIMM cho php t ti a 512MB. Bo
mch cng h tr chc nng ECC v h tr 3,3V SDRAM DIMM. C th
m rng vi mt khe AGP (h tr thit b AGP bt k vi
66MHz/133MHz v 3,3V), 4 khe cm PCI v 3 khe ISA (mt khe cho c
ISA v PCI). MS-6116BX h tr PCI Bus Interface 3,3/5V.
B iu khin IDE trn c s b chip Intel 82371EB PCI cho php mt
cng v/hay mt CD-ROM vi PIO, Bus Master v Ultra-DMA/33. Cc
thit b ci sn trn bo gm cng cho 2 a mm, hai cng serial, mt
parallel (SPP/EPP/ECP), hai USB v mt IrDA.
Tyan S1846S/L/A Tsunami ATX
Bo mch cht lng cao ca Tyan ginh c s tin cy ca ngi
dng trn th gii (mc d gi cng cao). Bn hng dn s dng bo
mch rt r rng, cn thn v chi tit, tt nht trong s cc ti liu c
xem xt.
V nhng c tnh c bn, S1846S/L/A Tsunami ATX c th h tr
Pentium II 233MHz n 400MHz v cao hn. Ngoi ra cn c ty chn
cho chip Celeron. Bo mch chy tc bus 66MHz hoc 100MHz v
trn bo ci sn cc thnh phn VRM. Tsunami c trang bi b chip
National "309" Super I/Ov Intel 82440BX AGPset. Bo mnh s dng
cng ngh GTL+ cho php gim nng lng tiu th v EMI (electro-
Magnetic Interference). Ngoi ra cn c c tnh Wake-On-LAN khi s
dng vi b ngun ATX. Mt tnh nng khc l power-recovery-after-
interrupt (hi phc ngun sau khi ngt).

Kh nng m rng ca bo mch gm 5 khe cm 32-bit PCI, hai khe 16-
bit ISA v mt khe chung PCI/ISA. Trn bo c hai cng USB loi ATX,
mt IrDA, mt cng parallel tc cao, hai cng serial UART16550 v
h tr a mm Mode-3. H thng I/O v iu khin a gm hai cng
Ultra-DMA/33 PCI Bus Master cho php CD-ROM loi EIDE. Bus
Mastering h tr PIO Mode 3 v 4 (tc truyn t 22MB/s) v hai
a mm (dung lng n 2,88MB).
Phi ni rng bo mch Tsunami c y tnh nng v rt ng tin cy.
Ngoi ra cn c bo hnh 3 nm.
Nht Thanh PCW Singapore 7/1998

ENPC EP-KL21
Bo mch c sn xut bi ENPC Technologies Corporation tch hp
b iu khen IDE vi hai giao tip IDE tc cao cho 4 thit b IDE nh
a cng, CD-ROM. B iu khin Super I/O c nhng chc nng chnh:
Cm nang my tnh

- 47
St by hoangly85
giao tip a mm, 2 cng serial 16byte FIFO v mt cng parallel
EPP/ECP. Bo mch h tr t 8 n 512MB SDRAM, 1GB EDO RAM.
N cng h tr Fast Page chun, EDO v SDRAM. C 3 khe cm DIMM
169 chn, mi khe 32MB. B nh i hi RAM loi 70ns Fast Page hay
60ns EDO. Thit b khng h tr RAM parity.
Trn bo mch EP-KL21 c hai u ni PCI-IDE, kh nng t nhn bit
loi a cng nh BIOS. H thng cng h tr Award Plug-and-Play
BIOS cho card ISA v PCI. Cc tnh nng khc bao gm h tr Ultra-
DMA/33, Softpower SM-bus ca Windows 95, cng IrDA, kim sot phn
cng LM 78/75, chun ATX.
Phn m rng bao gm 3 khe cm ISA, 4 khe PCI v 1 AGP. Bo mch
t 137 im PC WorldBench 98.
Microstar MS-6117 ATX LX6
Bo mch s dng b chip Intel 82440LX AGPset tch hp v Quad Port
Acceleration (QPA). QPA cho php x l ng thi 4 ng cho CPU
bus, ha, PCI bus v SDRAM. B chip Intel 82371AB tch hp tt c
cc chc nng iu khin ca h thng nh Advanced Configuration
and Power Interface (ACPI). ACPI c trng bi tnh nng tit kim nng
lng cho OS Direct Power Management (OSPM). 82371AB cng h tr
LM78 System Hardware Monitor Controller nh mt chc nng ty chn.
Chc nng LM78 bao gm nhn bit CPU/Power supply, vng quay qut
thng gi, kim sot in p, nhit ca CPU v h thng.
MS-6117 c mt cm CPU Slot 1 loi ATX h tr CPU 200 - 333MHz.
T l tc li/bus t x2 n x6 v cao hn. B iu chnh in p trn
bo mch tun theo chun Intel VRM ver. 8.1 vi kh nng bo v qu
in p. Bo mch c nm khe cm Master PCI bus 32-bit, hai khe ISA
16-bit. v mt khe chung PCI/ISA. Thit b trn bo bao gm mt cng a
mm h tr hai a, hai cng serial, mt cng parallel (SPP/EPP/ECP),
cng mouse PS/2 v bn phm, hai cng USB v mt IrDA.
im trc nghim ca MS-6117 l 137 PC World Bench98.

nh gi tc chung ca h thng, tp ch PC World ca M
a ra mt h chng trnh chy trn mi my tnh cn kim tra. H
chng trnh ny c gi l PC World Bench 98. chy PC World
Bench 98, trn my phi ci sn cc ng dng Microsoft Word 97,
Microsoft Excell 97, Lotus 1-2-3 97, Corel Word Pro 97, Corel Paradox 8
v Micrograf Picture Publisher 7. PC WorldBench 98 chy mt kch bn
son sn (script) cho mi ng dng trong 3 ln, khi ng li sau mi ln
chy. Trn c s thi gian chy mi kch bn, PC WorldBench 98 a ra
nh gi v so snh vi im chun ca h my c s (Dell 200MHz
MMX, 32MB RAM) ri cho im cui cng. im cng cao, tc my
cng nhanh.
Cm nang my tnh

- 48
St by hoangly85
B ngun atx
Cc my tnh sn xut gn y, nht l t Pentium II tr i u s dng
mainboard v b ngun theo chun ATX.
B ngun ATX hot ng tit kim, an ton v linh ng hn b ngun
AT v ta c th iu khin mt s hot ng ca b ngun thng qua
Bios trn mainboard. Th d: C th bt/tt my t xa thng qua card
mng, modem, cng...Tt my bng lnh Shutdown ca Windows 95.
Theo di tnh trng hot ng ca my, kim tra nhit CPU,
Mainboard, t ng tt my tit kim ngun hay bo v.
im khc bit ln nht khi rp b ngun ATX l u cm cung cp in
cho mainboard v cng tc Power.
u cm
u cm ATX c 20 chn
Chn Tn hiu Chn Tn hiu
1 +3.3v 11 +3.3v
2 +3.3v 12 -12v
3 t (Ground) 13 t (Ground)
4 +5v 14 PW_ON (m ngun)
6 +5v 16 t (Ground)
8 PWRGOOD (ngun tt) 18 -5v
9 +5vSB 19 +5v
10 +12v 20 +5v
Cng tc Power
Do c 1 s tnh nng iu khin t xa nn v nguyn tc b ngun phi
lun lun c cp in. Bn s khng thy cng tc Power t gi theo
kiu AT na (Sau khi bm, cng tc s t gi trng thi cho n khi
bm ln na thay i trng thi), thay vo l 1 nt bm kch (t
ng tr v v tr ban u sau khi ngng bm) tng t nh nt Reset.
Khi bn bm nt ny, ng tn hiu th 14 ca u cm ngun
(PW_ON) s c ni t to ra tn hiu m my nu my ang
trong tnh trng tt (hay tt my nu my ang trong tnh trng m).
Ch : Khi m my bn ch cn kch nt Power (bm ri nh lin) nhng
c bit khi tt, ty theo mainboard c th bn phi bm ri gi sau 4
giy mi c nh (do xc lp trong Bios).
Khi my trong tnh trng tt, thc s b ngun vn tiu th 1 lng in
rt nh duy tr s hot ng cho mch iu khin t ng m my
(theo xc lp trong Bios hay chng trnh iu khin). Ch khi no bn
Cm nang my tnh

- 49
St by hoangly85
rt dy cm ngun hay tt in bng cng tt pha sau b ngun th my
bn mi b ngt in hon ton.
Kim tra b ngun ri
kim tra nhanh b ngun c hot ng hay khng, bn c th kch
ni tt ng tn hiu 14 v 15 (chp ri nh lin) hay chc n nht l
cm u ni ngun vo Mainboard ri kch ni tt 2 chu ca Jumper
PowerSw trn mainboard (khi th ch cn c b ngun v mainboard
ATX l , khng cn thm g na).

Cm nang my tnh

- 50
St by hoangly85
Cn bit v CPU
1- CPU 486
CPU 486 c rt nhiu h nh-: 486SX, DX, DX2, DX4, SLX...do nhiu hng sn
xut nh-: Intel, AMD, Cirux...Trong mi h li c nhiu tn s hot ng khc
nhau nh-: 25, 33, 40, 50, 66, 80, 100MHz...v chy in th khc nhau nh-: 5v,
3v, 3.5v...(chnh v l do ny m mainboard c rt nhiu Jumper). Chng ti
khng i su vo chi tit k thut m ch xin gii thch ngn, gn nh- sau:
- 486SX khng c b ng x l ton hc nh- cc h 486 khc.
- 486SL l loi -c thit k dng cho my xch tay, n c thm b qun l
tit kim ngun in khi my khng hot ng (nh-ng hin nay n cng -c
dng cho my bn).
- 486SX, 486DX c tc hot ng ni b bng tc mainboard.
- 486DX2 c tc ni b gp i tc mainboard (ring DX2 80MHz ca
AMD c thm loi dng in th 3v).
- 486DX4 c tc ni b gp t- tc mainboard (h ny c 2 loi in th 5v
v 3v -c ghi r trn CPU).
Ch :
Loi CPU chy in th 3v u tin -c ch to dng cho my Laptop
nng v t hao pin. Nh-ng sau ny cng -c dng lun cho my Desktop, do
khi s dng loi CPU ny m Set Jumper ln in th 5v rt nguy him cho CPU
v tng nhit.
Trn cc Mainboard 486, bn c th chn tn s mainboard v t l x sao cho
ng vi tc CPU, khng nht thit phi l x2 hay x3 hay x4 theo tn gi. Th
d: 486 DX4-100MHz c th Set l 50x2 hay 33x3 hay 24x4.
Trong h 486, nhanh nht l CPU do AMD sn xut, cc hng khc khng c
t-ng -ng. l loi AMD486-120Mhz v AMD486-133Mhz.
Gii thch:
Tc Mainboard (System Clock): Tc l tc xung nhp lm vic ca
mainboard, tnh bng Mhz v -c duy tr do mt b dao ng thch anh gn
trn mainboard. Xc lp bng jumper.
Tc CPU: Tc l tc xung nhp lm vic ca CPU, tnh bng Mhz. Xc lp
bng jumper.
Ti sao c DX, DX2, DX4: Mainboard th-ng ch cho php chy vi tc ti
a l 60 Mhz, khi tc cao hn s pht sinh nhiu mnh lm ri lon hot ng
ca h thng, nhiu ny ch yu do k thut v vt liu ch to mainboard trong
th-ng mi nn kh khc phc (nu c tng th gi thnh li qu cao). V vy
chng ta ch thy c DX 50Mhz l ht, tng tc cho my tnh, ng-i ta ch
cn cch l tng tc ni b ca CPU v CPU khng gp vn nhiu nh-
mainboard. V vy mi c DX2 v n DX2 80Mhz l ht, tip n DX4 v
theo tnh ton th n DX4 160Mhz l ht.
2- CPU 586
T-ng t 486, CPU 586 cng c rt nhiu loi v do nhiu hng sn xut . Thp
nht l 586-75MHz v cao nht hin nay l 586-233MHz. C tn s hot ng
Cm nang my tnh

- 51
St by hoangly85
gp nhiu ln tn s hot ng ca Mainboard v t l nhn tu theo tn s ca
Mainboard nn khng cn phn bit theo tn gi. Thng dng nht l Pentium
ca hng Intel.
Ch :
* CPU ca Intel hot ng tn s ng vi tn gi. Th d Pentium 166 chy
166MHz.
* CPU ca cc hng khc c th hot ng tn s thp hn tn gi. Th d
AMD K-133MHz chy 100MHz. V tn gi ch phn nh so snh vi CPU ca
Intel ch khng ch tn s hot ng ch thc.
* Tt c cc ch-ng trnh hin nay u vit cho CPU ca Intel. Tt c cc CPU
ca hng khc bt buc phi t-ng thch vi CPU Intel th mi c ch-ng trnh
hot ng. Tuy nhin do h khng th lm ging CPU Intel 100% nn khi s
dng CPU ca cc hng khc cn coi chng vn t-ng thch phn mm. Vn
t-ng thch vi Mainboard cng xy ra t-ng t nh- vy.
3- CPU 686
Thng dng nht l Pentium Pro ca Intel. c bit trong CPU ny c cha lun
Cache Level 2 (Cache nm trn Mainboard) nn tc rt nhanh. Do ga cao nn
CPU ny ch yu dnh cho my Server.
4- CPU 586/686 MMX
Loi CPU mi nht, -c tng c-ng m lnh c bit tng tc cc ng dng
Multi Media. i vi cc ch-ng trnh th-ng, CPU ny nhanh hn khong
10%. i vi cc ch-ng trnh vit ring tn dng m lnh ny, CPU s nhanh
hn khong 50% so vi loi th-ng.
5- Tng tc CPU :
Tt c CPU bn ra u -c quy nh mt ch hot ng ti -u khi lp rp
trn mi loi mainboard v do mi ng-i s dng. Ch ny chnh l nhn ca
CPU. i vi ng-i hiu bit v phn cng c mt cch n gin tng tc
CPU l tng tc ng h cho mainboard, th d 486 DX2 66MHz -c quy
nh chy vi tc Mainboard l 33MHz, bn c th tng ln 40MHz n s
chy nh- 486DX2 80MHz m khng h hn g (khi Bios s bo khi khi
ng my l bn ang s dng CPU 486DX2 80 do n ly thng tin t cc
Jumper CPU Type v Clock selector). T-ng t nh- vy 486DX4 75MHz bn c
th tng ln thnh 486DX4 100MHz.
Li dng c im ny ca CPU m ng-i ta lm ra CPU Remark tc l CPU
cp thp i nhn li thnh CPU cp cao hn. Khi rp vo my, bo m khng
c ch-ng trnh test my no hin nay c th phc gic -c, k c Bios my
cng sai lm lun v ng-i dng my c kinh nghim cng khng bit v CPU
chy ng tc ch u c chm hn (vic ny thc ra ng-i ta lm t lc
mi xut hin my PC, lc IBM sn xut mainboard gn CPU 8086 chy vi
tc 8MHz, sau cc nh sn xut my nhi mi nng tc ln trn cc
my ca mnh, kt qa l my nhi chy nhanh hn my chnh gc).
CPU cn mt c im na l bn ch -c nng tc ng h mainboard ln
1 bc so vi tc ghi trn nhn, cao hn na n s ng-ng hot ng. Th d: 80
cho 66, 100 cho 75...Da vo c im ny bn c th Test CPU c b Remark
Cm nang my tnh

- 52
St by hoangly85
hay khng? v khng th tng tc cho CPU Remark (n -c tng ri).

Cc iu kin cn thit cho vic tng tc CPU:
tng tc hay Test cho CPU, i hi bn phi c mainboard a nng v sch
h-ng dn Set Jumper ca hng sn xut cung cp (bn cn c k l-ng sch
h-ng dn tr-c khi thao tc). Bn cn phi c qut gii nhit cho CPU v khi
tng tn s hot ng th CPU tng nhit . Bn cn nm vng Setup Bios
iu chnh nu cn.
Cch tin hnh:
i chiu sch h-ng dn v mainboard, ghi nh v tr cc jumper cn iu
chnh trnh tr-ng hp Set ln jumper.
B-c 1:
u tin bn ghi li v tr nguyn thy ca cc b jumper s sa cha c th
phc hi my li tnh trng c. Sau bn Set li 3 b Jumper Clock selector,
CPU Type v Vesa Bus (choMainboard Vesa Local Bus) theo tc mi ng
nh- ch dn ca sch.
Ch : Nu bn ang s dng CPU 3v th cn quan tm ti b jumper Voltage.
nh-ng tuyt i khng -c Set li thnh 5v.
CPU d-i 5v gm cc loi sau: Itel 486DX4 (3.3v), AMD Am486DX2-80/DX4-
100 (3.45v), Cyrix Cx486DX2-66/DX2-80 (3.3v/4v).
CPU 586, 656 c in th d-i 5 V, th-ng l khong 3v-3.5v tu hng sx
CPU MMX s dng ti 2 in th khc nhau nn cn phn bit vi CPU th-ng.
B-c 2:
Khi ng my, vo Windows chy ch-ng trnh no tn nhiu b nh v hay
truy xut a cng xem mi hot ng c bnh th-ng khng? Nu thnh
thong my b treo th bn vo Bios Setup tng thi gian ch (wait state),
gim tc ng h cho AT Bus (phn Bios Setup chng ti s trnh by sau).
Nu my treo ngay t ln khi ng u tin th c 2 tr-ng hp sau:
* Set Jumper sai: c li sch h-ng dn v Set li y cc b jumper lin
quan. Nu Set ng v tc ch tng 1 nc, bo m my phi khi ng -c.
* CPU b remark: khng th tng -c na.

Cm nang my tnh

- 53
St by hoangly85
Cch xa Password trong BIOS
Password c cha trong CMOS RAM, c nhiu cch xa thng tin
trn b nh CMOS RAM :
* Bng jumper "clear CMOS" trn mainboard. Bn phi tham kho ti liu
v mainboard ca my bn (i km khi mua my) bit c th v tr
jumper ny. C mt s mainboard c 1 jumper dnh ring ch xa mt
khu m khng xa cc thng s khc.
* Bng cch g chip RAM CMOS ra khi mainboard 1 thi gian ( cc
t lc phng ht in) ri gn li nu chip ny c gn trn mt .
* Bng cch chp mch cc transistor v RAM CMOS trn mainboard
(cch ny khng nn lm nu khng bit v in t).
* Bng cch g pin nui CMOS ra khi mainboard ri gn li. Tuy nhin
ty theo loi pin m c th s phi dng m hn v i hi phi bit v
k thut hn mch in t.
Sau khi xa c RAM CMOS, bn khi ng my li, vo trnh
Setup cu hnh li cc thng s ng cho BIOS. Nu bn qun cc
thng s ny, bn c th dng chc nng "Load BIOS default".

Cm nang my tnh

- 54
St by hoangly85
Chn on v khc phc cc li h thng
Cn tm cho ra ngun gc ca nhng trc trc phn cng hoc cc li
General Protection Fault l cng vic va mt cng va bc mnh.
Nu may mn, vic phc hi bn sao lu ca Registry s gip bn rt
hiu qu. Nhng nu vic phc hi ny tht bi, th nguyn nhn ca
cc trc trc c th l mt trong hng chc driver hoc tp tin cu hnh,
hoc kt hp c hai.
Vic tm kim th phm thng ch l qu trnh loi tr t nht. u tin
bn v hiu ha mt tp tin nghi ng, ri khi ng li PC xem ht
trc trc cha. Nu cha li tip tc i vi tp tin khc.
Rt may, System Configuration Utility ca Windows 98 s lm cho cng
cuc tm hng hc tr nn kh d dng, mc d khng r rng v n
gin n mc ai cng lm c. Tuy nhin, trc ht phi c vi li v
nhng g cn lm trong Windows 3.x v 95.
Vi Windows 3.x, v hiu ha mt driver c lin quan n vic m
nhng tp tin cu hnh thch hp - thng l autoexe.bat v config.sys
trong th mc gc, hoc system.ini v win.ini trong folder Windows - v
sau , trong mt trnh bin tp vn bn, tm dng lnh khi ng driver
v loi b dng bng cch thm mt du chm phy (;) vo ch bt
u ca dng win.ini, hoc thm rem vo autoexec.bat v config.sys.
Mc d Microsoft c nhng n lc nhm n gin ha tnh trng ny
trong cc phin bn sau ca h, nhng c Win95 ln Win98 vn i hi
phi thay i mc phc tp nh vy. Trong Windows 95, Microsoft
di d liu cu hnh nhiu ht mc vo mt v tr trung tm - Registry
- ng thi cung cp Device Manager lm cng c duyt xem trng
thi ca cc thit b c lp t. Tuy nhin, Registry khng lit k
ht mi driver. gi tnh tng thch vi mt s phn cng v phn
mm 16 bit c, Microsoft duy tr bn tp tin cu hnh ni trn nh mt b
phn tch hp ca Windows 98. V sau khi kim tra Device Manager
tm cc tranh chp phn cng r rng, nhng tp tin ny vn l ni
tt nht bt u vic xem xt khi PC ca bn c mt trc trc nghim
trng.
Cng c tm hng hc ca Windows 98
Tin ch mi System Configuration Utility ca Windows 98 cung cp giao
din n gin cho php bn d dng kim sot tp tin cu hnh no - v
nhng dng no trong tng tp tin - s chy khi h thng khi ng. N
cng cung cp cc cng c tin tin chn on mt s trc trc ph
bin, ng thi cho php bn c th khng chn - v do loi tr
ngun gc trc trc - bt k phn mm no t ng chy khi khi ng.

Cm nang my tnh

- 55
St by hoangly85
C lp cc trc trc h thng bng cch xc nh nhng tp tin khi
ng no s phi c x l.
Kch hot System Configuration Utility bng cch g msconfig vo hp
Start.Run, hoc bng cch chn n trong trnh n Tools ca tin ch
System Configuration Utility (Start.Program.Accessories.System Tools).
V v trnh n View ca tin ch ny s cho php truy cp nhanh nhiu
cng c tm h hng khc nh Control Panel, Device Manager, v
Display Settings, nn c th bn phi to mt shortcut d pht ng
hn.
Tm msconfig.exe trong folder Windows\System, bo m ca s folder
ny khng b phng i, ri ko biu tng tp tin vo desktop. T trnh
n va xut hin, chn Create Shortcut(s) Here.
Tm kim trc trc
Tin hnh tm hng hc i vi PC bng System Configuration Utility
theo qu trnh ba bc. Hai bc u s loi tr bn tp tin cu hnh
nh l nhng th phm ng ng nht, bc cui kim tra phn mm
khi ng v mt s vn phn cng c bit.
Tuy nhin, trc khi bt tay vo vic tm hiu nguyn nhn trc trc, phi
khng nhng trc trc xy ra cho mnh: tin hnh sao lu cc tp tin
cu hnh. Nhp chut ln nt Create Backup trn nhn General (hnh 1),
cc tp tin autoexec.bat, config.sys, system.ini, win.ini s c t ng
chp vo th mc gc v ly phn m rng l .pss. V sau, nu vic
thay i li lm xut hin nhiu trc trc hn, bn c th phc hi cc
tp tin ny bng cch nhp chut ln nt Restore Backup.
ng thi cng phi kim tra tng thuc tnh ca tp tin. Nhp nt phi
chut ln tn tp tin trong Explorer, chn Properties, v nu tp tin
c nh du "read only", bn loi b hn ch ny bng cch b chn
"Read-only".
Tip theo, trn nhn General ca System Configuration Utility, bn thay
i ci t Startup Selection trong Normal bng Selective Startup. Mi
tp tin cu hnh s c lit k bn cnh mt hp kim tra (check box).
Mt c chn (check) c ngha Windows 98 s np tp tin ny, cn
khng c chn c ngha n s b b qua. Nu c mt chuyn sang
mu xm khi khng chn th tp tin khng tn ti trn my bn. V d,
winstart.bat - mt tp tin mng ch thc - s c mu xm trn hu ht
cc my. Ch : nu khng c tp tin autoexec.bat hoc config.sys, th
cng ng lo lng. Windows 98 khng cn c chng vn chy chnh xc,
nhng phi c hai tp tin system.ini v win.ini.
Bt u vic kim tra bng cch b chn (uncheck) ng vi config.sys,
nhp OK bn di hp thoi v chn Yes khi c nhc khi ng li
h thng. Nu ht trc trc th config.sys l th phm. Nu khng, th
tip tc qu trnh loi tr ny i vi tng ci trong ba tp tin cn li.
Cm nang my tnh

- 56
St by hoangly85
Nu bn cch ly c tp tin cu hnh gy ra trc trc th bc tip
theo l tm xem dng lnh no trong tp tin b li. Chuyn n nhn
System Configuration Utility i vi tp tin . Bn di nhn bn s
nhn thy cc dng hoc nhm dng lnh ca tp tin c lit k, mi
dng km theo mt hp kim tra bn cnh (hnh 2). Mt c chn
ngha l dng lnh s chy khi tp tin ny c x l; khng c
chn th ngc li.

.
Khc phc trc trc
Bt u vi tt c cc dng lnh khng c chn, v lin tc khi ng
li my sau mi ln b sung thm mt dng c chn. Nu tp tin ny
c nhiu dng, bn c th tit kim cht t thi gian bng cch chn bn
dng hoc nhiu nhm dng cng mt lc ri i xem trc trc c xut
hin li hay khng. Nu lm nh vy m gy hng Windows, th ln
khi ng sau my s a bn vo Safe Mode, trong trng hp ny
bn c th khc phc bng cch phc hi ci t va c ci i trong
System Configuration Utility tr li dng "kho mnh" trc kia ca
n.
Nu khng c tp tin cu hnh no c v l nguyn nhn gy ra s au
kh ca bn, th khi ng li h thng m khng c phn mm no t
ng chy lc khi ng, v ch xem iu c loi tr c trc trc
hay khng. Tin hnh kiu khi ng li ny bng cch b chn hp
kim tra cui cng, c nh du l ALoad Startup group items' trn
nhn General. Nhng trc khi khi ng li, bn m nhn Startup v
m bo tt c cc chng trnh u c chn; cc chng trnh
c np qua Arun=' trong win.ini phi c b chn bng tay.
V cui cng nu nhng thao tc trn vn khng mang li kt qu, bn
nhp chut ln nt Advanced bn di nhn General. y bn s
tm thy mt s cch ci t tm trc trc nh sau:
* VGA 640x480x16. Vic chn ci t ny s thay th driver hin th
ang dng bng driver VGA ban u. Cc trc trc do driver ha gy
ra l loi rt ph bin, v c th dn n mi rc ri, t hnh nh trn
mn hnh b km cho n hin tng t khi ng li h thng. Nu vi
thay i ny m gim bt c trc trc, hy ti xung mt driver cp
nht t Web site ca hng ch to card ha bn ang dng.
* Hn ch b nh. Cc chip nh b hng c th gy ra nhiu li. Vic hn
ch b nh mt tr s thp - 16MB chng hn - s ngn Windows 98
truy cp vo mt lng RAM vt qu tr s . Nu mo ny lm cho
trc trc bin mt th c th phi thay chip nh.
Nu bn c nhiu SIMM hoc DIMM, phi tho tt c chng ra ri cm
vo ln lt tng ci ng thi khi ng li my cho n khi c lp
Cm nang my tnh

- 57
St by hoangly85
c chip hng, v thay module nh b hng bng mt ci mi. Thc
hin xong vic ci t ny, bn ng qun b chn n Windows 98
c th truy cp c vo ton b RAM ca h thng nh c.
* EMM Exclude A000-FFFF. Vic chn ci t ny s ngn nga cc
tranh chp h thng gia b thch ng v cc ROM h thng vi cc
chng trnh ang chy trong b nh m rng (expanded memory) nh
game chng hn. Nu khng ham chi game, bn chng phi lo lng g
v iu ny, v ch c nhng ng dng DOS c k mi dng kiu b nh
m rng. Nu chn ci t ny khc phc c trc trc, bn c th
nguyn ci t c chn (n s tch b nh ra khi cc ng
dng khng phi Windows), hoc c ng nht di (hoc cc di) b
nh ang tranh chp bng cch b chn ny ri b sung thm dng
EMMExclude = C400 - C7FF E000 - EFFF vo on [386 Enhanced] ca
system.ini. Bn c th thng xuyn thy c tranh chp xy ra u
trong phm vi hai di ny, nhng nu c th ng nht tt c ROM v
cc a ch shadow ca mnh th bn s bit r nhng di c trng no
loi tr.
* V hiu ha kh nng ng nhanh. C mt s ng dng khng thch
chc nng ng nhanh ca Win 98 v s lm cho h thng b treo. Ci
t ny c trang b mt th tc Windows 95 chm hn.

Cm nang my tnh

- 58
St by hoangly85
Cch sa floppy disk b track 0 bad
Nu a mm ca bn format b li Track 0 Bad th bn khoan b n ti
s ch cho bn mt chiu thc s dng li n, y ti xin gii thiu
cho cc bn phn mm sa rt hu hiu vti s dng khng c vn
g,cht cc bn cng nghe n phn mm HD-COPY n l"mt c
chin binh v i"
Ti nh n m cu my chc sinh mng ri y nhng chiu ny s
dng hoi vn hiu qa y bn.
*Cch S Dng:
Khi ng HD-COPY :
*Khi xut hin ca s HD-COPY th bn vo mc Format ca ca s
Menus
*Bn chn dung lng a format 1.44Mb
*Nu n bo li th bn format li nhng bn phi chn lng a nh li
mt mc 1.36Mb th s c ngay
*Lu : nu bn format vi dung lng 1.36Mb vn khng c th bn
format vi dung lng nh li v c th cho n khi c. Bn s s
dng li c nhng a b h mDos v Windows iu ch. Nu
format bng nhng bin php trn,nhng s dng a vn cn chp
chn th...tui th n cn ri.

a cng gp tnh trng kh x
My tnh vn c t nguyn mt ch trn bn lm vic k t mt nm
trc y, khi bn mua n v trong tnh trng nguyn thng. Nhng hm
qua khi chy ScanDisk, bn bng nhn ra c hng ng li. a cng c
nhiu sector hng? iu xy ra nh th no? Hay n qu c?
Vic xut hin cc sector hng c th l mt du hiu cho bit a cng
ca bn bt u h. Nhng y c v khng ng nh vy. a cng
mt nm tui thng cha n lc thi b. C nhiu kh nng bn
nhn thy nhng phn cn d do hot ng ca Windows li.
Windows 95 v Windows 98 gi cc tp tin thng dng trong RAM hn
l trong a cng chm chp. iu ny nng cao tc , nhng cng c
ngha l cc tp tin h thng quan trng khng c lu gi an ton trn
a khi h thng ca bn c thot qu gp - ng dng b treo hoc
mt in chng hn. V Windows khng c c hi ghi nhng tp tin
theo cch ny vo li a, nn bn c th kt thc vi nhng on tp tin
m ci, cluster b mt, cng nh nhng iu kh chu khc. Cc sector
hng m ScanDisk gp c th l hu qu ca nhng ln tt my
khng ng quy trnh .

Cm nang my tnh

- 59
St by hoangly85
Windows 95 OSR2 v Windows 98 nhm vo vn ny bng cch
chy ScanDisk khi PC khi ng li sau s c nh vy. Tuy nhin ngi
dng Windows cng phi theo di tnh hnh ca d liu trn a cng.
khi ng ScanDisk, bn nhn chut vo Start. Programs.
Accessories.System Tools. ScanDisk. Chng trnh ny s xem xt cu
trc tp tin trn a cng v tin hnh kim tra tnh trng b mt a
tm cc sector hng.
Ni chung ScanDisk thng bo ba loi li: cluster tht lc (lost cluster);
cluster hng (invalid cluster), v cc on tp tin tht lc (lost file
fragment); cng nh cc cluster b lin kt cho (cross-linked cluster).
Trong ba loi ny cluster tht lc l trc trc xy ra thng xuyn nht.
Cluster l cc on khng gian lu tr trn a cng m tp tin c
cha trong . Mi tp tin chim t nht mt cluster, v kch thc
cluster ph thuc vo kch thc ca phn vng a v vo h thng tp
tin c dng. a 1 GB c format theo h thng tp tin FAT 16
dng cluster 32 KB tng i lng ph (ngay tp tin ch 1 KB cng chim
32 KB). Cng a nhng format theo h FAT 32 th dng cc cluster
nh hn rt nhiu - ch 4 KB. Cc tp tin ln hn mt cluster c cha
trong cc nhm cluster, cn gi l chain.
Thng bo li "lost cluster" ca ScanDisk c ngha bng FAT ca
Windows mt du vt mt cluster v khng bit n u.
Chng trnh cho php bn ct cc cluster tht lc vo mt tp tin hoc
xa chng i. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, bn s phi xa cc cluster
bt thng ny v thc hin tip. Mc d c th c gng cu vt c
cc cluster tht lc, nhng s mt nhiu thi gian vo vic xy dng li
tp tin bng tin ch bin tp cp thp nh Diskedit ca Norton.
Thng bo li "invalid cluster hoc "lost file fragment" cho bit c mt
on ca mt tp tin b tch khi phn cn li ca tp tin . y,
bn cng c th chn xa on tht lc hoc ct n vo mt tp
tin nu cn hy vng cu vt.
Cui cng, thng bo "cross - linked cluster" cho bit c nhiu tp tin
cng chia s mt cluster. Bn c th g ri cho cc tp tin lin kt cho
bng cch dng cc ng dng to ra chng lu chng li. Hoc
cng c th dng ScanDisk to ra cc tp tin cu nguy cha d liu
gc, ri ghi cc kt qu ny vo cc tp tin .chk trong th mc gc ca
a C: trn my.
Cn h hng vt l trn a l mt vn nghim trng. phng
mt d liu, h thng ca bn phi pht hin v nh du cc sector
b hng Windows khng ghi d liu vo . ScanDisk s lm cng
vic ny cho bn, nhng ch khi bn ra lnh cho n.

Cm nang my tnh

- 60
St by hoangly85
Chn ty chn kim tra Thorough t mn hnh ScanDisk ang m (xem
hnh 2), chng trnh s tin hnh qut b mt a. ng nng rut nu
vic chy php th ny mt nhiu thi gian, c bit khi bn c nhiu
gigabyte a c chia nh thnh cc cluster 4 KB t hon ca h FAT 32.
Bn c th tng tc cng vic bng cch nhn chut ln menu
Options ri nh du vo "Do not perform write-testing" trc khi bt
u (hnh 3). Ty chn ny s hn ch vic kim th trong phm vi ch
c d liu, bn t phn bit cc khuyt tt b mt trong khi kim tra.
Nu nghi ng a cng sp b hng, hy kim tra cc tp tin h thng.
Nu ScanDisk tm thy li trong cc sector ny - ni cha thng tin khi
ng, cng nh nhiu thng tin quan trng khc v a - th bn ang
gp rc ri thc s. D liu cu hnh trong cc sector ny c th c
di n mt ni no trn a, v nu d liu b hng, bn c th
khng truy nhp c vo a cng. Gp trng hp c nhng li vt l
xy ra y, bn phi tin hnh sao lu a cng v xem xt thay n
ngay.

Cm nang my tnh

- 61
St by hoangly85

Fat l g
1. FAT (File Allocation Table) l bng nh v File trn a , bng ny
lit k tun t s th t ca cc cluster dnh cho file lu tr trn a.
Cluster l mt nhm cc sector lin k nhau (cn gi l lin cung). S
lng sector c trong mt Cluster l do h iu hnh p t cho tng
loi a c dung lng thch hp. a mm thng c nhm 2 sector
thnh mt cluster. Vi a cng, s sector trong mt cluster c th l 4 ,
8,16, 32 ... Khi FAT ch nh Cluster no dnh cho file th ton b cc
sector trong cluster b file chim gi k c khi trong thc t file ch
nm trn mt vi sector u ca Cluster, cn cc sector sau b trng.
R rng ta thy s sector trong mt cluster cng nhiu th tnh trng lng
ph cc sector b trng m file chim s cng ln.
Thng tin v s lng sector trong mt cluster nm trong 1 byte offset
0Dh ca Boot sector. Bn dng lnh L ca DEBUG np Boot Sector
vo b nh, sau dng lnh D xem 1 byte offset 0Dh ny:
L 4000:0 2 0 1 ?
D 4000:0B L1 ?
Kt qu tr v l mt s h 16
Mi a c 2 bng FAT ging ht nhau. FAT th nht bt u ngay sau
Boot Sector v chim dng nhiu sector tip theo, FAT th 2 lu
phng s c nm tip theo sau FAT th nht.
Thng tin v s lng sector dnh cho mt FAT nm 2 byte t offset
16h ca Boot sector. Dng lnh Debug sau xem :
L 4000:0 2 0 1 ?
D 4000:16h L2 ?
Kt qu tr v l 2 byte h 16 xp ngc
Mi phn t ca FAT cha s th t ca Cluster m file chim. Phn t
cha m FF FF l ch nh kt thc nh v ca file v tip theo sau l
FAT ca file khc...Dng lnh Debug sau xem ni dung ca sector
u tin ca FAT
L 4000:0 2 1 1 ?
D 4000:0 ?
Phn t bt u ca FAT dnh cho mt FILE no c ch ra bi 2
byte nm trng th 7 ca mc ROOT ca File .
2. C bao nhiu loi FAT ? cc phin bn hin ti ca h iu hnh
DOS hoc h iu hnh Windows ch qui nh c 3 loi FAT l FAT
12 dnh cho a mm hoc a cng c dung lng rt b. FAT 16 dnh
cho a cng c dung lng t 1 GB tr xung. FAT 32 dnh cho cc
a cng c dung lng t vi GB tr ln
Cm nang my tnh

- 62
St by hoangly85
di ca mi phn t ca FAT c tnh bng s bit . di ny biu
th kh nng ch th s m ca phn t FAT. Vi cc a mm s lng
cc cluster l nh nn ch cn 12 bt ch th s m ny v vy cc
a mm dng FAT 12 bt. Vi a cng c dung lng t 1 GB tr li
ch th s Cluster ln nht th phi dng ti con s c di 16 bt v
th hnh thnh FAT 16 bt. Vi cc a cng c dung lng t vi GB tr
ln , s lng cc sector trn a rt ln, ng thi hn ch cc
sector b trng trong mi cluster th ngi ta qui nh s sector trong mi
cluster t i, do s lng Cluster ca c a s rt ln. khi y phi
dng ti con s c di 32 bt ch th s m ny. y l l do hnh
thnh FAT 32 bit.
Nu dng FAT 12 th FAT ny cng ch qun l c a c dung
lng ln nht l 64 MB, nu dng FAT 16 th qun l c a ln
nht l 1024MB. Nu dng FAT 32 th ngay c khi nhm 1sector vo 1
cluster cng c th qun l c a c dung lng hng nghn GB.
3. u nhc im ca cc loi FAT: Nh trn phn tch FAT 32
qun l a c dung lng rt ln, vi s sector c nhm trong mt
cluster l t nn hin tng s sector b b trng cng t, tn dng c
dung lng lu tr ca a. Nhc im cn bn ca FAT 32 l mi
phn t FAT chim dng 32 bit (4 bytes) nn cu trc ca bng FAT rt
di, s lng sector dnh cho FAT 32 cng rt ln. hn na vic x l
vi s m 32 bt phc tp hn nhiu so vi vic x l cc s m 16
bt. Tuy nhin ta khng cn quan tm ti s phc tp ny v h iu
hnh Windows lm h ta ri.
4. Thng tin v kiu FAT c offset 1C2h ca Master Boot Sector 1
byte SysID cho nh sau:
SysID=1 l FAT12, SysID=4,6 l FAT16 , SysID=0Bh l FAT32.
Hoc c 5 bytes t offset 36h ca Boot Sector bn cng s c thng tin
v kiu FAT.

Cm nang my tnh

- 63
St by hoangly85
Format cp thp a cng(low level format)
Thng thng nh sn xut format cp thp cho a trc khi xut
xng, Format cp thp a cng (low level format) s ghi li thng tin
nh dng ln tng sector a cng v mt vt l ph hp vi trng thi
u t ghi/c lc v "loi b" cc sector h hng (nu c) khi danh
sch qun l ca mch iu khin (trnh trng hp ghi vo y lm
mt d liu). Sau thi gian s dng c th c mt s sector b h hng
hay tnh trng u t c/ghi b thay i (do cc chi tit c kh b mi
mn), chng ta nn format cp thp li cp nht "tnh trng vt l"
mi cho a. Anh hng ca n tng ng vi mt ln ghi d liu
v khng h lm gim tc hay tui th ca cng, tuy nhin chng ta
cn ch cc vn sau:
* Format cp thp a cng s pht hin cc sector hng v s giu
chng v mt vt l (mch iu khin a) tt c cc chng trnh
(k c h iu hnh) khng bao gi dng c cc sector ny, do
mi ln format cp thp li, c th dung lng a hu dng s b gim
(nu c thm sector hng mi).
* Trong mt s Mainboard, Bios c chc nng Format cp thp v qu
trnh thc hin vic format ny rt chm.
* C mt s phn mm chuyn dng format cp thp ca cc hng
sn xut cng chy rt nhanh v c th s dng cho nhiu loi khc
nhau tuy nhin chc nng du sector hng khng c hon ho lm
(khi c, khi khng...).
* Qu trnh format cp thp l 1 qu trnh ghi c a ton din v trn
ton b b mt vt l ca a cho nn c th ni y cng l mt qu
trnh kim tra tnh trng hot ng kh nng n i vi cc a c (
no qu "yu" th c th "tt th" lun do khng chu ni th thch). Do
khng nn format mc Low Level nhiu ln, m ch thc hin khi
tht cn thit.

Cm nang my tnh

- 64
St by hoangly85
Gn thm a tho lp
Nh c dung lng ln, d dng mang chuyn, v kh nng bo mt
n gin nhng rt hiu qu, a tho lp (removable-media drive)
tr thnh mt trong nhng loi thit b lu tr ph bin nht. Vi mt
a loi ny, bn c th lu tr d liu trn nhiu cartridge hoc nhiu
a mt cch an ton v c th em v nh khi tan s.
y cng l phng tin thun tin lu d liu quan trng hoc
nhng tp tin nh thng dng n ( dnh khng gian qu bu trn
a cng cho cc tp tin m thanh, video, hay ha ln c vi
megabyte). Nh tnh ph bin ca a tho lp (cng nh a v
cartridge ca chng) nn vic trao i tp tin c kch thc ln vi bn
b v ng nghip c thc hin d dng trong khi trao i bng e-
mail l khng th c.
Cc loi a tho lp bt u n r t nm ngoi. Loi Zip 100 MB
v 250 MB ca Iomega vn l ph bin nht. Sau l Jaz 2 GB tc
cao cng ca cng ty ny. Nhng cc i th khc nh SuperDisk
(hay LS-120) li c kh nng lu tr 120 MB trn a c kch thc ch
bng a mm truyn thng.
Ngoi ra, Orb mi ca Caslewood c tc cao v dung lng n
2,2 GB d liu trn loi cartridge gi r (xem bi " tho lp s thay th
a mm?" trn PC World VN - 6/99, trang 45).
Ngoi tr nhng a tho lp c bit, loi a lp ngoi ni vi cng
song song hay cng USB (Universal Serial Bus) ca PC l d lp t v
kh chuyn nht. Nhng nu bn c th thc hin c qu trnh lp
t phc tp hn th a lp trong - IDE hoc SCSI - c tc nhanh
v tin s dng hn. Bi k ny hng dn cch lp t c hai loi a
tho lp trong v ngoi.P>
IDE
1. Tm u ni
Tt PC, rt phch cm in v m v my ra. C hai u ni IDE (A),
chnh v ph trn bo m ca PC. Thng thng, bn s thy mt ci c
cp ni vi a cng IDE, cn ci kia c cp ni vi CD-ROM IDE.
Trn hai cp ny c th c u ni ph cha dng n. Cch c
nhiu ngi a thch l dng u ni ph trn cp ca CD-ROM. Nu
khng c u ni ph ny, bn c th dng dy cp km theo a tho
lp.

Trong mt s trng hp, c cng ln CD-ROM u c ni vo
mt cp. Nu my tnh ca bn c ci t theo cch ny, hy dng
cp km theo a tho lp, v gn n vo u ni IDE ph trn bo m.
2. Thit t cc jumper
Cm nang my tnh

- 65
St by hoangly85
Nu a tho lp ca bn l th hai trn cp, bn dng mt chic km
nhn chuyn jumper (B) sang v tr "slave". (Hu ht cc a u thit
t slave l mc nh.) Nu trn cp ch c mt a, hy cm jumper
vo v tr "master".

Ch : Nu gn a tho lp vo cng cp vi cng, c th bn phi
thay i cc thng s jumper trn cng . Mt s a tho lp dnh
ring mt v tr jumper nu chng l a duy nht trn cp IDE. Trong
trng hp ny bn phi chuyn cc jumper trn cng sang v tr
"master".
SCSI
1. Lp card SCSI
Nu PC ca bn cha c card SCSI hoc khng c sn u ni SCSI,
bn s phi lp thm mt card SCSI. Hu ht cc loi card hin nay u
l Plug and Play, nhng vn nn lm theo cc ch dn trong ti liu k
thut. (Card Jaz Jet ca Iomega c trnh by y c thit k c
bit dng cho Jaz.)

2. Thit t s nh danh SCSI v to kt thc cho a
Cc a SCSI phi c t ring mt s nh danh (ID number) duy
nht bng cch thit t cc jumper (A) trn . Nu a tho lp
SCSI l SCSI duy nht trong PC, th ID mc nh (thng l 4 hoc 5)
l thch hp nht. Cn nu c nhiu thit b SCSI khc na trong PC,
bn phi kim tra li tt c bo m a mi c s ID khng trng
lp.

Theo chun SCSI, thit b gn cui mi cp phi c kt thc. (Nu
khng cn thit b lp ngoi no na th bn thn card SCSI l thit b
cui v n phi c kt thc). Mt s a c cc jumper thc hin
kt thc, nhng Jaz ca Iomega th khng. Thay vo , n c km
theo mt cp SCSI (B) t kt thc. Nu lp t Jaz vo cp SCSI khc
th phi bo m Jaz ny khng phi l thit b cui cng.

p dng cho c hai loi a
3. Ni cp v gn a
Chn mt khoang a cn trng v c th thao tc t bn ngoi. Nu
c sn khoang 5 1/4 inch m a ca bn l loi 3 1/2 inch, bn c th
lm cho chng va vi nhau bng mt cng c lp rp. Khi lp xong
card SCSI mi, bn gn cp d liu SCSI vo u ni ca n (hnh bn
phi). Ko u t do ca cp d liu ny ra ng sau khoang a v
ni n vo a mi, y mt phn a vo trong khoang nu cn.
Phi bo m chn 1 trn cp d liu (thng c nh du bng dy
Cm nang my tnh

- 66
St by hoangly85
mu ra cp) ni ng vo chn 1 trn a. Cng vi cp d liu,
ko mt dy cp ngun ca a v ni vo a. Sau y ht a
vo trong khoang.
IDE

SCSI

4. Ci t phn mm
Tt c cc a tho lp u c km theo phn mm v driver ring. Chi
tit a c th khc nn bn phi lm theo cc hng dn trong ti liu
km theo a.
Nu gp trc trc - chng hn, PC khng nhn ra a mi - hy tt PC
v kim tra li tt c cc u ni. Nu vn khng khc phc c, hy
gi b phn h tr k thut. Tt c cc hng sn xut a tho lp u
c h tr ban u min ph.

Cm nang my tnh

- 67
St by hoangly85
GiI quyt s c a cng
Nh thng l, khi bt my tnh, thay v logo Windows quen thuc, th
hm nay bn chng nhn thy g c. Bn ngh, "th l a cng ca mnh
i t ri!", v bt u lo lng, phi lm g y?
Cng ging nh vin phi cng khi i mt vi mt s c nghim trng:
dng cun cm nang cu h v c gng chnh tng th mt.
1. ng qu lo lng: Mn hnh trng rng hoc trc trc trong qu trnh
khi ng khng phi lc no cng do hng a cng. a cng hin
nay thng "th" hn cc b phn khc ca PC, cng nh vic chy cc
tin ch h thng khng cn thit hoc thay v ci t li phn cng
thng.
2. Khi ng li: Tt my tnh, ch 10 giy, v bt1 my li. ng tc
ny s iu chnh li my tnh - v thng thng th vy l gii
quyt trc trc ny.
3. Kim tra bn ngoi: Nu mn hnh vn trng rng, kim tra li tt c
cc dy tip in, cp ni, v cc u ni bo m l chng khng b
lng. Kim tra thit b chng t bin in, bo m cu ch ca n cha
b t hoc cha b h hng. ng thi phi kim tra li cc nm vn
tng phn v xem sng mn hnh c b vn xung mc thp nht
khng.
4. Lng nghe ting ng: Khi PC khi ng bn phi lng nghe ting
qut chy b ngun cp in. Bn cng phi nghe thy ting quay ca
a cng. Nu tt c u im lng, c th ngun cp in b hng hay mt
ch ni in b lng. Hy m np hp my v kim tra bo m tt c
cc dy cp u c gn chc. Nn nh l phi lun eo vng chng
tnh in hay c cc bin php kh tnh in thn th trc khi chm
vo bt k mt b phn no bn trong PC.
Nu nghe thy mt lot ting bip trc khi h thng b treo, bn phi ghi
nh s ting bip v cc ting di hay ngn. Thng bo li bng m
thanh ny c to ra t BIOS h thng v cho bn bit nhng thng tin
v mt trc trc c pht hin. Tm nh sn xut my tnh xc
nh thng bo li c ngha c th l g.
5. Tm cc u mi: Khi khi ng PC chy chng trnh Power-On Self
Test (Kim tra khi m my) xc nhn s hin din ca cc b phn
phn cng ch yu nh chip nh, card video v a.
Quan st k cc thng bo li xut hin trn mn hnh.
Bn cng c th c thy cu xc nhn hoc thng bo li khi h thng
khi ng cc thit b cao cp hn nh CD-ROM. Tuy vy, khng phi
lc no cng cn thng bo li. Nu h thng b treo trong khi ang thit
lp cu hnh cho mt thit b ngoi vi th c kh nng chnh l th
phm.
Cm nang my tnh

- 68
St by hoangly85
Nu h thng ca bn khi ng Windows th t nht mt phn a ca
bn vn hot ng. Windows 95 v 98 vn dng cc tp tin DOS
autoexec.bat v config.sys np cc driver i vi mt s b phn
phn cng c. Nu PC ca bn b treo trong lc np driver ny, hy
nhn sau khi thy "Starting Windows 9x". ng tc ny cho php bn
chy cc tp tin mi ln mt dng thy r trc trc xy ra khi ang
np thit b no.
- Nu nhn thy thng bo li "Boot disk failure" hoc "Operating system
not found" thay v thng bo "Starting windows 9x", th c ngha l PC
khng np c Windows t a cng. C th a cng b hng
nng.
6. Khi ng t a mm. Qu trnh ny s b qua a cng v dng
xc nhn my tnh ca bn vn bnh thng. Dng a khi ng
Windows km theo my ca bn (nu khng c a khi ng ny th tt
nht l to ra mt a nh vy). Cch lm nh sau: a a vo a
mm, nhn Add/Remove Programs trong Control Panel, chn Startup
Disk v nhn Create Disk.
Khi ng li h thng bng a khi ng trong a mm. Nu h
thng khi ng thnh cng v hin th du nhc A:\> c ngha l PC
ca bn ang hot ng tt. Th truy cp a cng bng cch g C: v
nhn . Nu thy xut hin du nhc C:\>, th chuyn i cc th mc v
th chp mt tp tin nh vo a mm.
Nu thnh cng, bn c th ghi vo a cng, v a cng c th vn
cn mt sc sng no (i khi cc a cng cht t t). Tn dng
thi c sao lu cc tp tin quan trng, sau chy mt tin ch chn
on a cng nh ScanDisk hoc Norton Disk Doctor.
7. Kim tra thng s CMOS. Nu gp thng bo li "Dirve C: not found"
(hoc i khi nh vy), c th PC ca bn khng nhn ra a cng v b
mt cc thng s thit lp CMOS. iu ny xy ra khi pin nui CMOS
yu hoc hng. khc phc, vo chng trnh setup CMOS: Trong khi
PC ang khi ng, nhn phm hoc hoc hoc bt k phm no do nh
sn xut PC quy nh (xem ti liu k thut km theo my). Nu khng
c a cng no c lit k, bn phi nhp li thng s ci t a
cng ny. Bn c th khai bo cc thng s mt cch th cng (cc
thng s ny thng c in trn v a cng), nhng hu ht cc PC
s nhp li chng dm bn bng tin ch t ng lp cu hnh cng
ca chng trnh ci t CMOS.
Nu thc hin tt c cc bc k trn m a cng ca bn vn b
trc trc th n lc phi hi cc chuyn gia.
Cm nang my tnh

- 69
St by hoangly85

Th thut vi Windows 98
Nn da mm bng Compression Agent trong Windows 98
Trong cc phin bn Windows tr-c, ch c th nn file trn da mm thng qua
cc ch-ng trnh nn nh- winzip, NC, Arj...Ring Windows 98 cho php nn da
mm trc tip bng cng c DriveSpace3 v Compression Agent c sn, vn ch
cho php nn da cng trong Windows 95. nn da mm, bn vo Start/
Programs/Accessories/ System Tools ri chn Compression Agent. Windows 98
s yu cu bn chy DriveSpace3 tr-c Compression Agent. Vi cch nn ny,
mt da mm 1,4 MB c th tng dung l-ng gp i, cha -c n 3 MB d
liu.
Trang tr E-mail trong Outlook Express
Ch-ng trnh gi v nhn E-mail Outlook Express i km trong ch-ng trnh
Internet Explorer (phin bn t 4.0 tr ln) cho php trang tr E-mail gi i vi
nhiu hnh nn khc nhau. C tng cng 14 kiu trang tr E-mail, t rt nghim
chnh n vui nhn dnh cho cc E-mail gi cho bn b, ng-i thn. trang tr
E-mail trong Outlook Express, bn nhp vo hnh tam gic mu en bn phi nt
Compose Message gc tri Toolbar. Mt danh sch gm 8 kiu trang tr s
xut hin, bn chn kiu no, E-mail sp son tho s c hnh trang tr kiu .
Mun chn thm nhiu kiu khc, nhp chut vo dng More Stationery, s c
thm 6 kiu trang tr na cho bn chn. Trong nh bn d-i l mt kiu trang tr
cho E-mail gi nhn dp nm mi, Ging sinh.
Gi li cc a ch e-mail v website
Outlook Express l ch-ng trnh i km trong ch-ng trnh Internet Explorer
4.0. i khi do my tnh b trc trc nhiu, bn cn ci t li ton b h iu
hnh Windows 95 hay 98. Trong tr-ng hp ny, ton b cc a ch e-mail
l-u trong phonebook v a ch website trong menu Favorites m bn tn
cng sc l-u li sau trong mt thi gian di s b mt ht. trnh b mt cc
a ch ny, cng vi vic sao l-u "cu" d liu tr-c khi ci t li ton b
ch-ng trnh, bn hy sao l-u ra thm phonebook v th- mc (folder) Favorites.
a ch ca phonebook nh- sau: C:\Windows\
Applicationdata\Microsoft\Adressbook\... Trong th- mc Adressbook s c cc
tp tin mang tn my tnh (th-ng trng vi tn ng-i s dng) vi ui WAB.
V d, tn my tnh l ABC th tp tin ny c tn l ABC.WAB. Tp tin WAB ny
cn c th tm thy a ch C:\Program Files\Outlook Express\Wab. Ton b
a ch website bn cn l-u gi u -c nm trong th- mc Favorites. a ch
th- mc ny nh- sau C:\Windows\Favorites. Sau khi ci t xong ch-ng trnh,
bn ch cn chp cc tp tin. Wab v th- mc Favorites sao l-u vo ch c
l khi chy ch-ng trnh Internet Explorer v Outlook Express, cc a ch l-u
tr tr-c y s hin ra nh- c.
phng "bom e-mail"
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Mt s e-mail -c gi vi mc ch ph hoi, c km virus tin hc bn trong.
Nu m cc e-mail ny ra, virus c th tn cng xa sch d liu ca bn. Tr-c
ht, bn cn cnh gic vi hai "bom e-mail" c sc ph hoi d di c tiu
(subject) l Pelpal Greetings v Join the Crew. Ngoi ra, nn p dng cc
nguyn tc sau phng "bom e-mail":
- Ht sc cn thn khi m cc file gi km (attachement) c ui . EXE, c bit
l i vi cc e-mail m bn khng bit r xut x. Tt nht l l-u cc file gi
km vo mt th- mc ring ri qut virur tr-c khi m ra.
- Xem tr-c ni dung e-mail trong na ca s pha bn d-i trong hp th-
n (inbox). Nu thy ni dung khng quan trng, c th xa lun m
khng cn m ra. Xa trc tip bng cch nh du e-mail ri bm phm
Delete.

Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
CI t modem
1. Ci t Modem : nu my tnh (PC) cha ci t Modem, bn gn
modem vo PC v ci t theo cc bc sau :

Chn Start > Settings > Control Panel > kch chut vo biu tng
Modem.

Trong ca s Modem Properties, chn nt Add, ln lc thc hin
cc bc ci t Modem theo ti liu hng dn (bn phi chun b sn
a Driver Modem km theo). Bn nn my tnh t kim tra pht hin
Modem (Detect Modem).

Chn Finish kt thc qu trnh ci t.

Kch chn Dialing Properties chn la ch quay s : nn
chn Tone Dial.

ng ca s ci t Modem, chuyn sang ci t giao thc mng.

2. Ci t giao thc mng :
Bn cn ci t 03 giao thc sau :

+ Client for Microsoft Networks.

+ Dial-Up Adapter.

+ TCP/IP.

Thc hin ci t theo tun t cc bc sau :

Chn Start > Settings > Control Panel > Network, trong ca s
Network chn nt Add ln lt ci t cc giao thc trn .

Trong ca s Select Network Component Type chn nt Adapter >
chn Add > chn Microsoft > chn Dial-Up Adapter > Chn OK. (Thng
thng sau bc chn ny th trn my bn thm vo y cc
giao thc) . Nu cha thy giao thc TCP/IP v Client for Microsoft
Networks th tip tc thc hin tip cc mc sau .

Ci giao thc TCP/IP : Chn Add > Protocol > Add > Microsoft >
TCP/IP > OK .
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85

Ci Client for Microsoft Networks : Chn Add > Client > Add >
Microsoft > Client for Microsoft Networks > OK.

Sau cng, ti ca s bn chn OK , H iu hnh Windows s yu cu
bn a a cha b ci t Windows tng ng trn my bn vo
cp nht cc File h thng cn thit .

Windows s yu cu bn khi ng li my tnh. Sau khi khi ng
li my tnh, bn tip tc ci t Biu tng quay s truy cp vo mng
VNN .

3. Ci t biu tng quay s truy cp vo mng VNN :

Trn mn hnh Desktop chn My computer, chn biu tng Dial-
Up Networking , ca s Dial-Up Networking

(Trng hp cha c biu tng Dial-up Networking, bn vo Control
Panel > Add/Remove Program > chn Windows setup > nh du ()
vo mc Communications. Chn nt lnh Details > nh du ( ) vo
mc Dial-Up Networking. Windows s cp nht biu tng kt ni ). Vi
Windows Me, Dial-Up Networking nm trong Control Panel

Kch chut vo biu tng Make New Connection v g cc thng s
qua cc bc :

Type a name . : Tn biu tng kt ni. G vo VNN1260.

Select a device . : chn Modem kt ni.

Chn Next . (Hnh II.3)

Ca s tip theo, bn g vo :

Area code : 058

Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Telephone number : 1260 ( Nu ng k VNN1268, g va 1268.
Nu line in thoi qua tng i ni b th thm s tng i,

v d : 9,1260
Chn Next > Finish > Hin th biu tng :
Chn biu tng VNN1260 > nhp nt phi chut > Properties >
> B du (X) Use area .

chn Server Type

(hoc Networking trong Windows Me).

Chn cc ty chn nh
Chn OK . Bn copy biu tng quay s kt ni VNN1260 ra mn
hnh Desktop ca Windows thun tin quay s kt ni.

4. Kt ni th vo mng VNN bng Account ng k trn Bu in :

Kt ni vo mng VNN : Cm dy in thoi vo Modem (Line
hoc Wall), bt ngun Modem.Nhn kp chut vo biu tng :
G vo tn s dng(User name) , mt khu (Password). Nu chn Save
password th mt khu c lu gi li cho ln kt ni sau.( Ch : Tn
s dng v mt khu c s phn bit ch hoa, ch thng v c th b
tc ng ca phn mm iu khin font ch, v d : VietWare, Vietkey .)

kch chut chn nt lnh Connect quyt nh kt ni vo mng.

Cc tin trnh sau s xy ra :

Modem quay s : Dialing

Kim tra tn s dng, mt khu Verifying user name and
password .

Nu kt ni thnh cng c dng thng ba : Logging on network .
ng thi c hin biu tng (02 mn hnh) ni nhau thu nh di gc
phi mn hnh Desktop .

Ngt kt ni ra khi mng VNN : Kch chut tri 2 ci vo biu
tng 02 mn hnh ni nhau thu nh di gc phi mn hnh Desktop ,
sau chn nt lnh Disconnect .

Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85

Cm nang my tnh

- 75
St by hoangly85

M-i li khuyn khi lp t card nng cp
t c nhng kt qu tt nht th hy "ghi lng tc d" mi li
khuyn ny. Tuy nhin c theo hay khng th cuc sng vn ngy cng
tr nn n gin hn. Chng ta c my tnh. Chng lm cho cuc
sng ca chng ta d dng hn bng cch thc hin cng vic theo
cch ny m khng theo cch kia. Hy chn Plug and Play. Cng ngh
ny s lm cho vic b sung thm phn cng mi ca bn n gin v
nhanh chng hn - c bit vi Windows 98 - nhng cn xa mi t n
mc bt k ai cng dng c. Vic lp t card mng hoc card tng
tc video chng hn, c th gy ra hng lot hiu ng trong tranh chp,
ngay c khi c lp t ng. V mt lp t vng v c th lm
bn mt vi gi, nu khng mun ni l vi ngy, ngng cng vic. Bn
c th trnh mi cm by khi nng cp bng cch lm theo nhng g
c gi l mi li khuyn sau y.
1. Sao lu trc khi thc hin. Lp t phn cng thng ko theo c
vic ci t phn mm driver. V nu bn vp phi cc trc trc trong
qu trnh ci t, th cc tp tin quan trng c th b thay i, h hng,
hoc thm ch b xa mt. Cho nn lc no cng phi c trong tay bn
sao lu mi nht cho d liu. L tng hn c l c mt bn sao hon
chnh ca a cng c ct gi mt ni an ton.Drive Image 2.0 ca
PowerQuest l phng tin tt nht cho cng vic ny. Nu khng c
nh vy th t nht cng phi sao lu cc tp tin h thng then cht:
system.dat, user.dat, system .ini, v win.ini (tt c u trong folder
Windows) cng nh autoexec .bat v config.sys (trong folder gc).
2. Lm cng vic ca ngi ni tr. Vic ci t thng yu cu phi
tin hnh cc chn la khng r rng v khng trc gic, cho nn phi
c k ti liu k thut. Thu thp cc thng tin ci t nh cng COM, v
i vi phn cng khng Plug-and-Play, th tt c cc a ch DMA v
IRQ. Tip theo l vo Web site ca sn phm , tm hiu thm c phin
bn driver no mi hn khng, v nu c th ti xung. Nhng phi thn
trng, nhiu hng s cung cp phin bn bta ca driver dng cho card
ca bn. Tr trng hp bn c l do chc chn tin mt driver bta
no l n nh, cn th nn trnh. Chng u ang trong qu trnh
hon thin v c th cha cht lng h tr k thut. Nn khai
thc kinh nghim ca nhng ngi khc. Nu c FAQ hoc thng tin
trn site ca hng , bn hy c k bit r cc trc trc v vn
thng gp i vi card ca bn.

Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
3. Tham kho kin cc chuyn gia. Nu khng tm thy cc gii p
tha mn trn trc tuyn hoc trong cc ti liu k thut, bn nn gi
in cho b phn h tr k thut ca ni cung cp card trc khi bt tay
lp t. Cc k thut vin h tr ny l ngun khai thc tt nht v thng
tin mi v cc th thut sa cha i vi cc phn cng c bit. Th
vin ln nht v thng tin tm hng c su tp v t trong
KnowledgeBase trc tuyn ca Microsoft (support.microsoft .com), v
trong c s d liu mang tnh k thut cao hn l TechNet (www
.microsoft.com/technet).
4. Trc ht phi loi b cc driver c. Nu nh thay card ang dng,
bn hy b driver ca card c trc khi lp t card mi. Vo Device
Manager (nhn nt phi chut ln My Computer.Properties, chn tn
thit b c, v nhn nt Remove; hoc bt u t Control Panel, chy
Add/Remove). Bn s khng th xa b c driver ca card video, cho
nn - vt qua tr ngi ny - bn nhn kp chut ln mc driver mn
hnh trong Device Manager, nhn nt Update-Driver trn nhn Driver v
thay driver hin hnh ca bn bng driver Standard VGA ca Windows
(hnh 1).
5. Khng bao gi c ngt na chng qu trnh ci t driver.
Bng mi cch phi kt thc vic ci t driver ri sau mi hy ci t
n - nu cn. Ngng ci t gia chng c th lm thay i hoc lm
hng cc tp tin h thng quan trng. V bn cng khng th hi c
(undo) vic gy hng ny bng cch loi b tng phn c ci t
bng tnh nng Add/Remove hoc bng cch ci t li driver .
6. Lp t ln lt tng card mt. Nu nh b sung thm nhiu card,
bn lp mt ci vo trc ri th cho chy h thng trong mt lt. Sau
khi bo m chc chn khng c tranh chp no th mi lp card
khc vo. Thc hin kiu ny s d c lp v gii quyt cc trc trc xy
ra v sau.
7. Tip t tt. Tnh in trn ngi bn c th ph hng cc chip. Lun
nh tip t bn thn bng cch chm tay vo mt vt dn ln c
ni t (bng nhm, thp). Nu khng c vt no nh vy, chm vo
my PC trong khi my vn cn cm vo in c tip t.
8. Nh nhng nhng chc chn. Phi ht sc cn thn khi cm card
vo my. i khi cng cn n mnh, dt khot cm card vo khe
cm m rng.
9. Vn cht vt. Lun nh gn cht gi ca card vo khung PC. Mc
d card nh nm ng ch mt cch chc chn, nhng vn c th d
b long v gy ra mi loi trc trc.
10. Gi li card v phn mm c. Quy lut Murphy v lp t: Sau khi
vt b mt vt s c ngy bn li cn n n.
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
M-i th thut vi modem
1. Cp nht driver mi nht
Trc ht v tt nht, bn phi chc rng mnh c cc driver mi nht
cho modem ca mnh. Cc driver ny thng c trang Web ca nh
sn xut. Nu khng bit chnh xc a ch trang Web ca nh sn xut,
bn c k ti liu km theo modem tm tn chip dng cho modem.
Bn c th vo trang Web ca nh sn xut bng cch g tn ca loi
chip vo a ch trong trnh duyt.
2. Phc hi cc thit lp ban u
Nu modem ca bn khng hot ng, hy th dng lnh AT&F1 hoc
ATZ. Lnh AT&F1 thng phc hi cu hnh khi xut xng modem,
cn ATZ thng t li cu hnh mc nh (default).
3. Khng c tn hiu v m thanh ca modem
Nu bn khng th nghe c tn hiu, hy cm li jack ni vi ng
dy in thoi v kim tra xem chnh m lng ln c th nghe
c m thanh pht ra t modem cha. Nu modem nhn c tn hiu
v gi i c nhng khng th kt ni th nguyn nhn phn nhiu l
t pha modem m bn ang kt ni ti.
iu chnh m lng ca modem, vo Control Panel/Modem, chn
Properties v iu chnh thanh trt. Nu vn khng th kt ni c,
hy th quay mt s khc kim tra.
4. Dy ni ngn
Nu c th c, hy dng dy ni cng ngn cng tt, v dng dy di,
tn hiu nhn c s km, cng c ngha l kt ni s chm hn.
5. Hy modem c ring bit
Khng nn cm in thoi vo chu cm Phone trn modem, iu c
th lm nh hng ti cc kt ni Internet/Fax/BBS. i vi mt s
modem, khi bn cm in thoi vo, n ch c th kt ni c tc
31.200? Nhng khi bn rt in thoi ra n li t tc 33.600?
6. Chnh thng s MTU cc i
Mt s ngi nhn thy rng tc v truyn file trn Internet kh chm,
thng ch trong khong 900 -1800 k t (character), ngay c vi
modem 56K. Nguyn nhn c th lin quan n mt thng s ca
Win95/98 gi l Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU). Hy nhn vo mc
"Bytes received/sec" trong System Monitor v so snh thng s vi
thng s m trnh duyt Web ca bn thng bo. Hai s ny ch nn
khc nhau trong khong 10%-12%. Nu thng s do System Monitor
thng bo l 3300 th thng s cn li phi vo khong 3000. Nu nh 2
thng s ny sai lch qu nhiu th c th l do thng s MTU ca
Windows 95/98. Microsoft vn cha a ra chng trnh no sa
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
thng s ny, nhng bn c th ti v t a ch:
http://www.aimnet.com/Ajnavas/modem/tcpipcfg.exe.
7. B m ln hn
Trong bt c tc v truyn d liu no cng s c mt phn d liu b
mt i trn ng truyn v khng c cch no ly li c. Nhng
bn c th tng t l nhn tn hiu chnh xc bng cch b sung thm
mt dng lnh vo file SYSTEM.INI. C iu trc khi bt u, bn cng
nn bit cch Windows iu khin lung d liu ti nh th no. Modem
ca bn gi d liu ti trnh iu khin COMM ca Windows, trnh iu
khin ny lu d liu vo mt vng m cho ti khi chng trnh truyn
thng ca bn ly li. Nhng tht khng may l cng vic ny ch c
lm khi chng trnh rnh ri, kt qu l n khng th ly c d liu
t trnh iu khin COMM thng xuyn nh yu cu.
ch mc nh, Windows ch dnh ra mt phn b nh c kh nng
lu tr 128 k t (character). Nhng mt khi modem c ni mng
th dng d liu i vo my bn mt cch lin tc. My tnh c th tm
thi ngng dng d liu i vo ny, nhng lm nh vy s mt thi gian
nn d liu vn tip tc i vo m khng c lu gi b m ca
trnh iu khin COMM. Nu kt ni ca bn chm hoc chng trnh
truyn thng nhanh th b m cha 128 k t c th , nhng nu
ngc li th lng b nh m s l qu nh.
Bn c th khc phc c vn ny theo cch sau:
+ M file SYSTEM.INI bng mt trnh son tho vn bn.
+ Tm mc [386enh]
+ Thm dng c dng nh sau: COMxBuffer=num
trong "x" l mt s t 1 ti 4 cho bit tn ca cng COM m modem
ca bn s dng, cn "num" l s trong khong 128 ti 10.000 xc
lp ln ca b m. Thng bn nn t gi tr 10.000. Sau nu
trong thi gian ti file v m tc truyn b gim dn th hy t mt s
nh hn cho n khi va .
Bn cn phi khi ng li Windows xc lp ny c tc dng.
8. Tip thm sc mnh cho cc cng COM
Thng thng, Windows 95/98 t cu hnh cho cc cng COM tc
9.600bps, nhng nu bn s dng modem 14,4 Kbps th nn tng tr s
ny.
M Control Panel/System, kch chut vo tab Device Manager, m rng
nhnh Ports, nhn p chut vo mi cng COM, chn thanh Port
Setting v thay i thng s "Bits Per Second" ln t nht l 57.600 (hnh
2), sau nhn nt Advanced v nh du chn "Use FiFO buffers
[requires 16550 compatible UART]".
9. Truyn d liu nhanh hn v tng tc kt ni
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Vi Windows 95/98, m Control Panel/Modem, chn nt Properties;
trong thanh General, chn "Maximum Speed" l 115.200; trong thanh
Connection, chn Advanced v nh du chn "User Error Control",
"Compress Data" v "Use Flow Control (Hardware)".
10. Gim thiu nhiu ng dy in thoi
Nhiu (ting n) ng dy in thoi l mt trong nhng yu t d pht
hin nht. Nhiu ng dy khng phi l vn vi cc modem thuc
loi ISDN, DSL hoc modem cp m vi loi ng dy in thoi kiu
tun t (analog), nh nc ta th n l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn
chnh dn n kt ni chm.
kim tra mc ting n, bn nhc ng nghe ln v lng nghe m
thanh. C th bn s nghe thy cc m thanh r r khc nhau v khc
m thanh tn hiu, c th l do cht lng dy in thoi km, do hi
nc hoc mt vi nhn t khc. Cch tt nht gim bt ting n
ng dy l c gng s dng dy in thoi cng ngn cng tt, nu
vn khng c hy gi nhn vin sa cha in thoi ca Bu in
n kim tra cht lng ng dy.

Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Cch thit lp mng my tnh qui m nh
Mt mng my tnh lun mang li kt qu s dng my ti -u hn mt
my tnh n l. Ngoi l do chnh l chia s Internet, vic ni mng my
tnh trong gia nh hoc vn phng nh cn gip bn chia s file rt tin
li, s dng my in cho tt c cc my PC trong mng, cung cp sn
chi cho cc tr chi theo kiu mng...
Trong bi ny chng ti dng cng ngh kt mng Fast Ethernet lm v
d bi ngoi nhng cng ngh kt ni mng gia nh c s dng -ng
dy in thoi sn c, -ng dy in AC hoc kt ni khng dy, Fast
Ethernet cn cho tc cao, tin cy ln, gi thnh t-ng i thp, d
dng -a thm thit b vo m khng nh h-ng n hot ng ca c
h thng. Quy trnh kt ni mng nh- sau:
B-c 1: Vch k hoch
Vic vch k hoch tr-c khi thc hin s gip bn tit kim thi gian
thit lp mng v m bo mng em li cho bn s thun tin. Gi s
bn cn kt ni mt vi my PC, mt hoc hai my in, hy xc nh t
tr-c v tr t cc PC, my in v hub cng nh- cch thc bn t cc
-ng dy cp. Nu bn chia s c Internet, hy chc chn rng c t
nht mt PC -c t gn jc cm in thoi hoc ch th cp hay DSL.
Nu tt c cc PC cng nm trong mt phng, bn c th chy dy cp
ng sau cc my PC, trnh khng chy dy bn d-i thm tri sn, qua
t-ng hay gia cc trn nh. Nu bn thy kh trong vic chy dy cp,
tm s gip ca mt cng ty chuyn lp t cc h thng an ton gia
nh v c kinh nghim ni dy t nhiu v tr m khng l r cc -ng
dy lng thng khng p mt.
B-c 2: Sn sng kt ni
Sau khi vch xong k hoch, bn cn ci t cc card giao din
mng (NIC-Network Interface Card). Hin nay, c cc loi card NIC cng
song song ni ngoi v card USB Ethernet khng yu cu bn phi tho
PC, nh-ng card Fast Ethernet ch c loi iu hp bn trong hoc nh
dng PCMCIA dng cho my tnh notebook. Vic ci t card NIC bn
trong my tnh khng kh, nh-ng bn nn cn thn trnh lm hng
cc b phn khc. Cm card tht chc chn vo khe cm giao din, vn
ci mc ca card vo v my trnh cho n khi b lng. Bn cng cn
ch tt in tr-c khi tho lp cc bng mch. Cc my notebook cho
php bn ci card m vn bt in.<O:P</O:P
Ci card NIC xong, bn phi ti cc trnh iu khin. Vi my PC bn,
bn s -c nhc ci phn mm iu khin khi bn bt my. Nu bn ci
cho my notebook ang chy, bn -c yu cu ti trnh iu khin
ngay. Mt iu kh chu nh l Windows 98 s yu cu a h thng
iu hnh ca bn vi ln trong qu trnh ci NIC cho d cc file
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
-c ci t t tr-c. Bn cng s -c nhc khi ng li my t nht
mt ln. Sau khi ci xong trnh iu khin, kch chn
Start\Settings\Control Panel v chy ng dng System. T th Device
Manager chn Network adapters v tm NIC trong danh sch hin th.
Nu khng c mi tn mu hoc du chm than (!) mu vng trn
biu t-ng ca card th c ngha l bn ci t ng cch.
B-c 3: nh cu hnh
Sau khi ci card NIC, bn phi nh cu hnh cho my PC v card mng
giao tip vi mng. Kch chn Start\Settings\Control Panel\Network.
Ti mn hnh Windows 98 Network, bn thy ba th menu:
Configuration, Identification v Access Control (xem Hnh 1), bn phi
thc hin cc thao tc sau cho tng my PC c card NIC.
Ca s Configuration s hin th cc linh kin mng -c ci t trong
my PC vi hai dng Client for Microsoft Networks v Microsoft Family
Logon (hoc Client for Netware Networks) tr-c mt lot cc b iu
hp. Bn cn chn ci t thm b iu hp Windows 98 Dial-up
Adapter, mt vi b iu hp cho cc dch v trc tuyn t-ng thch phi
TAPI (non-TAPI) nh- AOL Adapter, 2 giao thc IPX/SPX v TCP/IP, mc
chn c dng ch File and printer sharing for Microsoft Networks (kch
chut vo thnh phn cn ci t ri kch vo nt Add). Vi mng ngang
hng n gin (peer-to-peer network), bn khng cn thay i cc gi tr
thit lp cho giao thc TCP/IP. kim tra cc gi tr thit lp, bt sng
danh sch giao thc TCP/IP ri chn nt Properties.
Tr li ca s Configuration, bn kch chut vo nt File and Print
Sharing v kim tra cc hp thoi cho php nhng ng-i khc truy cp
file v s dng my in ca bn. Lc ny, bn khng thc s chn chia
s my in hay a, nh-ng nn ch rng khi bn kt ni Internet trong
khi ang bt ch chia s tp, rt c th s c nhng truy cp tri
php ti cc file ca bn. x l vn ny, phn mm chia s
modem th-ng c thm chc nng bo v firewall ngn nga ng-i
ngoi truy cp vo cc a chia s ca bn. Khi Windows 98 tin
hnh ng k cc thnh phn mng mi m bn va chn, phn mm
s yu cu bn khi ng li my t nht mt hoc hai ln. Hy lun
bn cnh bn a CD-ROM Windows 98. Thao tc cui cng l thit lp
nhn dng cho my. Chn th Identification (xem Hnh 2), bn khng
cn phi vit g vo tr-ng Computer Description, nh-ng tr-ng
Computer name, bn phi t tn cho tng PC c trong mng (mi my
mt tn) v mt tn chung cho tt c cc my trong tr-ng Workgroup.
Nu bn khng dng mt tn chung cho Workgroup, cc PC ni
mng ca bn s khng th giao tip vi nhau -c.
B-c 4: Kt ni vi hub
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Sau khi ci t v nh cu hnh cho cc my PC theo ng cch thc
nh- trn, bn phi kt ni tng card ti hub mng qua mt dy cp n.
i vi Fast Ethernet, bn cn dng cp xon hai si loi 5 vi mt b
ni RJ-45. Loi cp xon hai si loi 3 cng dng b ni ny v r hn
nh-ng ch thch hp vi cc mng Ethernet thng th-ng (khng lm vic
-c tc 100 Mbps). My PC c th t xa hub khong cch ti
a l 100m, nh-ng bn nn dng dy ngn hn v cp di th t tin
hn.
Tuy bn khng cn nh cu hnh cho hub nh-ng cn cung cp in cho
n qua b iu hp AC Adapter. Trong tr-ng hp bn ni chic hub ny
vi mt hub khc, bn cn lt kho chuyn chuyn i mt trong cc
cng PC bnh th-ng trn hub thnh mt cng ni trn (uplink), (mt s
hub c cng ni trn chuyn bit).
Khi kt ni cc card mng ti hub, l-u l phi bt in ln. Cc n ch
bo (indicator light) s cho bn bit tnh trng kt ni v tc kt ni
cao nht.
B-c 5: Chia s ti nguyn
Sau khi tt c cc b-c trn -c hon thnh, khu cui cng l chn la
nhng a v my in m bn cho php chia s trn mng. Nh rng
nu lc tr-c bn qun khng bt nt File and Print Sharing trn bt k
my PC no, bn s khng th chia s a hay my in ni trc tip vi
chic PC .
Ti ca s My Computer hoc trong Windows Explorer, bn kch chut
phi vo a hoc folder mun chia s ri chn Sharing (xem Hnh 3),
nhp mt tn ring ch-a h c trn my. Ch t tn c ngha tin
cho vic tm kim v truy cp sau ny.
Tip , bn chn cch thc truy cp m bn cho php nhng ng-i s
dng khc truy cp thng tin trn my ca bn: ph thuc vo password,
read-only hay cho s dng khng hn ch. Bn cng c th nhp
password. Sau khi bn kch Apply hoc OK, mi ng-i dng trong mng
u c th truy cp ngay. c th truy cp n a hoc my in ca
mt PC khc, bn chn Network Neighborhood t Windows Desktop
hoc Windows Explorer. Mt danh sch cc PC va -c ci t v
ang chy trong mng s xut hin. T y, bn c th chn, m, sao
chp, di chuyn v xo cc file v folder trn cc a -c chia s nh-
trn chnh chic PC ca bn.
chia s my in, bn m My Computer hoc chn
Start\Settings\Printers ri kch chut phi vo vng tn my in v chn
Sharing. Chn Share As, vit tn my in, kch chn Apply hoc OK l
xong. Tuy nhin, bn khng in ngay -c nu ch-a ci t my in vo
tng PC mun s dng my in. Hy lm thm mt thao tc na: chn
Start\Settings\Printers v kch vo nt Add Printers, chn tip Network
Cm nang my tnh

- 83
St by hoangly85
printer, khi -c hi v cch thc kt ni my in, bt nt Browse trn
mn hnh tip theo chn nh ngha my in theo cch chia s trn
mng. Trong nhiu tr-ng hp, cc trnh iu khin my in s sao chp
ti PC xa hon thnh qu trnh ci t. Sau khi my in -c -c
nh du chia s v -c ci t trn mt PC ni mng, ng-i
dng c th thit lp n nh- mt my in mc nh.
Kt qu cui cng
Sau khi hon thnh cc thao tc ci t v nh cu hnh v cc
-ng dy cp -c kt ni an ton, bn c th chia s file, chi
cc tr chi tp th trn mng, bo v d liu bng cch sao l-u cc file
quan trng trn cc PC trong mng... Tuy vic thit lp mng khng phi
n gin nh-ng n d dng so vi nhng nm tr-c rt nhiu. Mc d
vic ci t v nh cu hnh cho card NIC u tin c th mt t 30 pht
n 1 ting, nh-ng khi bn tho v t tin, vic ci t mt NIC khc
ch mt vi pht.
Cm nang my tnh

- 84
St by hoangly85

Mng my tnh
Bn cn chia s s ti liu. Hay dng chung c s d liu ? Cn my in
v modem th sao? Ai cng cn dn. V bn c mun trao i e-mail
khng?
Nu t nht c mt cu tr li "c" cho nhng cu hi trn, bn ang cn
mt mng my tnh, cho d l mng nh. Chng ti mun gip bn
gii quyt nhng khc mc v gp phn tng hiu qu u t ca bn.
Hu nh mi vic kinh doanh t nh n ln, u c th hng li t
my tnh. Nhng iu kh nht thng l lc bt u: phi lm nh th
no y? Hy c nhng phn tip theo, bn s nm c mt s kin
thc v mnh li c bn c th t xy dng cho mnh mt my my
tnh.
Trong bi ny, khi ni n mng, chng ta s hiu l mng my tnh.
Bn nn c mng loi no?
Hy xem phng ca bn c bao nhiu ngi 5,6? Tt, y l s ngi
va cn mt mng nh, nhng qu t s dng h thng mng
ln nh Netware hay Windows NT. nhng sn phm ny ch thch hp
cho nhng mng c trn 20 my tnh, nhng chng li phc tp trong
ci t v duy tr hot ng, v hn na gi cng khng r.
Ci bn cn l mng cc b c nh (LAN). Mc tiu c bn ca chng
ti l: n gin. i vi quy m nh nh phng ca bn, iu chng ti
mun l xut cho bn tt c nhng g thc hin trong tm gii quyt
ca bn, c v mt k thut ln ti chnh.
Cho rng bn c 5 my PC chy Windows 95. Nu cn ang s dng
Windows 3.1, bn nn nng cp ln Windows 95, iu ny s lm cho
vic ni mng tr nn d dng hn nhiu.
Mt trong nhng c tnh hay nht ca Windows 95 l n c kh nng
"mng ci sn" theo m hnh "peer-to-peer", tc l mng my tnh khng
c s phn cp "ch khch " (server-client), tt c cc my trong mng
u c quyn hn nh nhau, mi my u c th chia s ti nguyn ca
mnh (a cng, my in, ng dng) vi cc my c kt ni khc, ng
ci bn ang cn.
Nu bn ngh trong tng lai, cng vic kinh doanh ca bn s pht
trin v s lng my s tng ln, lc , ng u t vo h thng
mng "ch-khch", chng hn nh Novell NetWare hay Microsoft
Windows NT. M hnh mng "server-client" i hi mt my tnh dnh
ring cho hot ng nh my phc v mng (network server) c trang
b nhiu RAM v cng dung lng ln, tc nhanh. y l nhng h
thng mng nhng t tin v phi c kin thc duy tr n hot
ng.
Cm nang my tnh

- 85
St by hoangly85
Nhng thit b cn thit.
Chng ta c h iu hnh, ci cn thit gi y l phn cng, card
giao tip mng (NIC-net-work interface card) v dy cp. Tuy nhin vn
cn vn cn lm r: bn s s dng cng ngh mng loi no?
Hin ti c hai cng ngh v phn cng mng ang ph bin, l
mng Token Ring v mng Ethernet. Chng ti khng th ngh Token
Ring cho nhng mng nh bi n i hi nhiu phn cng phc tp, t
tin v ch thch hp cho nhng mng chuyn nghip c ln.
Nh vy ch cn li Ethernet. Mng Ethernet s dng nhiu loi cp
khc nhau, nhng hai loi bn cn bit l cp ng trc nh (thin coaxial
cp) v cp dy i xon (UTP - unshielded twisted-pair ging nh dy
in thoi). C hai u kh r v d ci t.
Vic bn mun thit lp mng ca mnh nh th no s xc nh loi cp
s s dng. Mng LAN s dng cp ng trc s l mt chui cc my
tnh c kt ni lin tip nhau, trong khi mng UTP ging hnh sao, mi
my tnh c ni vo mt hp trung tm gi l hub. V bn cht, hub
hot ng nh mt ng xng sng truyn thng v kh r cho mt
mng nh - khong 100 USD.
Chng ti thin v mng UTP bi n c ng, ci t nhanh v mi my
ni trc tip n hub cho php chn on d dng khi c s c. Tuy
nhin, hn ch ca UTP l mt khi chn hub 5 cng, bn khng th
ni my tnh th 6 vo mng. Mun vy, bn phi c mt hub khc c
nhiu cng hn. Mng cp ng trc khng b nhc im ny, bn ch
cn ni thm dy khi mun b sung thm my vo mng.
C rt nhiu loi card mng (NIC) trn th trng Vit Nam hin nay, loi
r c th ch khong trn 10 USD, loi t n 100 USD. Tuy nhin theo
kinh nghim s dng, bn khng nn chn loi r ca mt s nh sn
xut khng tn tui bi mt s khng c chun lm, phi thit lp
jumper hay swich cho cu hnh my khc nhau, m i vi bn - ngi
khng am hiu nhiu- th y qu l mt ti ho . Li khuyn ca chng
ti, hy b thm mt t tin na c c sn phm xn nh 3Com
chng hn. Hn na, nhng loi card tt lun tng thch vi cu trc
"Plug-and-Play" ca Windows 95, cho php HH t xc nh v ci t
driver cho n, iu m bn lun mong i.
Bn c th mua card NIC, cp v hub hu nh mua ti bt c ca hng
hay dch v vi tnh no. Km theo y, chng ti a ra danh sch
nhng sn phm cn thit v gi c hin ti bn tham kho. Tt
nhin l bn c th tm thy nhng loi khc cng vi chi ph hp l nht
i vi bn.
Thit lp mng
Cho d bn dng loi mng no hay bt c card NIC no, th vic cui
cng l phi thit lp mng cho n hot ng c. Nu thc hin theo
Cm nang my tnh

- 86
St by hoangly85
tng bc sau v c k ch dn km theo sn phm ca nh sn xut,
bn c th t lm cho mnh nhng g
Lp card mng. Tt my tnh, tho dy cp ngun v m v my. Tm
khe cm (slot) trng (thng l loi ISA 16-bit) v cn thn cm card
mng vo. Vt cht c gi, sau ng hp my li. Tu theo mng s
dng UTP hay cp ng trc m ni cp cho ng.
Lu : Nu l cp mng ng trc, hai u cui ca cp (ti hai my
nm hai u cui) phi c ng li bng terminator.
Ci driver:Khi ng my. Windows 95 s t d tm v pht hin ra
card mng mi ci t. Nu bn dng loi card chun (3Com chng
hn), tng thch vi c tnh Plug-and-Play ca Windows , HH s t
ng ci t driver. Trong trng hp Windows khng c sn driver
(thng km theo khi mua card mng) vo A khi Windows 95 yu cu.
Nu Windows khng ci c driver, bn phi t lm iu ny. Trc
ht vo menu Start.Setting.Control Panel. Chy incon Network. Nhn nt
Add, chn Adapter trong hp thoi "Select Network Component Type" v
nhn nt Add. Trong hp thoi "Select Network Adapter" hin ra, chn
nh sn xut card mng v loi card tng ng, nhn OK. Windows s
yu cu bn t a mm cha driver vo A. Tip theo thc hin nh
hng dn.
Chn Client. Bn cn ch ra loi Client no c dng. Trong trng
hp ny d nhin l Client Microsoft. Vo Control Panel, nhn kp vo
icon Network, nhn nt Add, chn Client trong hp thoi "Select Network
Component Type" v nhn Add. Trong hp thoi "Select Network Client"
chn dng Microsoft ct bn tri, sau chn Client for Microsoft
Network ct bn phi. Nhn OK.
Thit lp protocol. Bn phi thng bo cho my tnh bit l bn s dng
nhng protocol no kt ni vi cc my tnh khc. lm iu ny,
hy vo Control Panel, nhn kp vo icon Network, nhn nt Add, chn
Protocol trong hp thoi "Select Network Component Type" v nhn
Add. Trong hp thoi "Select Network Protocol" chn dng Microsoft
ct bn tri, sau chn Netbeui ct bn phi. Nhn OK.
Chia s a cng v my in.
thc hin iu ny,nhn kp vo Network trong Control Panel. Khi
hp thoi hin ra, nhn tip vo File and Print Sharing. nh du vo
" I want to be able give others access to my file" nu mun chia s a
cng vo " I want to be able give others access to my printer" nu
mun chia s my in. Nhn OK. Sau khi thc hin xong, my s khi
ng li.
Gi y, bn hon thnh mt mng c bn, ngi dng trong mng
c th chia s a cng, my in, CD-ROM.Tip theo , c th bn
mun b sung thm my in,Fax. iu ny khng my kh khn, ch vic
Cm nang my tnh

- 87
St by hoangly85
ni thit b mi vo mt my tnh trong mng, ci driver v bn sn
sng.
Bo mt v dng chung
Mt khi mng hot ng, bn cn phi cn nhc v vn bo mt:
ngi no c th truy cp vo ngun ti nguyn no? V mc ra
sao? Vi 5-6 ngi dng trong cng mt mng, c th bn khng mun
mt ai nhm ng vo nhng tp tin c nhn ca mnh.
Trc tin, hy hn ch s truy cp ca ngi khc, ch cho php truy
cp vo cc th mc cn thit cho cng vic chung. Bn c th thit lp
quyn truy cp bng cch nhn nt phi chut vo a, th mc m
bn mun chia s, sau nhn vo tu chn Sharing trong menu hin
ra. Trong hp thoi xut hin bn nh du vo "share as" nu mun
cho ngi khc truy cp, "Not share" ngha l khng cho php. Bn cng
c th quy nh mc truy cp bng password hay cho php ch c.
Khi s dng my in dng chung, phi lu v vic my in c ni vo
my tnh no. Nu ngi dng my tnh c gn my in thng xuyn
truy cp CSDL, hay truy tm trn CD-ROM, th hot ng ca my in s
lm chm mi thao tc, thm ch gy ng my. Tt hn c, my in phi
c gn vo my tnh mnh, nhanh, c Pentium 166 tr ln v bn
thn my tnh d khng phi thng xuyn thc hin nhng thao tc x
l, c/ghi a. tng dnh ring mt my tnh m trch cng vic
ny cng hp l nu in l cng vic thng xuyn ca phng bn.
Nu c mt my tnh ring phc v in, bn cng c th s dng lun
n lm ni sao d liu. Nh vy, cn thit phi c a tng i
ln. Khong 1,6-2GB, tu theo kch c ca cc tp tin cn sao lu.
Bn cng c th dng chung CSDL v cc ng dng trn mng. Tuy
nhin, cn c k hng dn khi s dng phn mm dng chung, bi c
th xut hin nhng rc ri khi s dng trong mi trng mng.
Nh vy, bn thc s c mt mng ca mnh, cho d l mng nh.
Vic nng cp thnh mng ln hn s khng my kh khn nu bn
c kinh nghim s dng mng ca mnh, ch cn u t thm mt s
phn cng v phn mm cn thit nh server, HH mng.

Ni kt my tnh
Vi Windows 95 bn c th cho hai my tnh truy cp tp ln nhau bng
cch dng chng trnh Direct Cable Connection (Kt ni cp trc tip).
y l mt chng trnh thuc Accessories v vic kt ni khng g kh.
Tuy vy trnh ny, theo mc nh, khng c ci sn khi bn ci t
Windows 95. Nu bn khng tm thy n trong Accessories th chn
Cm nang my tnh

- 88
St by hoangly85
Control Panel phn Add/Remove Programs, nhn trang Windows Setup,
chn Communication, n nt Details Connection. Bn cng cn nh
du vo mc Dial Up Networking.
Khi nhng ci t cn thit trn c hai h thng xong, ni chng li
bng cp tun t null-modem hay cp song song. Chy chng trnh
Direct Cable Connection trn mi my. Trc tin nh xc lp my no
l ch, my no l khch. My khch s c php truy cp ti tp ca
my ch. D nhin bn c th ct kt ni v o ngc vai tr ch khch
bt k lc no.
Vi Windows 3.1, chng trnh Interlink trn DOS s cung cp cho bn
kt ni, dng cp null-modem hay c song song. Interlink cng i km
trong DOS 6.0. Trong phn DOS Help c gii thch cch kt ni. Nh ch
thit lp kt ni Interlink trc lc khi ng Windows. Trong mt s
trng hp, kt ni Interlink tt hn kt ni Direct Cable Connection ca
Windows 95. Vi Direct Cable Connection, nhng a t xa (ca my
kia) ch thy c trong ca s ring ca chng ch khng phi trong
bn thn Explorer hay trong nhng ng dng khc. Nu dng Interlink,
nhng a t xa c xem nh l a mi c ci t trn my cc
b.

Cm nang my tnh

- 89
St by hoangly85
Xy dng mt mng my tnh
Phng php 1: Hai lon sa b v mt si dy ng
Thc ra th phng php ny khng n ni th s nh cch chng ta
chi tr in thoi hi b.Cho n gi, l cch thc n gin nht ni
2 my tnh li vi nhau chi game. Phng php ny dng dy cp c
bit (null modem cable) ni 2 my tnh li vi nhau thng qua cc
cng tun t (serial port) ca my. Cp ny c bn cc ca hng dch
v my tnh vi gi di 90.000 ng. Chiu di ca cp c th t 2 cho
n 8m.
Trc tin, bn hy chu kh kim tra cc cng tun t pha sau my
tnh ca bn. Hu ht cc my tnh u c hai cng tun t. Cng tun
t c th c 9 hoc 25 chn v mt trong 2 cng thng ni vi
chut ca my tnh. Hy xc nh cng no cn trng t mua cp c
u ni tng ng (9 hay 25 chn). Cc cng ny thng c my
tnh t tn l COM1, COM2,... Bn phi bit cng ni vo c my
tnh t tn l COM th my. Hy da trn chut m on. Nu chut
ni vo COM1 th cng cn li s l COM2. Nu ti liu ca my bn
y th xem ti liu l tt hn c. Thng thng th COM1 c 9 chn
v COM2 c 25 chn nhng khng phi lc no cng ng nh vy.
Tt my, ni dy cp vo cng c chn ri bt in ln li. V mt l
thut, bn lm xong tt c cng vic cn thit. Bn c th kim tra
bng cch chi tr chi mnh thch. Phn ln cc tr chi nhiu ngi
u c ty chn chi qua cp null modem hay cp trc tuyn (direct
cable). Hy theo ng ch dn ca tr chi.
Nu hai my tnh chu lm vic vi nhau v tr chi bt u th xin chc
mng bn. "Mng my tnh" ca bn hon thnh v bn s c
thng thc s th v ca cc tr chi nhiu ngi vi hai my. Nu
khng th bn cn phi kim tra li mt s vic.
Trc tin bn hy kim tra xem cp c ni vi my tnh
cha. ng phi c mt bui chiu ri mi pht hin l cp
cha ni vo my. iu ny nghe c v n gin nhng n v
s cn xy ra.
Mc d cc cng COM thng c bt (enable) sn, bn cng
phi kim tra li. iu ny c thc hin nh chng trnh trong
CMOS. Khi ng li my, khi my hin dng ch "Press Del to
enter CMOS setup" th hy nhn ngay phm Del (hay phm m my
yu cu). My s hin ra mt thc n, bn vo phn chipset
features v chnh cng COM tng ng thnh bt (enable) nu n
ang l tt (Disable).
Nu bn chc rng bt cc cng COM v bo ng tn cng
trn c hai my, iu tip theo cn phi kim tra l cc thng s ca
Cm nang my tnh

- 90
St by hoangly85
cng. Thng thng cc tr chi cng nh cc chng trnh
truyn thng dng cng COM u i hi cng c ci t nh
sau:
- Tc : 9600 baud hay nhanh hn
- Data bit: 8
- Parity check: no (khng)
- Stop bit: 1
Trong Win 95 bn c th kim tra v thit lp li cc ch hot ng
ca cng thng qua Control Panel/System/Device Manager. Chn Port,
chn cng COM ri nhn vo nt Properties. Tip theo, chn trang Port
Settings ri kim tra hay sa i cc thng s theo bn. Bn cng c
th chn Restore Default khi phc gi tr mc nh. Phn ln cc tr
chi hot ng n nh vi ch mc nhin ny.
Vi DOS, phi dng lnh xc lp ch hot ng cc cng. Bn
nh lnh Mode COM2 9600, N, 8, 1 gn cng COM2 hot ng
tc 9600 baud, khng parity, 8 data bit, 1 stop bit.
Nu vn khng gii quyt c rc ri, hy th kim tra bng
game khc. i khi, li l do chnh tr chi ca bn. Nu bn cn
mt si cp khc, hy th thay cp v kim tra li mt ln na.
Nu tt c cc bin php trn u tht bi th vn chc vt
khi tay bn.
Phng php 2: T lc cnh sinh
y l cch dnh cho cc bn mun c th thch thc s. Bi v
chc c bn s phn nn: "Ci m chng ti cn l mt mng my tnh
thc s ch khng phi l ba ci cp ni hai my tm thng ny". Tuy
nhin chng ti cng xin ni trc bi ny khng gip bn tr thnh mt
k s mng u nh. Bn cn phi c mt kin thc ng k v mng
trc khi bt tay vo vic t xy dng cho mnh mt mng my tnh.
By gi chng ta ni v mt mng cc b (LAN) n gin nht: h thng
mng ngang hng (peer-to-peer) 10Base2. y l mt h mng Ethernet
cho php bn kt ni vi tc 10Mbps (triu bit/giy). Chng ta s ni
cc my tnh li vi nhau bng mt loi cp ng trc c bit. Cp c
tn l 10Base2 hay RG58 (hai loi cp ny hi khc nhau nhng vn c
th dng thay th cho nhau). Mt s ni gi cp ny l BNC nhng tn
ny khng ng u. Trong mt on mng 10Base2, bn c th ni
n 30 card mng (tc l 30 my) vi nhau v tng chiu di ti a ca
cp ni l 185 mt.
Thit b u tin cn xy dng mng l card mng (Network Interface
Card NIC). Mi my tnh trong mng cn mt NIC. Trn NIC phi c mt
u ni c bit gi l u ni BNC (vit tt ca bayoner connector - u
ni l l - v n trng ging nh u ni li l vo nng sng). Bn s
thy c nhng card mng c nhiu loi u ni nhng chng ta phi v
Cm nang my tnh

- 91
St by hoangly85
ch cn BNC l . Km theo card c mt u ni hnh ch T (T-
connector) gn vi BNC. Card mng 16 bit ISA (250.000 ng card
c km T-connector) l qu cho h thng mng m chng ta ang
xy dng, khng nn mua card PCI lm g cho lng ph. Bn cn cc
cp 10Base2 hay RG58 (5.000 ng/mt) ni my tnh vi nhau.
Chiu di ca cp ty theo khong cch gia cc my nn vo khong
t 2 n 10m. Bn nn nh ngi bn lp sn cc u ni vo hai u
ca cp. Cui cng, bn cn phi c hai thit b Terminator na (25.000
ng/ci).
Cc NIC thng i km vi t hng dn v phn mm ci t. Bn
hy lm tht ng theo hng dn. Thng thng cc NIC i hi s
dng cc ti nguyn ca my tnh nh DMA, IRQ, a ch I/O. Hy kim
tra trong sch hng dn bit cch ci t cc thng s ny cho NIC
ca bn. Vi mt s NIC, cc thng s ny c ci t cc thng s
ny cho NIC ca bn. Vi mt s NIC, cc thng s ny c ci t
bng phn mm, mt s khc c ci t bng cc jumper v loi mi
nht l Plug and Play. Sau , hy kim tra cc ti nguyn m my tnh
ca bn cn c th cung cp cho NIC. Nu c th dng cc thng s
ny ci t cho NIC, cn khng th bn bt buc phi thit lp li cu
hnh my tnh ph hp vi cc yu cu ca NIC. Bn phi xem cc
ti liu ca cc thit b m bn gn trn my tnh bit cch thay i
cu hnh ca chng.
Sau khi thit lp c cu hnh my tnh ph hp vi yu cu ca
NIC, tt ngun, m v my v cm NIC vo mt khe ISA cn trng trn
bo ch. Gn T-connector vo u ni BNC ca NIC, hai u cn li ca
T-connector c ni vi cc u ni ca cp i sang hai my bn.
Dng cp ni cc my tnh li vi nhau. Sau khi lm xong, s cn hai
my tnh tn cng c mt u ni ca T-connector cn trng. ng ni
vng hai u li vi nhau; l ch dnh cho cc Terminator.
By gi, bn c th bt cng tc ngoon v bt u ci t phn mm
mng. Nu bn s dng DOS, bn phi tm cc phn mm mng ngang
hng cho DOS nh LANtastic hay Netware Light. Vic ci t cc phn
mm ny rt n gin. Thng th cc phn mm kiu ny c sn cc
trnh thit b cho NIC ca bn. Nu khng, bn s c nhc a a
cha trnh thit b (km theo NIC) vo. Cc phn mm ny s ci mt vi
chng trnh nh ln a cng ca bn, sa li cc tp tin khi ng ca
DOS. Trong qu trnh ci t, bn s phi chun b cung cp cho
chng trnh ci t mt vi thng tin nh tn my (phi l duy nht
trong mng), s sri ca chng trnh... Nu bn c yu cu chn
giao thc (protocol), hy chn IPX.
Nu dng vi Windows 95 th bn khng phi tm phn mm mng ring
v bn thn Win 95 h tr mng ngang hng. Trong Control Panel,
Cm nang my tnh

- 92
St by hoangly85
chn Network. Nhn vo phm Add ri chn Adapter ri chn Next. a
a mm i km theo NIC vo . Sau chn Have Disk ri ch cho
Windows th mc c cha trnh iu khin NIC ca bn dnh cho
Windows 95. Rt c th bn cn phi c b a gc ca Win95 trong khi
ci t. Nu bn c hi c ti khi ng li my tnh khng th hy tr
li khng v thc hin cc bc k tip sau y.
Nhn OK n khi quany li hp thoi Network. i khi Win95 t ng
kim tra v ci t trnh thit b cho NIC ca bn. Nhng chng ta ch
cn c ba mc trong hp "The following network components are
installed". l Client for Microsoft Network hng th nht; hng th
hai l tn ca card mng; th ba l dng ch IPX/SPX-compatibel
protocol. Nu thiu phn no trn th bn phi thm. Nhn Add s m
ra mt ca s c dng ch Client, Protocol,...
Nu thiu Client for Microsoft network th chn Client v nhn Add na.
ca s mi m ra, trong khung bn tri c dng ch Microsoft,... Chn
Microsoft v chn Client for Microsoft network khung bn phi. Nhn
OK l xong.
Nu thiu IPX/SPX-compatible protocol th chn Protocol hp thoi
Network v nhn Add. khung bn tri, chn Microsoft v khung bn
phi chn IPX/SPX-compatible protocol. Nhn OK.
Khi c c ba mc trn th bn cn chnh sa chng cht t. By gi bn
ang trong hp thoi Network. Chn IPX/SPX-compatible protocol v
nhn vo nt Properties pha di. trang NetBIOS, nh du hp "I
want to enable NetBIOS over IPX/SPX" v OK.
Cui cng, trong phn Indentification, nhp tn my tnh v tn mng.
Tn ca my tnh trong mng l duy nht nhng tn ca mng tt c
cc my phi ging nhau.
Cui cng khi ng my li v tip tc ci t cho tt c cc my khc.
Sau khi hon thnh xong cng vic, bn bt tt c cc my xem
chng c hot ng tt khng. Hy vo phn Network Neighborhood v
nu bn thy c danh sch tn mi my trong mng l mi vic n
tha. By gi bn c th bt u ci t mt vi tr v thnh lp nhm
chi game ca ring bn.
Cm nang my tnh

- 93
St by hoangly85
S dng usb
V l thuyt, bn c th gn n 127 thit b vo h thng, v ghp ni
Universal Serial Bus c th cp in gii hn cho tng thit b. Nhng
cng c mt s vn thc tin quan trng m bn phi cn nhc k
ni kt thnh cng cc thit b ngoi vi USB vo h thng.
thit lp mt kt ni USB, bn cn c c phn cng ln BIOS h tr
USB, ng thi cn phi c phin bn thch hp ca Windows. L do l
tuy bo m ca bn c cng USB, nhng nh vy khng c ngha l bn
c BIOS v phn cng thch hp. bit PC c sn sng cho USB hay
khng, bn c th chy USBReady, mt tin ch min ph c trn
FileWorld ca PC World Online (www.fileworld. com) hoc a ch
www.usb.org/fag.html. Chng trnh s kim tra phn cng, cc driver
ci t, v phin bn Windows trn h thng ca bn, ng thi xc
nh nhng g cn thit, nu c, USB hot ng (hnh 2).

Nu b trc trc vi cng USB, ng thi bo m ang dng c hn 18
thng tui, th cng c th c thit k khng thch hp. Mt s
hng sn xut bo m "i trc thi i" a cng USB vo trc khi
chun USB c xy dng xong. Mun bit thng tin bo m ca mnh,
bn c k ti liu km theo, hi nh cung cp hay vo Web site ca nh
sn xut.
Nu bo m c cng loi c khng hot ng, hoc khng c trang b
cng USB, th bn c th b sung thng qua card PCI m rng nh USB
BusPort ca Belkin chng hn.
Windows 98 ln cc phin bn cui ca Win 95 (OSR2.1 v 2.5) u h
tr USB. Nhng nu dng Win 95 th phi nh tm hiu v thit b ngoi
vi ca mnh bo m cc driver USB ca Win 95 ang c sn
dng cho n.
Nu h thng ca bn c mi th cn thit cho USB m vn khng
th lm cho mt thit b ngoi vi USB no hot ng th hy kim tra
USB c kch hot trong chng trnh ci t CMOS cha: nhn
vo mt phm thch hp (theo thng bo trn mn hnh) khi my tnh
ang khi ng. Trong trnh setup, bn tm thy thit lp USB - c th
tn gi s khc nhau ty theo phin bn v nhn hiu ca BIOS.
kt ni nhiu thit b vo mt cng USB n, bn cn phi c hub.
Hai u ni ra ngoi hnh ch nht c lp trn cc bo m loi mi -
hub c s - cho php bn kt ni mt thit b ngoi vi vo mi cng ny.
Nu nhng thit b c hub lp sn ring vi cc u ni ra ngoi, bn
s c th ni thm thit b ngoi vi b sung khc.
Cm nang my tnh

- 94
St by hoangly85
V d mn hnh ADI MicroScan 6P c km theo mt hub bn cng gn
trn ca n, rt thun tin cm chut, bn phm, v cc thit b
ngoi vi bn khc. Nu mt trong cc ngoi vi mi gn vo ny c
ring hub, bn cn c th tip tc b sung thm nhiu thit b na vo
chui . Tuy nhin khng phi mi thit b ngoi vi u c hub ring.
Trong trng hp ny bn c th mua mt hub c lp c bn hoc by
cng nh loi ExpressBus 4-Port Hub gi 50USD ca Belkin.
Mt knh USB n - ni cc cng sau lng my tnh c ni vo -
cung cp bng thng cc i 12 mbps cho tt c cc thit b c gn
vo. Nu cn bng thng rng hn dng cho cc thit b ngoi vi x
l nhiu d liu nh my qut hay my in, bn phi b sung thm mt
knh khc, ExpressBus ca Belkin chng hn, tng thm 12 mbps
na.
Cng USB khng ch phn phi d liu cho ngoi vi, m cn phn phi
in na. Hub USB c phn ra hai loi: hub ly in t u ni li vo
v c th a ra ti a 100 mA mi cng; hub t cung cp ly in t
dy cm in ring ca n, c th a ra n 500 mA mi cng. Nu
cc thit b ngoi vi USB tiu th dng in ln hn kh nng h tr ca
bus, th ton b bus c th b ngng. Bn kim tra xem s tranh chp
tim tng ny c gy trc trc cho bn hay khng bng cch tm biu
tng cnh bo nm cnh mc Universal Serial Bus Controller trong
Device Manager ca Windows.

Tng cng kh nng my in
Bn ang gp trc trc trong khi in nhng tp tin ha ln hoc phc
tp? Trn mt s my in bn c th iu chnh vi thng s ci t gip
cho vic in cc tp tin ln. Chn Start .Settings.Printers, nhn nt phi
chut ln biu tng my in, chn Properties.
Nhn vo nhn Details, trong hp Transmission retry ko di khong
thi gian gi d liu cho my in ca Windows 98. Sau nhn chut ln
nt Spool Setting v thay i format ca d liu Spool t EMF thnh
Raw. Khi in xong i ci t ny v li EMF.
Cm nang my tnh

- 95
St by hoangly85
S dng a cd rom

1- C TNH K THUT:
a CD ROM c 2 loi giao tip l:
A/ ISA hay AT Bus: Cho cc a c, tc 1 hay 2. Khi s dng phi ni cp
tn hiu vo Card m thanh hay Card I/O ring. Th-ng cc Card m thanh
hay thit k sn u ni cho 3 loi a thng dng l Pana, Sony v Mitsu. Cc
hng sn xut khng ni ting phi bn km Card ring cho a ca mnh.
B/ IDE: Cho cc a i mi, tc 2 tr i. Khi s dng phi ni cp tn hiu
vo u ni IDE ca I/O nh- a cng hay ni vo u ni IDE ca Card
Sound.
nhn din loi giao tip, bn ng cn c v cp v chng c th ging nhau.
Bn nn quan st pha sau a, chng th-ng c mt b Jumper vi cc v tr
Set nh- sau: Master, Slave, Cap Selec cho IDE. Khng Jumper hay c Jumper
Set ID= 0, 1, 2, 3 cho ISA.
2- CI T:
A/ Loi ISA:
Bn ni cp tn hiu vo Card ring hay Card m thanh c u ni dnh cho
a ca bn. Nu l Card m thanh nh sn xut th-ng c ghi u no dnh cho
a no ln hn Card cho d, nu trn Card khng ghi, bn nn xem trong sch
h-ng dn.
Bn phi Set a ch cho a CD ROM bng cc Jumper trn Card i c hay
bng phn mm trn card i mi. Th-ng i vi loi ISA, bn khng cn Set
ngt.
Nu bn ni vo Card sound, u tin bn phi ci t cc ch-ng trnh iu
khin card sound. Ch khi no Card sound chy tt, a CD ROM mi hot
ng -c. l do n phi m-n -ng i qua card sound.
B/ Loi IDE:
Bn ni vo u cn li ca cp a cng, vo u ni IDE trn card m thanh
hay vo u ni Sec IDE trn mainboard. Bn phi Set a CD ROM ca bn
l Master hay Slave sao cho khng ng vi cc a cng hay a ang c.
Nu n 1 mnh 1 cp th Set sau cng -c.
Nu bn ni vo card sound, bn phi cho card sound chy tt nh- trn ni.
Sau bn cho hiu lc (enable) v set ngt, a ch cho -ng IDE 2 trn card
sound. Trong tr-ng hp trn mainboard c -ng Sec IDE, bn phi vo BIOS
set Disable -ng ny cho chng khi "ng". C khi bn set ngt v a ch
thng qua dng lnh trong Config.sys.
* CD ROM IDE Interface cho Card Sound hay I/O:
a ch I/O : 170H 1E8H 168H
Ngt : 15 11 hay 12 10 hay 11
3- QUN L V S DNG:
Cm nang my tnh

- 96
St by hoangly85
Dos qun l a CD ROM khng thng qua BIOS nh- a mm hay a
cng. Bn phi ci Driver thit b (do hng sn xut cung cp km theo, c
ui file l SYS) vo file Config.sys Dos c th chp nhn v qun l a
CD ROM nh- 1 thnh phn ca my. Ngoi ra bn cn phi np 1 ch-ng trnh
dng s dng v gn tn cho a CD ROM l MSCDEX.EXE (do Dos
cung cp) vo file Autoexec.bat.

A/ Loi ISA:
Mi a CD ROM loi ISA u phi s dng ng Driver ca hng sn xut,
a s khng hot ng nu sai Driver. Dng lnh ci t trong config.sys v
autoexec.bat c th nh- sau:
DEVICEHIGH=C:\CDROM\SBCD.SYS /B:340 /D:CD1 /L:F /V

SBCD.SYS= TRNH IU KHIN A CD ROM SONY.
/B:340= a ch ca a.
/D:CD1= Tn a (tn ny phi trng vi tn trong Autoexec.bat).
/V= Hin th thng tin v qu trnh ci t.
LH C:\DOS\MSCDEX.EXE /D:CD1 /L:F /V
/D:CD1= Tn a (tn ny phi trng vi tn trong config.sys).
/L:F= Tn logic gn cho a CD ROM.

B/ Loi IDE:
Loi a CD ROM ny bn s dng d dng hn loi ISA nh-ng nu my bn
thuc loi c th c hi rc ri hn cc my loi mi. Cc dng lnh trong cc
file h thng ging nh- loi ISA nh-ng c thm set ngt. Th d:
DEVICE=C:\CDROM\CR_ATAPI.SYS /P:170,15 /D:CD1 /L:F /V
CR_ATAPI.SYS= TRNH IU KHIN A CD ROM PANA.
/P:170,15= a ch ca a (170) v ngt (15).
LH C:\DOS\MSCDEX.EXE /D:CD1 /L:F /V
Ch : Bnh th-ng, bn khng cn ghi thng s /P: trong dng lnh. Driver t
d ra a ch v ngt nh-ng i khi bn phi ch nh trn cc mainboard i c.
Bn c th dng Driver ca hng sn xut khc nu l Driver a dng cho
a CD ROM IDE. Th d: SBIDE.SYS, ECSCIDE.SYS.v..v...Nh-ng tt nht
vn l dng ng Driver, bi v khi dng Driver a dng c th ch-ng trnh
Xing (xem a phim) khng chu chy.
Dng lnh ci driver CD ROM lun lun phi nm d-i dng lnh xc lp card
sound. Th d:
DEVICEHIGH=C:\4X4\TROINIT.SYS /A220 /I5 /D1 /H5 /P340 /CS
/CA340 /G
DEVICEHIGH=C:\CDROM\SBCD.SYS /B:340 /D:CD1 /L:F /V
Khi bn gn chung a CD ROM vi a cng, bn khng th chy
32BITDISKACCESS trong Windows 3.xx. C vi hng cung cp driver tn
WDCTRL.386 km theo bn c th s dng trong tr-ng hp ny. Theo kinh
Cm nang my tnh

- 97
St by hoangly85
nghim ca chng ti, bn nn dnh -ng Sec IDE trn mainboard (PCI) hay
Card I/O (Vesa) cho a CD ROM, n s chy n nh hn. i vi cc my
c khng c Sec IDE, nn mua Card sound c u ni IDE v y chnh l -ng
SEC IDE b sung cho my.
Cc a ci t driver km theo a CD ROM do ng-i bn cung cp i khi
rt ln xn. C a ci rt d dng, c a khng ci -c phi ci th cng.
Tr-ng hp ny l do hng sn xut hay do ch bn s lm n khng nghim tc
(chng ti tng b khch hng than phin do tin t-ng ch b s m khng
kim tra li a driver). Khi gp trc trc khi ci driver bn nn tham kho kin
ni bn, xem li file Read me hay kim tra li dng lnh trong 2 file h thng.
Khi gn a CD ROM vo Card Sound, bn phi lun lun Set v ci t
ch-ng trnh cho Card Sound tr-c. Ch khi no Card Sound chy tt v cng CD
Rom -c Set ng th bn mi ci -c a CD ROM.

4- S DNG A CD ROM VI WINDOWS 3.XX:
Bn ci driver trong 2 file h thng, a CD ROM phi chy tt ngoi Dos th
mi chy tt trong Windows 3.xx. Nu bn mun nghe CD nhc trong Windows
3.xx. Bn vo win, chy Control Panel/Drivers, chn ADD ri chn [MCI] CD
Audio.
5- S DNG A CD ROM VI WINDOWS 95/NT:
s dng a CD ROM loi IDE hay loi ISA ca 3 hng Pana, Sony, Mitsu
trong Windows 95/NT, bn khng cn ci lnh trong Config.sys hay
Autoexec.bat (thm ch bn chng cn c 2 file ny trn my). Cc dng lnh
ni trn ch cn thit khi bn mun s dng a CD ROM ngoi du nhc Dos
(khng vo GUI).
A/ LOI ISA:
Nu bn ci t a CD ROM tr-c khi ci Windows 95/NT. Windows 95/NT
s t ng thay th driver ca Dos (16bit) bng driver ca Windows 95/NT
(32bit).
Nu bn ci t a CD ROM sau khi ci Windows 95/NT. Windows 95/NT.
Bn dng tin ch Add New Hardware Windows t d tm hay bn c th
ch nh Driver cho nhanh. Sau Windows s hi a ch ca b Windows
95/NT gc chp cc driver iu khin cn thit.
B/ LOI IDE:

Windows 95/NT t nhn bit khi khi ng cho d chng do bt c hng no
sn xut. Khi trong Device Manager ca Windows s c thm mc
CDROM.
Mc Auto insert notification dng s dng tnh nng Autoplay ca
Windows 95 (khi -a a nhc vo l t ng ht).
Ch :
Cm nang my tnh

- 98
St by hoangly85
Windows NT ch h tr a CD ROM loi ISA ca 3 hng: Pana, Sony,
Mitsu. a ca cc hng khc khng chy -c trong Windows NT. Windows
NT khng chp nhn cc driver ca Dos.
i vi nhng a CD ROM ISA khng -c Windows 95 h tr, bn bt buc
phi ci driver ca chng trong 2 file h thng. Bn cng s khng s dng -c
tnh nng AUTOPLAY ca Windows 95.
Nu trong 2 file h thng c ci Driver ca CD ROM. Khi bn vo Windows 95,
bn c th thy my bn c ti 2 a CD ROM. l do Dos gn tn logic cho
a khc vi tn logic ca Windows 95. Bn c th sa cha bng cch thay
i tn gn ca Dos (/L:) hay thay i tn gn ca Windows 95 cho chng trng
nhau.
Nu bn ci driver CD ROM trong 2 file h thng ri ci Windows 95, Win s
b dng lnh trong Autoexec.bat v chuyn vo file DOSSTART.BAT. File ny
s -c np khi bn chn MS-DOS mode.

6- LM CHO A CD ROM KHI NG C:
* lm a CD khi ng, bn phi c 1 ch-ng trnh c bit to a CD
khi ng trong qu trnh ghi a do cu trc ca a CD khc vi a cng.
Bn c th to a CD khi ng theo h iu hnh Dos hay Windows 95, 97 u
-c.
* Sau khi khi ng xong. Track khi ng trn a CD s chim a A (Nu
bn ch c 1 mm A, n s b i tn thnh B. Nu bn c 2 mm, tn B s
bin mt). Track d liu s l a CD bnh th-ng v c k t tip theo a
cng. Bn c th khi ng v chy ch-ng trnh ch trn 1 a CDROM.
* my khi ng bng a CD, bn phi c a CD theo chun giao tip
IDE, gn trc tip vo Mainboard (c th gn vo bt c -ng IDE no trn
main, set Master hay Slave u -c) v Bios trn Main phi h tr vic ny (c
thm mc chn la cho Boot bng a CDROM).
Ch :
C 1 s Mainboard tuy cho chn Boot bng CD Rom nh-ng thc t li khng
Boot -c.
C 1 s a khng Boot -c do kh c a ghi, bn phi tm loi a thch
hp vi a ny.

Cm nang my tnh

- 99
St by hoangly85
DMA v cc ch-ng trnh qun l b nh

Ging nh- IRQ, DMA (Direct Memory Access) l mt thnh phn b n
m d-ng nh- tt c chng ta u gp nh-ng ch c mt s rt t ng-i
c th gii thch mt cch chnh xc.
Trong cc my PC hin nay, ngt v IRQ (Interrupt ReQuest) -c quan
tm n nhiu, nh-ng c mt kha cnh khc quan trng i vi hot ng
ca my li khng -c ch n, l DMA hay Direct Memory
Access (truy nhp b nh trc tip). Ging nh- IRQ, DMA l mt thnh
phn b n m d-ng nh- tt c chng ta u gp nh-ng ch c mt s
rt t ng-i c th gii thch mt cch chnh xc.
Khng hon ton l thuyt khi bn tm kim s hiu bit v DMA. lp
thm mt card m thanh hoc mt thit b tip hp (gi tt l thit b) vo
my tnh, bn c th -c yu cu chn mt knh DMA. Lm sao bn bit
cn phi chn knh no v hu qu s ra sao khi bn chn sai knh? tr
li cu hi , chng ta s tm hiu DMA l g, n lm vic ra sao v ngy
nay n -c s dng nh- th no trn cc my PC. Chng ta cng s tho
lun v tc ng qua li gia b phn iu khin DMA v nhng ch-ng
trnh qun l b nh 386 v khm ph ngha thc s ca tham s D =
-c cung cp bi trnh qun l EMM386.EXE ca DOS.
1. DMA l g ?
DMA l mt k thut chuyn d liu nhanh t mt card thit b ti b
nh, t b nh ra card thit b, hoc trong mt vi tr-ng hp t mt v tr
trong b nh ti mt v tr khc. Vic chuyn theo DMA rt quan trng v
n khng yu cu n s thc thi ca CPU. Chuyn theo DMA -c thc
hin bng cch lp trnh mt chip c tn l b iu khin DMA (gi ngn
gn l DMAC), chip nm trn bo mch h thng ca mi my PC.
Vic lp trnh th-ng -c hon thnh bi mt ch-ng trnh chy trn
my tnh ca bn (v d mt ch-ng trnh sao l-u a cng) hoc bi mt
th tc l-u trong ROM, hoc trn mt card thit b tip hp (v d trong
ROM ca card iu khin a mm). Mi ln b iu khin -c khi
ng v qu trnh chuyn d liu bt u, CPU -c t do v lm vic
khc trong khi DMAC tip tc thc hin chuyn d liu, c hai b vi x l
ng thi lm vic phc v bn: mt thc hin m (code), cn mt chuyn
d liu.
Vic chuyn theo DMAC quan trng cn v mt l do khc, n chuyn d
liu trc tip t ngun d liu n ni nhn m khng cn thng qua bt
k b phn l-u tr trung gian no. Qu trnh -a mt byte d liu t mt
thit b ti mt v tr trong b nh thng qua CPU l mt qu trnh hai
b-c. u tin CPU c byte t thit b v l-u trong mt trong s cc
thanh ghi ca n. Tip theo n c byte t thanh ghi ti a ch cn
chuyn n trong b nh. DMAC gim qu trnh trn xung cn mt
Cm nang my tnh

- 100
St by hoangly85
b-c, n vn dng cc tn hiu iu khin trn -ng truyn, v th byte
-c c v ghi ch trong mt hnh ng.
Mt cch tt hiu s khc nhau trn l minh ha cc qu trnh trn nh-
l mt cuc chi bng nm. CPU l ng-i chi nm bng vi hai ng-i
khc -c gi l A v B. chuyn bng t A ti B, CPU phi bt qu
bng do A nm v tung n cho B. DMA, theo mt cch khc, s ni A
tung trc tip qu bng cho B. Trong lc y, CPU c th lm cc cng
vic khc nh- khi ng cu th tip theo.
Chuyn d liu t b nh n b nh theo DMA hin nay khng -c s
dng na v tc CPU v-t trn DMAC rt nhiu, nh-ng chuyn d liu
t b nh n thit b v t thit b n b nh l nhng k tch ng k.
-a d liu t thit b vo b nh, DMAC kch hot -ng truyn gy
nn lnh c t thit b (mt hot ng c cng I/O) v ng thi to ra
lnh ghi vo b nh. Vic kch hot c t cng I/O s lm cho thit b t
mt n v - thng th-ng l mt byte hoc mt Word - ln -ng truyn
d liu ca my PC. V v tuyn c b nh -c hot ng ng thi cho
nn d liu trn -ng truyn -c sao ngay vo b nh. Vi mi ln ghi,
DMAC dng -ng a ch ch nh a ch trong b nh ni d liu s
ti.
T-ng t i vi qu trnh chuyn theo DMA t b nh n thit b. Vi
mi n v d liu -c chuyn, DMAC ra lnh c i vi b nh v ghi
i vi cng I/O. a ch ca b nh -c t trn -ng a ch. Ging
nh- qu trnh trn, d liu -c chuyn trc tip t ni pht n ni nhn
bng cch s dng -ng d liu.
DMAC -c s dng trong phn ln cc my PC l chip c k hiu
8237A hoc t-ng -ng. Cc dng my Micro Channel v EISA sa
i k thut DMA to ra mt chip ring c cc chc nng hn hn 8237A,
nh-ng c rt t ch-ng trnh iu khin thit b tn dng -c nhng -u
im m rng . Dng my IBM-XT ch s dng mt chip 8237A lp
trnh -c cung cp 4 knh DMA ring r, nh s t 0 n 3. Dng my
IBM-AT (chim phn ln th tr-ng my PC hin nay) s dng 2 chip
8237A cung cp 8 knh DMA c lp nh s t 0 n 7. Ch c 7 trong
s 8 knh DMA s dng -c v mt knh (knh 4) -c s dng lin
kt hai b iu khin vi nhau sao cho chng c th lm vic nh- mt n
v thng nht. Knh 0 n 3 chuyn 8 bit d liu cng mt lc v c th
l-u 64KB ch trong mt ln hot ng, trong khi knh 5 n 7 chuyn 16
bit v c th chuyn -c 128KB trong mt ln hot ng.
Ging nh- b iu khin ngt, ni nhn yu cu ngt t cc thit b thng
qua -ng IRQ, mt DMAC nhn yu cu DMA thng qua -ng DMA
request (DREQ). Chip 8237A cung cp mt vi ph-ng thc v ph-ng
php hnh ng khc nhau, tuy nhin mt qu trnh chuyn in hnh t
thit b ti b nh din ra nh- sau:
DMAC -c lp trnh u tin vi a ch ca b nh s ghi d liu v s
byte -c chuyn. Khi thit b sn sng bt u qu trnh chuyn, n
Cm nang my tnh

- 101
St by hoangly85
kch hot -ng DREQ kt ni vi DMA. Sau khi -c CPU cho php
iu khin -ng truyn, DMAC -a ra a ch b nh v to ra tn hiu
mt byte (hoc mt t) d liu -c c t thit b v ghi vo vng
-c ch nh trong b nh. Sau n cp nht a ch b nh cho byte
tip theo v lp li qu trnh trn cho ti khi ton b d liu -c chuyn
hon tt. Da trn cch b iu khin -c lp trnh, mi byte -c
chuyn c th yu cu mt tn hiu DREQ ring r (ph-ng thc chuyn
n) hoc ch mt tn hiu c th khi ng tt c qu trnh truyn
(ph-ng thc chuyn khi hoc theo yu cu).
C mt thit b DMA c trn tt c cc my PC l b iu khin a mm.
D liu trn a mm -c c theo tng n v 512 byte (1 sector) v
-c chuyn bng DMA s dng knh DMA s 2. c mt sector d
liu, ngt BIOS 13H lp trnh DMA theo ph-ng thc chuyn n v cung
cp mt lnh c cho iu khin a mm. Khi thc hin, iu khin a
c byte d liu t a v khi ng qu trnh truyn bng cch kch hot
DREQ 2. Sau n c ln l-t cc byte khc theo cch nh- trn
chuyn byte vo a ch vt l trong b nh. Ti khi DMAC chuyn
xong 512 byte, iu khin a to ra mt ngt cng bo cho CPU bit
c th s dng -c sector .
2. Cc knh DMA
Khi bn gn mt card thit b c s dng DMA trn my PC, bn th-ng
-c yu cu chn knh DMA. t mt DIP-switch hoc nh li jumper
vi knh DMA 5 s thit lp mt giao tip vt l gia thit b v DMAC
thng qua DREQ 5. Thng th-ng, phn mm s dng thit b phi -c
cung cp s hiu knh DMA n nh n c th lp trnh DMAC cho
vic chuyn theo DMA. Mc d theo l thuyt c th nhiu thit b chia s
mt -ng DREQ nu chng khng ng thi s dng, nh-ng - nh- mt
lut - tt nht l gii hn mi thit b s dng mt knh. Nh- vy bn s
chc chn khng gp xung t DMA.
Nh- bit, chng ta khng s dng -c knh DMA 2 v 4 v chng
-c dnh cho iu khin a mm v lm -ng ni 2 chip DMA. Knh
0 cng khng s dng -c v trn cc my PC tr-c y n -c s dng
phc hi b nh. Vo lc khi ng, BIOS ca my PC nguyn thy
lp trnh cho ng h c vi mili giy li -a yu cu c DMA gi -
nhm to ra vic c b nh nh-ng khng nht thit c thit b nhn d
liu - nh- vy trnh mt thng tin trong DRAM. Tt c cc my PC
hin nay phc hi DRAM m khng cn s gip ca h thng DMA.
Tuy vy bn vn khng th s dng knh DMA s 0 v c mt s my
khng thit lp knh . Vy bn s x tr ra sao khi -c yu cu chn
mt knh DMA? Cu tr li l chn cc knh DMA cn li.
Bng d-i lit k danh sch cc knh DMA -c phn b. Trn hu ht
cc my PC, knh 1, 3, 5, 6 v 7 -c dnh cho vic ghp ni vi thit
b. Dng my PS/2 s dng knh 5 chuyn d liu cho a cng, cn
dng XT th dng knh 3. V l do ny, khi s dng 2 dng my trn, bn
Cm nang my tnh

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cn trnh s dng cc knh . Khi bn cn ch-a n nh mt knh DMA
cho mt thit b no th bn c th s dng n bt k khi no bn mun.
Nh-ng bn nn theo di bng phn b knh DMA khng xy ra hin
t-ng hai thit b cng chia s mt knh DMA. Ti vit trn quyn s
bn ca mnh danh sch cc IRQ v DMA -c s dng. Khi cm
thm mt card thit b mi v tm kim mt DMA ch-a s dng, ti
khng phi tho cc card thit b cm trong my v xem cc jumper
ca chng.
C mt vi trnh tin ch pht hin -c knh DMA no -c s dng
nh-ng chng khng thc s ng tin cy. Nu bn khng c thng tin v
cc knh DMA -c phn b v bn cng khng mun lc tm trong
ng ti liu ca mnh th c mt lot cc ch-ng trnh chn on phn
tch my thng bo cho bn bit danh sch nhng knh DMA s dng.
Cc ch-ng trnh trn ch-a thc s hon ho nn c th kt qu -a ra s
khng chnh xc.
3. Cc vn qun l b nh
Cc trnh qun l b nh theo 86 o nh- EMM 386.EXE., QEMM-386 v
386MAX gy ra mt vn c bit i vi DMAC. a ch b nh -c
lp trnh vo trong DMAC phc v cho vic chuyn theo DMA l cc a
ch vt l. Nh-ng cc trnh qun l trn th-ng xuyn nh li bn b
nh lm cho mt a ch b nh c tr-c t-ng ng vi mt a ch b nh
vt l khc (thng th-ng l mt ni khng dng n trong b nh m
rng). Khi mt ch-ng trnh truy nhp n phn a ch -c nh li,
CPU chuyn yu cu n a ch vt l ph hp. Tuy nhin, nu
DMAC c gng truy nhp n a ch trn, vic truy nhp s tht bi v
khng c cch no DMAC bit bn b nh -c nh li.
iu kt lun l cc ch-ng trnh lm vic theo DMA c d liu np trong
vng b nh cao (UMB) s khng lm vic -c nu khng chu s kim
sot ca cc ch-ng trnh qun l b nh. Mt DMAC -c lp trnh -a
d liu ra cng I/O v trong ch 86 o mt trnh qun l b nh c th
chn tt c d liu -c -a ra cng I/O. Nh- vy n c th d on -c
cc yu cu DMA sp ti v thm ch bit -c c a ch b nh tip
theo. Nu cc a ch -c sa i, trnh qun l b nh s lp trnh
li DMAC theo a ch b nh vt l ph hp. Sau n cho php qu
trnh chuyn DMA thc hin nh- th-ng l.
Mt tnh hung tai hi tim tng xy ra khi a ch b nh vt l -c
sa i gi cho qu trnh chuyn theo DMA li nm ngoi vng qun l
ca DMAC. Phn ln cc DMAC b gii hn trong 16MB b nh, mt s
khc khng th nh a ch ln hn 8MB. Khi mt a ch ngun hoc
ch nm ngoi vng DMAC c kh nng nh a ch, trnh iu khin
b nh -a ra mo sau: N nh li qu trnh chuyn DMA ra mt vng
m ca n - mt vng nm trong vng c th truy nhp bi DMA - v
cho php qu trnh chuyn thc hin. Nu vng m ln cha d
liu th sau khi qu trnh chuyn kt thc, trnh qun l b nh chuyn d
Cm nang my tnh

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liu trong vng m ti a ch b nh thch hp. S vic trn lm gim
hiu qu ca qu trnh DMA nh-ng b li n lm cho h thng vn c th
thc hin -c.
Mt vn thc s xy ra khi d liu ca qu trnh chuyn DMA ln hn
vng m. Bn s nhn -c mt thng bo li nhc nh tng kch th-c
vng m DMA ca trnh qun l b nh, tip theo l vic my b treo
cng. l sn phm ca trnh qun l b nh trong khi n ang c gng
ngn chn vic tht thot d liu. Theo ngm nh, EMM386.EXE s
dng vng m DMA c kch th-c 32KB. Kch th-c vng m c th
-c t trong khong t 16KB ti 256KB bng cch s dng tham s D=;
kch th-c ngm nh th-ng l ph hp v trong hng lot tr-ng hp n
c kh nng cha ht -c d liu DMAC.
Thm ch mt tr-ng hp phc tp khc ny sinh khi DMAC khng nm
trn bo mch h thng m nm trn thit b, ni m trnh qun l b nh
khng th iu khin qu trnh DMAC -a d liu ra cng I/O. iu
xy ra vi mt iu khin a cng ch huy -c -ng truyn (BMC). B
iu khin gy ra rt nhiu iu phin toi khi ng-i s dng khi
ng SmartDrive ca DOS 5.0 v np n ln vng b nh cao. Gii php
-c Microsoft -a ra nm 1990 l mu chi tit k thut ca cc thit b
phc v o (VDS). VDS l mt tp cc phc v cho php trnh qun l b
nh cung cp a ch b nh ca h thng cho BMC tr-c khi c v ghi.
Tt nhin, b iu khin cha DMAC phi nhn bit -c VDS, nh-ng
gi y d-ng nh- hu ht cc b iu khin u c kh nng . l
tt c nhng iu phc tp th v. iu kt lun l ngy nay vic s dng
cc thit b DMA vi cc trnh qun l b nh trong mode 86 o thc s
an ton.

Cm nang my tnh

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Ghost 5.1
So vi bn 4.0, version 5.1 -c thay i phn giao din v b sung thm
chc nng nn ch-ng trnh d s dng v p ng -c nhiu yu cu
hn trong vic sao chp a cng.
Chng ti ch ni s l-c i vi nhng chc nng c bn trnh by
trong Ghost 4, v tp trung i su vo cc chc nng mi b sung trong
version ny.
I. Giao din:
Giao din theo kiu ha vi cc menu bung ra theo kiu Windows 95.
Menu chnh tn l Symantec vi cc mc nh- sau:
1. Local (Sao chp trn cng 1 my):
Mc ny c menu chnh l Action v cc menu con l Disk, Partition,
Check.
a. Disk:
To Disk (a qua a): Bn s thy hp thoi chn a ngun tr-c, chn
a ch sau. Trong mi hp thoi c nt Back bn quay tr li hp
thoi tr-c.
Ch : Bn c th thay i kch th-c a ch c Partition FAT hay
NTFS bng cch ch nh dung l-ng mi theo megabytes.
To Image (To file hnh nh cho a): Bn chn a ngun tr-c ri
ch nh a cha file hnh nh s to cng vi tn ca file ny.
Ch : File hnh nh phi -c l-u trn a khc vi a ngun. Bn c
th s dng chc nng nn tit kim khng gian l-u tr khi to file hnh
nh. V bn cng c th ct (Spanning) file hnh nh ra cha trn nhiu
a ging nh- version 4 (Ghost h tr cc loi a ZIP, JAZ, LS120,
SuperDisk, SCSI Tape).
From Image (Phc hi a t file hnh nh): Bn chn file hnh nh
phc hi ri ch nh a v partition ch.
Ch : a ch khng -c l a cha file hnh nh, v bn c th
thay i kch th-c a ch c Partition FAT hay NTFS.
b. Partition:
To Partition (Partition qua Partition): Bn s c 4 b-c:
- Chn a ngun. - Chn partition ngun. - Chn a ch. - Chn
partition ch.
To Image (To file hnh nh cho partition): Bn c 3 b-c:
- Chn a ngun. - Chn 1 hay nhiu partition ngun. - Ch nh a
cha file hnh nh s to v tn ca file ny.
Ch : File hnh nh phi -c l-u trn partition khc vi partition ngun.
Bn c th s dng chc nng nn tit kim khng gian l-u tr khi to
file hnh nh. V bn cng c th ct (Spanning) file hnh nh ra cha trn
nhiu a ging nh- version 4.
From Image (Phc hi partition t file hnh nh): Bn c 4 b-c:
Cm nang my tnh

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- Chn file hnh nh phc hi partition. - Chn partition trong file hnh
nh. - Chn a ch. - Chn partition ch.
c. Check:
Image: Kim tra file hnh nh.
Disk: Kim tra a.
2. LPT (Sao chp qua dy cp ni LPT):
Mc ny cho bn chn la my mnh l Master hay Slaver trong khi tin
hnh sao chp qua cp kt ni LPT.
Ch : My Master s l my iu khin.
3. Option:
Ngoi tr 2 mc Image Write Buffering v Image Read Buffering -c
nh du chn mc nh mi khi khi ng Ghost, cc xc lp khc ch c
gi tr trong phin lm vic hin thi.

Cm nang my tnh

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S dng a cng IDE

1- S NT V C TNH K THUT:
A/ GIAO TIP:
cng nh- a cng ang -c dng i tr hin nay trn cc my PC gia nh
l loi theo chun giao tip IDE do tnh d lp rp v gi thnh thp. Ngoi ra
cn c chun SCSI nh-ng khng thng dng do gi thnh cao, i hi phi c
card SCSI - phn mm qun l cc thit b SCSI ring.
B/ LP RP, KT HP V DI CHUYN:
My PC cho php bn s dng 2 a cng (Mainboard i c) hay 4 a cng
(Mainboard i mi) cng lc. phn bit cc a trn cng 1 cp tn hiu,
chng ta phi xc lp bng cch ni tt cc chn cm -c quy nh c th trn
tng a (set jumper). Nh sn xut lun cung cp s set jumper km theo
a ca mnh v nu thiu, ch c cch l set "m" hay da trn a khc.
Ch : Bn phi hiu v nguyn l, my tnh xem a cng l 1 thit b IDE
hay ni mt cch khc, my PC cho php bn s dng ti a 4 thit b IDE ni
vo 2 dy cp. a CDROM theo chun giao tip IDE cng -c xem l 1 thit
b IDE nn s -c tnh vo tng s ny.
Cc quy -c khi lp rp, kt hp a:
Dy cp: Cp tn hiu ca a cng c 3 u ni ging y nhau. 1 u gn
vo u ni IDE trn Card I/O hay mainboard, 2 u cn li gn vo u ni
trn 2 a cng. Khi cm dy, ch cm sao cho vch sn cnh cp ni
vi chn s 1 ca u ni. Th-ng chn s 1 -c quy -c nh- sau:
Trn mainboard hay trn card I/O: Cnh c ghi s 1 hay c du chm trn hay
du tam gic.
Ch : C hng sn xut, nga tr-ng hp cm ng-c cp bng cch b bt 1
chn u ni trn mainboard, v bt 1 l t-ng ng u ni trn cp.
Trn a: Cnh c ghi s 1 hay vch sn trn cp nm st dy cm ngun.
Ch : C hng sn xut, nga tr-ng hp cm ng-c cp bng cch b bt 1
chn u ni trn a cng, v bt 1 l t-ng ng u ni trn cp.
Khi ni cp, c gng xoay tr u cp sao cho on dy i t mainboard hay
Card I/O n a cng l ngn nht. Thm ch bn c th ni u gia ln
Mainboard, 2 u ba ln a cng.
a: Gia 2 nhm a 1,2 v 3,4 phn bit bi hai dy cp gn vo 2 u ni
Pri (th nht 1,2) hay Sec (th nh 3,4). Gia a 1,2 hay 3,4 phn bit bng
cch set Jumper trn mi a l Master (1,3) hay Slave (2,4).
- Trn a c cc set sau:
Master (single): Ch s dng 1 a duy nht.
Master (dual): ny l master nh-ng c kt hp vi khc.
Slave: ny l slave.
Cable Selec: Xc lp master hay slave bng cp (ging a mm)
Cm nang my tnh

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Thng th-ng bn nn set l Master (dual) hay Slave, nh-ng khi dng a
Caviar c khi bn bt buc phi set l Master (single) n mi chu chy.
a khi ng bt buc phi -c set l Master v -c gn vo cp Pri (1).
C tr-ng hp 2 a khng chu chy chung vi nhau khi gn cng 1 cp. Bn
phi s dng 2 cp cho 2 a ny, nu my bn khng c -ng cp th 2 bn
buc phi i a khc (hay xy ra vi Caviar ca WD).
Ch : Trong s nhng ci tin trong BIOS ca mainboard P5, quan trng v c
ch trong s dng l phn BOOT my. Ci tin ny gip bn khi mt th gi t
li cc jumper cho a cng khi chuyn i.
Bn c th chn la cho Boot my bng a mm A, a CD ROM, a
SCSI, a cng C hay D, E, F (nu c). Ngha l ngoi cc a truyn thng
nh- A, C, bn c th cho Boot bng CD ROM v bt c a cng vt l no
ang c trn my m khng cn phn bit chng ang l Master hay Slave, l
IDE hay SCSI.
Th d: My bn c a A, 1 a CDROM (G), 3 a cng IDE (C, D, E), 1
a cng SCSI (F). Bn c quyn ch nh cho khi ng bng a no trong
s cc a ny (A, C, D, E, F, G) cng -c.
Khi bn s dng Win97 (OSR2 hay Memphis), bn khng cn khai bo a
cng th 2 tr i trong Bios (k c mm). Win97 t bit cc a ny v t
tn cho chng tip theo tn a Logic cui cng trn a vt l c khai bo.
D nhin l khi chng khng th khi ng -c do khng c khai bo.
C/ TUI TH:
Tui th ca a cng chnh l tui th ca cc thnh phn di chuyn trong cu
to a. a c 2 m t chnh l m t quay a v m t dch chuyn u t.
m bo tc truy xut cao ca a, a cng bt buc phi quay lin
tc t khi bn m my cho n khi bn tt my v u t lun lun treo l lng
pha trn mt a 1 khong cch cc nh bi 1 lp m kh -c to ra do tc
quay nhanh (khi a ng-ng quay, u t s "p" ln trn mt a do mt lp
m kh. an ton, hng sn xut to v tr p t ng cho u t khi tt my).
Nh- vy m t quay a c ch lm vic nng nht v tui th ca n quyt
nh tui th ca a. Hay ni 1 cch khc, tui th ca a tu thuc vo
thi gian s dng my ch khng tu thuc vo thi gian truy xut a nh- a
mm.
V nguyn tc k thut trong vic s dng ng c, cng t ln tt m ng c
cng th. Nh- vy khi bn cho my chy lin tc 24/24, a cng ca bn s
t thi gian s dng ti a. i vi my gia nh, do vic s dng khng lin
tc (mi ngy m my vi ln) nn tui th a c gim nh-ng b li thi gian
s dng thc s ko di hn (th d: a nu chy lin tc 24h/ngy s th th
10.000gi tc l 417 ngy thc t, nu chy khng lin tc 8h/ngy, tui th
gim cn 7.000gi nh-ng s l 875 ngy thc t). Vic tt m my cn lm tng
nguy c va chm u t vi mt a, to h- hng khng phc hi -c. Do
bn cng hn ch vic tt m my cng tt.
Trong Bios cc my mi th-ng hay c mc ch nh ngng a cng khi
khng hot ng sau 1 thi gian nht nh (Power Manager). Chng ti khuyn
Cm nang my tnh

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bn ng s dng mc ny v n ch c tc dng trn nhng my xch tay l loi
my m ng-i ta chp nhn gim th tt c cc linh kin trong my i ly
thi gian s dng pin lu. Nu bn thch s dng mc ny th c th v ch
ting ku ca a khi chuyn trng thi hot ng, c th bn s cm thy ti
nghip a ca bn.
2- BIOS SETUP:
Sau khi lp rp a, bn phi lm th tc khai bo trong Bios my chp nhn
cho a l 1 thnh phn ca my. C 2 tr-ng hp khai bo cho a d-i
528Mb v trn 528Mb.
a d-i 528Mb: Khai bo bnh th-ng trn mi loi mainboard c cng nh-
mi. Bn cn khai bo C (cylinder) H (head) S (sector) theo s liu nh sn xut
ghi trn nhn hay dng Auto Detect IDE.
a trn 528Mb: i vi cc mainboard i mi, bn cn khai bo C (cylinder)
H (head) S (sector) theo s liu nh sn xut ghi trn nhn sau chn thm
mc LBA hay dng Auto Detect IDE ri chn thng s do Bios ngh c km
LBA. i vi mainboard i c khng c mc LBA, bn khng th s dng
-c phn dung l-ng trn 528Mb ca a thng qua Bios, bn bt buc phi
dng ch-ng trnh Disk Manager ca hng sn xut a cng (Quantum, WD,
Ontrack...), ch-ng trnh ny cng m trch lun vic Fdisk v Format cho
a (c tnh ca ch-ng trnh ny chng ti s bn sau).

3- QUN L, S DNG:
A/ CCH QUN L CA H IU HNH:
c im quan trng m ng-i s dng cn hiu r l cch cp pht khng gian
a cha file ca h iu hnh. Mi h iu hnh c 1 cch qun l khc
nhau, chng ti ch ch trng bn v Dos, Win95 v s ni s v Win NT.
Dos, Win 95: Ty theo dung l-ng ca a Logic m n v cp pht cho tp
tin thay i theo. C th nh- sau:
Dung l-ng a Logic n v cp pht (cluster)
n 31,5Mb 512Byte
trn 31,5 1Kb
trn 64Mb 2Kb
trn 127Mb 4Kb
trn 254,9Mb 8Kb
trn 504,9Mb 16Kb
trn 1Gb 32Kb
trn 2Gb 64Kb
Cch cp pht trn c ngha l tu theo file ca bn c kch th-c bao nhiu m
h iu hnh s cp pht s n v (cluster) t-ng ng. Dung l-ng n v phi
bng hoc ln hn dung l-ng file cn cha, nu trong 1 n v cp pht cn d-
cng s b b, khng dng cha file khc -c. Th d: Trn a 860Mb. Nu
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
file 234byte s -c cp 1 cluster 16Kb, Nu file 50Kb s -c cp 4 cluster
64Kb.
Nh- vy trn a logic c dung l-ng ln, bn cha file nh cng nhiu, bn
cng b mt dung l-ng a do c nhng khong b b trng qu nhiu. iu ny
dn n vic cn phi tnh ton chia a Logic sao cho kch th-c Cluster l c
li nht tu theo thc t s dng.
Win NT: Ni tng qut, Win NT c th s dng cch qun l a ca Dos, Win
95 bn c th s dng ng thi Win NT v Dos, Win 95 trn cng 1 my.
Nh-ng Win NT cng c 1 cch qun l ring ca mnh l n v cp pht ln ti
a ch c 4Kb cho a logic trn 254,9Mb v khng c bt k h iu hnh no
c th s dng -c a do Win NT qun l theo kiu ring.

B/ S DNG:
s dng -c a cng vi h iu hnh Dos/Win 95, bn phi tin hnh
cc th tc sau:
Fdisk: ch-ng trnh dng ch nh cho h iu hnh qun l a nh- th
no.
Format: nh dng a theo tiu chun quy nh ca h iu hnh h iu
hnh c th s dng -c a.
Trong tr-ng hp bn mi rp my hay lm li a master ca mnh, bn phi
khi ng bng a mm ri mi dng ch-ng trnh -c cha trn a mm m
tin hnh thao tc vi a cng.
Cch lm a mm khi ng nh- sau:
* -a a mm vo a A, nh lnh FORMAT A: /S
* Chp ti thiu cc file sau ln a mm: Fdisk, format, Sys (Ch : phi cng
version vi Dos bn dng format a mm tr-c ). Bn c th chp thm
NC, cc ch-ng trnh chng Virus, cc ch-ng trnh tin ch...tu theo nhu cu
v dung l-ng a mm cn trng.

4- CCH S DNG FDISK:
Khi bn nh lnh Fdisk, mn hnh u tin nh- sau:
FDISK Options
Current fixed disk drive: 1
Choose one of the following:
1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive
2. Set active partition
3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive
4. Display partition information
5. Change current fixed disk drive
Enter choice: [1]
Gii thch:
* Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive: To khu vc trn a (c th l 1
phn, c th l ton b) v to a Logic cho Dos s dng.
Trong mc ny cn c cc mc con sau:
Cm nang my tnh

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Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive
1. Create Primary DOS Partition
2. Create Extended DOS Partition
3. Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition
* u tin bn phi tin hnh mc 1 tc l to Partition Dos th nht. Vng ny
c c im l ch cha 1 a duy nht c dung l-ng chim ton b khng
gian vng v ch a ny -c php khi ng. Nu bn khng chia nh a
cng vt l th bn cho vng ny chim ton b a vt l v qu trnh fdisk k
nh- hon tt, Dos s t ng ch nh cho a ny l khi ng. Nu bn
mun chia nh a, bn ch nh kch th-c c th cho vng ny ri tin hnh
mc 2.
* Mc 2 to vng a m rng dnh cho Dos. Dung l-ng l khng gian cn li
ca a vt l hay ch 1 phn nu bn mun d tr 1 vng ring ngoi tm
kim sot ca Dos (dnh cho h iu hnh khc) gi l vng Non Dos. Vng
Dos m rng ny s cha tt c cc a Logic m bn mun to v bn tin
hnh to chng bng mc 3.
Khi to a Logic bn nn ch l ng nn to qu nhiu (tt nht l 2) v
dung l-ng cn trng s b phn tn trn tng a Logic khin cho vic ci t
cc ch-ng trnh ln tr nn kh khn. Ngoi ra nu bn c nhiu a vt l,
bn cn ch cch gn tn a Logic ca Dos nh- sau:
Dos t tn theo th t ABC v gn cho vng Pri trn mi a vt l tr-c (theo
th t a vt l) sau mi n cc a Logic trn vng Ext ca tng a
theo th t. Th d: C 2 a vt l, trn a master (1) chia 1 Pri, 2 Logic,
trn a Slave (2) chia nh- 1. Chng s -c gn tn nh- sau: 1 c C (Pri),
E, F (Logic). 2 c D (Pri), G, H (Logic). Th t gn tn rt quan trng nu s
s dn n vic Format sai a.
Set active partition: Ch nh a -c php khi ng. Theo quy nh ca Dos,
ch c a nm trong Pri Partition mi -c php active ( a C). Mc ny ch
dng khi bn khng cho vng Pri chim ton b dung l-ng a vt l.

Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive:
Xo b nhng g bn to trong mc 1. Theo quy nh ca Dos, qu trnh xa
phi ng-c li vi qu trnh to, ngha l ci g to u tin phi -c xo sau
cng v ng-c li.
Trong mc ny c cc mc con:
Delete DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive
1. Delete Primary DOS Partition
2. Delete Extended DOS Partition
3. Delete Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition
4. Delete Non-DOS Partition
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Trong mc ny bn phi tin hnh ng-c t d-i ln trn tc l tin hnh
theo th t 4,3,2,1.
Display partition information: Hin th tnh trng hin ti ca a cng. Mc
ny bn nn chn u tin trnh tnh trng thao tc ln a.
Change current fixed disk drive: Chn a vt l thao tc.
Ch : Khi bn Fdisk trn a cng no (logic hay vt l) ton b d liu
trn a s b xo. Fdisk ch dng cho a cng, bn khng th Fdisk
a mm.
5- CCH S DNG FORMAT:
Vic phn vng, to a Logic ging nh- mi quy hoch ming t trng.
Mun s dng bn cn phi ct nh v l nhim v ca Format.
Format -c dng cho a cng ln a mm v gn nh- l ch-ng trnh thng
dng khi s dng my tnh. Nh-ng Format c 2 tnh nng ch-a -c nh gi
ng mc l format trit (/u) l qu trnh kim tra a k l-ng nht v format
/q (format nhanh) l cch xo a c nhiu file nhanh nht.
Cng dng chnh ca Format /u l nh dng a theo ng tiu chun ca h
iu hnh. Bn hy t-ng t-ng nh- vic san bng mi th hin c trn ming
t, chia l ri ct nh, chia phng, t s nh, ln s ... cha hng ho sau
ny. C ngha l lm mi ton b, xo b ht ci c. Trong qu trnh xy dng
n cn kim tra nh du v tr xu khng s dng -c.
Cng dng ca Format /q l khng lm g c nh h-ng n hng ho hin cha
trn ming t, mi xy dng c vn gi nguyn. N ch lm mt vic n gin
l tuyn b ton b khu vc ny hin ang trng, ch-a c g c. Khi no c hng
ho mi gi vo n mi tng ci c i cha.

6- LM CHO A CNG KHI NG C:
Sau khi bn Fdisk xong, bn c th dng lnh Format c: /s va nh dng va
lm cho a cng khi ng -c.
Trong tr-ng hp a cng format sn, bn c th cho khi ng bng a
mm ri dng lnh SYS chuyn cc file h thng t a mm xung a cng,
gip cho a cng t khi ng -c.
Nu Sys t a mm, h iu hnh trn a cng s ging y nh- a mm. Do
cn cn thn chn a mm ng h iu hnh khi mun dng lnh Sys.

7- BOOT BNG DOS HAY WINDOWS 95:
cho a cng khi ng bng Dos version no, bn ch cn c a mm khi
ng version ri Sys xung m khng cn phi ci li nguyn b Dos hay
Windows 95
Ch : Trn a mm nn c thm cc file Fdisk, Format, Sys, Himem,
Emm386, Smartdrv...cng h iu hnh.
Khi Sys cho Windows 95, bn phi to li thng tin trong file MSDOS.SYS th
Windows mi chy -c. Th d:
[Paths]
Cm nang my tnh

- 112
St by hoangly85
WinDir=C:\MEMPHIS
WinBootDir=C:\MEMPHIS
HostWinBootDrv=C
[Options]
BootMulti=1
BootGUI=1
BootWin=1
Network=1
Trong ni dung ny quan trng nht l phn [Paths]. Phn ny thay i tu theo
thc t trn tng my.
Gii thch:
WinDir=C:\MEMPHIS: Tn v a ch ca th- mc cha Windows 95.
WinBootDir=C:\MEMPHIS: Tn v a ch ca th- mc cha file h thng cn
thit khi khi ng ca Windows 95.
HostWinBootDrv=C: Tn a khi ng.

Boot 2 h iu hnh
* Nu c Dos: Bn i cc file
Command.com thnh Command.dos . Io.sys thnh Io.dos . Msdos.sys thnh
Msdos.dos . Autoexec.bat thnh Autoexec.dos . Config.sys thnh Config.dos
Ri Sys Windows 95 t a mm xung. Cui cng to li Msdos.sys ging nh-
phn trn.
* Nu c Windows 95: Bn chp (copy) cc file lit k ca Dos xung a
cng v i ui l Dos. C th nh-: Command.dos, Io.dos, Msdos.dos,
Autoexec.dos, Config.dos. Thm dng BootMilti=1 vo file Msdos.sys ca
Windows 95.
Ch :
* Nu dng Windows 95 bn OSR2 (950B), khi copy bn i Io.sys thnh
IBMBIO.COM, Msdos.sys thnh IBMDOS.COM. Cc file khc vn nh- c. C
th nh-:
Command.com thnh Command.dos . Io.sys thnh Ibmbio.com . Msdos.sys
thnh Ibmdos.com . Autoexec.bat thnh Autoexec.dos . Config.sys thnh
Config.dos
ng thi bn phi xa file MSDOS .DOS nu c hin din trong th- mc gc.
Bn phi sa cha cc -ng dn trong Autoexec.bat, Autoexec.dos v
Config.sys, Config.dos cho ng vi tnh
trng ca tng h iu hnh v c 1 s file h thng khng th dng "ln
ln" -c.

Cm nang my tnh

- 113
St by hoangly85

S dng disk manager ca hng sn xut a cng
C nhiu ch-ng trnh Disk Manager do cc hng sn xut a cng -a ra
(Quantium, WD, Ontrack, Conner...), mc ch l gip cho ng-i dng c th s
dng a ln hn 504MB trn my i c c BIOS khng nhn bit -c
nhng a dung l-ng ln ny.
Khi s dng cc ch-ng trnh ny, bn nn ch cc vn sau:
a c dng Disk Manager phi l a khi ng, v nu n khng l a
khi ng, ch-ng trnh Disk Manager ca a ny s khng -c np khi khi
ng my, v kt qu l my ca bn khng th nhn din cng nh- s dng
-c a ny.
Ch-ng trnh ny ch nn s dng trn cc my i c (386), khng nn s dng
trn cc my i mi (486, 586...) c BIOS h tr LBA. V n khng t-ng thch
vi Windows 95.
"d kh" ng-i s dng, cc ch-ng trnh lun lun dng n v tnh:
1MB=1000000Byte, khc vi n v tnh ca Dos l: 1MB=1048576Byte. Nh-
vy dung l-ng a do cc ch-ng trnh ny bo co ln hn khong 5% dung
l-ng do Dos bo co.
Khi bn ci ch-ng trnh ny, n s chim Master Boot Record lm "ca
ring" v bn khng th no "tng kh" n i -c, d cho d bn c Fdisk hay
format li. Bn phi dng Diskedisk xo sch Master Boot Record ri sau mi
Fdisk v format li.

5 kiu b nh trong DOS
My vi tnh 286, 386 hoc 486 c th c n 5 kiu b nh. Cc ch-ng trnh
phi -c vit s dng mt kiu b nh hoc hn na. Hy hnh dung cc
kiu b nh nh- cc phn t xp chng ln nhau ging nh- chic bnh gat ngy
c-i.
B nh quy -c (conventional memory)
L lp d-i cng. Nu my tnh ch c cc chip nh vi tng dung l-ng 640
KB, ton b y l b nh quy -c. Cc ch-ng trnh chy trong DOS u phi
dng t nht kiu b nh ny.
Cc khi nh cao (The upper memory blocks)
L lp k tip chim ti 384 KB, cao hn vng nh quy -c. Vng ny (gi tt l
UMB) bao gm 6 khi (block), mi khi 64 KB. Do DOS t vng ny bn
ngoi dnh cho cc chc nng phn cng, bn khng th thm vo cc chip nh
lp y b nh ny. Thng th-ng, cc UMB ch -c phn cng t trn bn
mch ch s dng. Cc phn cng l: bn mch video, bn mch giao din
ca my qut hnh (scanner interface) v ROM.
Vng nh cao (The high memory area)
Cm nang my tnh

- 114
St by hoangly85
Gi tt l HMA, l vng 64 KB k tip cc khi UMB. Ch c mt vi trnh tin
ch dng n vng nh ny. l HIMEM.SYS ca Windows, QEMM-386 ca
QUARterdeck v mt s phn mm mng.
B nh m rng (extended memory)
L lp trn ca b nh quy -c, UMB v HMA. My 286 c th c ti 15 MB b
nh m rng, trong khi 386 v l thuyt cho php t ti 4 GB (4 t bytes).
V mt k thut, HMA l 64 KB u tin ca b nh m rng, tuy nhin trong
thc t HMA v phn cn li ca b nh m rng c th -c xem nh- cc lp
ring bit.
B nh bnh tr-ng (expanted memory)
L kiu b nh th 5. Hy hnh dung n -c t bn ngoi cc lp khc. Kiu
b nh ny yu cu mt khi 64 KB ca vng UMB. Nu ch-ng trnh cn nhiu
hn 64 KB b nh bnh tr-ng, cc phn ca b nh bnh tr-ng -c trao i
qua khi UMB ny. Ph-ng php ny cho php c -c b nh bnh tr-ng
dung l-ng ln m khng cn phi d tr mt vng ln bn trong b nh phn
lp. Bn c th phn bit s khc nhau gia b nh m rng (extended memory)
v b nh bnh tr-ng (expanded memory) nh- sau. Cc chip nh trn bn mch
ch (mother board) hu nh- bao gi cng -c cp pht cho b nh quy -c v
b nh m rng. B nh bnh tr-ng th-ng -c ci t (install) trn bn mch
ring.
Cc my vi b x l 8088 hoc khng th truy nhp -c b nh m rng hoc
HMA. Nhng my ny ch -c hn ch bi b nh quy -c, cc khi UMB v
b nh bnh tr-ng. Cc my 286 hoc cao hn c th c kiu b nh bt k
hoc c tt c 5 kiu.
By gi ta s xem xt mt vn quan trng: cch xc nh s cp pht b
nh cho my tnh ca bn.
Vi cc my 8088 v 8086 tt c cc chip nh phi -c dnh cho b nh quy
-c hoc (nu bn c hn 640 KB) b nh bnh tr-ng. Bn khng c la chn
no khc.
Trn cc my 286, bn nn cp pht ton b nh ngoi 640 KB cho b nh m
rng, nu nh- bn khng c ch-ng trnh ca DOS h tr c bit b nh bnh
tr-ng. Trong tr-ng hp ny, bn nn cp pht b nh bnh tr-ng p
ng nhu cu ca cc ch-ng trnh DOS v dnh phn cn li nh- b nh m
rng m Windows v cc trnh khc c th s dng.
i vi cc my 386, bn nn cu hnh ton b b nh ngoi 640 KB nh- b nh
m rng. B nh ny sau c th -c chuyn i theo yu cu thnh b nh
bnh tr-ng i vi cc ch-ng trnh h tr n. Windows v QEMM-86 c th
chuyn i mt cch t ng.
Bn s cp pht b nh trn my ca mnh nh- th no? Cc bn mch b nh
bnh tr-ng bao gi cng c b chuyn i hoc phn mm m bn thit t
xc nh xem tt c hoc ch mt phn ca b nh -c xem xt l bnh tr-ng
hay m rng. Ch cn thc hin cp pht ng n trong nt ln. Vic cp pht
ny s cn tc dng cho n khi bn thay i n. Brian Livingson l ch tch ca
Cm nang my tnh

- 115
St by hoangly85
Ban T- Vn v Windows, tc gi ca nhiu cun sch v Windows do IDG xut
bn.

cng trn 4gb khng khi ng -c
C vi cng trn 4Gb khng khi ng c trn mt s
mainboard, bn c th Fdisk bnh thng nhng my s b treo khi
khi ng li. Theo chng ti th vn do Bios v h iu hnh
lm vic khng "khp" vi nhau.
C 1 cch s dng tm cc a ny trong khi ch thay th
mainboard hay cng.
1/ Vo Bios, chn mc t ng pht hin cng.
2/ Vo mc khai bo cng, iu chnh li s u c (H) t 16
thnh 15.
3/ Nhn s cylinder vi 16 ri chia cho 15, nu kt qu c s l th
b s l (lm trn xung).
4/ iu chnh s cylinder thnh s mi (ln hn s c) ny.
5/ Lu thay i ri thot Bios.
6/ Fdisk v Format nh bnh thng.
Cm nang my tnh

- 116
St by hoangly85
Phc hi d liu trong a cng b cht bt ng
B quyt: Nu PC t nhin "cht cng", bn phi tho a b
trc trc ra ri gn lm khch (slave driver) trn my khc.
B quyt: Tuy nhin, ch tin hnh bc trn nu cng pht
ra ting lo xo, ken kt hay lch cch; c th b trc trc
vt l. Tt nht nn ng ngay a v tho ra khi my
hn ch tn tht.
B quyt: Nu c bn sao lu gn nht, trnh sao lu s ch
bn tng bc phc hi tt c tp tin d liu. D nhin, nu
khng c nh ca ton b a, bn s phi ci li h iu
hnh v ng dng.
B quyt: Nu ngay bn sao lu d liu bn cng khng c,
th vn cha phi l v vng. C EasyRecovery ca Ontrack v
GetData Back ca Runtime Software (www.runtime.og) s c
"li" tp tin ra khi a h ri sao chp d liu phc hi vo
mt ni khc, chng hn a cng th hai hay mt a CD-
RW. Web site ca c hai cng ty u c phin bn minh ha
(demo) min ph, vi kh nng d on mc khi phc
thnh cng cho trng hp ca bn.
B quyt: Nu chng trnh cu nguy b tay, hoc nu cng
pht ra m thanh l, bn s phi quyt nh liu c ng b
tin nhiu hn nh ti dch v cu d liu khng. Mt s
cng ty (ti M) nh ntrack, Advanced Data Solutions
(www.adv-data.com) v DriveSavers (www.drivesavers.com)
c cung cp dch v ny, vi gi t 95 n 5.000 USD. (Th gii
vi tnh)

Nhng s c phn cng
Bn c gng sa li PC bng mi th. By gi hy th dng
Device Manager ca Windows. Cng c ny mnh, cho php
bn ci t li driver phn cng b trc trc, buc Windows phi
kim tra li tt c cc thit b ca PC, v nng cp cc driver
khi cn.
Php mu ca Device Manager
B n: Bn vn b quy ry v nhng vn kh hiu - biu
tng hnh th k l, mn hnh b kha, li truy cp Web, chut
i khi khng di chuyn, hay m thanh qui d.
Cm nang my tnh

- 117
St by hoangly85
B quyt: Dng Device Manager (trong System Properties)
kim tra trng thi tt c phn cng c ci t trn PC ca
bn. Trc khi thay i bt k thit lp no, hy to phm tt
(shortcut) n Device Manager. Vo Control Panel (trong
Category View ca XP, chn Performance nad Maintenance),
nhn phm phi chut vo System, v chn Create Shortcut
Nu bn cm thy kh khn trong vic thay i, hy in ra mt
bn sao cc thng s thit lp hin hnh. M System
Properties, vo Device Manager (trong 2000 hoc XP, nhn
Hardware). Nhn Print (trong 2000 chn View.Print; trong XP
chn PC ca bn dng trn cng v chn Action.Print), chn
All device nad system summary, ri in ra bn sao tham
kho. Bt h thng ca bn phi kim k cc thit b c
ci t: nhn nt Refresh (trong 98 hay Me), hoc nhn phm
phi vo PC ca bn dng trn cng v chn Scan for
hardware changes.
By gi bn sn sng khm ph b n. Khi ng vo ch
Safe Mode (nhn F5 khi h thng khi ng), m Device
Manager, r sot nhng thit b tho g khi my tnh ca
bn v loi b nhng g lin quan ti chng. C th bn s tm
thy nhng trng lp v modem, chut, card ha...; dn
dp c nhng th d tha ny s gip trnh c nhiu xung
t.
Rt c th vn li nm ngay trc mt bn - l mn hnh.
Thng thng, nhn nt gii t ca mn hnh hay loi b nhng
ngun pht x in t (mn hnh khc, l viba, knh thin vn)
c th khc phc hin tng i mu l ch.
cng gy n
B n: Nhng ting n l bt u pht ra t cng khin bn
lo lng.
B quyt: C nhiu kh nng ting n khng phi t cng.
Thng th khi cng trc trc n s ngng lm vic. cho
an ton bn phi sao lu ton b cng (hay t nht l nhng
d liu quan trng).
Hy tm nhng th phm c kh nng gy n khc - l ngun cp
in, hp my, qut CPU. Qut c th b bi bn hoc trc ca n c
vn . Th mt th thut m dn c kh t hay dng: m hp my v
lng nghe cc thnh phn hot ng bng mt loi ng xc nh
ngun gy n. Nu ng l t cng th phi chm dt s dng ngay.
Cm nang my tnh

- 118
St by hoangly85
phc hi d liu ca bn, dng SpinRite, cng c phc hi a cng
gi 89 USD ca Gibson Research (www.grc.com).
Cm nang my tnh

- 119
St by hoangly85
Khc phc s c hin th mn hnh
Vic ci t ng cc ch hin th mn hnh bao gm phn gii (biu din
bng s im (Pixel) trn mi dng theo chiu rng nhn vi s hng theo chiu
cao), su ca mu (s bt cn thit l-u tr mt im nh), s mu hin th
v tc lm t-i mn hnh (Refresh Rate) lm gim i s iu tit ca mt v
to cm gic h-ng phn khi lm vic.
Tht l ung ph cho nhng my tnh c cu hnh vi h thng video cc mnh
m khng ci t ng ch hin th mn hnh. H thng video ca my tnh
bao gm ba thnh phn ring bit: Mn hnh (Monitor), b thch ng ha
video (Display Adapter) v trnh iu khin thit b (Driver). H thng video ch
lm vic nu c y ba thnh phn trn.
S c hin th mn hnh xy ra khi cc thnh phn trong h thng video hot
ng khng ng b vi nhau. Ngoi nhng nguyn nhn nu ra trn cn c
th do vic s dng khng ng driver cho card mn hnh v vic chn cc thng
s thit lp cho phn gii, s mu hin th, tc lm t-i mn hnh khng
thch hp. Thng th-ng bn c th thy mn hnh ti thui, hnh nh b x rng
c-a, mt thng bo li...
khc phc tnh trng trn, chng ta tin hnh cc b-c sau:
Vi Windows 3.x:
1. Khi ng li my (nhn Ctrl + Alt + Del hoc nhn phm Reset).
2. Chuyn vo th- mc Windows v g Setup.
3. Chn li ch VGA.
Vi Win 95, Win 97, Win 98:
Khi ng li my
1. Trong khi hin ln dng ch "Starting Windows 95", nhn F8 v chn Safe
mode (l-u y rng ch Safe Mode, Windows ch np cc ch-ng trnh cn
thit v s dng driver chun VGA).
2. Chn Start/Setting/Control panel, click p vo mc Display ri chn Setting.
3. Xc lp li cc ch hin th mn hnh cho ph hp.
Nu bn l ng-i s dng my tnh kinh nghim th c th trc tip thay i cu
hnh cho tp tin System. ini bng bt k trnh son tho vn bn dng Ascii no,
chng hn nh- trnh son tho vn bn ca NC. Thay i mc Display.drv= <
Tn ca Driver khng ph hp > trong phn [boot] thnh Display.drv = Vga.drv.
Cm nang my tnh

- 120
St by hoangly85
Tn dng cc chc nng ca DiskEdit
Chng ta u bit rng, h iu hnh MS-DOS c cc tnh nng nh-: xo, i
tn, khi phc cc tp tin v th- mc. Nh-ng vn l khi DOS ta khng c
hoc b xo cc tp tin: DELTREE.EXE, UNDELETE.EXE th tht l kh
khn cho vic xo c mt cy th- mc c nhiu th- mc con, xo th- mc rng
v cn kh hn khi phi khi phc cc tp tin va b xo. Tt nhin l bn c th
s dng nhiu ch-ng trnh khc lm cng vic ny.
Trong bi ny ti xin nu mt s tnh nng ca tin ch DISKEDIT m chng ta
c th d dng gii quyt nhng v-ng mc nh- trn.
s dng -c DISKEDIT bn phi c ti thiu hai tp tin l:
DISKEDIT.EXE v NLIB100.RTL nu dng NU 8.0 (nu dng NU for Win
95, bn ch cn duy nht 1 file DISKEDIT.EXE). Hai tp tin ny th-ng c sn
trong th- mc NU. u tin bn khi ng bng tp tin DISKEDIT.EXE ti du
nhc ca MS-DOS, sau vo mn hnh ca DISKEDIT s xut hin ca s
SCANNING DISK, khi qut ht danh sch cc th- mc v tp tin, mn hnh
lc ny l danh sch cc th- mc v tp tin ca a hin thi. Tip theo bn
phi lm cho trn mn hnh xut hin con tr bng cch m menu Tool, chn
lnh Configuration, sau b k t nh du trong hp kim tra READ ONLY
bng cch dch con tr v mc READY ONLY v nhn phm SPACE, sau
chn SAVE ghi li thit lp . Lc ny ngoi mn hnh xut hin con tr
v ta c th bt u:
1.i tn tp v th- mc
Dch con tr n tp tin hoc th- mc cn chn, dng phm DEL hoc BACK
SPACE xo tn c v nh tn mi vo.
Sau bn chn lnh WRITE CHANGE trong menu EDIT ghi li
2.Xo tp tin v th- mc
Bn -a con tr v u ca tn tp tin hoc th- mc cn chn, nh vo k t c
m ASCII l 229 () bng cch gi phm Alt+229, chnh l m E5 trong h
hexa, sau bn chn WRITE CHANGE trong menu EDIT ghi li. Lc ny
tp tin hoc th- mc -c chn b xo.
3.Khi phc tp tin v th- mc
Khi DOS bn l tay xo mt tp tin hoc th- mc m trn a li khng c cc
tin ch khi phc, hy yn tm khi dng DISKEDIT (vi iu kin sau khi
xo bn ch-a thao tc g khc).
Dch con tr v tn ca tp tin hoc th- mc cn khi phc, lc ny k t u
tin ca tn tp hoc th- mc c dng (), k t c m ACII 229 m ta ni
phn trn. Bn ch vic dng phm DEL hoc BACK SPACE xo i k t v
thay vo k t chun ca n. Sau cng bn chn WRITE CHANGE trong
menu EDIT ghi li.
4.Bn c th i tn mt lnh ni tr?
i tn mt lnh ni tr ca MS-DOS tht d dng. Nh-ng bn bao gi i
tn mt lnh ni tr? Ti xin mch mt cch:
Cm nang my tnh

- 121
St by hoangly85
Nh- chng ta bit lnh ni tr l mt phn ni dung ca tp tin
COMMAND.COM, nn khi vo mn hnh ca DISKEDIT nh- phn trn sau khi
b thuc tnh READY ONLY xut hin du nhc. Dch con tr v ng tp
tin COMMAND.COM ri nhn Enter, lc ny tp tin COMMAND.COM -c
th hin d-i dng HEXA.
-a con tr n a ch 0000C0E0 v tm t n a ch 0000C280 t-ng ng
vi n bn phi mn hnh l tn cc lnh ni tr, gia l h HEXA t-ng ng
vi cc k t tn lnh (tn lnh l cc ch hoa).
V d: lnh DIR c m (44,49,52) v bn c th i thnh XEM (58,45,4D).
Lnh CLS c m (43,4C,53) v bn c th i thnh XOA (58,4F,4D).
Khi i bn dch con tr n tn lnh v t-ng ng vi cc l t gia phn
m HEXA c mt con tr v bn ch vic nh li m khc theo mnh.
V bn c th i dng ch "Copyright (C) Microsoft 199...199" xut hin khi
khi ng t MS-DOS t-ng t nh- cch i tn mt lnh ni tr nh-ng tm t
a ch 00002180 n a ch 000021E0.
Ch : bn ch -c thay th s k t ng bng s k t ban u.
Sau khi ghi li bng WRITE CHANGE trong menu EDIT, thot ra khi
DISKEDIT bng Alt+X v lc ny xut hin thng bo "Can not load command,
system halted". Bn ch cn khi ng li my tnh l cc lnh m bn va i
c tc dng.
Cm nang my tnh

- 122
St by hoangly85
Nguyn tc sa cha cc thng bo ca DOS
Thng bo ca cc ch-ng trnh u c th chuyn qua ting Vit d dng nu
bn tun theo mt s nguyn tc sau:
* Ch sa thng bo no bn bit r ngha.
* Khi sa cha phi gi nguyn tng s byte ca thng bo, tuyt i khng
-c thm hay bt byte no c.
* Phi c kin thc v m Hexa (thp lc), Decimal (thp phn). Bit r bng m
ACSii, ANSI...Nu mun chuyn qua ting Vit c du th phi bit cch lm
bng m ting Vit, cch np bng m vo b nh.
* Bit s dng ch-ng trnh DISKEDIT ca Norton.

Chng ti xin h-ng dn mt cch lm n gin minh ha: Dng NC sa
cha cu thng bo sau ca MEM.EXE.
Press any key to continue . . .
Trong cu ny t ch P n du (.) cui cng c 31 k t (khong trng cng l
1 k t). Do chng ta sa thnh:
Nhan 1 phim bat ky de tiep tuc
T ch N n ch c l 30 k t nn chng ta thm 1 khong trng vo cui dng
cho 31).

Ch :
Bn phi dng NC 4.5 tr ln khi sa cha v NC ch sa -c file d-i 64Kb.
y ch l v d n gin bng NCEDIT. Nhng khong trng bn thy trn hnh
thc ra c th l khong trng, c th l m lnh m NC khng hin th -c. Ch
trong ch hin th hexa, bn mi thy chnh xc m ca khong trng. Trong
khi x l khong trng phi ht sc ch n iu ny v bn khng -c php
sa cha m lnh m ch -c sa khong trng k t (m Hexa l 20).
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85

S dng Card Sound
I- Dn nhp:
Card Sound hin nay c trang b trn hu ht my PC v n rt cn thit
cho vic hc tp v chi tr chi. Trn th trng c loi Card Sound vi
loi tnh nng v loi gi. Trong phm vi bI vit, chng ti khng th cp
n tt c m xin mn php ch bn v cc tnh nng chung nht cho tt c cc
Card Sound.
II- Tng qut:
1- C TNH K THUT:
Tuy c nhiu loi Card Sound nhng ni chung v mt k thut phn cng,
chng c nhng im ng nht sau:
a/ S dng ti nguyn h thng:
Lun lun c cc xc lp v ngt v i ch cho cc thnh phn : Audio,
MPU 401 Midi, Game Port, FM chip, ISA CD ROM, IDE Port. Trong :
Chun Creative Sound
* Audio Interface :
a ch I/O : 220H (mc nhin), 240H, 250H, 280H.
Ngt : 5 (mc nhin), 2, 7, 10.
DMA 8 Bit : 1 (mc nhin), 0, 3.
DMA 16 Bit : 5 (mc nhin), 6, 7.
* Game Port :
a ch I/O : 200H (mc nhin).
* MPU-401 MIDI Interface :
a ch I/O : 330H (mc nhin), 300H.
* FM Chip :
a ch I/O : 388H (mc nhin).
* CD ROM ISA Interface :
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
a ch I/O : 220H
* CD ROM IDE Interface :
a ch I/O : 170H, 1E8H, 168H
Ngt : 15, 11 hay 12, 10 hay 11
Ch :
- Do Card Sound Creative c xem l chun nn Card Sound ca mi
hng khc cng phi theo cho ging v cc phn mm c s dng Card Sound
u vit tng thch vi chun. Nu Card Sound khng theo chun, cc phn mm
s khng iu khin c chng. Ngoi ra vic khng theo chun cn d gy ra va
chm vi cc thit b khc, khin cho vic ci t phn cng tr nn kh khn.
- Khi phi xc lp khc vi mc nhin, cn lu trnh ng vi cc thit b
khc, c th nh sau:
I/O: 240H c th ng vi card MPEG. 300H c th ng card mng.
IRQ: 7, 10 c th ng vi LPT1, card MPEG, card mng.
DMA: 6 c th ng vi card MPEG.
CD ROM IDE: C th ng vi ng IDE SEC trn mainboard PCI c IDE
on board. Khi s dng ng IDE ca card sound, bn nn Disable ng IDE
SEC trn mainboard bng cch set trong BIOS.

b/ u ni thit b:
Line In: Dng ni vi cc thit b pht m thanh khc, nh: Cassette, my
CD, Wallman, Video...
Line out: Dng a m thanh ca Card Sound ra cc thit b ph tr khc,
nh: Ampli, u Video, Heaphone. Ch : Tn hiu ra rt nh v khng s dng
phn ampli ca card sound nn khng ni trc tip vo loa ln c, nhng b li
m thanh tt hn ng Speaker.
Speaker: Dng a m thanh ra trc tip loa ngoi. Cng sut ampli ca cc
Card Sound trung bnh khong 4 Watt, va cho ngi s dng my nghe trong
phng nh. Ch : Ampli ca cc Card Sound cht lng ch vo loi trung bnh
nn khi nghe qua ng ny, m thanh khng hay lm. Tt nht nn dng Ampli
ri c cht lng cao hn.
Mic: Ni Micro vo ng ny thu, hay khi hc m thoi bng my tnh.
Ch : Bn c th dng bt c loi micro no nhng tt hn ht l nn dng
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
micro thit k c bit cho my tnh v n nh gn, tng thch tr khng vi Card
Sound nn nhy.
Game/Midi: Dng ni vi tay iu khin tr chi (Joystick) v n Organ
in t. Ch : Bn nn mua thm u ni a nng cho cng ny c th gn 1
lc 2 joystick+Midi.
ISA CD ROM: Ch dng cho cc a CDROM theo chun ISA, thng cc
card sound ch h tr 3 hng Pana, Mitsu v Sony.
IDE CD ROM: Dng cho tt c cc a CDROM theo chun IDE, bt k do
hng no sn xut.
Ch : Trn card (pha trong) cn c u ni ly tn hiu t u ra loa PC ca
mainboard, bn c th mc song song vi loa hay b lun loa trong thng my.

2- CI T:
a/ Phn cng:
Bn gn Card Sound vo slot ISA cn trng. Ni cp Audio v cp tn hiu
ca a CD ROM ln Card Sound. Ni loa v cc thit b khc nh: Micro,
Heaphone, joystick, Ampli... vo cc jack ngoi ca Card Sound.
Ch :
Cp Audio ch s dng truyn m thanh ca a CD nhc. m thanh ca
cc a d liu nh: a CD Phim, a hc ngoi ng, a tr chi, a t
in...u truyn theo ng cp IDE n card sound.
i khi dy cp Audio km theo a CDROM khng ng vi u ni ca
Card, bn phi xp t li cc u dy cho ng th mi c ting khi nghe a
CD nhc (xem trong ti liu i km).
b/ Xc lp vic s dng ti nguyn:
i vi cc card xc lp bng Jumper, bn phi xem ti liu thay i
jumper cho ph hp vi ti nguyn cn li trong h thng, trnh ng chm vi
cc card khc. Thng thng nu my bn khng c nhiu card, bn nn gi
nguyn cc xc lp mc nhin ca hng sn xut.
i vi cc card xc lp bng phn mm (trn card khng c Jumper), bn
phi dng phn mm km theo ca hng sn xut xc nh vic s dng ti
nguyn. iu ny rt cn thit khi bn cn thay i xc lp mc nhin nu s
dng vi Dos v Win 3.xx. Trong trng hp bn khng thay i th bn cng
khng nht thit phi c chng, card ca bn vn lm vic bnh thng d ch ci
t cc ng dng (s dng xc lp mc nhin ca hng sn xut khi xut xng) .
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Hin nay cc card i mi u p dng phng php ny trnh cho ngi s
dng vic m my khi cn thay i.
Bn cn ci t phn mm ny sau khi lp rp card hay khi cn thay i xc
lp. Ty theo hng, chng trnh s c tn khc nhau v khng th dng ln ln,
bn nn tham kho sch hng dn km theo.
Sau khi bn chy chng trnh ny, n s t ng sa i cc file h thng
dm cho bn. Th d:
- Thm vo trong Autoexec.bat cc dng sau:
SET BLASTER=A220 I7 D1 T4
SET SOUND16=C:\OPTI930
Cc dng ny c tc dng gip nhng chng trnh chy vi Dos v Win 3.xx
bit cch iu khin card sound.
- Thm vo Config.sys cc dng sau:
DEVICE=C:\OPTI930\cdsetup.sys /T:X
Drv ny phi c trong Config.sys th chng trnh xc lp ti nguyn mi chy
c.
Bn cng c th thm vo bng tay cho l m khng cn dng chng trnh ci
t.
c/ Phn mm:
Thng thng card sound lun km theo cc a chng trnh bao gm cc phn
mm iu khin cho Dos, Win 3.xx v Win 95. C mt s card cung cp thm
chng trnh dng Test v kim tra xem card c va chm vi h thng khng.
Bn cn ci t chng theo ng hng dn trong ti liu v tu theo h iu hnh
trn my bn.
i vi Dos, Win 3.xx. Chng trnh ci t l file c tn Setup.exe hay
Install.exe, bn cho chy file ny v tr li cc cu hi ca n cho ng.
i vi Win 95, bn chy Add New Hardware, chn Other devices, chn
Have Disk ri khai bo a ch a c cha a gc.
3- S DNG CARD SOUND:
Bao gi hng sn xut cng cung cp ti thiu l cc chng trnh dng
nghe a CD, file WAV, file MIDI v quan trng nht l chng trnh iu chnh
m thanh (MIXER). Ty h iu hnh m chng c giao din v cch s dng
khc nhau.
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Ch : C ng dng km theo card s dng cho nhiu loi card khc cng -
c nhng cng c ng dng ch s dng cho card ring nh Sound Blaster, trong tr-
ng hp ny bn khng th ci t c nhng bn c th sao chp trn mt my
khc c ci sn nu bn bit cch xc lp li khi em qua my mnh.
a/ Mixer Dos:
Vic iu khin trong mi trng Dos rt d. Bn chy chng trnh Mixer trc
xc lp mc nhin cho card c gi tr mi ln khi ng my, sau chy
ng dng nghe v iu chnh li trong ng dng nu mun (gi tr ny b mt
khi thot ng dng). Bn ch phn Input/Recording Control, bn phi chn
Source l Line hay CD khi bn ch nghe, chn Mic khi mun thu.
Cc ng dng ngoi Dos thng chy vi giao din dng lnh, ch c nhng
hng ln mi vit giao din ho. Cc chng trnh tr chi v mt s ng dng
c th iu khin trc tip vi loi card sound thng dng trn th trng khi d
thy chng trong my bn.
b/ Mixer Win
Ch : Bn c th s dng drv tng thch do Windows cung cp iu khin
card sound trong trng hp khng c drv ca hng gc (ng nhin l c mt s
chc nng khng dng c). Nhng khng lm nh vy c trong mi trng Dos.
* Vi Win 3.xx: Bn m nhm MAIN\Control Panel, chy DRIVER v
chn Creative Lab Sound Blaster v card sound thng phi tng thch v chp
nhn cho drv ny iu khin.
kim tra card c chy c khng. bn m MAIN\Control Panel\Sound,
bn chn mc . Nu c, danh sch lit k bn phi c hiu lc (m). Nu
khng c, c 2 ca s s m i.
* Vi Win 95: Bn dng Add New Hardware ri chn Sound Video and
game controllers, trong danh sch lit k bn tri, bn chn Creative Labs ri
chn Creative Labs Sound Blaster Pro pha bn phi. Nu Win 95 chp nhn
th khi khi ng li bn s thy biu tng volume bn gc phi thanh Taskbar.
Nu trn my bn c nhiu card, i khi bn phi dng Divice Manager
xc lp li vic s dng ti nguyn cho card khi c va chm.
c/ CD PLAY:
* Dos:
Cc chng trnh iu khin a CD nhc trong Dos rt n gin, chng c th
c giao din dng lnh hay ho v lm vic vi mi loi a (d nhin l
a v card sound ca bn ang hot ng tt).
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
* Win 3.xx v Win 95:
Bn dng Media play ca Win3.xx, Win95 iu khin a CD hay dng
CD Player ca Win95 hay chy chng trnh ca hng khc cung cp u c.

d/ AUDIO PLAY:
a s chng trnh Audio play km theo card thng chy theo kiu dng lnh
ngoi Dos, mun p bn phi vo Win. Bn nghe c cc file Wav v Midi.
Nu bn ci t chng trnh chuyn dng, bn c th dng bn phm nh cy
Organ in t.
Trong Windows c km sn chng trnh Media Play chi c file m thanh
(Wav, Midi...), Video (Avi) v m c thm rt nhiu dng file c m thanh v
hnh nh khc.
4- TRC TRC V X L:

Khng s dng c ng CD ROM trn card sound:
i vi u ni ISA, bn phi xc lp i ch trn card v trong dng lnh ci
drv iu khin a CD ROM (config.sys) cho ng.
i vi u ni IDE, bn phi xc lp sao cho khng c ng vi cc a
cng ang c. Thng trn card hay xc lp mc nhin trng vi ng IDE 2 trn
Mainboard. Trong trng hp my bn ch c 1 hay 2 a cng, bn nn cho -
ng IDE 2 trn mainboard (gn CD ROM trn card sound) hay ng IDE trn
card sound (gn CD ROM ln mainboard) mt hiu lc chng khi ng
nhau.
Ring card ca Creative loi PNP, do ng IDE xc lp khng ng vi
mainboard nn bn c th s dng c 4 a cng (gn trn mainboard) v 2
a CD ROM (gn trn card sound).

Media play ca Win 3.xx khng chi a CD nhc c trong khi a
CD hot ng tt:
Bn ci drv [MCI]CD Audio vo Win nu c b a gc hay chp file c tn
Mcicda.drv trn my khc (nu khng c a gc) vo th mc System ri vo
Control Panel ci t theo th tc nhng khi Win hi "dng li drv c hay ci t
drv mi", bn chn dng li Win s cp nht System.ini cho bn m khng i
hi a gc.

Khng nghe ting khi chi a nhc:
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Nu do a th bn cng khng nghe c bng ng Phone. Nu a tt l
do ng tn hiu t CD xung card sai, hay do bn ch nh Input/Source cho
card sound cha ng, hay iu chnh Volume qu nh.

Bo li khi chi file Wav, Midi:
Card b ng vi h thng, cn xc lp li cc thng s cho card.
Nu khng bo li v chng trnh hin th l ang pht m khng nghe m
thanh. Bn chnh Volume qu nh, cn kim tra bng chng trnh Mixer (vi
iu kin loa tt v dy ni ra loa cm ng).

Card sound khng tng thch vi mainboard:
C th xy ra cho card sound PNP hay xc lp ti nguyn bng phn mm.
My b treo, khng th khi ng ngay trong qu trnh test my (mn hnh
khng ln).
Card sound chy bnh thng, nhng ch s dng theo cc xc lp mc nhin.
Khng th chy c chng trnh cu hnh ca card.

Card Sound khng tng thch vi phn mm:
Chng trnh khng th iu khin c card sound, nn khng pht ra m
thanh (s c cc thng bo li). Bn phi bit phn mm h tr cho loi card no
cu hnh li card ca mnh cho ng nu c.

T vng

Developer = nh pht trin phn mm
Prevail = chim -u th
A flash in the pan = thnh cng nht thi
Current and future trends = cc xu h-ng hin hnh v t-nh lai
Reveal = tit l
Diverse = linh tinh
Paint software = phn mm ho , ch-ng trinh v
Word processing = x l vn bn
Desktop publishing (DPT) = ch bn in t(CBT)
Cost efective = t tn km, hiu qu kinh t
Read the market = bt mch th tr-ng
Technical support = s h tr k thut
Additional busines opportunity = c hi kinh doanh ph thm
Overwhelminng = gy p o
Ignore = pht l , b qua
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Time- frame = m-c thi gian thi nh
Fit = ph hp
Off the shelf = sn xut hang lot bn sn
In-house =ni b
Feerback = phn hi
Software protocols = cc nghi thc phn mm
Wide area networt (WAN) = mng ton cc
Local area network = mng cc b
Long distance telephone lines = -ng dy in thoai -ng di
Telephone lines =cc tram u ni in thoi
Terminal access =vic truy cp theo trm
E-mali =thin t
Bulletine boards =cc bng thng tin
Distributed systems =cc h thng phn phi
Bit-mapped graphics screen =man hnh ho trn im
Workstation =trm lm vic
User interface =giao din ng-i dng
Query =yu cu (truy cp)
Central database =c s d liu trung tm
Parse =phn tch c php
Graphs = th
Network trafic =mc l-u thng trn mng

Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
L-u d phng v phc hi Registry:
L-u d phng:
Tr-c khi thay i bt c th g trong Registry, cc bn nn to mt bn sao
an ton "ri" c g trc trc ta cn c th phc hi -c. Tuy nhin nu
l...qun cc bn cng c th "g gc" bng cch s dng cc file l-u d phng
ca...Windows:
Windows 95: Mi ln Windows 95 khi ng hon tt, h iu hnh s
backup Registry bng cch copy 2 file SYSTEM.DAT v USER.DAT hin hnh
thnh SYSTEM.DA0 and USER.DA0. Trong trng hp Windows 95 khi ng
xu, h iu hnh s dng file backup ca ln khi ng tt trc phc hi
file Registry hin hnh.
Windows 98: Mi khi bn khi ng Windows 98 ln u tin trong ngy,
Windows s nn cc file h thng (bao gm: System.dat, User.dat, System.ini,
Win.ini) vo 1 file Cab c tn "rb00x.cab" (vi x l s th t v s th t ny
khng lin quan vi thi gian to ra file). Cc file ny c lu trong th mc
Windows\Sysbckup.
Phc hi Registry:
Windows 95: Khi ng Dos ri vo NC sao chp (copy) file System.da0 v
User.da0 thnh System.dat v User.dat ( ln file ang c).
Ch : Nu dng lnh Dos, cc bn phi b thuc tnh h thng (system) v
ch c (read only) ca 2 file System.dat, User.dat trc khi chp .
Windows 98: Khi ng Dos ri chy chng trnh Scanreg.exe trong th mc
Windows\Command vi cc thng s sau:
/Restore: Chng trnh s hin th cc file lu d phng hin c chn la phc
hi.
/Fix: Sa cha (trong trng hp khng c file lu d phng, chng trnh s xa b
cc thng tin h hng).
Ch : Chng trnh khi chy s tun theo cc xc lp trong file Scanreg.ini trong
cng th mc.
Tin ch thay i Registry (Registry Editor):
Registry c th xut (Export), nhp (Import), hay to li bng cch dng 1 tin
ch do Windows cung cp c tn l Registry Editor, cha trong th mc
Windows. Hay bng 1 version real-mode cha trn a khi ng. Registry
Editor s xut thnh 1 file dng text c ui l ".REG". Bn c th xut ton b
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Registry hay ch chn xut tng mc ring r. Bn c th sa cha hay to li
Registry c bng cch nhp (importing) file .REG to mi hay do Registry
xut ra. Thng, cc chng trnh hay km theo cc file Registry khi ci t,
bn c th dng sa cha khi cn thit.
Trc khi thay i mt s mc no ca Registry, bn c th ch lu phn
m thi. Trong ca s bn tri ca RegEdit, chn Key cha ni dung m bn
mun thay i. Tip theo chn lnh Export Registry File ca menu Registry.
Ti hp thoi mi xut hin, nhp vo tn file, v trong mc Export range hy
bo m rng Selected branch c chn v phn ch phi hin th ng dn
ca Registry m bn cn lu. Bm nt Save.

Mun phc hi li nhng mc ny, ch cn chn Registry/Import Registry
File, chn tn file bn lu v nhn Open.
Trong trng hp Registry b h hng nng, bn khng th vo GUI c. Bn
phi khi ng my bng a mm khi ng ca Windows. Ri dng chng
trnh REGEDIT.EXE (trn a mm ny) nhp file .REG. Dng lnh cn
thit nh sau:
regedit [/L:system] [/R:user] file1.reg, file1a.reg...
regedit [/L:system] [/R:user] /e file3.reg
regedit [/L:system] [/R:user] /c file2.reg
Thng s :
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
/L:system = Ch nh x l file SYSTEM.DAT.
/R:user = Ch nh x l file USER.DAT.
file1.reg = Khai bo 1 hay nhiu file .REG nhp vo Registry.
/e file3.reg = Khai bo tn file ch Registry xut ra.
/c file2.reg = Khai bo file .REG dng thay th ton b ni dung ca
Registry.
Ch : Dng regedit /c tht cn thn v phi bo m file thay th cha y
ni dung cn thit hay l mt bn sao cn tt ca Registry.
Ch sa cha registry khi nm vng ni dung, nu khng rt c th lm
Windows 95 khng khi ng c.
khi ng Registry Editor, n gin l bn m Start/Run ri g Regedit
vo hp thoi Run (File regedit.exe nm trong th mc Windows, bn c th to
biu tng cho file ny ngoi DeskTop hay trong 1 nhm no tin s dng).

Registry Editor hin th d liu trong 2 ca s. Ca s bn phi hin th gi tr
ca cc mc c chn trong ca s bn tri.
Mi mc vo cha ni dung khng ln hn 64K. Tuy nhin tng s ln cc
mc th khng gii hn (ty thuc khong trng trn a cng).
Trong na bn tri ca ca s RegistryEditor l cc t kha (key) v cc t
kha con (subkey). Mun hin th Subkey, bm bm mouse vo du cng (+) tr-
c Key (bm vo du tr (-) rt gn). Bm vo Key/Subkey xem gi tr
trong ca s bn phi. Trong ca s bn phi ca RegEdit l cc data (d liu) v
value (gi tr) ca cc Key/Subkey, cc bn bm kp mouse ln tng gi tr v
thay i ty trong hp thoi nhp d liu.
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85

Ch :
* i a s cc thng tin v phn cng c lu theo kiu nh phn (binary data),
v c th c hin th trong Registry Editor theo dng nh phn hay thp lc
(hexadecimal). Th d: Int 13: 01.
* Regedit ch c dng sa cha registry, mi thao tc u phi c tin hnh
khi c hiu bit vng. Bn cn c bit ch l dng d liu hin th trong
regedit c th khc vi dng hin th khi xut thnh file .REG. Trong file .REG,
k hiu phn cch th mc l 2 du gch ngc (\\), cn trong Regedit ch c 1
du.
* i vi nhng ngi t kinh nghim, khng nn thao tc trc tip trong regedit
v mc nhin cc sa cha ca bn s c lu tr tc khc. Cc bn nn xut ra
file .REG ri dng bt c chng trnh sa text no cng c x l, nu c sai
bn cn c kh nng phc hi nhanh.
* xut file, bn ch vic chn mc hay mc con ri chn lnh Export trong
menu File.
* nhp file sau khi sa cha, bn chn lnh Import trong menu File ri chn
tn file cn nhp vo Registry.
* Cc chng trnh for Win thng cung cp sn cc file .REG bn c th can
thip sa cha nu c trc trc hay khi bn cn khai bo li a ch. Dng file
.Reg ca Windows 3.x v Windows 95 c th khc nhau v mt cu trc nhng
cch khai bo khng thay i. File .Reg ca Windows 95 lun lun c dng u
tin l REGEDIT4, cn ca Windows 3.x l REGEDIT.
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Thay i cc th mc mc nh ca Windows/Internet Explorer:
Bn c th thay i cc th mc mc nh ca Windows v Internet Explorer
nh: Favorites, Cache, My Documents (Personal) bng cch thay i ng dn ch
n cc th mc ny trong Registry. C th l:
Tm n HKEY
_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion
\Explorer\Shell Folders. Bn bm kp mouse ln cc mc cn thay i ri g -
ng dn mi thay bn.

Bn cng lm tng t vy vi
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\
Explorer\User Shell Folders.

Thay i th mc lm vic ca Outlook Express:
thay i th mc lm vic (l th mc lu tr cc folder v thng ip), bn c
th vo hp thoi Option ca OE hay sa trong Registry nh sau:
Tm n HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Outlook Express,
bm phm phi mouse ln ca s bn phi ri chn New/String, t tn cho mc
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
mi l "Store Root". Bm kp mouse ln mc "Store Root" ri g ng dn bn
mun vo.
Bn cng lm tng t nh vy ti
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Identities\{00A1E640-1A5C-11D3-A032-
A627CAADB335}\Software\ Microsoft\Outlook Express\5.0

Tng tc khi ng cho Outlook Express:
Mi khi khi ng IE v OE chng ta u phi mt thi gi ch xem Logo
qung co ca 2 chng trnh. Bn c th rt ngn thi gian khi ng bng cc
dp b logo ca 2 chng trnh nh sau:
Bn tm n HKEY_ CURRENT_USER\Software\ Microsoft\Outlook
Express, bm phm phi mouse ln ca s bn phi ri chn New/DWORD
Value, t tn cho mc mi l "NoSplash". Bm kp mouse ln mc mi to ri
g s 1 vo hp thoi Edit DWORD Value.

Bn cng lm nh vy vi HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Identities\{00A1E640-
1A5C-11D3-A032-A627CAADB335}\Software\Microsoft\Outlook
Express\5.0, bm phm phi mouse ln ca s bn phi ri chn New/DWORD
Value, t tn cho mc mi l "NoSplash". Bm kp mouse ln mc mi to ri
g s 1 vo hp thoi Edit DWORD Value.

i tn tiu ca Internet Explorer v Outlook Express:
Nu bn thch "quy", bn c th i tn 2 thanh tiu ca IE v OE nh sau:

Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Vi Outlook Express: Tm n HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\
Microsoft\Outlook Express, bm phm phi mouse ln ca s bn phi ri chn
New/String, t tn cho mc mi l "WindowTitle". Bm kp mouse ln mc
mi to ri g tn bn mun vo.

Bn cng lm tng t nh vy ti
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Identities\{00A1E640-1A5C-11D3-A032-
A627CAADB335}\Software\ Microsoft\Outlook Express\5.0
Vi Internet Explorer: Tm n HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\
Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Main, bm phm phi mouse ln ca s bn phi
ri chn New/String, t tn cho mc mi l "Window Title". Bm kp mouse
ln mc mi to ri g tn bn mun vo.

Thay i Windows theo bn:
thay i Registry cc bn cho chy chng trnh Regedit bng cch m
Star/Run, g vo REGEDIT v nhn OK.
i tn ca Recycle Bin:
Trong ca s bn tri ca Registry Editor l cc t kha (key), bn tm mc
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-
00AA002F954E}. Trong ca s bn phi, s hin ra dng : (Default)
"Recycle Bin", nhn kp ln mc ( Default) v g bt c ci tn no bn thch
vo hp thoi Edit String.

i biu tng ca Recycle Bin:
Trong ca s bn tri bn tm mc
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-
00AA002F954E}\DefaultIcon.
Cm nang my tnh

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Trong ca s bn phi ca RegEdit, bn s thy c 3 mc l "(Default)";
"Empty" v "Full" v tng ng vi chng l 3 gi tr shell32.dll v cc con s
31, 32 (ngn cch bi du phy ","). iu ny c ngha l biu tng ca Recycle
Bin trong 2 trng thi bnh thng, rng l icon th 31 , v trong trng thi y l
icon th 32 trong file trong file shell32.dll. Cc bn nhn kp mouse ln tng
mc v g ng dn ti cc file cha icon ca mnh. Nu bn khng g s th t
sau tn file, Recycle Bin s s dng cng 1 icon cho c lc Full v Empty.

Ch : Nu file dng ICO th ch thm s 0. Nu file EXE, NIL, ICL th icon
u tin cha trong file c s th t l 0.

Sau khi lm xong cc bc trn, thot RegEdit v khi ng li WINDOWS 95
cc thay i c hiu lc.
Thay i cch t tn file ngn:
Tt c cc tn file di khi Windows chuyn thnh tn file ngn u lun lun
c nhm "~x" (vi x l s th t t 1 tr i) i km vi tn file. Nu bn mun
thay i cch m Windows lm ngn nhng tn file di (b i nhm "~1" trong
tn file). Bn hy tm n HKEY_LOCAL
_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\FileSystem. Bm phm phi
mouse vo ca s bn phi, sau chn New/Binary Value. t tn cho i t-
ng to thnh l NameNumericTail. Khi ng li Windows thay i c
hiu lc.
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Ch : nhm "~1" ch xut hin nu c cc tp tin trng nhau 8 k t u.

Thay i v to "Tips of the Day" ca Windows 95:
Bn c th thay i cc thng bo ca "Tips of the Day" hay lm n hiu lc
tr li sau khi b tt v 1 l do no .
To mi cc thng bo:
Trong Regedit tm HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software
\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Tips.
Cc thng bo mc nhin ca Windows c s th t t 0 n khong trn 40.
Ni dung thng bo c lu tr di dng text ASCII khng c du xung hng
(carriage return). Bn c th sa, thm mi v kt thc bng s th t m bn
mun.
Hin li thng bo:
Chn Start/Help v tm Welcome Screen/Viewing.
Theo cc hng dn i vi Welcome Screen. nh du "Show this
Welcome Screen next time you start Windows" v nhn nt Close.
Ngng hot hnh khi m/ ng hay phng ln/thu nh:
Nu nh my tnh ca bn qu chm, bn cn cn loi b tnh nng hot hnh
(amimation) khi Win95 m/ ng hay phng ln/thu nh ca s chng trnh:
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Trong Registry, tm HKEY_ CURRENT _USER\ Control Panel\ Desktop\
Window Metrics. i gi tr MinAnimate t s 1 thnh s 0.

Hin th/n version Windows cnh di Desktop:
Bn c th bt Windows hin th version ca n trn mn hnh Desktop bng
cch vo Registry tm HKEY_CURRENT _USER\Control Panel\Desktop.
Nhn phm phi chut vo khong trng khung bn phi, chn New/String
Value v t tn cho i tng mi l PaintDesktopVersion. Nhn p vo i
tng, vo khung Value Data nhp mt s t 1 (hin) hay 0 (n). Nhn Enter
chp nhn.

B tn chng trnh khi Add/Remove Programs:
Bn c th xa b tn ca cc chng trnh trong hp thoi Add/Remove
Programs bng cch vo HKEY_LOCAL_ MACHINE\
Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall, v xo cc mc
khng cn thit bng cch th cng.

Xa ni dung Recycle Bin t bt c ni u:
Nu bn mun bm phm phi mouse vo bt c file no, bn cng c lnh xa
sch Recycle Bin (Empty Recycle Bin) trong menu shorcut.
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Tm HKEY_CLASSES_ ROOT\*\Shellex\ ContextMenuHandlers trong
ca s bn tri. Bm phm phi mouse vo ca s bn phi ri chn lnh
New/Key trong menu Shortcut. Khi folder mi xut hin, hy g dng sau:
{645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-00AA002F954E} v nhn Enter. Thot Registry
Editor.
Bt ScanDisk kim tra li cc Bad Sector:
Thng thng, khi qut b mt a ScanDisk s b qua cc cluster b nh du
bad (hng). C l v n cho rng cc cluster hng khng th t sa thnh tt c,
iu ny ng nu nh n bit rng nguyn nhn lm c khng c thng tin
trn cluster c khi do cluster h m cng c khi do tp tin b h (tc l h d liu
ch khng phi h vt l). bt buc ScanDisk kim tra li tng cluster trn a
k c cc cluster b nh du bad, bn phi iu chnh Registry.
Trong Registry, tm HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\
Windows\CurrentVersion\Applets\Check Drive. Bm kp mouse ln mc
Settings. Thay i 2 byte cui cng ca gi tr ny thnh 04. V d, nu gi tr
l: "a1 03 00 00" th i thnh "a1 03 00 04"

Thot khi RegEdit nhng thay i ca bn c hiu lc, sau chy
ScanDisk.
Np hay g cc chng trnh Start-Up:
Bn c th np hay g cc chng trnh Startup thng qua Registry.
Trong RegEdit, bn ti HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\
Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run hoc RunOnce.
Nu mun np chng trnh mi, bn bm phm phi mouse vo ca s bn
phi ca RegEdit. Chn New/String Value v g vo mt ci tn tu . Trong
ct gi tr, cung cp ng dn v tn file ca chng trnh bn mun khi ng.
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Nu mun g chng trnh khi Startup, bn chn chng trnh ri bm nt
Delete.
B sung ng dn vo chc nng AutoComplete ca IE 4/5:
Vi IE 4/5 bn ch cn g tn chnh ca Web site l chng trnh s t ng
in y phn u v phn cui ca a ch truy tm. TD: bn g vnn ri
Enter, chng trnh s i tm cc Web Site c tn www.vnn.com hay
www.vnn.edu...Tuy nhin theo mc nh chng trnh ch t ng tm cc a ch
sau: www.%s.com, www.%s.edu, www.%s.org, www.%s.net... b sung
cc a ch khc IE t ng tm, cc bn chy Regedit rl lm nh sau:
Tm n HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Internet
Explorer\Main\UrlTemplate. Bm phm phi mouse vo ca s bn phi, sau
:

Chn Edit/New/StringValue ri t tn cho kha mi to c s th t lin
tc, tip theo cc dng c sn.
Chn Edit/Modify v g a ch mi theo bn, td: www.%s.vn, %s.vn,
saigon.%s.vn, hanoi.%s.vn, www.%s.com.vn...
ng Regedit.
Thay i my tm kim mc nh ca IE:
thay i my tm kim mc nh ca IE, bn chy Regedit ri tm n
HKEY_ CURRENT_ USER\Software\ Microsoft\ Internet Explorer\Main.
Cm nang my tnh

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Bm kp mouse vo mc SearchPage trong ca s bn phi v trong hp
ValueData bn in a ch my tm kim m bn thch.
Th du: "http://www.lycos.com".

Sp xp trong menu Start ca Windows (vi Internet Explorer):
Internet Explorer 4.0 tr ln khi i cng vi Windows s cho php bn di
chuyn d dng cc Icon cng nh menu con trong menu Start, cho php bn sp
xp chng theo bt k th t no bn thch. Tuy nhin sp xp chng theo th
t ABC (ging nh Windows 95 khng c Internet Explorer) mt cch nhanh
chng, bn c th nh vo Registry nh sau:
Tm n mc
Explorer\MenuOrder\Start Menu\&Programs ri chn menu bn mun sp
xp trong ca s bn tri. Mun t li th t theo ABC ca menu no, bn ch
cn xa b mc Order (trong ca s bn phi) ca menu .

i v tr cc file Wallpaper:
Vi Windows khng c Internet Explorer 4.0/5.0, th mc mc nh lu tr
cc file nh dng lm Wallpaper chnh l th mc Windows. Vi Windows c
Internet Explorer 4.0 tr ln, th mc mc nh li l Windows\Web\Wallpaper.
Cm nang my tnh

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Nu bn mun lu tt c cc file nh ca Windows cng nh ca bn su tm c
vo 1 th mc ring bn d kim sot. Bn hy vo Registry tm n mc
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion
khung bn tri, ri tm mc WallpaperDir khung bn phi, bm kp mouse
vo mc ny ri g ng dn mi trong hp thoi Value Data.

i tn ngi ci t Windows:
Mi khi ci t Windows, ngi ci t thng phi khai bo tn h v n v
lm vic Windows hin th trong hp thoi System Properties. Nu bn mun
thay i thng tin ny sau khi ci t, bn tm n
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\
Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion. Bn bm kp mouse ln mc
RegisteredOrganization thay i tn n v v ln mc Registered Owner
thay i tn ngi s dng.

i ng dn th mc cha b ngun ci t Windows:
Sau khi ci t Windows, a ch cha b Windows ngun s c lu tr trong
Registry Windows t ng truy cp n, mi ln bn thay i phn cng ca
my hay ci b sung thm cc thnh phn ca Windows. Nu Windows khng
tm ra b ngun th s hin th hp thoi bt bn khai bo a ch mi. trnh
phin toi ny, bn c th thay i a ch b ngun ngay trong Regedit bng
cch:
Vo
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion
\Setup. Bm kp mouse ln mc SourcePath ri g a ch mi vo trong hp
thoi Value Data.

Lit k ng dn khi ci t phn cng:
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Khi ci t phn cng, trong hp thoi Install From Disk, Windows c lit k
sn mt s ng dn thng dng bn c th chn nhanh khi phi mt cng
m hp thoi Browse. Bn c th thay i (thm, bt) danh sch ny bng cch
vo Registry, tm n HKEY_CURRENT_USER\InstallLocationsMRU.
Trong ca s bn phi l danh sch lit k cc ng dn c Bn chn mc cn
xa ri bm phm Delete, bm kp mouse ln mc cn thay i ni dung hay
bn bm phm phi mouse vo ca s bn phi, chn New/String Value v to
mt ng dn mi. Ch : Tn ca ng dn mi ny phi c thm vo trong
mc MRUList.

Lu tr cc xc lp (Option) ca OutLook Express:
Bn c th lu tr cc xc lp trong hp thoi Option ca Outlook Express
nu c ci li Windows, bn mt cng phi xc lp li ton b.
Trong Registry, bn tm n HKEY_ CURRENT_USER\
Identities\{00A1E640-1A5C-11D3-A032-
A627CAADB335}\Software\Microsoft\ Outlook Express.
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Bn bm mouse vo mc 5.0 ri chn Registry/Export Registry File lu
thnh 1 file c tn m rng l .Reg.
Sau ny khi cn to li cc xc lp nhanh, bn ch cn chy Regedit ri chn
Registry/Import Registry File, sau ch nh file Reg bn lu trc .
iu chnh chc nng AutoRun CDRom:
C th chc nng AutoRun CDRom ca Windows nhiu lc lm bn bc
mnh khi a CDRom c t ng chy ngoi mun lm bn phi mt cng
ng hp thoi AutoRun. Tuy bn c th b chc nng ny tm thi bng cch
gi phm Shift khi a a CD vo, nhng ti sao bn khng "bt" Windows ch -
c php Autorun a CD nhc thi, cn a Software th...ng.
Bn vo Registry, tm n
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\P
olicies\Explorer. Bm kp mouse vo mc NoDriveTypeAutorun trong ca
s bn phi ri sa dy s "95 00 00 00" thnh "BD 00 00 00". Khi ng li
Windows thay i c hiu lc.
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Xa danh sch Start/Run:
Nu danh sch Start/Run qu di bn c th vo Registry xa tt c hay
xa c chn lc.
Bn tm
Explorer\RunMRU. Chn cc mc cn xa trong ca s bn phi ri bm phm
Delete.
Xa ni dung folder Documents khi Exit:
Bn c th ch nh cho Windows t ng xa b danh sch file tng truy
cp trong folder Documents mi khi thot Windows.
Bn tm n
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\P
olicies\Explorer. Bm phm phi mouse ln ca s bn phi, chn New/ Binary
Value, t tn cho mc mi l ClearRecentDocsOnExit. Bm kp mouse ln
mc mi ri nhp gi tr l "01 00 00 00".

To thm cc dng lnh mi trong menu Shortcut:
Bn c th to thm cc dng lnh thng dng b sung vo menu shortcut
nh sau:
Explorer From Here:
Cm nang my tnh

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Tm n HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\Shell trong ca s bn tri,
bm phm phi mouse ln ca s bn phi ri chn New/Key trong menu
shortcut, t tn cho Key mi l "ExplorerHere".

Chn Key mi to trong ca s bn tri, bm kp mouse ln mc (Default)
trong ca s bn phi ri t gi tr l "Explore From &Here". Gi tr ny
chnh l tn lnh s hin th trong menu shortcut, k t i sau du & s l phm
tt chn lnh.
Bm phm phi mouse ln ca s bn phi ri chn New/Key trong menu
shortcut, t tn cho Key mi l "Command".
trong ca s bn phi ri t gi tr l "explorer.exe /e,/root,/idlist,%1". Gi tr
ny chnh l dng lnh khi ng v cc thng s cn thit chng trnh chy.

Open with Dos Prompt:
Ti HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\Shell trong ca s bn tri, bm
phm phi mouse ln ca s bn phi ri chn New/Key trong menu shortcut,
t tn cho Key mi l "DOS".
trong ca s bn phi ri t gi tr l "Open with &DOS Prompt".

trong ca s bn phi ri t gi tr l "C:\Command.com /k cd".

Open New Windows:
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Ti HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\Shell trong ca s bn tri, bm
t tn cho Key mi l "NewWindows".
trong ca s bn phi ri t gi tr l "Open New &Window".

trong ca s bn phi ri t gi tr l "explorer.exe %1".
Defragment This Drive:
Tm n HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Drive\Shell trong ca s bn tri, bm
t tn cho Key mi l "Defrag".

trong ca s bn phi ri t gi tr l "&Defragment This Drive".
trong ca s bn phi ri t gi tr l "defrag.exe "%1" /noprompt".

Scandisk All Drive:
Ti HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Drive\Shell trong ca s bn tri, bm phm
phi mouse ln ca s bn phi ri chn New/Key trong menu shortcut, t tn
cho Key mi l "Scan".
trong ca s bn phi ri t gi tr l "&ScanDisk All Drives".

Cm nang my tnh

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Chn Key mi to trong ca s bn tri, bm kp mouse ln mc (Default) trong
ca s bn phi ri t gi tr l "scandskw.exe /all /n".

Open With...:
Tm n HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\*\Shell trong ca s bn tri, bm phm
cho Key mi l "OpenWith".
trong ca s bn phi ri t gi tr l "Op&en With ...".

trong ca s bn phi ri t gi tr l "C:\WINDOWS\rundll32.exe
shell32.dll,OpenAs_RunDLL %1".

Disk Copy:
Ti HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Drive\Shell trong ca s bn tri, bm phm
cho Key mi l "Diskcopy".
trong ca s bn phi ri t gi tr l "Quick Disk &Copy".

trong ca s bn phi ri t gi tr l "diskcopy.com".
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Notepad:
m nhanh cc file vn bn c phn tn m rng khng chun (nfo,
bak,dat...) bng Notepad.
Tm n HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Unknown\Shell trong ca s bn tri,
bm phm phi mouse ln ca s bn phi ri chn New/Key trong menu
shortcut, t tn cho Key mi l "Notepad".
trong ca s bn phi ri t gi tr l "&Notepad".

trong ca s bn phi ri t gi tr l "notepad.exe %1".

Hin th biu tng thu nh cho file DLL v CPl:
Bn c th ch nh cho Windows hin th biu tng cho cc file DLL v CPL
t biu tng ca cc file ny thay v ly biu tng mc nh ca Windows.
Cm nang my tnh

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Tm n HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\CLASSES\dllfile\
DefaultIcon. Bm kp mouse ln mc (Default) trong ca s bn phi ri i
gi tr mc ny thnh "%1". Bn c th lu gi tr ca mc c
(C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM\shell32.dll,-154)vi tn l OldIcon.

Bn cng lm tng t nh vy vi HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\
Software\CLASSES\cplfile\DefaultIcon.

To hp thng bo khi khi ng Windows:
to hp thoi hin th cc thng bo bn mun cho mi ngi xem khi khi
ng Windows, bn c th vo HKEY_LOCAL
_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Winlogon.

Cm nang my tnh

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Bm phm phi mouse vo ca s bn phi, chn New/String Value trong
menu shortcut, t tn cho mc mi l "LegalNoticeCaption". Bm kp mouse
ln mc mi to v t gi tr cho mc ny l "CHU Y" (y l tn ca hp
thoi).
Lm tng t nh vy to mc mi tn "LegalNoticeText" vi gi tr l
thng bo ca bn, th d: "Ban khong duoc phep su dung may tinh nay neu
khong co su dong y cua chu nhan".
Ch : Nu bn c ci font h thng ting Vit th bn c th cho hin th hp
thoi vi ting Vit (font MS Sans Serif).

Hin th tn ngi s dng trong khay ng h:
Bn c th cho hin th tn bn trong khay ng h
(bn cnh gi, pht) bng cch sau:
Tm n HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control
Panel\International, bm phm phi mouse ln ca
s bn phi, chn New/String Value trong menu
shortcut, t tn cho mc mi l "s1159". Bm kp
mouse ln mc mi to v t gi tr cho mc ny l
"xxxxxxxx" (ti a 8 k t), y l dng k t s
hin th trong khay ng h.

Lm tng t nh vy to mc mi tn "s2359" vi gi tr ging nh "s1169".
Lm tng t nh vy to mc mi tn "sTimeFormat" vi gi tr l
"HH:mm:ss tt".
Thay i biu tng ca Internet Explorer 4.0/5.0 v OutLook Express:
IE s dng biu tng ln (38x38), biu tng nh (22x22) s dng cho OE. C
2 biu tng hin th thng trc gc trn bn phi ca mi ca s chng trnh.
Bn c th thay th 2 biu tng ny bng cch sau:

Th Anh
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1/ Dng 1 chng trnh x l nh Bitmap (td: Paint) to 2 file nh BMP rng
c kch thc:
Biu tng ln: 38 pixel ngang v 38xD pixel dc, vi D ty thuc v s lng
frame bn mun to. Th d bn to file bmp c 20 frame th kch thc l 38x760
pixel.
Biu tng nh: 22 pixel ngang v 22xD pixel dc, vi D ty thuc v s lng
frame bn mun to. Th d bn to file bmp c 20 frame th kch thc l 22x440
pixel.
2/ Trong file nh bn to tng frame c kch thc 38x38 pixel cho biu tng
ln hay 22x22 pixel cho biu tng nh. Frame u tin s c dng hin th
trong trng thi Offline.
3/ Lu c 2 file vo 1 th mc ri ch nh cho IE v OE s dng 2 file ny lm
biu tng bng cch:
Trong Registry, tm n HKEY_CURRENT_ USER\Software\Microsoft\
Internet Explorer\Toolbar trong ca s bn tri, bm phm phi mouse ln ca
s bn phi ri chn New/String Value trong menu shortcut, t tn cho mc
mi l "BrandBitmap". Bm kp mouse ln mc mi ri g ng dn n file
biu tng ln bn to (th d C:\app\logo\Large-A.bmp).

Tng t nh vy, bn to thm mc "SmBrandBitmap" ri g ng dn ch
n file biu tng nh ca bn.
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Chy c NT ln Windows 95/98
Chuyn i h iu hnh l mt quyt nh lm o ln tn gc mi th. D
ch l cng vic nng cp, nhng bn cng s phi gp tr ngi v kin thc, cng
nh nhng rc ri v phn cng ln phn mm: NT c th khng thch hp cho
game v cc tin ch, hoc lm mt tc dng ca cc thit b Universal Serial Bus
(USB) thng minh. Gii php l vn gi nguyn Windows 9x khi chuyn ln NT,
ng thi chn ng h iu hnh chy lc khi ng.
Sng hnh phc vi nhau
Bn c th chy NT song song vi Win 9x, hay thm ch Win 3.x, bng cch
ch nh mt th mc khc vi th mc Windows hin hnh khi ci t NT. Nhng
trc ht bn phi quyt nh v cch qun l d liu v cc ng dng trn h
thng khi ng kp, v mi h iu hnh s lm vic vi a theo mt cch
ring. Nu mun NT v Win 9x hoc 3.x truy cp t do vo tt c cc tp tin v
phn vng a cng, bn phi hy sinh bt mt s tnh nng. File System ca NT
(NTFS) c kh nng bo v bng password khi truy cp tp tin cng nh kh nng
nn tp tin trn ng truyn v mc folder ( tit kim khng gian a mt
cch c chn lc). Win 98 v phin bn OSR2 ca Win 95 c th hot ng vi
h thng tp tin Fat 32 nn lu tr tp tin rt hiu qu v c th thc hin
defragment khi cn thit. Nhng tht bt hnh, NT li khng nhn bit c cc
phn vng a Fat 32, cn Win 9x th khng hiu ni NTFS l g (tt c cc
phin bn ca Win 9x v NT u h tr Fat 16, mt loi h thng tp tin gp
trong Win 95 v 3.x nguyn thy).

Vy bn phi lm nhng g? Bn c th ci t NT ln cng a v cng phn
vng nh Win 9x, nhng phn vng phi c format theo Fat 16. V h Fat 16
ch c th qun l cc phn vng khng qu 2GB, nn cc a cng ln phi c
chia thnh ba phn vng tr ln (vi cc tn a khc nhau). Ci t NT v Win
9x vo cc phn vng khc nhau, ng thi c th chn h thng tp tin ph hp
nht cho tng h iu hnh v s dng cc phn vng ln hn. H khi ng kp
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cng gp rc ri vi vic ci t chng trnh. Khi b sung Windows NT vo PC
ca mnh, bn phi ci t li mi ng dng - NT Registry s khng th ly c
d liu v cu hnh t Windows 9x Registry. trnh lu gi trng lp cc tp tin
chng trnh trn a cng, khi ci t li cc ng dng, bn phi hng chng
trnh ci t ghi cc tp tin vo th mc trnh ng dng c sn trong Win 9x.
Nh tin hnh format phn vng Win 9x bng Fat 16; nu khng bn s khng
nhn thy cc th mc chng trnh ang c mt t NT. Xem bng r hn v
iu ny.
Bt u vi h khi ng kp
Trong thit lp khi ng kp, h thng ca bn s khi ng Win 9x theo
mc nh. Nhng trc khi thc hin, n cho bn 30 giy chn cc h iu hnh
ci t t danh sch. Nu mun, bn c th rt ngn khong thi gian ch ny
bng System Properties ca NT:
1.Nhn chut vo Start. Settings.Control Panel
2. M biu tng Systems.
3. Trong hp thoi System Properties, nhn chut ln mc Startup/Shutdown.
4. T bng lit k Startup va xut hin, chn h iu hnh m bn mun khi
ng theo mc nh vo .
5. Trong trng "Show list for", nhp thi gian (theo giy) m bn mun bng lit
k cc h iu hnh s tn ti trc khi h iu hnh mc nh bt u lm vic.
Sau nhn chut vo OK.
Mun bt buc h thng phi ch cho n khi chn c h iu hnh, bn sa
li tp tin boot.ini trong th mc gc ca phn vng a NT. M tp tin ny bng
Notepad hoc bt k trnh x l vn bn no khc, ri tm dng bt u bng t
"Timeout =". Thay i gi tr s trong dng ny bng -1, l gi tr m NT s hiu
l lng thi gian v hn. Ch : Mc "Show list for" trong Startup/Shutdown
khng chp nhn gi tr m. Bn phi nhp n trc tip vo boot.ini.
Cm nang my tnh

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Khc phc li CDRom ca Win 98 Beta 3
Khi bn vo Control Panel/Multimedia/CD Music ri chn mc
Whenever possible, use digital playback on digital devices. CD Rom ca bn
khng cn kh nng pht a CD nhc c na do ng tn hiu Analog E
ngt (bn Fng khng th nghe qua l Headphone). Li ca Win 98 l khng th
tr Y tnh trng F (nghe a CD nhc) ngoi tr vic ci li Windows.
wpe1.jpg (22+13 by tes)

khc phc tnh trng trn, cc bn cho chy chng trnh Regedit. Tm
n mc
Hkey_Local_Machine/System/CurrentControlSet/Control/MediaResources\Mci\
CdAudio/Unit0.
Xa ni dung ca mc Unit0 hay xa hn mc ny khi Registry.
Cm nang my tnh

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wpe2.jpg (25966 by tes)

Ti -u ha Windows 98
Vi mt s th thut ny, bn c th lm cho Windows 98 chy ngon hn,
ngt hn mt cht.
Trc tin, bn vo Control Panel, m icon System ra.
Cm nang my tnh

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M tab Performance trong b hp thoi System Properties
:
C ba nt mc Advanced settings (cc thit t tin tin) cho bn hiu chnh.
1. File System (H thng file ) :
Click chut ln nt File System. B hp thoi File System Properties xut hin
vi 5 tab.
Hard Disk : Mc nh, Windows s c cu hnh vi chun ca mt my...
Desktop computer. Hy kch n pht huy ni lc mc cao nht, khe nh
lc s, bng cch gi nh my vi tnh ca bn l mt my ch Network
server.
Cm nang my tnh

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Floppy Disk : Do a mm by gi khng cn c s dng thng xuyn
nh ..."Ngy xa Hong Th", bn chng cn phi cho Windows ti u ha
chi hot ng ca a mm. B du chn trc hng option "Search for
new floppy disk drives each time your computer starts" Windows
khng mt cng sc v thi gian tm kim cc a mm mi mi ln
my vi tnh khi ng.
CD-ROM : Hy gi nguyn cc setting mc nh Windows c th ti u
ha hot ng ca CD-ROM. l :
- Supplemental cache size (kch thc cache b sung) : Large
- Optimize access pattern for (ti u ha khun mu truy cp cho CD-ROM c
tc ) : Quad-speed or higher (4x hoc cao hn)

Cm nang my tnh

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Windows s s dng 1.238 kilobytes b nh vt l ti u ha hot ng ca
CD-ROM trong khi n truy cp d liu.
2. Graphics ( ha) :
Click chut ln nt Graphics m hp thoi Advanced Graphics Settings ra.
Cc thit t ny kim sot cch thc Windows s dng phn cng ha (card
mn hnh) ca my. Bng cch hiu chnh thit t tng tc phn cng ha,
bn c th gii quyt c mt s vn c lin quan ti phn display.
C 4 nc :
Nc 4 (full) : Nc mc nh c khuyn co. Windows s huy ng tt c
cc chc nng tng tc ha. Hy gi nguyn, nu nh my ca bn hot
ng bnh thng v phn display. Nc ny s bo m cht lng cao nht
cho multimedia v cc game.
Nc 3 : Windows s dng phn ln chc nng tng tc ha. Hy dng
thit t ny nu nh xy ra vn vi con tr chut. nc ny, bn cng
c th khc phc c tnh trng ch ting Vit b t khc, nht l vi cc
nguyn m c hai du thanh (nh , ,...).

Nc 2 : Cc chc nng tng tc ha c bn. Dng setting ny nu nh
bn hay gp cc s c (error) khng mong i trong cc chng trnh ng
dng.
Nc 1 (None) : Khng s dng cc chc nng tng tc ha. Ch dng
nu nh my bn thng b treo hay gp nhng vn nghim trng.
3. Virtual Memory (B nh o) :
Click chut vo nt Virtual Memory. Hp thoi Virtual Memory xut hin.
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85

Hy gi thit t mc nh l "Let Windows manage my virtual memory
settings", cho php Windows qun l cc thit t b nh o.

Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Ci t Windows2000
Windows 2000 h tr boot i nn bn c th xi hai h iu hnh trn
my vi tnh ca mnh. Windows 2000 v mt h iu hnh tng thch, nh
Windows 98. Mun vy bn phi chn option ci mi Windows 2000 vo
mt partition khc vi partition ang c h iu hnh hin thi.
Do Windows 2000 hon ton "ct t dy chung" on tuyt vi MS-
DOS nn tt nht l bn ci t Windows 2000 t Windows 95/98 (tt c
cc loi release) hay Windows NT 3.5 Workstation v NT 4.0 Workstation
(bao gm cc service pack).
Trong qu trnh s dng Windows 2000, nu sau mt thi gian c install
ri remove rit cc ng dng khin Windows nh ta b tu ha nhp ma,
ri tinh ri m, b h hng cc file h thng, bn c th chy setup tr li
Windows 2000 sa cha cc h hng. Lc y, trong qu trnh setup, bn
s thy xut hin mt mn hnh vi dng thng bo : "If one the following
Windows 2000 installations is damaged, Setup can try to repair it" (Nu
mt trong cc Windows 2000 install di y b h hng, trnh Setup c
th sa cha n cho bn.)
Bn dng hai phm mi tn Ln v Xung chn tn Windows 2000
install m mnh mun sa. C hai option :
1. To repair the selected Windows 2000 installation, press R : sa
cha Windows 2000 ci, hy nhn phm ch R.
2. To continue installing a fresh copy of Windows 2000 without repairing,
press ESC : tip tc ci t mt bn Windows 2000 mi, hy nhn
phm ESC. Nu chn option ny, Setup s ci thm mt Windows 2000
na vo h thng ca bn. N s hi bn xem c mun ci Windows 2000
mi vo mt th mc khc hay ci chung vo th mc WINNT ang c. Nu
bn chn cho ci chung, n s ci ln Windows 2000 v hnh thnh
mt bn Windows 2000 hon ton mi. Bn s phi set li cc thng s v
ci li cc ng dng.
Trong trng hp ci Windows 2000 trn mt a mi tinh khi (hay va
format xong), bn cn phi c b a mm Setup startup disk - v
Windows 2000 khng chy c trn nn MS-DOS. B a mm (4 a 1.4
MB) ny c bn km theo a . Nu khng c, m chc chn 100
phn...du l chng mnh sc my m r c, bn cn phi to b a ny
bng cc file .img trong th mc BOOTDISK trn a Windows 2000
Professional CD. Cch lm nh sau :
- Chun b 4 a mm 1.4 MB c format sn.
- Np mt a mm vo a mm.
- Chy file MAKEBOOT.EXE
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Sau khi to xong b a Setup startup, bn np a s 1 vo mm, khi ng
my vi tnh. My s boot bng a mm v trnh Setup Windows 2000 c t
ng chy.
y xin c ni thm, c mt anh bn ngi Vit k tn tt l NHDL (Nguyen
Huu Duy Long) c vit hai trnh install cho Windows 2000 Professional tht "b
chy b cht". File INSTALL32.EXE chy trong Windows 9x. Cn file
INSTALL.EXE gip bn ci t Windows 2000 t a boot MS-DOS. Trong tr-
ng hp ny, a mm boot ca bn phi c file SMARTDRV.EXE. Bn phi
chy file ny trc to a m ri mi tin hnh install. Nu khng, qu trnh
copy file vo cng trc khi ci t s tht l...kinh hong.
Ngoi ra, xin bn ch , trong th mc I386 c hai file setup :
WINNT.EXE setup t Windows 3.1
WINNT32.EXE setup t cc h iu hnh Win32
By gi ti phn ci t.
1. u tin, bn s gp hp thoi cho mng Welcome to the Windows 2000
Setup Wizard.

C hai option ci t cho bn chn :
Upgrade to Windows 2000 t h iu hnh hin xi : Windows 2000 s
thay th OS hin hu v s dng cc ng dng ca OS c.
Cm nang my tnh

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Install a new copy of Windows 2000 : Windows 2000 s c ci mi
ring vo th mc WINNT. Bn s phi ci t cc ng dng cho n sau
ny. Tuy nhin, bn s c th xi trn my mnh song song c hai h iu
hnh : ci hin c (th d Windows 98) v Windows 2000. Trong qu trnh
boot my, mt mn hnh thng bo xut hin cho bn chn s dng h
iu hnh no.
2. Hp thoi k l in s CD-KEY vo. Gm 25 k t. Mi bn Windows
2000 gc u c s CD-KEY khc nhau.

3. Hp thoi ny bn chn cc option c bit theo mnh. C c thy ba
mc :
Cm nang my tnh

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Language Options : Chn ngn ng.

Bn c th chn ngn ng chnh v mt ngn ng ph. Ngn ng chnh (primary
language) v khu vc bn mun s dng. S chn la ny s quyt nh cc thit
t mc nhin v ngy thng, gi gic, tin t, ch s, cc b k t v giao din
keyboard. Trong iu kin ting Anh ph bin trong th gii tin hc v Internet
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
nh hin nay, bn nn chn ngn ng chnh l English (United States) v ngn
ng b sung l Vietnamese.
Advanced Options : Cc ty chn tin tin.

mc ny, bn c th ty bin qu trnh Setup. Chn v tr c b file setup ca
Windows 2000. Chn th mc ci t Windows 2000. Hy mc nh l
WINNT.
Bn cng c th dng du kim chn option :
- Copy all Setup files from the Setup CD to the hard drive : Copy tt c cc file
Setup t a CD vo cng. Ch chn, nu bn cm thy mnh qu d thi gian
hng bit lm g cho n ht.
- I want to choose the installation partition during Setup : Chn partition ci t
trong qu trnh Setup. Nu mun s dng lun h iu hnh hin hu chy cng
vi Windows 2000, bn nn ci t Windows 2000 vo mt partition khc vi
ni ang c h iu hnh hin ti.
Accessibility Options : Cc ty chn kh nng tip cn.
Cm nang my tnh

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y l cc cng c gip cho bn set thng s v chy Windows 2000 d dng
hn. y, bn c th chn hai cng c m mnh mun xi ti trong qu trnh
Setup :
Magnifer : Knh lp s phng to ngay bn trn desktop din bin Setup
dnh cho nhng ai c sc nhn hi b yu.
Narrator : Tin ch c to cc ch ngha trn mn hnh cho nhng ai b
khim th hay i mt qu tm nhm, tm nhm.
4. Sau khi chn xong cc ty chn trn cc hp thoi Windows 2000 Setup,
bn bt u bc vo qu trnh setup vi mn hnh xanh l xanh lt hng c hnh
nh minh ha chi ro cho n bun t nh Windows 98.
Khi bn chn option thay i partiton, trong qu trnh Setup, mt mn hnh s
xut hin bn chn vi cc option :
- To setup Windows 2000 on the selected item, press ENTER : ci t
Windows 2000 vo partition chn, hy nhn phm ENTER.
- To creat a partition in the unpartitioned space, press C : to mt partition
trn a cha c chia partition, hy nhn phm C.
- To delete the selected partition, press D : delete partition chn, hy nhn
phm D.
Dng phm mi tn UP v DOWN chn cc mc trong danh sch.
Ngoi ra :
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Nu thy thnh thong mn hnh c b nhng tr nn en trong vi giy,
bn c v t, v trnh setup n i nh vy.
Khi trnh setup hi bn c chuyn h thng file (file system) t bng FAT ca
Windows 9x hin hu sang chun NTFS ca Windows 2000 khng, nu mun
xi c hai OS, bn nn chn "Leave the current file system intact (no changes)"
gi nguyn hin trng bng FAT.

Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Giao thc mng
Trong Windows 95 hoc 98
1. Bm nt Start
2. Chn Settings -> Control Panel
3. Double-click biu tng Network
4. ci t TCP/IP, bm nt Add...
5. Double-click Protocol -> chn Microsoft
6. Chn TCP/IP -> OK.
C th bn s c yu cu khi ng li my tnh
Trong Windows NT4
1. Bm nt Start
2. Chn Settings -> Control Panel
3. Double-click biu tng Network
4. ci t TCP/IP, chn protocol
5. Bm Add
6. Chn TCP/IP Protocol v bm OK.
C th bn s c yu cu khi ng li my tnh
Trong Windows 2000
1. Bm nt Start
2. Chn Network and Dialup Connections
3. Double-click biu tng Local Area Connection
4. Bm nt Install...
5. Chn Microsoft -> chn giao thc TCP/IP
6. Bm OK.

Cch bm u dy rj45 vo cp utp
CC BC THAO TC
1) Dng dao ct b lp v nha bc ngoi mt on khong
1,5cm u dy (nn nh tay v rt d ct t lun v nha
ca tng si dy).
2) Sp xp cc si dy theo th t t tri qua phi theo s
sau:
Pin ID Dy
1 Cam-trng
2 Cam
3 Xanh l cy-trng
4 Xanh bin
Cm nang my tnh

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5 Xanh bin-trng
6 Xanh l cy
7 Nu-trng
8 Nu
Lu : Hu ht cc i xon ca cp UTP bn trn th trng
u theo mu qui c (cam + cam-trng, nu + nu-trng...) ,
tuy nhin cng c nhng loi cp m dy th hai trong i xon
ch c mt mu trng rt d nhm ln. Bn cn tch theo tng
i xon sp xp cho ng.
3) Dng li ct trn km bm ct bng cc u dy ( li
di khong 1,2cm)
4) Lt nga u nha RJ-45 (pha lng c ci ny cho quay
xung pha di)
5) Gi nguyn s sp xp ca cc dy v y u dy vo
trong u RJ-45 (mi si dy s nm gn trong mt rnh) sao
cho cc du si dy nm st vo nh rnh.
6) Kim tra li mt ln na th t ca cc si dy ri cho vo
km bm tht cht.
Vi u dy cn li bn hy lm tng t nh trn.
Sau khi lm xong c hai u th si dy sn sng s
dng. Khng c s khc bit v cng nng gia hai u dy.
Bn nn nh du tng cp u dy d dng trong vic
kim tra sa li.

Cm nang my tnh

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Tng tc kt ni vo mng

Khi bn kt ni vo mng modem ca bn thc hin qu trnh quay s
(Dialing). i khi qu trnh ny ko di thi gian rt lu. Bn c th tng
tc quay s ny bng cch sau:

Click vo ch Start.
Chn Settings.
Control panel.
Double click vo biu tng modem.
Chn tn modem ca bn.
Click vo nt Properties.
Click Connections tab.
Click vo nt Advanced button.
Trong Extra settings bn g S11=50
Click OK.

1. Chy Disk Cleanup ca Windows. Nhn p Mycomputer,
nhn phi biu tng ng vi a C: ca bn, v chn
Properties. Sau nhn nt Disk Cleanup.
Windows s a ra mt danh sch cc loi tp tin c th xa
cng vi lng khng gian c th gii phng. im sng tng
loi ch thch v nhng tp tin s b qut b, v nh du chn
nhng tp tin mun xa. Sau nhn OK. Windows s yu cu
bn xc nhn li nhng la chn ca mnh v sau s xa
nhng tp tin .
2. Loi b cc phn t Windows khn cn n. Lm theo nhng
hng dn trong bc 1 c mn hnh Disk Cleanup. Chn
nhn More Options, v nhn nt Cleanup bn di "Windows
components". Bn s nhn thy danh sch cc phn c th xa
ci t. V d, nu khng chi game, bn c th tit kim c
12MB nu xa chng i. Nhng phn nh du u c ci
t; xa ci t, trc ht bn nh du chn xa n ri
nhn OK trn hp thoi Detail v Next trn Windows
Compenents Wizard. Sau lm theo cc hng dn trn mn
hnh. Bn c th ci t li cc thnh phn Windows sau ny
nu cn.
3. Loi b cc ng dng khng dng. S dng Windows cng
lu, a cng ca bn cng c xu hng b lp y bi cc ng
Cm nang my tnh

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dng m bn rt him khi dng. xem nhng g mnh ci
t, bn nhn Cleanup trong phn "Installed programs" ca
nhn More Option.
Trong Windows 98 v Me, bn s i n mn hnh Add/Remove
Program Properties. im sng chng trnh m bn mun loi
b, v nhn Add/Remove.
Windows XP s a ra cho bn nhiu thng tin hn khi bn
nhn tng ng dng, k c thng tin v mc s dng v
khng gian a chim dng. xa tng ng dng, bn chn
n, nhn Change, v lm theo cc hng dn.
4. Xa cc im phc hi. Trong Windows Me v XP - khng c
trong Windows 98 - h thng s lu gi li cc ci t m bn
c th dng "quay lui" nu c mt thay i h thng no
gy trc trc. Nu bn thc hin nhiu ci t v xa ci t,
bn s c nhiu im phc hi chim kh nhiu khng gian a.
xa tt c, ch cha li im phc hi sau cng, bn nhn
Clean up bn di System Restore trong nhn More Options.
5. i thnh FAT32. Nu nng cp h thng Windows 95 ln
98 hoc Me, bn hy tm mi a FAT v chuyn chng sang
h thng FAT32 hiu qu hn. Nhn phi tng biu tng a
v chn Properties lit k h thng tp tin.
chuyn i cc a trong Win 98, bn vo
Start.Programs.Accessories.System Tools.Drive Converter
(FAT32) v lm theo cc hng dn.
Nhng ngi dng Windows Me s phi khi ng t a
Emergency Disk to khi ci t h iu hnh ny. chuyn
i mt a, bn g CVT, cch khong trng, v g tn ch
a cng du hai chm (v d, CVT C: ) du nhc A:>
6. iu chnh khng gian lu tr tm (cache) ca duyt trnh.
Internet Explorer v cc trnh duyt khc lun lu li cc trang
web m bn truy cp trong cache. hn ch kch thc
ca cache, bn nhn phi biu tng Internet Explorer v chn
Properties. Trn nhn General, bn nhn nt Setting bn di
"Temporary Internet files". Gim bt gi tr "Amount of disk
space to use".
7. Kt thc. Kim tra bo m cc tp tin xa u
mt. Lm sch Recycle Bin ca bn. Cui cng thc hin dn
a cho tt c cc a cng ca bn. thc hin iu ny, bn
m My Computer, nhn phi biu tng a, v chn
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
Properties. Chn nhn Tools, v nhn Defragment Now. (Th
Gii Vi Tnh)

th thut registry cho mng ni b(lan)
+ Xa b cc ng dn khi chy RUN:
- Thng th bn chy chng trnh trong hp thoi RUN th cc
lnh ca bn s c lu li trong . Nu bn mun xa n ra
khi hp thoi bn hy vo t kha:
HKEY_ CURRENT_USER -> Software -> Microsoft -> Windows -
> CurrentVersion -> Explorer -> RunMRU
Sau khi vo t kha trn bn s thy 1 list danh sch c tn
l a,b,c... v c gi tr l ng dn ca chng trnh. Nu bn
khng thch chng xut hin trong RUN na th bn ch vic
Delete ht cc list trong ny -> k n bn hy nhn p chut
vo "MRUlist" v xa ht cc gi tr trong ca n.
+ Khng cho php sa i Registry Editor
(Windows\regedit.exe):
Chng ta ch cn xa i file Regedit.exe nm trong th mc ci
t Windows l khng ai c th vo chnh sa c na...nhng
hy coi chng nu nh ngi khc h bit cch Copy file
Regedit.exe vo my bn ri chy th sao??? b tay thit, vy
th sao chng ta li khng dng Registry lm t lit
Registry nh???
- Bn hy vo kha: HKEY_CURRENT_USER -> Software ->
Microsoft -> Windows -> CurrentVersion -> Policies -> System
- Nu nh bn vo: HKEY_CURRENT_USER -> Software ->
Microsoft -> Windows -> CurrentVersion -> Policies m khng
tm thy Key System u th bn hy to n bng cch nhp
chut phi vo kha Policies nm khung bn tri -> chn
New -> chn Key -> t tn cho n l System.
- To mi DWORD t tn l "DisableRegistry Tools" c gi tr l
"1" (((d nhin l khng h c du ngoc kp nha))).
- *** Nu bn vn cha ngn cn c th ti xin hng dn
bn 1 cch rt l tin nghi:
- u tin bn hy m Notepad (((hoc l bt c chng trnh
son tho no))) bn hy g vo ni dung nh sau:
Cm nang my tnh

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St by hoangly85
REGEDIT4
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\C
urrentVersion\Policies\System] "DisableRegistryTools"
dword:00000001
- V lu li vi tn l Disable.reg. Sau ny nu mun Dasable
Registry my no th bn ch vic m n ln v nhn Double
Click vo n, sau 2 ln nhn OK l k t nay bn khng th
no vo c Registry na (((cho d bn c i tn file
Registry.exe li thnh bt c tn g))) ...^_^...
*** Bn bit cch khi phc li n cha??? d t thi m
phi khng??? bn ch cn to file Enable.reg c ni dung nh
sau:
REGEDIT4
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\C
urrentVersion\Policies\System]
"DisableRegistryTools"=dword:00000000
- V by gi bn ch vic nhp Double Click vo file Enable.reg
l xong ngay thi, t nay n s ngoan ngon nghe li bn
thi...
Ch : Trc khi "vc" n Registry cc bn nn nh sao lu
cn thn trc nh... Cch thc sao lu nh sau: trc ht bn
vo Run -> g "Regedit" -> chn OK -> trn Menu ca
Registry bn chn Registry -> Export Registry File...
+ sao lu ton b Registry bn hy click chn Button All v
t tn cho file cn lu -> sau ch cn click OK.
+ sao lu mt nhnh Registry th bn hy chn vo Button
Selected Branch v cng t tn cho file -> click OK.
Sau ny nu bn lm sai hoc b trc trc th bn ch cn nhp
Double Click vo File *.REG c lu trc v chn Yes ->
tip chn OK l bn s c li nhng cu hnh lc ban u.
Nu nh bn lm ng nh vy m vn khng n thua g th
bn nh Restart li my nh. Nu khng mun Restart li th
bn hy nhn t hp phm CTRL+ALT+DEL ->trong ca s
Close Program -> chn Explore -> chn End Task -> sau
s xut hin ca s Shut Down Windows -> bn hy chn
cancel v i 1 cht s xut hin 1 ca s tn l Explorer ->
bn hy chn End Task. Nh vy l xem nh l bn
"Restart ngm" ri y... chc bn thnh cng !!!

Cm nang my tnh

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iu khin Explorer m th mc thng dng

Khi m Windows Explorer, cy th mc hin th cc th mc trong C:
Mun xem nhng d liu trong D:, bn phi nhn vo du tr (-) k
bn C: giu th mc ny i, sau nhn vo du cng (+) k bn
D: hin th cc th mc con ca D:. C cch no thay i thit lp
mc nh ny khng?
Bn c th t tit kim thi gian v s ln nhn chut mi ngy bng
cch bt Explorer np theo bn. Ti sao khng to mt shortcut m
Explorer n nhng tp tin v th mc bn thng truy cp. Vic lm
ny rt d dng.

Trc ht, to mt menu con cho shortcut trn menu Start: nhn phm
phi chut vo nt Start ri chn Open. Chn File.NewFolder v khi hnh
tng New Folder xut hin, g tn v nhn . Gi s t tn th mc l
Xplorers, bn c th hin th n bt c lc no bng cch nhn --X.

Bn c th b sung shortcut bng cch nhn phm phi chut v ko th
mc khc vo th mc ny ri chn Create Shortcut(s) Here: nhng vi
Windows 2000, Me, hoc XP, thao tc ny s to ra mt menu lit k ni
dung th mc ch khng phi shortcut m th mc. Mun to sbortcut
m ca s Explorer trong bt k phin bn Windows no, m th mc
mi to (Xplorers), nhn phm phi chut vo n v chn New.Shortcut.

Nu n gin ch mun m th mc th hy nhp ng dn n th
mc vo trng Target (v d e:\doc). Mun shortcut m ca s c 2
khung, bn phi a Explorer.exe vo trc ng dn, sau n
khong trng v mt trong nhng tham s lnh c lit k. Ngn cch
cc tham s bng du phy v lun ng dn th mc pha cui
dng lnh. By gi nhn Next, g tn shortcut v chn Finish.

Lp li nhng bc ny cho tt c cc ca s Explorer mun np. Nu
mun thay i, bn c th nhn phm phi chut vo shortcut, chn
Properties, ri chn nhn Shortcut. Bn c th sa dng lnh trong
khung Target, dng nt Change Icon thay i b mt hnh tng
hoc b sung kha shortcut v cc tu chn khc. By gi, bn c th
truy cp nhng th mc ny nhanh chng bng cch chn t menu con
ca menu Start.

Tham s Explorer.exe

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Shortcut ng vi lnh explorer.exe/e,d:\work s m th mc work trong
ca s Explorer c 2 khung, trong , D: c chn khung tri.
Mun m th mc ny bn khung tri nhng tp tin My Picture.jpg c
chn bn khung phi, dng tham s/select nh sau explorer.exe
/e,/select, d:\work\My Picture.jpg. Vi Windows 98, bn ch c th dng
/select vi tn th mc ch khng dng c vi tp tin v th mc
c khai bo ng dn s c m trn khung phi ch sau khi nhn
.

Mun to shortcut m ca s th mc khng c khung tree, nhp lnh
explorer.exe d:\work (khng cn tham s /e), hoc ch g d:\work. Ln
u chy shorcut, mt ca s Explorer mi s c to ra, v s c
gi li trong nhng ln gi sau. Vi tham s /n, mi cu lnh s m thm
mt ca s mi; v d explorer.exe/ n,d:\work (tham s ny khng lm
vic trong Windows 98). Nu dng /e, bn khng cn /n na.

Nu ang lm vic vi a mng, tham s /root rt hu ch. trnh
lm ba bn khung tree vi hng t th mc dng chung trn mng, g
vo dng lnh explorer.exe/e, /root,\\server\work (ng dn ca bn c
th khc). Trong v d ny, th mc work trn mng nm trn server tn
server s xut hin ti u cy th mc.

Tham s cng c nhng b mt. Bn c th khai bo tham s to
shortcut n Windows Desktop. Vi Windows 9X, bn ch cn dng tham
s /root:explorer.exe/e,/root, (phi c du phy cui). Vi Me, 2000, v
XP, b sung tham s /select v ng dn th mc:
explorer.exe/e,/select,/root,c:\; c th thay th c:\ trong dng lnh ny
bng mt ng dn bt k khc m shotcut vn ch ng n Desktop
s khng cn khung tree na.

Lnh m My Computer hoc My Document trong ca s Explorer yu
cu n mt s m c bit. Tham chiu theo cc dng lnh lit k trong
bng 3 v phin bn Windows ang dng, bn c th to cc shortcut
nhm gim thiu thao tc trn bn phm. Tng t, bn c th b tham
s /e nu khng mun m ca s Explorer c 2 khung.

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Nhn I tin ch mn hnh

Thay v phi chen chc hoc xp lp cc ca s trn mt mn hnh, ti
sao bn li khng gn thm mt mn hnh th hai m rng mn hnh
lm vic ca mnh v c th chy nhiu ng dng trn hai mn hnh
ring nhau?
Lm nh vy bn s c th tm kim trn Internet (hoc kim tra e-mail
ca mnh) bng mn hnh ny trong khi g vn bn cho chy nhng ng
dng no bng mn hnh kia. Bn cng c th va xem phim trn
mt mn hnh ng thi chy cc ng dng trn mn hnh th hai.
Nhiu kh nng c m ra rt phong ph.

Windows 98 SE, Me, 2000, v XP, tt c u h tr vic s dng nhiu
mn hnh. Bn c th gn thm vo PC mt card ho, nhng v hu
ht cc PC u l dng khe cm AGP cho card ho chnh nn bn
phi tm mua mt card ho PCI. Loi card ny s khng cn tn ti
lu, khng cho tc hot ng nhanh ca loi card AGP, v yu cu
phi c mt khe cm sn khc. Li khuyn cho bn l nn mua mt card
AGP c thit k c bit c cc cng h tr nhiu mn hnh. Loi
card ny tng ng vi card ho chun, v c thm nhiu tnh
nng hay, nh trc tip a ra tn hiu s cho mn hnh phng LCD, c
th ni vi mt TV hin th video, v c cc phn mm cho php gi
nguyn cch u ni cc thit b trn bn m bn a thch.

Mc d y khng trnh by cch lp thm card PCI, nhng nu mun
lp t thm mt card ho th hai, bn s c c nhng thng tin
y v ch ny bng cch tm mc multiple monitors trong
Help ca Windows.

D nhin, bn cng phi c mt mn hnh th hai. Ty theo ti tin ca
mnh, bn c th mua mn hnh rng, hp, loi CRT hay loi LCD.

To logo khi ng mi trong rom bios
My tnh c nhiu loi ROMBIOS khc nhau, bi vit ny ch xin cp
vi nhng my s dng loi FLASHROM. Mt loi ROM m ta c th ghi
c iu kin bnh thng. Trong thi gian gn y, nhiu hng
cung cp MainBoard c cung cp loi ny. iu ny to mm do v
to iu kin cho ta cp nht BIOS bng nhng chng trnh BIOS-
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SETUP mi nht. Nhng iu ny cng gy tr ngi l c loi virus
khai thc c im ny gy cho my nhng hng hc m ta khng h
ngh ti. Virus CIH l in hnh. Cho nn khi thc hin TEST nhng
cng vic ca bi vit ny, xin kim tra li ROM-BIOS ca chnh my
mnh cho tht chc chn, ri BACKUP d liu trong ROM-BIOS vo mt
a mm, nu c s c th c th in tr li.
C qu nhiu chng trnh lm vic ny. Xin gii thiu mt chng
trnh ca hng Award (Mt hng thng dng nht).
Gm cc tp chnh:
- AWDFLASH.EXE: Dng ghi li chng trnh BIOS thnh tp c ui
(.BIN). Hoc ghi t tp c ui (.BIN) vo ROMBIOS.
- CBROM.EXE: Dng p thm tp LOGO ui BMP 16 mu, vo tp
(.BIN) trc .
- MODBIN.EXE: c th sa cha cc tham s ca tp(.BIN) m
khng phi vo BIOS.
Xin xut phng n nh sau: (Lu , qu trnh cp nht BIOS nn
chy t a mm, ...theo khuyn co ca nh sn xut).
1. BACKUP chng trnh ghi trong BIOS vo a mm phng
khng thnh cng:
- Phi c 1 a mm khi ng, v nu hng chng trnh trong BIOS,
my vn cho php khi ng bng a mm c th cp nht li.
- Copy cc chng trnh trn vo mt a mm khi ng, khi ng li
t a mm ny trnh c cc chng trnh thng tr STR (Stay and
Terminate Resident) c th nh hng ti qu trnh ghi cp nht v
trnh s dng cc chng trnh qun l b nh EMM hoc QEMM
DRIVER v c th dn ti sai lch d liu.
- Chy lnh AWDFLASH.EXE hin ra mn hnh SETUP.
Ti tn chng trnh UPDATE do cha c, nn ta nh i mt tn no
v d nh ABC.BIN. S hin thng bo hi c ct VERSION hin ti
khng, xin chn yes.
nh tn tp ct thit lp hin ti v d ABC.BIN Tp ny khi phc
BIOS. Sau nhn Enter my xut d liu BIOS vo tp ABC.BIN
sau ta thot khi chng trnh. Lu tp ABC.BIN ny sang mt a
mm khi ng khc cng tp AWDFLASH.EXE phng trc trc
2. To tp LOGO bitmap c 16 mu to LOGO, hy dng mt
chng trnh bt k to mt tp BITMAP 16 mu c kch thc 136 x126
v d MYLOGO.BMP. C th s dng chng trnh Paint Brush to.
3. Ni tp MYLOGO.BMP vo tp ABC.BIN - Chy chng trnh
CBROM.EXE theo c php: CBROM ABC.BIN /epa MYLOGO.BMP.
Chy file modbin.exe, i "bios date" ca file.bin .
4. Sau chy AWDFLASH.EXE cp nht ABC.BIN vo ROMBIOS.
AWDFLASH ABC.BIN /SN /PY
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5. Khi ng li kim tra kt qu.

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Ph lc: Cc b phn cu thnh my tnh
OA CNG (HARD DISK )
La thiet b dung e lu tr d lieu, ngay nay o cng co dung lng rat ln
(hang chuc Gigabyt). e biet c dung lng cua a ngi ta da vao 3
thong so la Cyls, Heads va Sectors va thong so nay cung c nha san xuat
ghi tren nhan a mot cach cu the nh: C/H/S: 1080 - 2112/16/63 hoac ghi ro
nh: 2550AT...
Co 2 loai giao dien cua o cng la loai IDE va SCSI . Loai IDE la loai pho
bien nhat cho ngi dung may tnh ca nhan hien nay.

BO MACH CHNH (MAIN BOARD)
Co rat nhieu chung loai bo mach chnh . Thong thng cac bo mach c
thiet ke theo cac yeu to hnh dang AT va ATX. Ngay nay chung loai bo ATX
ang chien lnh u the tren th trng.
1. Loai bo AT:
Thong thng cac loai bo AT s dung cac au noi nguon 6 day kep, cac au
noi Com1, Com2 va LPT la cac day noi cap c cam vao bo mach chnh,
ngoai tr au cam vi ban phm.
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2.- Loai ATX:
Loai bo ATX c cau tao gon gang hn. Day cap nguon s dung cac au
noi 20 day. Cac au noi Com1, Com2, LPT va ban phm c thiet ke dnh
lien tren bo mach ma khong s dung cac cac day cap e ket noi. Co them
cac cong ket noi USB, khong s dung cac au noi cua ban phm truyen thong
ma dung loai o cam PS/2

VO THUNG MAY (Case )
La bo phan e gan cac thiet b vao ben trong may tnh, co nhiem vu bao ve
cac thiet b nay.
Co 2 loai vo may va bo nguon c goi la kieu nguon AT va ATX.
1. Loai vo nguon AT:
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Trc ay phan ln may tnh s dung loai AT. oi vi loai vo nguon nay day
nguon c cam trc tiep vao Contact pha trc cua vo may. Thng vo
thung co dien tch nho gon. Tam map ay cua vo thung c thiet ke thanh
mot khoi chung.

2. Loai vo nguon ATX:
Hien nay may tnh s dung loai vo nguon ATX. oi vi loai vo nguon nay
day nguon c cam vao bo mach chnh (Main Board), thng vo thung co
dien tch ln hn loai AT. Vo may co cau truc 2 tam hai ben.

O A CD ROM(COMPACT DISK READ ONLY MEMORY)
O a CD-ROM la mot bc ot pha mi trong viec lu tr d lieu. O a
CD-ROM a thay the o a mem va tr thanh phng tien lu tr thong dung
nhat ngay nay.
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Co 2 loai o a CD: Loai ch oc va loai co chc nang va oc va ghi. Moi
kieu o a Cd-Rom co tnh nang khac nhau da vao loai IDE hoac SCSI.

CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)
La bo phan quan trong nhat cua he thong may tnh, co nhiem vu phan tch,
ieu khien, x ly, tnh toan, lu tr, truy tm cac thong tin. c coi nh la
trai tim va khoi oc cua may tnh.
Co rat nhieu chung loai CPU vi cac ten goi nh Pentium, Celeron, AMD
K5/K6, Athlon, Cyrix ...
Tuy theo chung loai cung nh s phat trien khong ngng cua cong nghe vi x
ly ma ngi ta a ra nhieu kieu e cam cho cac CPU nh MMX x dung
Socket 7, Pentium II, III cho kieu Slot 1, Slot A cho kieu Athlon, Pentium III
cho kieu Slot 1, Socket 370 ...

CPU Pentium MMX CPU AMD K6
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CPU Cyrix CPU Athlon CPU
Pentium II

CPU Xeon CPU Pentium 4
O A MEM (FLOPPY DISK )
Co 2 loai o a mem : loai 5.25 inch (1.2 Mb) va 3.5 inch (1.44 Mb). La thiet
b dung e lu tr (oc ghi) d lieu vi dung lng nho. Hien nay ch con pho
bien loai o a 3.5 inch do thiet ke cua no an toan va nho gon, cac a mem
1.44 Mb a t t thay the loai a 1.2 Mb trong cac may tnh ca nhan.

O A GAN NGOAI
O a gan ngoai co 2 loai:
1.- Oa "Zip" la loai o a di ong c ket noi vao cong COM hoac LPT e
oc ghi d lieu, dung loai a mem co dung lng vai tram Mb.
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2. O a "Move" con goi la o a cng thao ri. Gom co 2 phan, phan vo ben
ngoai c gan vao mat trc may tnh khoang 5.25 inch, phan khay la
phan e gan o a cng t ben ngoai vao ma khong can phai m vo may tnh
(Case) ra. Cach ket noi giong nh mot o a cng c gan ben trong may
tnh.

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THIET B NGOAI VI

1.- Man hnh (MONITOR) va ban phm (Keyboard) 2. Chuot
(Mouse)

3. Joystick (dung ieu khien cac tro chi game) 4. May In

5. May Scanner

RAM (MODULE BO NH)
Co 2 loai Ram hien thay tren th trng hien nay la SIMM (72 chan) va
DIMM (168 chan). Chieu hng s dung cho may tnh hien nay la loai Ram
DIMM.
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1. DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module)
La loai bo nh 2 hang chan.
2.- SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module)
La loai bo nh 1 hang chan. Phan ln bo nh SIMM hien nay la loai FPM
Ram hoac EDO Ram.

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