Engineering Materials : Majority of metals and some other materials fall in a class often called engineering materials.

Characteristic of this group are the properties of relatively high hardness, strength, toughness and durability. PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Classes of Properties Chemical Properties(Reaction with other materials) o Corosion resistance : Although, aluminum is chemically more active than iron, it forms a denser coating (than iron)acting as a shield to further corosion. o Atomic and crystalline structures of metals gives them high electrical and thermal conductivity compared to nonmetals. There are stil differences between metals. o Although, the iron is much more conductive than nonmetals, aluminum is among the best electrical conductors. Physical Properties Physical properties are constants associated with the atomic structure of materials. o Density(weight per unit volume) : Iron isdenser than aluminum. o Crystalline type : Iron is allotropic so in can exist in several different crystalline structures. However, aluminum is always in a single crystalline pattern. Therefore, properties of iron-based alloys can be controlled by heat treatment that are not possible for aluminum. Only some aluminum-based alloys may be heat-treated for property control, but the reaction is entirely different. o Atomic spacing o Specific Heat o Cohesive strength(theoretical) o Melting point. Iron has a much higher melting point than aluminum. Mechanical Properties The most interesting mechanical properties for manufacturing are hardness, strength and the others that are important for design considerations for determining sizes and shapes necessary for carrying loads. Neither iron nor aluminum is used in the pure state because their strength are low. However, their alloys, particularly iron alloys, are the most commonly used in all metalls in the manufacturing. The both materials can be strengthened ten times by suitable alloying and treatment. Iron alloys are are approximately five times stronger than aluminum on a volume basis. Processing Properties They determine the ability of a material to be processed in definite ways. Castability Weldability Machinability Bending

Significance of Properties to Design A designer is necessarily interested in properties. He must know material strengths, chemical and other properties to calculate sizes and shapes required to carry loads, to meet corrosive conditions,

and to satisfy other functional requirements. Knowledge of processing properties is likely more important for manufacturing personnel. Material Choice Most products can be manufactured from a number of different possible materials that will satisfy the functional requirements. However, some are more desirable than others, and one particular material may have the best possible combination of properties. Loading Systems and Material Failure Internal loads developed are usually more complex than the external loads applied. However, in many testing procedures this complexity disregarded and the forces are treated as though they are uniform throughout the material. Stresses : Internal forces, acting upon imaginary planes cutting the body being loaded. For purposes of ease in understanding and comparison, stresses are ususally reduced to unit stress by assuming that the force acts uniformly over the cross-sectional area under consideration. Consequently, the load-per-unit area is calculated by dividing the total load or force by the area on which it acts. Imperial System Load or force..............pound Area............................square inch Unit stress...................pound per square inch(psi) or thousands of pounds per square inch(kips/in2) Metric System Unit Stress..................newtos per square meter(pascal) Newton = 0.2248 pounds of force

If the surface area cut by the imaginary plane x-x is A, then the stress(s) is P/A S=P/A In this case the applied force is a pulling force or tensile force so the internal loads can be symbolize as St . Reversal of the external load P would cause a compressive stress instead of a tensile. In this case, the formula becomes Sc=P/A

Shear Stresses