Bending members (beam)

Outlines

Basic principles of steel structures

Introduction Resistance of cross-section of beams Lateral torsional buckling of beams

Dr. Xianzhong ZHAO x.zhao@mail.tongji.edu.cn www.sals.org.cn

Local buckling of plate element in beams Deflection of beams

Bending members (beam)

introduction ; state of loading
- bending moment - shear force - axial force - combination of above

Bending members (beam)

introduction ; boundary conditions and spans

simply-support

both-end fixed

cantilever

- bending about one axis - bending about both axes (bi-axial bending)

multi-span continuous beam

; structural system and load transfer

roof purlin

crane beam

roof panel secondary beams main beams columns foundations

Bending members (beam)

; section types introduction ; section types

Bending members (beam)

introduction
solid-web section open-web section

solid-web section
(normal / light gauged)

laced built-up section (truss) non-uniform section (height, width, strength)

castellated beam

composite beam

Bending members (beam)

introduction: failure modes ; strength failure (cross-section resistance)
yield, fracture, fatigue

Cross-sectional resistance of beams

bending moment resistance (1)
; assumption
- perfect elasto-plastic model - cross section remains plane during bending

fy

; Lateral-torsional-buckling (LTB) of beam

flexural-torsional buckling

; distribution of normal strain and stress ; Local buckling of plates in beam

flange: compression web: compression, bending and shear

y
2

2 = fy 2 < y 2 = y

2 > y

; Less rigidity of bending

excessive deflection

1 < y 1 = y 1 > y 1 < fy 1 = fy 1 = fy

1 > y

Cross-sectional resistance of beams

bending moment resistance (2)
; Criteria 1: yielding at extreme fibre

Memory: tension members with bending

concept of full plastic moment ; Assumption of stress distribution
- subjected to bending only, no tension - stress at each point reach yield point - yield point under tension and compression is the same

M x M ex

Mx fd Wxn

A
x

; Criteria 2: yielding on full section Mx M x M px fd

Wpxn
px =
M px M ex = W px Wx

elastic net (effective) section modulus

y y+
y

1 = fy

; Plastic neutral axis

plastic net section modulus

A+

2 = fy

N =0

A+ f y A f y = 0

A+ = A

shape factor

; Criteria 3: yielding on partial section Mx M x x M ex fd

1 < x < px

The plastic neutral axis divides the cross section into two equal areas, and it may not coincide with the centroidal axis

; (Full) plastic moment

elastic net section modulus

xWxn

M px = A+ f y y + + A f y y = ( A+ y + + A y ) f y
M px = Wpx f y

plastic adaptation factor

plastic modulus of W px = A + y + + A y a section:

Review of section modulus

shape factor & plastic adaptation factor of cross-section

Cross-sectional resistance of beams

bending moment resistance (3)
; Bi-axial bending: M x , M y ; Criteria 1: yielding at extreme fibre

shape factor

Mx My + fd Wxn W yn

plastic adaptation factor

; Criteria 2: yielding on full section

My Mx + fd Wpxn Wpyn

; Criteria 3: yielding on partial section

xWxn
Mx + My

yWyn

fd

Cross-sectional resistance of beams

shear resistance
; shear stress:
mechanics of material:

Cross-sectional resistance of beams

transverse force resistance
; local stress due to the transverse force
F

= =

Vy S x I xt Vy
(for I-shape or channel shape only)

hy :distance from load surface to

the upper edge of the effective web width

approximate value:

Aw ; shear stress under bi-axial shear forces

=
Vy S x I xt + Vx S y I yt

Az
15t w 15t w

A z = a + 5hy + {2 hR } (height of rail)

algebraic or vector add?

; Stress check ; Design of stiffeners

c =

; shear resistance

F fd A z tw

f vd
Note: gross section or net section?

place, thickness and width of stiffeners strength and stability of stiffeners and web around

Cross-sectional resistance of beams

transverse force resistance
; local stress due to the transverse force

Cross-sectional resistance of beams

state of stresses and equivalent stress
; state of combined stresses (SCS)
stress state of existence of two or more stress components at same point / same load condition

max

max

Which section has SCS?

2 2 zs = max + 3 max Which point has SCS?

; illustration of hy

2 c + 3 2 ; Equivalent stress of beam zs = 2 + c

sign of stress component: tension positive and compression negative

; practical design equation 1 = 1 Criteria of elasticity zs 1 f d 1 > 1 Criteria of partially plastic adaptation

Cross-sectional resistance of beams

design procedure of beam strength ; Analytical model of the structure
Loading pattern and value, boundary conditions

Lateral-torsional buckling of beams

preparation: shear centre ; concept of shear centre

; Internal force diagram under different load cases

Bending moment and shear forces

; Ascertain the section to be checked

; Ascertain the computing point ; Calculate the sectional properties ; Calculate the nominal stress and equivalent stress ; Strength check
Mz = Vybh btf h 2I x 2
e= b 2 h 2t f 4I x

M z = Vy e

Lateral-torsional buckling of beams

preparation: shear centre ; centroid and shear centre ; free torsion

Lateral-torsional buckling of beams

preparation: free torsion
1. shear stress on section due to free torsion 2. uniform torsional angle along the member

M k = GI t '
open-section closed-section

r
0

Mt = z It
It = 1 n 3 biti 3 i =1

r
0T

Mz 2 A0t

It =

4 A02 ds t

Lateral-torsional buckling of beams

preparation: restrained torsion ; restrained torsion and warping
Example: cantilevered I-shape beam under end torsional moment

Lateral-torsional buckling of beams

differential equations for elastic LTB of beam ; equilibrium and deflection of LTB of beam M x
Mx Mx u Mx v

u = 0 .5h
y = u ' ' = 0 . 5h ' '
M y = EI y u '' = 0 .5 EI y h '' B = M y h = 0.5 EI y h 2 ''

y
Mx x
u'

v u M xu' Mx

Mx

Simply-supported beam Equal bending moment Second-order, small deflection

B = EI '' V y = dM / dz = 0.5 EI y h '''

M = V y h = 0 .5 EI y h M = EI ''' M k = GI t '
2 ' ''

I = 0 .5 I y h 2 b 3tf h 2 / 24

; differential equations: flexural-torsional buckling

EI x v '' + M x = 0

tf
y u b

EI y u + M x = 0
EI ''' GI t ' + M x u ' = 0

''

M + Mk = MT

EI x v '' + Nv Nx 0 = 0 EI y u '' + Nu Ny0 = 0 EI ''' GI t ' Nx0v ' + Ny0u ' + ( Nr 02 R ) ' = 0

Lateral-torsional buckling of beams

solution of LTB for simply-supported beam with uniform bending

Lateral-torsional buckling of beams

critical bending moment ; critical bending moment
M crx =

Substituting Equ.(-b) into Equ.(-c), we get differential equation about

EI y u '' + M x = 0 EI ''' GI t ' + M x u ' = 0

(6-46b) (6-46c) (6-47) (a)

2 EI y
A
2

I GI A 2 (1 + 2 t ) Iy EI

EI IV GI t '' ( M x2 / EI y ) = 0
boundary conditions: Substituting Equ.(a) into Equ.(6-47), we get

Assume web thickness is small but have enough stiffness to keep its shape, then we have the same eqution of critical bending moment Flange width, height, thickness of flange and web for I-shape

= C sin( nz / A) '' 0 = l = 0 = l'' = 0

M nz ) C sin =0 EI y A
y

b, h, tf , tw

N1

M crx

EI n ( 4 A
Then we have

GI t n + A2
crx

2 x

N1

(b)

2 M crx EI y = h A2

I GI A 2 (1 + 2 t ) I yh 2 EI
G 0.039, 2E

I b3h 2tf = = 0.25I y , h 2 24 h 2

2 EI
A2

I GI A 2 (1 + 2 t ) Iy EI

(6-48)

if

tf2 A2 1 b2 h 2

N 1 0 .64

2 EI y
A
2

I t A2 2btf3 24A 2 t 2A2 = 16 f2 2 I 3 b3h 2tf b h

> 0 .5

EI y

A2

Lateral-torsional buckling of beams

critical bending moment with different boundary and loading ; Effect of boundary conditions
M
crx

Lateral-torsional buckling of beams

critical bending moment with effects of section type and loading ; Effect of section types and loading point
2 EI y
A2
load S deflection
Same direction with deflection for load to Sa<0

2 EI
( yA)

y 2

2 GI t ( y A ) 2 I y [ 2 + ] I y 2 EI

y ,
Table 6-2 in pp.163

M crx = 1

[ 2 a + 3 By +

( 2 a + 3 By ) 2 +

I GI A 2 (1 + 2 t ) ] Iy EI

; Effect of loading pattern

a distance from load point to shear centre

S load deflection
Reverse direction with deflection for load to Sa>0

M crx = 1 M ocrx
Mocrx : critical bending moment for beam under uniform bending

1 = 1.0

1 = 1.13

1 = 1.35

1 = 2.65

By parameter indicating asymmetric degree for section 1 By = y ( x 2 + y 2 )dA y0 2Ix

2 bending:0; UDL:0.46; CL at mid-span 0.55 3 bending:1; UDL:0.53; CL at mid-span 0.40

Lateral-torsional buckling of beams

parameters affect the LTB of beams ; Critical bending moment
M
crx

Lateral-torsional buckling of beams

elasto-plastic lateral-torsional buckling of beams ; Elastic LTB
M crx =

2 EI
( yA)
2

y 2

2 GI t ( y A ) 2 I y [ 2 + ] I y 2 EI

2 EI y
A
2

M crx = 1

EI y
A2

[ 2a + 3By +

( 2a + 3By )2 +

I GI A (1 + 2 t ) ] Iy EI

I GI A 2 (1 + 2 t ) Iy EI

rigidity of section distance of lateral supports section types (width of compressive flange) loading pattern (bending moment) loading point boundary conditions How about the initial imperfection?

; Elasto-plastic LTB using tangent modulus theory

M crx =

2 ( EI y )t
A
2

( EI )t [(GI t )t + K ]A 2 {1 + } ( EI y) t 2 ( EI )t

short beam large residual stress

Lateral-torsional buckling of beams

ultimate capacity of beam with initial imperfections
Mx Mx
M x M crx =

Lateral-torsional buckling of beams

; Design equation for beams design equations
M crx M ex = crx W x f y = bW x f y M ex fy

Mx
M crx

u ,

2 y t1 4320 Ah 235 1+ b = b 2 + b 4.4 h f y Wx y My Mx + f d bi-axial bending bWx Wy

bW x

Mx

fd

b : stability coefficient for beams

W x : gross section modulus

; Conditions no need to check LTB of beams

1. A rigid decking is securely connected to compressive flange of beams How about the bottom flange under compression? 2.The max ratio of unsupported length to flange width is less than values listed in Table 6-3 in pp167

Local buckling of plates in beams

introduction ; Local buckling of plates in beam
flange: compression web: compression, bending and shear

Local buckling of plates in beams

critical local buckling stress of flange ; stress distribution of flange in beam

- shear stress is small - normal stress is nearly uniform in flange

; critical local buckling stress

cr = k
1.

2E t2 12(1 2 ) b 2

= 1 flange having larger stiffness in beams

k = 0.425 outstand flange of I-section, b is flange outstand k = 4 .0

; Critical local buckling stress 2E t cr = t k ( )2 12(1 2 ) b

2.

flange supported along both edges of box-section

b is the supported part in both edges

Local buckling of plates in beams

critical local buckling stress of web ; local buckling of plate under uneven compressive stress
max
max cr

Local buckling of plates in beams

critical local buckling stress of web ; local buckling of plate in shear

min ; critical local buckling stress of plate simply supported at 4 edges 2E t2 cr = k 2 2 12 (1 ) b 0 2/3 k = 4 /(1 0.5 ) cr : max. compressive stress k = 4.1 /(1 0.474 ) 2 / 3 < 1 .4 ( max ) while plate buckles 1 .4 < 4 k = 6 2 min b, t : height and thickness of = max
plate (web) hw , t w

; why plate buckles in shear?

k : stability factor of plate

= 2, k = 24 , =1.61

max

Local buckling of plates in beams

critical local buckling stress of web ; critical local buckling stress of plate in shear

A min A max
cr = k 2E t2 12 (1 2 ) b 2

Local buckling of plates in beams

critical local buckling stress of web ; local buckling and critical local buckling stress of plate under local compressive stress c c c, cr
c, cr = C1 (100 ) 2
t h

hw

cr = k

2E t2 12 (1 2 ) A 2 min
4 ( A max / A min ) 2

a
t 2E ( w )2 12 (1 2 ) hw

k = 5 . 34 +

; critical local buckling stress of plate under combined stress

; critical local buckling stress of web of I-section in shear

cr = k

=1.24

k = 5 . 34 + 4 ( h w / a ) 2 k = 5 . 34 ( h w / a ) + 4
2

while while

hw / a 1 hw / a > 1

+ c ) 2 + ( ) 2 1 Equ.(6-67) cr c,cr cr 2 c ( ) + + ( ) 2 1 Equ.(6-67a) cr c,cr cr

+ c + ( )2 1 cr c,cr cr + ( c )2 + ( )2 1 cr c,cr cr

Equ.(6-68) Equ.(6-68a)

Local buckling of plates in beams

design criteria of preventing local buckling of plates Criteria 1: critical local buckling stress is larger than yield point cr > f y Criteria 2: critical local buckling stress is larger than critical overall buckling stress of member cr > b f y Criteria 3: critical local buckling stress is larger than actual stress in plate

Local buckling of plates in beams

method to prevent plates from local buckling ; how to promote the critical local buckling stress?
cr = k 2E t2 12 (1 2 ) b 2

1. Modify boundary condition 2. Modify width-to-thickness ratio

- increase thickness - setup stiffeners - which is better? transverse stiffener longitudinal stiffener short stiffener

cr >
Discussion: which criteria is the severest for local buckling prevention?

; decrease the actual stress in members (criteria 3)

Increase the height of section, thus makes the decrease of actual stress is faster than that of critical local buckling stress

Local buckling of plates in beams

stiffeners

Local buckling of plates in beams

design against local buckling of I-section ; outstand flange under compression
cr =
k 2 E t 0.95 f y 12(1 2 ) b
2

b k 2 E t 12(1 2 ) 0.95 f y

0.425 2 2.06 105 235 = 18.8 12(1 0.32 ) 0.95 f y fy

consider the residual stress and initial imperfection,

k 2 E b 0.425 2 0.5 2.06 105 235 = 15.4 t 12(1 2 ) f y 12(1 0.32 ) f y fy
transverse stiffener longitudinal stiffener short stiffener

consider the residual stress and initial imperfection, plus partial plasticity
k 2 E b 0.425 2 0.25 2.06 105 235 = 13 t 12(1 2 ) f y 12(1 0.32 ) f y fy

Local buckling of plates in beams

design against local buckling of I-section ; web under bending, shear, local compression, respectively
1. subjected to bending moment
cr =
1.61 24 2.06 10 tw fy 12(1 0.32 ) hw
2 5 2

Local buckling of plates in beams

design against local buckling of I-section ; design procedure for real steelwork (no local buckling allowed) 1. For hot-rolled sections
No need to check

1.61, 170, restrained 1.23, 150, unrestrained

hw 235 174 tw fy

2. For welded built-up sections

bf 235 15 tf fy
bf 235 15 tf fy
hw 235 80 tw fy

hw 235 80 tw fy

O.K.

Q/A: how about for the unsymmetric I-section with larger compressive flange?

modify flange section modify web section, or setup stiffeners

2. subjected to pure shear

cr =

a / h=2.0
2

1.24 (5.34 + 1) 2 2.06 105 t w h f vy = 0.58 f y 12(1 0.32 ) w

a / h=2.0

hw 235 104 tw fy

3. subjected to local compression

80 235 hw 235 < 170(150) fy tw fy

3. subjected to local compression

setup transverse stiffeners

c, cr

tw = 166 100 h fy w

hw 235 84 tw fy

hw 235 170(150) tw fy

setup transverse, longitudinal stiffeners, plus short stiffeners if necessary

Local buckling of plates in beams

design against local buckling of I-section ; design procedure for real steelwork (no local buckling allowed) 4. ascertain the space of stiffeners
transverse stiffeners 0 . 5 h w a 2 h w longitudinal stiffeners 0 . 2 h w h1 0 . 25 h w stability check for each grid
h1 a b1 t1

Local buckling of plates in beams

design of bending members using post-buckling strength ; Mechanism of post-buckling strength in bending subjected to bending moment

MethodEqu.(6-76)-(6.86)

2 ) + ( )2 + c 1 cr cr c, cr

+ ( )2 + ( c )2 1 cr cr c,cr

subjected to shear force

5. design of stiffeners
dimension, requirement of strength, rigidity and stability

Local buckling of plates in beams

design of bending members using post-buckling strength ; design principles elastic design allowing local buckling subjected to static load ; design method subjected to bending moment
concept of effective section bending resistance on effective section, Equ.(6-87~90) pp177

Local buckling of plates in beams

application of post-buckling strength ; Portal frame

subjected to shear force

concept of tension field and truss-beam discount the shear strength, Equ.(6-91~94) pp178-179

subjected to combined bending and shear

Equ.(6-95~100) pp179-180

Local buckling of plates in beams

application of post-buckling strength ; National Stadium bird nest
100010002020 6006001010

Local buckling of plates in beams

limit of width-to-thickness ratio and design method of beam width-to-thickness height-to-thickness of flange of web plastic design partially plastic design elastic design design using post-buckling strength 9 13 15 (20) 70 (150) (170) 250~300

deflection of beams
calculation of elastic deflection and rigidity ; uniformly-distributed-load (UDL)
q
5 qL4 = 384 EI
Mx
M x / M px
1

deflection of beams
concept of deflection capacity
Mx
M x / M px
1

; concentrated load at mid-span (CL) ; multiple concentrated load (MCL) ; requirement of rigidity
[ ], [ ] = L / 1200 ~ L / 150

FL 48 EI

nF
ML 2 10 EI
1

/p

/p

Design of bending members

summary ; Selection of section ; Calculation of section resistance (strength)
normal stress, shear stress, local compressive stress, combined stress Using net section, except shear stress check

; Calculation of overall stability

Need to check the overall stability? Ascertain the critical LTB bending moment Using gross section

; Calculation of local buckling of plates

Calculation of width-to-thickness ratio, setup stiffeners, design of stiffeners Calculation of beams using post-buckling strength

; Calculation of deflection