1 LI M U Ngy nay, th gii thng tin ngy cng pht trin mt cch a dng v phong ph.

Nhu cu v thng tin lin lc trong cuc sng cng tng c v s lng v cht lng, i hi cc dch v ca ngnh Vin Thng cng m rng. Trong nhng nm gn y thng tin v tinh trn th gii c nhng bc tin vt bc p ng nhu cu i sng, a con ngi nhanh chng tip cn vi cc tin b khoa hc k thut. S ra i ca nhiu loi phng tin tin tin nh my bay, tu v tr i hi 1 k thut m cc h thng c khng th p ng c l nh v trong khng gian 3 chiu, ng trc s i hi chnh ph M ti tr 1 chng trnh nghin cu h thng nh v trong v tr. Vi mc ch kho st, nghin cu h thng nh v ny. Do em chn ti Nghin cu k thut nh v GPS cho n tt nghip ca mnh. Ni dung ca n gm 3 chng nh sau: Chng 1: Tng quan v h thng thng tin v tinh Chng 2: H thng nh v ton cu GPS Chng 3: Mt s ng dng ph bin ca GPS Chng 1: Gii thiu v s ra i v pht trin ca h thng GPS, cung cp cc khi nim c bn v thng tin v tinh, nh v, c s l thuyt ca php nh v bng v tinh, phng trnh o m, thit lp m hnh ton hc ca php o cng nh cc ngun gy sai s ca php o. Chng 2: Nghin cu v cu trc ca h thng GPS, k thut nh v GPS, cc nguyn tc v phng php o GPS. ng thi nghin cu v phng php A-GPS nhm tng chnh xc, gim thi gian xc nh v tr, gim mc tiu th nng lng v tng nhy ca thit b thu. Chng 3: Tm hiu v mt s ng dng ca GPS c p dng trong i sng hng ngy.

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN V TINH

1.1. Khi qut chung v cc h thng dn ng v tinh quc t 1.1.1. Khi qut chung Bt u vo nhng thp nin 1960, h thng v tinh c thit lp c ngha quan trng ca vic dn ng trn tri t. H thng c thit k ch yu cho vic xc nh v tr hng ngy ca tu b. Nhng bt u t nn mng cho vic s dng trong qu trnh dn ng cho cc phng tin trn khng. Cc h thng dn ng v tinh dng cung cp thng tin v v tr, tc v thi gian cho cc my thu mi ni trn tri t, trong mi iu kin thi tit. H thng c th xc nh v tr vi sai s t vi trm mt n vi mt v c th gim xung ch cn vi centimet. Tuy nhin, chnh xc cng cao th yu cu my thu GPS cng phc tp hn v gi thnh v th cng tng theo. 1.1.2. H thng dn ng v tuyn (Radio Navigation) H thng dn ng v tuyn, l h thng nh v s dng h ta mt t, nguyn tc nh v da vo nguyn l giao hi hai cnh bng sng radio:

R1 = R2 =
Trong :

2 (X x1 Y ) ( y1 2 (X x2 Y ) ( y2

)
2

( ) ( )

- R1: Khong cch t my pht 1 n my thu. - R2: Khong cch t my thu 2 n my thu. - X, Y: Ta my thu. - x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 : Ta cc my pht 1 v 2. Nguyn tc nh v ca h thng dn ng v tuyn da theo nguyn l giao hi hai cnh bng sng radio c th hin nh hnh 1.1.

1.1.2.1.

Hnh 1.1: Nguyn l nh v bng giao hi 2 cnh sng Radio Nguyn l hot ng p dng nguyn l tnh ton thi gian truyn sng v tuyn t v tinh n

my thu nh v t trn i tng cn xc nh xc nh khong cch t v tinh n my thu nh v . Ta bit rng tc sng v tuyn trong khng gian gn bng vn tc nh sng (3.108 m/s), nu my thu c th xc nh chnh xc thi gian khi v tinh bt u gi on tin v thi gian my thu nhn c on tin t c th xc nh c khong cch gia my thu v v tinh theo biu thc:
R = c.T

(1.1)

vi

R: khong cch th v tinh n my thu. (m) c : Vn tc nh sng. (c= 3.108 m/s)

T : Thi gian truyn sng t my pht n my thu. (s)

Nh vy thc hin th phi ng b chnh xc gia v tinh v my thu GPS th my pht v tinh v my thu GPS c cc m nh thi gi ngu nhin ng nht. Mi v tinh s lin tc pht m ng b ca chng mt cch chnh xc, my thu GPS sau khi thu c m ng b pht t v tinh n s thc hin so snh vi m to ra xc nh thi gian truyn sng. Hiu s thi gian nhn vi tc truyn sng s cho ra kt qu khong cch t my thu n v

4 tinh. Hnh 1.3 m t qu trnh so snh m ca v tinh v m ca my thu GPS xc nh thi gian truyn sng. V tinh Hnh 1.2: Qu trnh so snh m ca v tinh v m ca my thu GPS 1.1.2.2 c im ca h thng - Thit b n gin r tin, d thao tc. - Tm hot ng b hn ch, chnh xc khng cao, n ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: + Thi im o, nhit , m ca khng kh nh hng ti qu trnh truyn lan sng in t. + V tr cn xc nh ta , nh hng ca a hnh phc tp ti s lan truyn ca tia sng. tng tm hot ng ca h thng, ngi ta thng lin kt tng cm gm 3 trm n hiu v tuyn thnh tng chui h thng. Khi ph sng ca h thng rng hn mt trm n l, thng vo khong 1000 dm. 1.2. S ra i ca h thng GPS S ra i ca nhiu loi phng tin tin tin nh my bay, tu v tr i hi 1 k thut m cc h thng c khng th p ng c l nh v trong khng gian 3 chiu, ng trc s i hi chnh ph M ti tr 1 chng trnh nghin cu h thng nh v v dn ng trong v tr. Vi B quc phng M l c quan thit k v iu khin h thng nh v ton cu. Trong nhm tham gia iu hnh d n GPS cn phi k n Phd. Ivan Getting v Phd. Bradford Parkinson gp phn ng k trong d n. Thp nin 1920: Ra i h thng dn ng v tuyn u i chin th gii 2: LORAN, h thng dn ng p dng phng php o lch thi gian ca tn hiu sng v tuyn, do Phng th nghim Bc x i hc MIT (MIT Radiation Laboratory). LORAN cng l h thng nh v

5 trong mi iu kin thi tit thc s u tin, nhng hai chiu (v v kinh ). Nm 1957: V tinh Sputnik ca Nga c phng ln v tr. i hc MIT cho rng tn hiu v tuyn in ca v tinh c th tng ln khi chng tip cn tri t v gim i khi ri kh tri t v do vy c th truy theo v tr t mt t Nm 1959 : TRANSIT, h thng dn ng da trn v tinh hot ng u tin, do Phng th nghim vt l ng dng Johns Hopkins pht trin di s ch o ca TS Richard Kirschner. Mc d khi u Transit c ch to h tr cho i tu ngm ca M nhng nhng cng ngh ny c pht trin c ch tr thnh H thng nh v ton cu. V tinh Transit u tin c phng ln v tr vo nm 1959. Nm 1960 : H thng dn ng o hiu thi gian ba chiu (kinh , v v cao longitude, latitude and altitude) u tin do Raytheon Corporation xut theo yu cu ca Air Force lm h thng dn ng s c s dng vi (with a proposed ICBM) c th t ti lu ng bng chy trn mt h thng ng ray. H thng dn ng c trnh by l MOSAIC (Mobile System for Accurate ICBM Control). tng ny b hng khi chng trnh Mobile Minuteman b hy b vo nm 1961 Nm 1963: Tng cng ty Aerospace Corporation thc hin nghin cu v h thng khng gian lm c s cho h thng dn ng cho phng tin chuyn ng nhanh theo ba chiu khng gian. Vic nghin cu ny trc tip dn ti khi nim v h thng nh v ton cu. Khi nim lin quan n vic o thi gian ti ca tn hiu sng v tuyn c pht i t v tinh c v tr chnh xc bit. o thi gian s cho khong cch ti v tr v tinh bit v ln lt c th xc nh c v tr ca ngi s dng. Nm 1963 Air Force bt u h tr nghin cu ca Aerospace, ch nh nghin cu ny bng D n H thng 621B. Khong nm 1972, chng trnh ny biu din hot ng ca mt loi tn hiu xc nh khong cch v tinh mi da trn ting n ngu nhin gi to (PRN, pseudo random noise).

6 Nm 1964 Timation, h thng v tinh hi qun, c pht trin di s ch o ca Roger Easton Phng nghin cu Hi quan (Naval Research Lab, NRL) ci thin ng h c tnh n nh cao, kh nng truyn thi gian, v dn ng 2 chiu. Hot ng ca Timation theo tiu chun thi gian chun v tr cung cp c s quan trng cho h thng nh v ton cu. V tinh Timation u tin c phng ln v tr vo thng 5 nm 1967. Nm1968: B Quc phng M (DoD, Department of Defence, USA) thnh lp mt y ban gi l y ban Th hin V tinh Dn ng (NAVSEC, Navigation Satellite Executive Committee) phi hp n lc ca cc nhm dn ng v tinh (Transit ca Hi qun, Chng trnh Timation, v SECOR ca Qun i, hay cn gi l H thng ng tng quan khong cch chui (Sequential Correlation of Range System). NAVSEC k hp ng mt s nghin cu lm sng t khi nim dn ng v tinh c bn. Nhng nghin cu ny v mt s vn chnh xung quanh khi nim nh la chn tn s sng mang (di L i lp vi di C), thit k cu trc tn hiu, v la chn nh hnh qu o v tinh. Nm 1969-1972 NAVSEC qun l cc tho lun khi nim gia cc nhm dn ng v tinh khc nhau. APL Hi qun ng h nhm Transit m rng, trong khi NRL Hi qun ng h cho Timation m rng, cn Air Force th ng h cho chm sao ng b m rng, tc d n H thng 621B. Thng 4 nm 1973 Th trng B Quc phng quyt nh thit lp mt chng trnh hp tc ba dch v thng nht nhng khi nim khc nhau v nh v v dn ng thnh mt h thng B quc phng hn hp gi l H thng v tinh dn ng quc phng (Defense Navigation Satellite System). Air Force c ch nh lm ngi qun l (iu hnh) chng trnh. H thng mi c pht trin qua vn phng chng trnh kt hp (joint program office), vi s tham gia ca tt c quan chng quc phng. i t Brad Parkinson c ch nh lm ngi ch o vn phng chng trnh kt hp v c t trng trch

7 pht trin kt hp khi nim ban u v h thng dn ng da trn khng gian (space-based navigation system) Thng 8 nm 1973 H thng u tin c trnh by ti Hi ng Thu nhn v Thm nh H thng Quc phng (Defense System Acquisition and Review Council, DSARC) b t chi thng qua. H thng c trnh ln DSARC c gi gn trong H thng 621B ca Air Fore v khng i din cho chng trnh kt hp. Mc d c ngi ng h tng ca h thng dn ng da trn v tinh mi nhng Vn phng Chng trnh Kt hp c thc y khn trng tng qut ha khi nim bao gm xem xt v yu cu tt c cc binh chng quc phng. Ngy 17/12/1973 Mt khi nim mi c trnh ti DSARC v c thng qua thc hin v cp kinh ph l h thng NAVSTAR GPS, nh du khi u cng nhn khi nim ( tng) (Giai on I ca chng trnh GPS). Khi nim mi thc s l mt h thng dn xp (tha hip compromise system) do i t Parkinson thng lng kt hp tt nht gia tt c nhng khi nim v cng ngh dn ng v tinh c sn. Cu hnh h thng c thng qua bao gm 24 v tinh chuyn ng trong nhng qu o nghing chu k 12 gi ng h. Thng 6 nm 1974 Hng Rockwell International c chn lm nh cung cp v tinh cho chng trnh GPS. Ngy 14 thng 7 nm 1974 V tinh NAVSTAR u tin c phng ln v tr. V tinh ny c ch nh l V tinh Cng ngh Dn ng (NTS) s 1, v c bn y l v tnh Timation tn trang li do NRL ng. V tinh th hai (l v tinh cui cng) ca nhm NTS c phng vo nm 1977. Nhng v tinh ny c s dng cho vic xut nh gi khi nim ( tng) v thc hin nhng ng h nguyn t u tin c phng vo trong khng gian (v tr). Nm 1977: Thc hin kim tra thit b ngi s dng Yuma, Arizona. Ngy 22/2/1978: V tinh Block I u tin c phng. Ton b 11 v tinh Block I c phng trong khong thi gian 1978 v 1985 trn Atlas-Centaur.

8 Nhng v tinh Block I do Rockwell International xy dng c coi l nhng v tinh mu pht trin c dng kim tra h thng. B mt mt v tinh do phng trt. Ngy 26/4/1980: Phng v tinh GPS u tin thc hin nhng b cm ng H thng pht hin ting n ht nhn hot ng tng hp (Integrated Operational Nucluear Detonation Detection System (IONDS) sensors). Nm 1982: B Quc phng thng qua quyt nh gim s v tinh ca chm v tinh GPS t 24 xung 18 tip theo sau ti cu to li chng trnh chnh do Quyt nh 1979 ca Vn phng Th k B Quc phng gy ra ct gim kinh ph 500 triu la (khong 30%) t ngn sch cho giai on nm ti chnh FY81-FY86. Ngy 14/7/1983 Phng v tinh GPS u tin thc hin h thng d tm ting n ht nhn (NDS) mi hn. Ngy 16/9/1983 Theo (the Soviet downing of Korean Air flight 007), tng thng Reagan ha cho GPS c s dng cho cc my bay dn dng hon ton min ph khi h thng a vo s dng. S kin ny nh du s bt u lan ta cng ngh GPS t qun s sang dn s. Nm 1984: Kho st tr thnh mt th trng GPS thng mi u bng c nng cnh! b cho s v tinh gii hn c sn trong qu trnh pht trin chm v tinh, cc nh kho st chuyn qua s k thut nng cao chnh xc bao gm k thut GPS Vi phn (DGPS) v k thut truy theo pha sng mang (carrier phase tracking). Thng 4 1985 Hp ng thit b ngi s dng chnh u tin c giao cho JPO. Hp ng bao gm vic nghin cu, pht trin cng nh la chn sn xut cc my thu GPS dng cho my bay, tu thy v my thu xch tay (gn nh). Nm 1987: B Quc phng chnh thc yu cu B Giao thng (Department of Transport, DoT) c trch nhim thit lp v cung cp mt vn phng p ng nhu cu ngi s dng dn s v thng tin GPS, d liu v h

9 tr k thut. Thng 2 nm 1989, Coast Guard c trch nhim lm i l hng dn Dch v GPS Dn s (civil GPS service). Thng 3/1988 Th k Air Force thng bo v vic m rng chm GPS ti 21 v tinh cng thm 3 v tinh d phng. Ngy 14/2/1989 V tinh u tin ca cc v tinh Block II c phng t Cape Canaveral AFT, Florida, trn dn phng Delta II (Delta II booster). Phi thuyn con thoi (Space Shuttle) lm b phng theo k hoch cho cc v tinh Block II c Rockwell Intenational ng. Tip theo tai nn Challenger 1986, Vn phng Chng trnh Kt hp (JPO) xem xt li v s dng Delta II lm b phng v tinh GPS. SA (Selective Availabity) v AS (Anti-spoofing). Ngy 21/6/1989 Hng Martine Marietta (sau khi mua xong General Electric Astro Space Division vo nm 1992) c thng hp ng xy dng 20 v tinh b sung (Block IIR). Chic v tinh Block IIR u tin sng sng phng vo cui nm 1996. Nm 1990 Hng Trimble Navigation, nh sn xut bn my thu GPS hng u th gii c thnh lp nm 1978 hon thnh lot sn phm ban u. Ngy 25/3/1990 Do theo K hoch Dn ng V tuyn Lin bang, ln u tin khi ng (kch hot) SA (Selective Availability) lm gim chnh xc dn ng GPS c ch nh. Thng 8/1990 SA c tt i trong chin tranh vnh Ba t (Persian Gulf War). Nhng yu t ng gp vo quyt nh tt SA bao gm vic ph sng ba chiu c gii hn c chm NAVSTAR cung cp trong qu o vo thi gian v s my thu m s chnh xc (Precision (P)-code) trong bn kim k ca DoD. DoD mua hng nghn my thu GPS dn dng ngay sau khng lu dng cho lc lng lin minh trong cuc chin tranh. - H GPS l h thng bao gm cc v tinh bay trn qu o, thu thp thng tin ton cu v c x l bi cc trm iu khin trn mt t. Ngy nay, kh hnh dung rng c mt my bay, mt con tu hay phng tin thm him

10 trn b no li khng lp t thit b nhn tn hiu t v tinh. H GPS l h thng dn ng bng v tinh do Hoa K kim sot v duy tr hot ng. Nhng v tinh tr gi nhiu t USD ny bay pha trn tri t cao 20.200 km (11.900 NM ), vi tc chng 11.200 km/h, c nhim v truyn i cc tn hiu radio tn s thp ti cc thit b thu nhn. T nhng nm u thp k 80, cc nh sn xut ln ch nhiu hn n i tng s dng t nhn. Trn cc xe hi hng sang, nhng thit b tr gip c nhn k thut s PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), c coi l mt trang b tiu chun, th hin gi tr ca ch s hu. - V tinh GPS u tin c phng nm 1978. - Mi v tinh c lm hot ng ti a l 10 nm. - V tinh GPS c trng lng khong 1500 kg v di khong 17 b (5 m) vi cc tm nng lng Mt Tri m (c rng 7 m). - Cng sut pht bng hoc di 50 watts. 1.3. C s ca php nh v bng v tinh xc nh v tr ca mt vt th bng v tinh (nh v im) ta cn s dng v tinh lm cc im tham chiu, ngha l ta cn tnh c khong cch t vt th n cc v tinh ny (Hnh 1.3). y ta bit trc v tr r j ca v tinh th j (pht ra tn hiu) v mun xc nh v tr Ri ca anten th i (thit b thu tn hiu v tinh) do ta cn phi o vector c ly eijIj gia 2 v tr ni trn (eij l vector n v). Khi ty thuc vo cch thc o vector c ly, chng ta c th c nhng k thut nh v v tinh khc nhau v xc nh c v tr ca anten th i theo cng thc sau:
Ri = r j eij i j

(1.2)

11

Hnh 1.3: V tr cc vt th c xc nh qua 4 php o Do v tr ca v tinh thay i theo thi gian nn vic d on mt cch chnh xc v tr ca v tinh rj(t) ti mt thi im no l rt kh khn. Nhim v d on qu o hay lch thin vn (ephemeris) ca v tinh i hi phi c kin thc c bit v ng lc hc v tinh m ngi vn hnh h thng cn phi quan tm. Gi s ta b qua sai s ng h my thu trn vt th i v o c c ly t vt th i n v tinh 1 l i1, ngha l vt th i ang nm trn mt mt cu (S 1) c tm l v tinh 1 (C1) v bn knh l i1. Tip theo ta thc hin php o c ly t vt th i n v tinh 2 v nhn c kt qu l i2, iu ny cho chng ta bit rng vt th i khng ch nm trn mt cu (S1) m cn nm trn mt cu (S2) cch v tinh 2 (C2) mt khong cch l i2. Ni cch khc, vt th i s nm trn ng trn (O) do 2 mt cu (S1), (S2) ct nhau to ra. Nu chng ta tip tc o c c ly t vt th i n v tinh 3 l i3 th v tr chnh xc ca n l mt trong hai giao im P1, P2 ca mt cu (S3) vi ng trn (O), nh hnh 1.4. Nh vy, bng cc php o c ly t vt th i n 3 v tinh, ta c th xc nh c 2 v tr c th c ca n trong khng gian. xc nh v tr no l v tr tht ta c th thc hin 1 php o b sung, tuy nhin 1 trong 2 v tr tnh c t php o ny s cho mt kt qu khng ph hp (hoc l rt xa tri t, hoc l chuyn ng vi vn tc v cng ln) v do c th b qua m khng cn phi thc hin php o ny.Ba php o c ly trn cho ta 3 phng trnh c

12 lp vi nhau cn thit xc nh 3 n s. 3 n s ny l ta ( x, y, z) ca vt th i trong khng gian 3 chiu. V tinh th j (o c) eijij rj ( bit) Anten th i P (cn tm) Ri Mt t

C (Gc ta ) (Tm tri t) Hnh 1.4: nh v im bng v tinh Khi k n sai s ng h my thu, tt c cc php o c ly ng thi u b lch bi gi tr sai s ny. Do , trong bt k mt tp hp cc php o c ly ng thi no, chng ta cng cn phi xc nh y 4 n s (3 n s v tr, 1 n s thi gian), ngha l cn 4 phng trnh hay 4 php o c ly n v tinh xc nh v tr duy nht ca vt th 1.3.1. Nguyn l o c ly trong php nh v v tinh 1.3.1.1. M gi ngu nhin (Pseudo Random Code - PRC) L thnh phn c bn ca GPS, gm cc m s (digital code) rt phc tp, hay ni cch khc n l mt chui lin tip cc xung nh phn 0 v 1 (hnh 1.5).

Hnh 1.5: M gi ngu nhin PRC Tn hiu ny phc tp gn nh l cc nhiu in t ngu nhin nn c gi l m gi ngu nhin. N c nhim v bo m cho my thu khng ng b ngu nhin vi tn hiu khc. Ngoi ra, do mi v tinh c mt m PRC duy nht ring bit nn iu ny cng bo m rng my thu s khng tnh c bt c tn hiu ca v tinh khc, v vy cc v tinh c th s dng cng tn s m

13 khng lm nhiu ln nhau. Khng nhng vy, vic s dng m PRC ny cn gip cho qu trnh x l v khuch i tn hiu da trn l thuyt thng tin c thc hin d dng hn, gip ti u ha anten thu v tit kim chi ph. 1.3.1.2 Gi c ly L c ly o c gia v tinh v my thu khi k n cc sai s ng h (ng h my thu v v tinh) cng nh cc ngun sai s khc (sai s do lch thin vn, do tng in ly, do tng i lu, ). Cc c ly o c trn hnh 1.8 trn chnh l cc s o gi c ly cn thit xc nh v tr ca vt th i c tnh theo cng thc sau:
pri j = i j + c.T

(1.3)

trong prij : gi c ly gia vt th i v v tinh th j

ij : c ly tht gia vt th i v v tinh th j

c : vn tc nh sng (3.108 m/s);

T : cc ngun sai s.
1.3.1.2. o c ly bng sng xung v sng lin tc Cc h thng o c ly thng dng cc tn hiu xung hoc cc tn hiu sng lin tc. Mi phng php u c nhng u khuyt im ring v u c th s dng trong php o mt chiu hoc hai chiu. H thng nh v v tuyn ton cu l h thng o c ly mt chiu c kh nng s dng c hai loi: sng xung dng trong v sng lin tc. 1.3.1.3. Nguyn l o c ly c bn Bng cch xc nh khong thi gian truyn tn hiu t v tinh n my thu ta c th tnh ton c c ly gia chng nh vo cng thc: C ly = vn tc x thi gian hay = c.t (1.4) Vn y l lm sao tnh ton c thi gian truyn tn hiu gia chng. thc hin iu ny chng ta gi s rng c v tinh v my thu u pht ra cc m PRC ging nhau vo cng mt thi im. Lc ny ti my thu ta

14 nhn c 2 phin bn m khng ng thi, 1 phin bn m ca my thu v 1 phin bn m t v tinh s n tr hn mt khong thi gian do phi tri qua mt qung ng kh xa t v tinh n my thu. Nh vy da vo khong thi gian tr trn ta c th xc nh c c ly mt cch d dng. M nhn c t v tinh

M do my thu to ra t
hiu ngu nhin trong my thu tng quan (correlator).

Thi tr

Thi tr c xc nh bng cch s dng nguyn l tng quan tn (Gi c ly)

Hnh 1.6: Phng php o gi c ly Gi c ly l tch ca tc nh sng v tr bin i thi gian cn thit so hng mt phin bn m c pht t my thu vi mt phin bn m khc nhn c t v tinh. Trn l thuyt, tr bin i thi gian l tr chnh lch gia thi gian nhn tn hiu (c o bng h thi gian ca my thu) v thi gian pht tn hiu (c o bng h thi gian ca v tinh). Trn thc t, hai h thi gian ny khng ging nhau, mi h tc ng mt sai lch vo tr s . V vy cc s o thi tr sai lch ny c xem l nhng s o gi c ly. 1.3.2. Cc ngun gy sai s trong php o Nh chng ta bit xc nh v tr ca mt vt th, ta cn phi tnh ton c khong cch t n n 4 v tinh da vo php o khong thi gian truyn tn hiu sng in t t cc v tinh n vt th ny. Do chnh xc ca ng h v tinh v ng h my thu l cc thng s rt quan trng nh hng n cc php o c ly cn thit. Ngoi ra, cc yu t khc nh tng in ly, tng i lu, qu o v tinh, n ca my thu, nhiu

15 a ng (multipath)... cng gp phn gy ra cc sai s khng nh trong cc php o c ly ny.

Qu o v tinh ng h v tinh Tn hiu truyn t v tinh n my thu b sai s v b tr

28.000km

ng h my thu Nhiu a ng
200km 50km

Nhiu my thu

Hnh 1.7: Cc ngun tc ng khc nhau gy ra sai s trong php o c ly 1.3.2.1. ng h v tinh Sng in t truyn i trong khng gian xp x vn tc nh sng (3.108m/s) nn ch cn sai s 1ns s gy ra sai s khong cch 30cm. V vy, ngi ta trang b cho cc v tinh cc ng h nguyn t (Cesium) rt chnh xc. Cc ng h ny tuy c chnh xc cao vn tch ly sai s 1ns sau mi 3 gi, do gii quyt vn ny, chng s c lin tc theo di bi cc trm mt t v c so snh vi h thng ng h iu khin trung tm gm 10 ng h nguyn t khc. Sau khi c tnh ton k lng, sai s v tri ng h v tinh c km vo cc thng ip m v tinh pht i. Khi tnh ton khong cch n cc v tinh, my thu GPS s ly thi gian truyn tn hiu nhn c tr i cc sai s ny xc nh thi gian truyn tn hiu thc s. Mc d cc trung tm iu khin mt t c gng ht sc lin tc theo di hot ng ca cc ng h v tinh, chng vn khng th xc nh cc sai s mt cch chnh xc c. Do cc v tinh vn gy ra sai s ng h tiu biu khong vi nano giy v sai s khong cch khong 1m. 1.3.2.2. ng h my thu

16 Tng t nh ng h v tinh, bt k sai s no trong ng h my thu cng gy ra sai s trong cc php o khong cch. Tuy nhin khng thc t khi trang b cho cc my thu ny cc ng h nguyn t v chng kh nng (khong 20kg), c gi c rt mc (50.000USD) v rt b nh hng bi nhit . Gi s rng, ti mt thi im no , ng h my thu c sai s 1ms v do gy ra sai s khong cch 300.000 m. Nu cc khong cch n tt c cc v tinh c o chnh xc vo cng mt thi im th tt c khong cch ny u b lch 300.000 m. V vy, ta c th xem sai s ng h my thu l mt trong cc n s cn tm v cng l l do m ti sao khi xc nh v tr ta cn thc hin cc php o c ly n 4 v tinh, ngha l cn 4 phng trnh gii ra 4 n s (3 n s v tr x, y, z v 1 n s thi gian l sai s ng h my thu), v t gip ta c th s dng ng h r tin v gn nh hn trong my thu. Ch rng vic xem sai s ng h my thu l 1 n s ch hp l nu ta thc hin cc php o c ly n cc v tinh chnh xc vo cng mt thi im. Nu cc php o ny khng xy ra ng thi th i vi mi php o s c mt sai s ng h khc nhau. Thc hin cc php o ng thi n 4 v tinh, ta khng nhng tnh ton c v tr 3 chiu m cn xc nh c sai s ca ng h my thu vi chnh xc rt cao. Mt ng h tiu biu c tri khong 1000ns mi giy nhng bng phng php trn ta c th iu chnh thi gian my thu t chnh xc bng vi ng h GPS v bin ng h my thu r tin ny tr thnh mt ng h nguyn t c chnh xc cao. My thu hiu chnh ng h ca n mi giy v cung cp mt tn hiu thi chun cho cc ng dng bn ngoi. Nu chng ta t my thu ti mt v tr chnh xc bit th ta ch cn theo di 1 v tinh tnh ton sai s ng h my thu v iu chnh n. Bn v tinh l s lng ti thiu m chng ta cn tnh ton v tr v thi gian. Cng s dng nhiu v tinh th kt qu o nhn c cng chnh xc hn. 1.4. Sai s qu o v tinh Nh tho lun cc phn trn, chnh xc ca v tr cn tnh ton cng ph thuc vo cch xc nh v tr chnh xc ca cc v tinh (c xem l

17 cc im tham chiu). Qu o ca cc v tinh lin tc c theo di t nhiu trm gim st nm xung quanh tri t v thng tin qu o d on c truyn n cc v tinh, t v tinh cung cp cc thng tin ny cho my thu. chnh xc tiu biu ca vic tin on qu o ny vo khong vi mt v do cng s gy ra sai s khong vi mt khi tnh ton v tr. My thu duy tr mt bng nin gim d liu qu o cho tt c cc v tinh v chng cp nht cc bng ny mi gi khi c d liu mi. 1.4.1. Sai s do tng in ly Khi tnh ton khong cch n v tinh, u tin ta o khong thi gian truyn tn hiu t v tinh n my thu v sau nhn khong thi gian ny vi vn tc nh sng. Vn y l vn tc ny thay i ph thuc vo tnh trng ca tng kh quyn. Lp trn ca tng kh quyn gi l tng in ly gm cc ht mang in, gy tc ng lm chm tn hiu m v nhanh tn hiu sng mang. nh hng ca tng in ly nu khng c khc phc c th gy ra sai s php o ln hn 10m. Vi my thu s dng m hnh ton hc tnh ton nh hng ca tng in ly v xc nh gn ng mt cc ht mang in nn c th gim c nh hng ca tng ny khong 50% tuy nhin sai s cn li vn ng k.

hnh 1.8: Sai s do tng in ly

18 Tr nhiu tng kh quyn:

I : l s ca electron trn mt n v Tc ng ca tng in ly i vi tn hiu in t ph thuc vo tn s ca n. Tn s cng cao th nh hng cng t. Do ta c th s dng 2 tn s sng mang khc nhau o tr sai lch gia 2 tn hiu ny v t loi b c nh hng ca tng in ly. chnh l l do ti sao m tt c cc v tinh GPS truyn thng tin bng 2 tn s L1, L2. My thu chnh xc (my thu 2 tn s) ch yu phc v cho qun s theo di c 2 tn hiu L1, L2 v thc hin cc k thut phc tp trch ra cc tn hiu m v sng mang nhm loi b nh hng ca tng in ly. My thu khng chnh xc (my thu n tn) phc v ch yu trong dn s ch theo di 1 tn hiu L1. y l 1 trong nhng c im phn bit chnh gia 2 loi my thu ny. 1.4.2. Sai s do tng i lu Lp thp hn ca tng kh quyn cha ng hi nc c gi l tng i lu, gy tc ng lm chm c tn hiu m ln tn hiu sng mang. Ta khng th loi b nh hng ca tng i lu bng cch s dng h thng 2 tn s.Phng php duy nht loi b nh hng ca tng i lu l tin hnh php o lng hi nc, nhit , p sut ca n v p dng mt m hnh ton hc c th tnh ton tr gy ra bi tng ny. 1.4.3. Nhiu a ng Khi o khong cch n mi v tinh, ta gi s rng tn hiu v tinh c truyn thng t v tinh n anten ca my thu. Nhng trong thc t ngoi tn hiu trc tip ny anten my thu cn nhn c cc tn hiu phn x n t mt t v cc vt th gn anten qua nhiu

19 ng gin tip khc nhau, xen nhiu vo tn hiu trc tip, gy ra sai lch v thi im n ca tn hiu thc s. Nu ng truyn gin tip di hn ng k so vi ng truyn trc tip (ln hn 10m) hai mu tn hiu trn tch ri nhau th nh hng gy ra bi nhiu a ng v c bn c th c khc phc bi cc k thut x l tn hiu. Cc sai s ca my thu My thu c th gy ra vi sai s khi thc hin php o m hay sng mang. Tuy nhin, trong cc my thu cht lng cao cc sai s ny khng ng k, nh hn 1mm i vi php o pha sng mang v vi cm i vi php o pha m.
Direct signal

Antenna Antenna image

Reflected signal Ground

Excess of optical path

Hnh 1.9: Nhiu a ng (Bn dch ra ting vit i nh) 1.5. Tng kt chng 1 Trong chng 1 n gii thiu 1 cch tng quan v h thng thng tin v tinh, s ra i v pht trin ca h thng GPS. Trong chng ny cng ch ra c s ca php nh v bng v tinh, cc ngun gy sai s trong php o GPS. y cng l c s nghin cu v cch khc phc cc sai s ny v c nghin cu chng tip theo.

20 CHNG 2: H THNG NH V TON CU GPS 2.1.Cu trc h thng GPS H thng nh v ton cu GPS bao gm 3 b phn cu thnh, l phn khng gian (space segment), phn iu khin (control segment), phn ngi s dng (user segment). Chng ta s ln lt tm hiu c th v tng b phn cu thnh ca h thng v chc nng ca chng.

Hnh 2.1: Cc thnh phn cu to ca h thng GPS 2.1.1. Phn khng gian (Space Segment) 2.1.1.1. Chm v tinh GPS Bao gm 24 v tinh bay trn qu o c cao ng nht 20200 km, chu k 12 gi, phn phi u trn 6 mt phng qu o nghing vi xch o mt gc 55o. Vic b tr ny nhm mc ch ti mi thi im v mi v tr trn tri t u c th quan st c 4 v tinh. Mi v tinh pht 2 tn s sng mang vi tn s cao L1=1575.42 MHz v L2=1227.60 MHz. Loi sng ny pht trn c s dy s ta ngu nhin bao gm cc s 0 v 1. M ny c gi tn l m P (Precise). Bn cnh m P sng cn mang i m C/A (Clear/Acquisition) trong sng L1. M C/A c pht vi 2 tn s 10.23 MHz v 1.023 MHz. Ngoi 2 m trn v tinh cn pht m ph c tn s 50 Hz cha cc thng tin v lch v tinh. Cc v tinh u c trang b ng h nguyn t vi chnh xc cao.

21

Hnh 2.2 : Cc qu o ca v tinh trong h thng GPS Cc v tinh NAVSTAR c 2 trng thi: "hot ng khe" (Healthy) v "hot ng khng kho (Unhealthy). Hai trng thi ca v tinh ny c quyt nh do 4 trm iu khin mt t. Chng ta c th s dng tn hiu ca cc v tinh c hai trng thi "hot ng khe" v "hot ng khng khe". 2.1.1.2. Cu trc tn hiu GPS Mi v tinh u truyn hai tn s dng cho cng vic nh v l tn s 1575,42 MHz v tn s 1227,60 NHz. Hai sng mang ny gi l L1 v L2, rt mch lc v c iu ch bi nhng tn hiu khc nhau. M nhiu gii ngu nhin (PRN) th nht c bit di ci tn l m C/A (Coarse/Acquisite-code), bao gm mt chui cc s cng mt v tr mt, c pht i tn s f0/10= 1.023 MHz. Chui ny c lp li sau mi mili giy ng h. M nhiu gii ngu nhin (PRN) th hai, c bit di ci tn l m P (Precise - code), bao gm mt chui cc s cng mt v tr mt khc, c pht i tn s f0 = 10,23 MHz. Chui ny ch lp li sau 267 ngy. Thi gian 267 ngy ny c ct ra lm 38 on 7 ngy. Trong 38 on ny c mt on khng dng n, 5 on dng cho cc trm mt t , theo di cc tu thuyn s dng, gi l trm gi v tinh (Pseudolite), cn li 32 on 7 ngy dnh cho nhng v tinh khc nhau. Bng cch ny P- code rt kh b gii m s dng nu khng c php. M Y (Y-code) l m PRN tng t nh m P, c th dng thay cho m P. Tuy nhin phng trnh to ra m P th c cng b rng ri v khng gi b mt, trong khi phng trnh to ra m Y th gi b mt. V vy, nu m Y c s dng th nhng ngi s dng GPS khng c giy php

22 (ni chung l nhng ngi khng thuc qun i M v ng minh ca h) s khng thu c m P (hoc m Y). Sng mang L1 c iu ch bng c 2 m (M-C/A v M`-P hoc m Y), trong khi sng mang L2 ch bao gm mt M-P hoc m Y. Cc m c iu ch trn sng mang bng cch gin n c thc. Nu m c tr s -1 th phase sng mang i 180 0, cn nu m s c tr s +1 th phase sng mang gi nguyn khng thay i. C hai sng mang u mang thng bo v tinh (Satellite message) cn pht di dng mt dng d liu c thit k tn s thp (50Hz) thng bo ti ngi s dng tnh trng v v tr ca v tinh. Cc d liu ny s c cc my thu gii m v dng vo vic xc nh v tr ca my theo thi gian thc. 2.1.2. Phn iu khin (Control Segment) Phn iu khin l duy tr hot ng ca ton b h thng GPS cng nh hiu chnh tn hiu thng tin ca v tinh h thng GPS. Phn ny bao gm 8 trm mt t trong c 4 trm theo di (Monitor Station): Diego Garcia (n Dng ), Ascension Islend (i Ty Dng ), Kwajalein (Ty Thi Bnh Dng ) v Hawaii (Thi Bnh Dng ); mt trm iu khin trung tm (Master Control Station) v 3 trm hiu chnh s liu (Upload Station). Li trc a t trn 4 trm ny c xc nh bng phng php giao thoa ng y di (VLBI). Trm trung tm lm nhim v tnh ton li ta ca cc v tinh theo s liu ca 4 trm theo di thu c t v tinh. Sau tnh ton cc s liu c gi t trm trung tm ti 3 trm hiu chnh s liu v t gi tip ti cc v tinh. Nh vy trong vng 1 gi cc v tinh u c mt s liu c hiu chnh pht cho cc my thu.

23

Hnh 2.3 : Phn iu khin v tinh trong h thng GPS

Hnh 2.4 : V tr t trm iu khin GPS trn mt t 2.1.3. Phn s dng (User Segment) Phn s dng bao gm cc my thu tn hiu t v tinh trn t lin, my bay v tu thy. Cc my thu ny phn lm 2 loi: my thu 1 tn s v my thu 2 tn s. My thu 1 tn s ch nhn c cc m pht i vi sng mang L1. Cc my thu 2 tn s nhn c c 2 sng mang L1 v L2. Cc my thu 1 tn s pht huy tc dng trong o ta tuyt i vi chnh xc 10 m v ta tng i vi chnh xc t 1 n 5 cm trong khong cch nh hn 50 km. Vi khong cch ln hn 50 km chnh xc s gim i ng k ( chnh xc c dm). o c trn nhng khong cch di n vi nghn km chng ta phi s dng my 2 tn s kh i nh hng ca tng ion trong kh quyn tri t. Ton b phn cng GPS hot ng trong h thng ta WGS-84 vi kch thc elipsoid a=6378137.0 m v =1:29825722.

24

Hnh 2.5 : Phn thit b s dng dn ng GPS 2.1.3.1. Cc b phn ca mt thit b GPS trong phn s dng.

Phn s dng GPS c th c coi gm 3 b phn chnh: * Phn cng * Phn mm * Phn trin khai cng ngh Phn cng bao gm my thu mch in t , cc b dao ng tn s v tuyn RF (Radio Friquency), cc ngten v cc thit b ngoi vi cn thit hot ng my thu. c im chnh yu ca b phn ny l tnh chc chn, c th xch tay, tin cy khi lm vic ngoi tri v d thao tc. Phn mn bao gm nhng chng trnh tnh dng x l d liu c th, chuyn i nhng thng bo GPS thnh nhng thng tin nh v hoc dn ng i hu ch. Nhng chng trnh ny cho php ngi s dng tc ng khi cn c th li dng c nhng u im ca nhiu c tnh nh v GPS. Nhng chng trnh ny c th s dng c trong iu kin ngoi nghip v c thit k sao cho c th cung cp nhng thng bo hu ch v trng thi v s tin b ca h thng ti ngi iu hnh. Ngoi ra trong phn mm cn bao gm nhng chng trnh pht trin tnh c lp ca my thu GPS , c th nh gi c cc nhn t nh tnh sn sng ca v tinh v mc tin cy ca chnh xc. Phn trin khai cng ngh hng ti mi lnh vc lin quan n GPS nh: ci tin thit k my thu, phn tch v m hnh ho hiu ng ca ngten khc

25 nhau, hiu ng truyn sng v s phi hp ca chng trong phn mm x l s liu, pht trin cc h thng lin kt truyn thng mt cch tin cy cho cc hot ng nh v GPS c ly di v ngn khc nhau v theo di cc xu th pht trin trong lnh vc gi c v hiu sut thit b. 2.1.3.2. Nhng b phn chnh ca my thu GPS.

Cc b phn c bn ca mt my thu GPS bao gm: * ngten v b tin khuch i * Phn tn s v tuyn (RF) * B vi x l * u thu hoc b iu khin v th hin * Thit b ghi chp * Ngun nng lng ngten v b tin khuch i : Cc ngten dng cho my thu GPS thuc loi chm sng rng , v vy khng cn phi hng ti ngun tn hiu ging nh cc a ngten v tinh . Cc ngten ny tng i chc chn v c th t trn ba chn hoc lp trn cc phng tin giao thng, vi tr thc s c xc nh l trung tm Phase ca ngten, sau c truyn ln mc trc a. Phn tn s v tuyn : Bao gm cc vi mch in t x l tn hiu v kt hp s ha v gii tch. Mi kiu my thu khc nhau dng nhng k thut x l tn hiu khc nhau i cht, cc phng php ny l : * Tng quan m * Phase v tn s m * Cu phng tn hiu sng mang Phn tn s v tuyn: bao gm cc knh s dng mt trong ba phng php ni trn truy cp cc tn hiu GPS nhn c, s lng cc knh bin i trong khong t 1 n 12 tu theo nhng my thu khc nhau. B iu khin: Cho php ngi iu hnh can thip vo b vi x l. Kck thc v kiu dng ca b iu khin cc loi my thu khc nhau cng khc nhau.

26 Thit b ghi : Ngi ta dng my ghi bng t hoc cc a mm ghi cc tr s quan trc v nhng thng tin hu ch khc c tch ra t nhng tin hiu thu c. Ngun nng lng : Phn ln cc my thu u dng ngun in mt chiu in p thp, ch c mt vi my i hi phi c ngun in xoay chiu. 2.2. c im k thut ca h thng GPS 2.2.1. ng h GPS Trong hu ht cc h thng nh v, thi gian chnh xc l mt thng s v cng quan trng. h thng nh v GPS thi gian chnh xc c to bi ng h nguyn t. ng h nguyn t c chnh xc cao hn ng h quart. tri dt n nh o c l : 1013 s. Trong thc t mi v tinh block1 c ti 4 ng h nguyn t hot ng: + Hai ng h l chun tn s da trn pht x Cacsium. + Hai ng h l chun tn s da trn iu khin kh Rubidium. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu b dao ng quart rt n nh, 4 ng h va h tr cho nhau va gim st ln nhau nhm a ra chnh xc nht. Vic gim st ny cng c s dng nhm tha mn cc yu cu iu chnh ng h trn cc v tinh block2. Cc ng h Rubidium c n nh thp hn mt cht so vi ng h Casium, trong mt khong thi gian di vi mt tc tri dt l: 1012 s. Tt c cc ng h ca h thng GPS c t hot ng tn s 10.23 MHz. Cc m pht v sng mang l mt hm t l vi tn s ng h c s ny. Tuy nhin cc ng h vn b sia lch do chuyn ng, cc ng h khng th t iu chnh c, vic iu chnh ng h do trm trung tm di mt t thc hin. Cc gi tr hiu chnh c pht cho cc v tinh, c trong nhng bn tin d liu (lch v tinh ). Gi GPS c im gc 0 ca thi gian vo m 5/1/1980 v sng ngy 6/1/1980. Trong mt tun c 604800s, gi GPS ly mc l 1,5s , nh vy mt tun theo gi GPS s c 403200 mc. Mi mc chia 1,5s l n v thun tin cho vic tnh ton v lin lc thi gian chnh xc. Thi gian c cng b theo

27 cch thc ny gi l s m Z. Cu trc ca s m Z c 29 bit bao gm 2 phn nh sau: * 19 bit tri ca Z l s m trong tun (TOW-TIME of week ). im mc 0 ca tun c nh vo gia m th 7 v sng ch nht. Phm vi ca s m l t 0 n 43199, mi mc cch nhau 1.5s . * 10 bit cn li ca s Z l s m ch th tun hin ti. N l mt chui s nh phn gm 1024 s, phm vi t 0-1023. im mc 0 ca tun l tun u tin, bt u t m 5/1/1980 v sng 6/1/1980. Khi s m tun n 1023 th tr v 0 li bt u mt chu k tip theo. 2.2.2. Tn s GPS Trong nh v v tinh Navstar-GPS, tn s GPS bao gm cc tn s sau : + Tn s ng h c s 10.23 MHz. + Tn s sng mang. + Tn s chui m. 2.2.2.1. Tn s sng mang GPS y l tn s cc k quan trng, n lin quan ti tn hiu thc t pht t v tinh. H thng Navstar c hai tn s sng mang chnh l L1 v L2. L1 c tn s trung tm l 1575.42 MHz gp 154 ln tn s ng h 10.23MHz v L2 c tn s trung tm l 1227.66MHz gp 120 ln tn s ng h c s. Cc v tinh cn lm vic trn hai tn s sng mang khc na khi thu pht d liu vi trm iu khin di mt t: 1783.74 MHz pht ln v 1227.5 MHz pht xung. 2.2.2.2. Tn s chui m Cc tn hiu dn ng Nadata cng vi thng tin a ch ca ngi s dng c m ha bi mt chui m ngu nhin PRN. Mi ngi s dng s c tng ng mt loi m. H thng GPS s dng 2 loi m PRN chnh l m C/A v m P. M C/A c bo mt km hn m P, hu ht cc my thu u dng m C/A bt v o c ly tng i. M C/A c pht tn s 10.23 MHz cn tn s ca m P l 10.23 MHz. M P thng dng trong vic o c ly xa chnh xc cao v m ha cc bc in qun s. Ngoi ra cn s dng m Y, l m xy dng da trn m p bng cch m ha m P v c cng tn s vi m P. m

28 2.2.2.3. Cu trc tn hiu H thng Navstar- GPS s dng k thut a truy nhp m CDMA ( Code Division Mlutiple Access ). Ngi ta s dng k thut tri ph trong vic to nn cu trc d liu Nadata . Mi v tinh h thng GPS pht i hai tn hiu tri ph trc tip DS/SS (direct Sequence/ Spread Spectrum). l tn hiu ng 1(L1) v tn hiu ng 2( L2). Tn hiu L1 mang mt m xc nh c ly chnh xc (m P) v mt m bt o c ly tng i C/A ( Clear or Coarse Acquisition ). Tn hiu L 2 mang mt m xc nh c ly chnh xc cho qun s, tn s L 1 =1575.42 MHz, cn L2=1227.60 MHz. Tn hiu L1 l mt tn hiu QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) vi m C/A gn knh I v m rt di v m rt di gn knh Q. Hnh 1.6 trnh by v s khi cu trc tn hiu L1 DS/SS phn pht: Tn hiu DS/SS-QPSK c dng : S(t)=I(t)+Q(t)
I = AC (t )D (t ).cos(2 f ct + ) 2
Q= AC t1D ( )t ( ).sin(2 +f t ) c

(2.1) (2.2)

(2.3)
(2 f t c)

S( t ) = AC 1t (D ) t ( ).sin(2 +f + t c ) AC 2t (D ) t ( os + ). c

2cos(2f ct + + (t )) 1 C1(t )b(t ) ( t ) = tan Trong : C (t )b(t ) 2

/ 4, khiC1(t )b(t ) = 1, C2 (t )b(t ) = 1 3 / 4, khiC1(t )b(t ) = 1, C2 (t )b(t ) = 1 (t ) = 5 / 4, khiC1(t )b(t ) = 1, C2 (t )b(t ) = 1 7 / 4, khiC (t )b(t ) = 1, C (t )b(t ) = 1 2 1

(2.4)

(2.5)

29 (ON NY BN G LI CNG THC NH. PHN CH VIT BN PHI VIT RING RA C DU CCH CH KHNG LIN TH NY)

Q= A C t Dt ) + () .s in ft (2 1 (

90 0 9
L1 carrier
I = A C t Dt c( + ). o s(2 ft 2 ( ) )

Signal

C/A code

Icast data mesge

C 2 ( t ) D( t )

P code

C2 ( )t
C1 (t )
Hnh 2.6 : S khi cu trc to tn hiu L1

Trong : + Sng mang L1 gm hai thnh phn : + D liu Icast data Messge : D(t)
Acos(2f ct + )

A sin(2 f ct + )

30 + M P + M C/A : C1(t ) : C2 ( t )

T y suy ra tn hiu DS/SS- QPSK c th nhn 4 trng thi pha khc nhau : + / 4, + 3 / 4, +5 / 4, +7 / 4. D liu hng hi, lch v tinh c nh dng chun v bn tin s dng chi h thng nh v, d liu ny c tri ph bi hai m C/A v m P c lp nhau trn hai thnh phn ng pha I(t) v thnh phn vung pha Q(t). phn bit c cc v tinh, mi v tinh s dng mt m C/A v mt m P ring khc nhau. M C/A cn c gi l m vng (gold), c chu k 1023 chip, c pht vi tc 1.023 MHz c th lp li mi miligiy mt ln. M P c chu k rt di, n c xy dng trn c s tich ca hai m c di gn nh nhau v c pht vi tn s l 10.23 MHz. M P lp li 280 ngy mt ln, mi mt v tinh s c pht mt on khc nhau ca m ny vi thi gian n nh l mt tun. Tn hiu C/A ngn d bt, cn tn hiu P c tc cao dng o c ly xa chnh xc hn. Thi gian mt chip P vo khong 100ns. C hai tn hiu C/A v P u c iu ch trn mt d liu thng tin pht i vi tc 50bit/svaf lp li tun hon. D liu ny mang thng tin v v tr ca v tinh, mt s thng tin v ci chnh sai s ng h, sai s tng ion. Sau khi bt c m C/A, d liu c gii iu ch. M C/A v thng tin sau gii iu ch cho php ngay lp tc ng b m P. Hnh 2.7 trnh by s khi gii iu ch tn hiu DS/SS-QPSK phn thu s l:
S( t ) = A C t( Dt ) ( + ).sin + (2f t 1

my thu. Nu b qua tp m v gi thit rng tn hiu c tr th tn hiu

)A C + t ( ' Dt ) ( o s c ). c 2 (2f t ) c
'

(2.6)

31

C1( t ) s i n ( 2fc t '

) )

ti + Tb

S (t )

C2 (t )

c o s (2fc t ' +

( .)d t

ti

U(t)

Hnh 2.7 : S khi gii iu ch tn hiu Kt qu u ra ca mch tch phn l thnh phn d liu Z i = AD(t ) . Nu bit bn tin l 1 th Zi = AT , nu bt bn tin l -1 th Z i = AT . Cc thnh phn tn s 4 fc c gi tr ftrung bnh bng 0. V th, u ra ca b so snh l +1 (logic1) khi bn tin l +1, v u ra l -1 (logic0) nu bit bn tin l -1. 2.3. iu ch v gii iu ch GPS 2.3.1. iu ch tn hiu GPS Cc m c iu bin trn song mang theo phng thc iu ch BPSK - Vi Tn s sng mang L1 : 1.575,42 Mhz ( bng L ). - Mc cng sut ti thiu : - 160 dBw ti b mt tri t. - M nhiu gi ngu nhin PRN C/A c tn s 1.203 Mhz, chu k 1ms. - Sng mang L1 c iu bin bng c hai m ( m C/A v P hoc Y ). - Sng mang L2 c iu bin bng m P hoc m Y.

32 - Cc m c iu bin trn sng mang theo phng thc iu ch BPSK.

Hnh 2.8: S iu ch (HNH NY CH DCH RA TING VIT) in vn v tinh di dng d liu s tc 50b/s c cng m-un 2 vi m C/A iu ch trn sng mang L1. in vn v tinh s c cc my thu gii m v dng xc nh v tr theo thi gian thc. 2.3.2. Gii iu ch GPS Tn hiu sng mang GPS i n 2 b nhn, 2 b nhn thc hin gii iu ch. Lc vng: lc in p t ng ca b nhn a vo iu chnh tn s v pha ca b dao dng VCO. B nhn th 3 mc ch tm kim sai pha gia sng mang 2 BPSK v sng mang khi phc. Kt qu sai pha s th hin bng in p li.

33

Hnh 2.9: S gii iu ch HNH NY CH DCH RA TING VIT) 2.4. Cc nguyn tc v phng php o GPS 2.4.1. Cc dng i lng o Vic nh v bng GPS c thc hin trn c s s dng hai i lng o c bn, l o khong cch gi theo cc code ta ngu nhin (C/A-code v P-code ) v o pha ca sng ti (L1 v L2 ) 2.4.1.1. o khong cch gi theo C/A-code v P-code Code ta ngu nhin c pht i t v tinh cng vi sng ti. My thu GPS cng to ra code ta ngu nhin ng nh vy. Bng cch so snh code thu c t v tinh v code chnh ca my thu c th xc nh c khong thi gian lan truyn ca tn hiu code, v t y d dng tnh c khong cch t v tinh n my thu ( trung tm ngten ca my thu ). Do c s ng b gia ng h ca v tinh v ca my thu v do c nh hng ca mi trng lan truyn tn hiu, nn khong cch tnh theo khong thi gian o c khng phi l khong cch thc gia v tinh v my thu. chnh l khong cch gi. K hiu: xs , ys , zs :Ta ca v tinh. x, y, z : Ta ca im xt ( my thu). t : Thi gian lan truyn tn hiu t v tinh n im xt.
t : Sai s khng ng b gia ng h trn v tinh v my thu.

R: Khong cch gi o c. Khong cch gi o c l :

34

R = c(t + t) = ( xs x)2 +( ys y)2 +( zs z)2

Trong : c l tc lan truyn tn hiu.

(2.7)

Trong trng hp s dng C/A-code, k thut o khong thi gian lan truyn tn hiu ch c th m bo chnh xc o khong cch tng ng c 30m. Nu tnh nh hng ca iu kin lan truyn tn hiu, sai s o khong cch theo C/A-code s mc 100m l mc c th chp nhn khch hng dn s c th khai thc. Song k thut x l tn hiu code c pht trin dn mc m bo chnh xc o khong cch ti c 3m, tc l hu nh khng thua km so vi trng hp s dng P-code vn khng c dng cho khch hng i tr. 2.4.1.2. o pha ca sng ti Cc sng ti L1 v L2 c s dng cho vic nh v vi chnh xc cao. Vi mc ch ny ngi ta tin hnh o hiu s pha ca sng ti do my thu nhn c t v tinh v pha ca tn hiu do chnh my thu to ra. Hiu s pha do my thu o c l ( 0< <2 ). Khi

2 ( R N + c. t )

(2.8)

R: Khong cch gia v tinh v my thu

: bc sng ca sng ti ,
N: s nguyn ln bc sng cha trong R ,

t : sai s khng ng b gia ng h ca v tinh v ca

my thu. N l s nguyn a tr thng khng c bit trc m cn phi xc nh trong qu trnh o. Trong trng hp o pha theo sng ti L1 c th xc nh khong cch gia v tinh v my thu vi ch chnh xc c centimet thm ch milimet. Sng ti L2 cho chnh xc thp hn t nhiu, nhng tc dng ch yu ca n l cng vi sng ti L1 to ra kh nng lm gim nh hng ng k ca tng in ly, thm vo lm cho vic xc nh s nguyn a tr c n gin hn. 2.4.2. o GPS tuyt i

35 2.4.2.1. Nguyn l o GPS tuyt i o GPS tuyt i l trng hp s dng my thu GPS xc nh ra ta ca im quan st trong h thng ta WGS-84. c th l cc thnh phn vung gc khng gian (X, Y, Z) hoc thnh phn ta mt cu (B, L, H). H thng to WGS-84 l h thng ta c s ca h thng GPS; ta ca v tinh cng nh ca im quan st u c ly theo h thng ta ny. N c thit lp gn vi ellipxoid c kch thc nh sau: a = 6378137 m; 1/ = 298,2572

Hnh 2.10 : H ta GPS Vic o GPS tuyt i c thc hin trn c s s dng i lng o l khong cch gi t v tinh n my thu theo nguyn tc giao hi khng gian t cc im c ta bit l cc v tinh. Nu bit chnh xc khong thi gian lan truyn tn hiu code ta ngu nhin t v tinh n my thu, ta s tnh c khong cch chnh xc gia v tinh v my thu. Khi 3 khong cch c xc nh ng thi t 3 v tinh n my thu s cho ta v tr khng gian n v ca my thu. Song trn thc t c ng h my thu v ng h v tinh u c sai s, nn cc khong cch c o khng phi l khong cch chnh xc. Kt qu l chng khng th ct nhau ti mt

36 im, ngha l khng th xc nh c v tr my thu. khc phc tnh trng ny,cn s dng thm mt i lng o na, l khong cch t mt v tinh th t. thy r iu ny, ta c h gm 4 phng trnh cho 4 v tinh:

( xs1 x)2 + ( ys1 y )2 + ( zs1 z )2 = ( R1 c. t )2

( xs 2 x) 2 + ( ys 2 y) 2 + ( zs 2 z) 2 = ( R2 c. t)2

(2.9) (2.10) (2.11) (2.12)

( xs3 x)2 + ( ys3 y)2 + ( zs3 z )2 = ( R3 c. t ) 2

( xs 4 x) 2 + ( ys 4 y) 2 + ( zs 4 z) 2 = ( R4 c. t)2

Vy l bng cch o khong cch gi ng thi t 4 v tinh n my thu ta c th xc nh c ta tuyt i ca my thu, ngoi cn xc nh thm c s hiu chnh cho ng h ca my thu na. Quan st ng thi 4 v tinh l yu cu ti cn thit xc nh ta khng gian tuyt i ca im quan st. Tuy vy, nu my thu c trang b ng h chnh xc cao th khi ch cn 3 n s l 3 thnh phn ta ca im quan st. quan st chng ta ch cn quan st ng thi 3 v tinh. 2.4.2.2. o vi phn Theo phng php ny cn c mt my thu GPS c kh nng pht tn hiu vo tuyn c t ti im c ta bit (n thng c gi l my c nh ), ng thi c my khc ( c gi l my di ng ) t v tr cn xc nh ta , c th l im c nh hoc im di ng nh tu thy, my bay, t. C my c nh v my di ng cn tin hnh ng thi thu tn hiu t cc v tinh nh nhau. Nu thng tin t v tinh b nhiu th kt qu xc nh ta ca c my c nh v my di ng cng u b sai lch. sai lch ny c xc nh trn c s so snh ta tnh ra theo tn hiu thu c v ta bit trc ca my c nh v c th xem l nh nhau cho c my c nh v my di ng. N c my c nh pht i qua sng v tuyn my di ng thu nhn m hiu chnh kt qu xc nh ta ca mnh. Ngoi cch hiu chnh cho ta , ngi ta cn tin hnh hiu chnh cho khong cch t v tinh n my thu. Cch hiu chnh ny i hi my thu c

37 nh c cu to phc tp v tn km hn nhng li cho php ngi dng x l ch ng linh hot hn. m bo chnh xc cn thit, cc s hiu chnh cn c xc nh v chuyn nhanh vi tn sut cao. Cng vi l do ny phm vi hot ng c hiu qu ca mt my thu c nh khng phi l ty , m hn ch bn knh t mt vi trm n nm by trm kilmet. Ngi ta xy dng cc h thng GPS vi phn din rng cng nh mng li GPS vi phn gm mt s h thng gm mt s trm c nh phc v nhu cu nh v cho c mt lc a hay i dng vi chnh xc c 10m. Phng php nh v GPS vi phn c th m bo chnh xc ph bin c vi mt, v hn th na ti ximt. 2.4.3. o GPS tng i 2.4.3.1. Nguyn l o GPS tng i (

o GPS tng i l trng hp s dng hai my thu GPS t hai im quan st khc nhau xc nh ra hiu ta vung gc khng gian WGS-84. Nguyn tc o GPS tng i c thc hin trn c s s dng i lng o l pha ca sng ti. t c chnh xc cao v rt cao chi kt qu xc nh hiu ta ( hay v tr tng h ) gia hai im xt ngi ta to v s dng cc sai phn khc nhau cho pha ti nhm lm gim nh hng ca cc ngun sai s khc nhau nh: sai s ng h trn v tinh cng nh trn my thu, sai s ta v tinh, sai s nguyn a tr. K hiu hiu pha ca ca sng ti t v tinh j c o ti trm quan st r vo thi im ti l

X , Y , Z ) hay hiu ta mt cu ( B, L, H ) gia chng trong h ta

rj (t ) . Khi nu xt hai trm 1 v 2 tin hnh quan st

i

ng thi v tinh j vo thi im ti , ta c sai phn bc mt sau:

j j (t ) = 2 (t ) 1j (t )
i i i

(2.13)

Trong sai phn ny hu nh khng cn nh hng ca sai s ng h trn v tinh .

38 Nu xt hai trm tin hnh quan st ng thi hai v tinh j vo thi im

ti ta c sai phn bc hai:

2 j,k (t ) = k (t ) j (t )
i i i

(2.14)

Trong sai phn ny hu nh khng cn nh hng ca sai s ng h trn v tinh cng nh sai s ca ng h trong my thu . Nu xt hai trm tin hnh quan st ng thi hai v tinh j, k vo thi im ti , ti +1 ta c sai phn bc ba:

3 j,k = 2 k (t ) 2 j,k (t )
i +1 i

(2.15)

Sai phn ny cho php loi tr cc s nguyn a tr. S v tinh GPS xut hin trn bu tri thng nhiu hn 4, c khi ln ti 10 v tinh. Bng cch t hp theo tng cp v tinh ta s c rt nhiu tr o. Khng nhng th khi o tng i cc v tinh li c quan st trong mt khong thi gian tng i di, thng t na gi n vi ba gi. Do vy trn thc t s lng tr o xc nh ra hiu ta gia hai im quan st s l rt ln, v khi s liu o s c x l theo nguyn tc bnh phng nh nht. 2.4.3.2. o tnh Phng php o tnh c s dng xc nh hiu ta (hay v tr tng h) gia hai im xt vi chnh xc cao, thng l nhm p ng yu cu cng tc trc a - a hnh. Trong trng hp ny cn hai my thu, mt my t im bit ta , cn my kia t im cn xc nh. C hai my phi ng thi thu tn hiu t mt s v tinh chung lin tc trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, thng l mt n hai ba ting ng h. S v tinh chung ti thiu cho c hai trm quan st l ba, nhng thng c ly l 4 phng trng hp thu tn hiu gin on. Khong thi gian quan st phi ko di l cho hnh phn b v tinh thay i m t ta c th xc nh c s nguyn a tr ca sng ti v ng thi c nhiu tr o nhm t c chnh xc cao v n nh cho kt qu quan st. y l phng php cho php t c chnh xc cao nht trong vic nh v tng i bng GPS, c th c xentimet, thm ch milimet khong

39 cch gia hai im xt ti hng chc v hng trm kilomet. Nhc im ch yu ca phng php ny l thi gian o ko di hng gi, do nng sut thp. 2.4.3.3. o ng Phng php o ng cho php xc nh v tr tng i ca hng lot im so vi im bit trong ti mi im o ch cn thu tn hiu trong vng mt pht. Theo phng php ny cn c t nht hai my thu. xc nh s nguyn a tr ca tn hiu v tinh, cn phi c mt cnh y bit c gi ln im c ta . Sau khi xc nh, s nguyn a tr c gi nguyn tnh khong cch t v tinh n my thu cho cc im o tip sau trong sut c chu k o. Nh vy, thi gian thu tn hiu ti im o khng phi l mt ting ng h nh trong phng php o tnh na m ch cn l mt pht. Vi cnh y bit, ta t mt my thu c nh im u cnh y v cho tin hnh thu lin tc tn hiu v tinh trong sut chu k o. My ny c gi l my c nh. im cui cnh y ta t my th 2, cho n thu tn hiu v tinh ng thi vi my c nh trong vng mt pht. Vic lm ny gi l khi o ( initiazation ), cn my th 2 ny c gi l my di ng. Tip n cho my di ng ln lt chuyn n cc im o cn xc nh, ti mi im dng li thu tn hiu trong mt pht, v cui cng quay tr v im xut pht l im cui cnh y khp tuyn o bng thu tn hiu th hai cng ko di trong mt pht ti im ny. Yu cu nht thit ca phng php l c my c nh v my di ng phi ng thi thu tn hiu lin tc t t nht l 4 v tinh chung trong sut chu k o. V vy tuyn o phi b tr khu vc thong ng tn hi thu khng b gin on (cycle slip). Nu xy ra trng hp ny th phi tin hnh khi o li ti cnh y xut pht hoc s dng mt cnh y khc c thit lp d phng trn tuyn o. Cnh y c th di t 2m n 5km. Phng php o ng cho php t chnh xc nh v tng i khng thua km so vi phng php o tnh. Song n li i hi kh ngt ngho v thit b v t chc o m bo yu cu v hnh phn b cng nh tn hiu ca v tinh. 2.4.3.4. o gi ng

40 Phng php o gi ng cng cho php xc nh v tr ca hng lot im so vi im bit trong khong thi gian o kh nhanh, nhng chnh xc nh v khng cao bng phng php o ng. Trong phng php ny khng cn th tc khi o, tc l khng cn s dng cnh y bit. My c nh cng phi thu tn hiu lin tc trong sut chu k o, cn my di ng c chuyn n tng im o, ti mi im thu tn hiu trong 5-10 pht. Sau khi o ht lt my di ng quay v im xut pht ( im o u tin ) v o lp li tt c cc im theo ng trnh t nhng phi m bo sao cho khong thi gian dn cch gia hai ln o ti mi im khng t hn mt ting ng h. Chnh trong khong thi gian ny hnh phn b v tinh thay i xc nh c s nguyn a tr, cn hai ln o, mi ln ko di 5-10 pht v gin cch nhau mt ting ng h, c tc dng tng ng nh php o tnh ko di trong mt ting. Yu cu nht thit trong phng php ny l phi c t nht 3 v tinh chung cho c hai ln o ti mi im quan st. iu ng ch l my di ng khng nht thit phi thu tn hiu v tinh lin tc trong sut chu k o m ch cn thu trong vng 5-10 pht ti mi im o, ngha l c th tt my trong qu trnh vn chuyn t im n n im kia. iu ny cho php p dng phng php c khu vc c nhiu vt che khut. V mt thit k, t chc o th ch nn b tr khu vc o tng i nh vi s lng im va phi c th kp o lp ti mi im sau mt ting ng h v m bo s lng v tinh chung cho c hai ln o. 2.5. Cc k thut nh v thu bao trong mng GSM/GPRS Vic xc nh v tr thu bao di ng l mt trong nhng vn kh khn nht cn phi thc hin cung cp dch v LBS. Cc nh cung cp dch v LBS s dng cc phng php khc nhau xc nh v tr thu bao. Ngi ta cng c th chia phng php nh v lm hai loi chnh: da trn c s mng nh Cell-ID, TOA (Time Of Arrival), AOA (Angle of Arrival), TDOA (Time Difference Of Arrival) v da trn my di ng nh E-OTD, A-GPS. Ngoi ra ngi ta cng c th chia cc k thut ny tu thuc n c ph thuc vo h thng nh v ton cu GPS hay khng. Trong khun kh ca n ny tc gi

41 ch gii thiu cc k thut c s dng rng ri nht trong mng GSM/GPRS: cell-ID, E-OTD v A-GPS cng nh cc k thut kt hp chng vi nhau. 2.5.1. Cell - ID (Cell site Identification) Cell-ID c s dng trong mng GSM, GPRS v WCDMA, y l cch xc nh v tr thu bao n gin nht, n yu cu mng xc nh v tr ca BTS m MS ang trc thuc, nu c c thng tin ny th v tr ca MS cng chnh l v tr ca BTS . Tuy nhin, do MS c th mi v tr bt k trong cell nn chnh xc ca phng php ny ph thuc vo kch c cell. Nu MS thuc vng th, mt ng th kch c c cell b nn chnh xc cao hn, vng ngoi kch c cell ln hn nhiu nn sai lch v v tr c th ln ti chc km. tng chnh xc ngi ta dng sector-ID hoc c th kt hp vi mt hay c hai k thut TA (Timing Advance) v da vo mnh ca tn hiu. C hai k thut ny ban u c dnh cho cc mc ch khc do khi dng xc nh v tr th c th s dng cc thit b tn ti trong mng GSM/GPRS. K thut TA s dng thng tin v sai lch thi gian c gi t BTS ti hiu chnh thi gian pht ca MS sao cho tn hiu t MS ti BTS ng vi khe thi gian dnh cho MS tnh ra khong cch t MS ti BTS. Tuy nhin, k thut TA ch cho bit MS trong vng a l ca BTS ang phc v n vi bn knh xc nh c nh TA. Ngoi ra, trong mng thng tin di ng MS thng o mnh ca tn hiu t mt s BTS v gi thng tin ny n BTS ang phc v n, v vy c th da vo thng tin mnh tn hiu ny tnh ra c v tr MS vi chnh xc cao hn TA. Tuy nhin, c rt nhiu yu t lm hn ch hiu qu ca phng php ny nh a hnh, suy hao mi trng trong nh (cc vt liu xy dng, hnh dng, kch c to nh.

42 Hnh 2.11: Cell-ID kt hp vi Cell-sector hoc TA Nh vy, cell-ID v cc k thut tng cng h tr n mc d c mt s u im nh t phi thay i phn cng ca mng, t tn km th km chnh xc, tnh ph thuc vo mt cell ..lm cho phng php xc nh ny ch c kh nng h tr cho mt s t cc dch v. Bng 2.1 tng kt cc c tnh v ch tiu ca phng php cell-ID. Bng 2.1: Tng kt cc c tnh v ch tiu ca phng php cell-ID. Ch tiu n nh chnh xc TTFF (Time to First Fix) u cui Roaming Hiu sut nh gi Km Trung bnh Tt Tt Tt Tt Ch thch chnh xc ph thuc vo mt BTS v cc k thut h tr khc T 500 m n 20 km Khong 1 giy Khng cn c s thay i no, khng tn pin Yu cu c LS (Location server) mng khch S dng ti thiu bng thng v dung lng ca mng. Rt d dng khi m rng mng Cell-ID c th dng trong tt c cc mng

Kh nng m rng Tt Tnh tng thch 2.5.2. Rt tt

E-OTD (Enhanced Observed Time Difference) Ngi ta ch dng E-OTD trong mng GSM/ GPRS. Trong mng ny MS gim st cc cm truyn t cc BTS ln cn v o lch thi gian cc khung t cc BTS ny lm c s ca phng php xc nh v tr. chnh xc ca phng php E-OTD ph thuc vo phn gii ca php o lch thi gian, v tr a l t cc BTS ln cn v mi trng truyn sng. MS phi o thi gian chnh lch t t nht ba BTS h tr xc nh c v tr ca MS.

43 Vi phng php E-OTD, thi gian chnh xc l tham s ht sc quan trng xc nh v tr ca MS, v vy trong mng GSM/GPRS yu cu c thm cc phn t LMU (Location Measurement Unit) vi t l 1,5 BTS cn c 1 LMU. Nh vy, vic a thm phn t mi LMU vo mng lm cu trc mng thay i ng k. cung cp dch v ny din rng cn lp t rt nhiu LMU cho cc BTS ca mng, iu ny yu cu cc k s phi nh c mng, nh gi nh hng ti phn v tuyn khi lp thm cc phn t ny. Ngoi ra, MS cng cn nng cp v phn mm h tr cho E-OTD v khch hng phi mang my ca mnh n cc trung tm cp nht phn mm ny. Hn na, MS s gp phi vn khi h roaming sang mng ca nh khai thc khc m mng ny khng ci t cc phn t LMU.

Gi tr 3t c s dng xc nh v tr

Hnh 2.12: Nguyn l hot ng ca E-OTD E-OTD l gii php ci thin c cc ch tiu so vi cell-ID, tuy nhin li yu cu rt nhiu LMU. iu ny c ngha l lm tng chi ph, kh thc hin Ngoi ra, E-TOD yu cu c c thng tin t t nht 3BTS do phng php ny s cho chnh xc km nhng vng mt BTS tha, hoc trong trng hp cc BTS thng hng (dc cc ng quc l,..). Bng 2.2 di y tng kt cc c tnh, ch tiu ca E-OTD. Bng 2.2: Cc c tnh, ch tiu ca E-OTD.

44 Ch tiu n nh chnh xc TTFF (Time to First Fix) u cui Roaming Hiu sut nh gi Trung bnh Trung bnh Tt Tt Km Km Ch thch chnh xc ph thuc vo mt , v tr BTS T 100 n 500 m Khong 5 giy Ch yu cu thay i phn mm, khng tn pin Yu cu phi c LS(Location server) v LMU trong mng khch S dng bng thng v dung lng ca mng cho lu lng ca LMU. Khi m rng yu cu lp t thm cc LMU Ch s dng c trong mng GPRS/GSM, khng th p dng cho mng WCDMA

Kh nng m rng Km Tnh tng thch Km

2.5.3. Phng php A-GPS 2.5.3.1. Gii thiu H thng nh v ton cu (GPS) s dng h thng v tinh c kh nng xc nh v tr trn ton cu vi chnh xc cao. Tuy nhin, GPS cng c nhiu hn ch nh mc tiu th nng lng ti u cui cao, thi gian thc hin nh v lu v kh nng xuyn su ca sng GPS khng c tt nn kh nng phc v trong nh km. Bn cnh h thng GPS thng i km vi cc thit b GPS v chy c lp. N khng cung cp bt k tnh nng truyn thng no v vy vic s dng n b gii hn ti cc ng dng c ci t cc b ti b thu GPS. khc phc v ci thin cc hn ch trn h thng GPS c th tch hp vo mng di ng thnh A-GPS. Chnh v th phng php nh v s dng GPS h tr cc trm tham chiu (DGPS), b sung vo h tng mng di ng cc th tc bo hiu gia mng v u cui c gi l phng php nh v s dng cho mng thng tin di ng c hi tr t GPS hay A-GPS (Assisted GPS). A-GPS c th s dng trong cc mng GSM, GPRS v W-CDMA, c bit trong mng thng tin di ng ton cu UMTS, A-GPS c xc nh nh

45 mt phng php nh v c th s dng c lp ring bit cho mng. A-GPS thc hin tt hn ng k so vi GPS trong mt ch c lp, dch v c ci thin trong mi mi trng truyn sng v thit b u cui gim phc tp. Thng thng, cc nh khai thc phi la chn gia chi ph trin khai v thc hin cung cp cc dch v. Hin ti cc k thut h tr nh v A-GPS bao gm Cell-ID + TA (Timing Advanced: nh thi nng cao) cho GSM, Cell-ID + RTT cho UMTS hoc cc phng php da trn cc php o cng tn hiu thng cung cp chnh xc tng i thp. A-GPS c cc u im so vi GPS c th k ti nh: - Tng chnh xc. - Gim thi gian xc nh v tr. - Mc tiu th nng lng gim. - Tng nhy ca thit b nhn. 2.5.3.2. Nguyn l A-GPS s dng c h thng A-GPS, u cui phi c trang b mt thnh phn h tr GPS nhn cc tn hiu v cc thng tin h tr t v tinh. Bn cnh , thnh phn GPS trong u cui cng c h tr bi h thng UMTS. A-GPS c s dng cc v tinh lm cc im tham chiu xc nh v tr. Nguyn l hot ng ca A-GPS th hin hnh 2.13. Bng cch o chnh xc khong cch ti ba v tinh t my thu xc nh c v tr ca n mi ni trn tri t. My thu o khong cch bng cch o thi gian tn hiu i t v tinh ti n v vy yu cu chnh xc thng tin v thi gian. Thi gian chnh xc c th nhn c t cc tn hiu v tinh tuy nhin qu trnh nhn c thng tin ny lu v kh khi tn hiu t v tinh qu yu. gii quyt vn ny ngi ta s dng mt server cung cp cc thng tin lin quan n v tinh cho cc my thu.

46

Tn hiu t 3 v tinh c s dng xc nh v tr.

Thng tin tr gip

Hnh 2.13: Nguyn l hot ng ca A-GPS My thu hot ng hai dng chnh: Da trn MS v h tr t MS. dng h tr t MS, my thu A-GPS trong MS nhn thng tin t server A-GPS LS v tnh khong cch n cc v tinh, cc thng tin ny c MS gi li server xc nh v tr ca MS. dng da trn MS, MS xc nh lun v tr ca n nh cc thng tin h tr t server. Nhng thng tin h tr ny gip my thu gim c thi gian xc nh v tr v cho php cc my thu A-GPS hot ng cc mi trng khc nhau. Thng thng cc mi trng chia thnh hai khu vc chnh, l mng li th v mng li nng thn. Vi mng th phng php xut h tr A-GPS trong mng UMTS th s dng c s d liu ban u c xut cho GSM, s dng cc php o v phng thc chun trong phng php th im tng quan PCM (Pilot Correlation Method), da vo iu chnh phn cng hoc phn mm ca cc thit b u cui m phng php nh v khc thng yu cu. Vi PCM, v tr c tnh ca my di ng MS c gi i cng vi d liu h tr A-GPS khc, cho php thu nhn v tinh v thi gian tnh ton nh v nhanh hn. PCM c u im thng tin c th truy cp trong b iu khin mng v tuyn phc v (SRNC) c cha php o ca MS v cng sut m tn hiu thu c (RSCP) gn y nht cc knh hoa tiu chung (CPICH) nhn thy c. Nu MS trong trng thi Cell DCH/Cell FACH, cc thng tin yu cu c cp nht lin tc SRNC trong mng hot ng bnh thng. Ty thuc vo cu hnh mng, thng tin nh vy c thc hin nh k hoc thc hin theo thay i ca iu khin

47 (pilot). Trong lp iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn (RRC), MS buc phi CellFACH thng qua th tc nhn tin v tuyn ngay lp tc nhn thng bo php o c cha cc php o RSCP. Th tc tng t c thc hin, khi trn lp RRC ca MS, thng tin php o gn nht nhn c t cch kh lu, v vy thng tin yu cu cn c cp nht. Khi SRNC nhn c thng bo yu cu v tr, dng vect d liu ca php o RSCP c t thng tin php o gn nht c truyn n my ch v tr, so snh vi cc mu c lu tr trong c s d liu. lch gia mu o v mu lu tr c tnh bng phng php bnh phng ti thiu. Tng ng vi tng quan cao nht gia c im mu lu tr vi mu o gi v, MS c c tnh trong khu vc nh v. Vic c tnh gia cc khu vc nh v c chn ti a ha chnh xc, hn na, nu sai s php gn MS trong khu vc nh v c xc sut cao, n c li xc minh mc tng quan thc hin trong mt ngng gii hn quy nh. Trng hp khng t c ngng, vect d liu RSPC c t mc trung bnh ca ba php o RSCP gn nht thu c trong cc thng tin php o gi n SRNC. C s d liu cho th tc nh v bao gm trng thi ca knh CPICH nhn thy cho mi khu vc nh v. D nhin, kch thc khu vc nh v gii hn chnh xc tnh ton, n c thu nh theo chnh xc yu cu ca vic h tr. Tng ng, nu PCM d kin trin khai nh k thut c lp, kch thc ca khu vc nh v cn c iu chnh theo chnh xc cn thit cho dch v LBS. lin kt qu trnh tm kim c s d liu phn thnh cc phn ph thuc vo m xo trn ca tn hiu hoa tiu iu khin (pilot) u tin. Sau , mu o c so snh vi cc mu lu tr c cng m xo trn ca pilot u tin. C s d liu cn thit cho PCM c to ra mt cch t ng t cc tp tin ng nhp ca cng c php o. V vy, khng cn s b sung lin quan n vic thc hin c s d liu nh chc nng giao din v tuyn phi o trong qu trnh trin khai v ti u ha mng. C s d liu cng c th c to ra t u ra vi tin cy cao.

48 Khi MS ch cung cp h tr thi gian cho th tc A-GPS, n tin hnh php o RTT ring t BS phc v. Hiu sut ca php o RTT n thu hp ca s d tm m C/A (coarse/acquisition code: B gii m chun s dng cho thit b thu GPS) bng cch b tr truyn sng gia MS v BS. i vi mng li khu vc nng thn cc phng php h tr xut ch yu nhm cho loi mi trng truyn sng ny. Phng php nh v trin khai khng c bt k thay i no trn mng. N s dng cc php o cng tn hiu v tr lan truyn t t nht hai trm, cc t bo mng li ny c ph chng ln m bo tt kh nng bt c tn hiu ca hai BS. Gi s cc ta ca BS ln cn bao gm c cao ca n v cng sut pht BS ng xung truyn ti MS trong thng bo h tr A-GPS. Vic xy ra mt ng n cc trm ln cn thng do php o cng tn hiu nhn c t hai trm khc nhau. nh x s mt ng (l) vi khong cch (dss) da trn m hnh lan truyn COST-231- Hata n gin th hin qua biu thc 3.1:
log10 (d i , SS ) li A B log10 ( f ) 13.82 log10 (hi , BS ) 30 6.55log10 (hi , BS )

(2.16)

Trong : A v B l hng s. Khong cch MS-BS thu c t cc php o DS c thc hin bng cch ng dng m hnh lan truyn tr cho cc h thng t bo bng hp:

d i , DS =

RMSi
T1

(2.17)

Trong (2.17), RMSi l gi tr trung bnh bnh phng DS ca tn hiu c truyn bi trm BS th i, T1 l gi tr trung bnh ca RMS khong cch 1 km t trm phc v BS v l h s tng ng vi mi trng truyn sng. Vi mi trng th, ngoi v nng thn gi tr ca u bng 0.5. Nhiu php o th nghim cung cp gi tr hp l cho T1 trong cc mi trng thay i t 0.076

49 trong mi trng nng thn n 0.28 trong mi trng ngoi v bng 0.94 trong mi trng th. Khong cch d on c x l bng thut ton lai c xut, phng php ny da trn php tnh bnh phng trung bnh ti thiu (LMS : Least Mean Square). Cui cng, vic nh v ca MS c c tnh t phm vi thu c (di,SS v di,DS vi i = 1, 2) vi cc trng lng tng ng bng cch s dng thut ton LMS. Mt khc, khi phng php da trn di ng ch l nhm mc ch cung cp h tr thi gian A-GPS, nh v bin thnh mt php o RSPC n gin ca pilot u tin v tnh ton khong cch tch hp da trn m hnh d on mt ng thc hin. Theo thi gian lan truyn, tng ng vi phm vi c tnh, thi gian h tr A-GPS tiu chun cung cp t BS c sa v do ca s tm kim m C/A c thu hp ng k. Ngoi ra cc modul GPS c trang b u cui thu cc tn hiu hoa tiu v d liu h tr t v tinh, A-GPS phi c cc trm tham chiu bn trong h tng mng di ng, cho vic tnh ton d liu v dch d liu th thnh d liu h tr. Trm tham chiu c kt ni ti mt trung tm phc v nh v thu bao di ng SMLC (Serving Mobile Location Center) (c lp hoc kt hp vi mt BSC/RNC). Hnh 2.14 m t khi qut kin trc A-GPS v bo hiu gia cc thnh phn.

Trm tham chiu

M S/UE vi GPS BTS/NB SM LC

D liu tr gip v tinh D liu iu khin v tr gip mng

Hnh 2.14: Kin trc A-GPS

50 Phng php nh v A-GPS cho chnh xc cao hn so vi phng php OTDOA-IPDL v c th hot ng mng ng b hoc khng ng b m khng cn lp thm cc LMU. Vic thc hin A-GPS hu nh khng nh hng nhiu n h tng mng v c th h tr tt cho vic roaming, tuy nhin vi cc MS yu cu phi c thm phn mch A-GPS. Cc c tnh c bn ca phng php A-GPS c tng kt bng 2.3. Ch tiu n nh chnh xc TTFF u cui Roaming Hiu sut Kh nng m rng Tnh tng thch Bng 2.3: nh gi k thut nh v A-GPS nh gi Ch thch Tt Tt Tt Km Tt Tt Tt Tt chnh xc cao mi v tr a l T 5 n 50m Khong 5 n 10 giy Yu cu thay i c phn cng, phn mm Yu cu phi c A-GPS LS mng khch S dng t bng thng, dung lng mng Rt d dng m rng H tr cc mng GSM, GPRS v WCDMA

2.5.4. Cc phng php kt hp Vi mng GSM/GPRS, WCDMA thng dng nht l s dng kt hp gia A-GPS vi Cell-ID. Vic kt hp gia hai gii php ny lm tng vng dch v cho A-GPS v ci thin chnh xc ca A-GPS trong mi trng hp. chnh xc v vng ph ca A-GPS rt tt mi a im m thu bao ti, tuy vy n s gim mnh i khi thu bao trong cc to nh hoc vng mt ng c. Nhng ni ny thng mt cell rt cao do phng php cell-ID li c kh nng xc nh c v tr kh chnh xc cho d khng bng A-GPS. Kt hp hai phng php ny lm tng kh nng roaming cho thu bao v c th h tr cho rt nhiu MS c trong mng. Ngoi phng n kt hp A-GPS vi cell-ID ngi ta cng c kt hp AGPS vi E-OTD. Vi phng n ny th A-GPS c s dng trong phn ln mng cn E-OTD c trin khai dng c o. Bng cch ny ngi ta lm tng

51 chnh xc khi nh v cng nh gip cc nh khai thc cung cp a dng cc dch v da trn v tr. Bng 2.4 tng kt cc c tnh ca phng php kt hp. Bng 2.4: Cc c tnh ca phng php kt hp Ch tiu n nh chnh xc TTFF (Time to nh gi Tt Tt Ch thch chnh xc cao mi v tr a l T 5 n 50 m khi s dng A-GPS v c th nh v ba chiu. Tuy nhin cng s ph thuc vo phng n kt hp First Fix) u cui Roaming Hiu sut Tt Khong 5 n 10s

Trung bnh Yu cu thay i c phn cng, phn mm Tt Tt Yu cu phi c A-GPS LS mng khch. Tuy nhin s hn ch khi kt hp A-GPS vi E-OTD S dng t bng thng v dung lng ca mng Rt d dng m rng Phng n ny c th s dng cho tt c cc

Kh nng m rng Tt Tnh tng thch Tt

mng GSM, GPRS v WCDMA Bn cnh nguyn l ca cc k thut nh v ngi ta cng xem xt n

rt nhiu kha cnh khc ca n nh tnh ring t v tin li cho khch hng, chi ph trin khai cng nh kh nng hon vn. Theo ti liu [3], A-GPS cho php khch ch ng ng m chc nng nh v ca MS do tnh ring t v tin li ca n tt hn so vi cell-ID v E-OTD. Cng theo ti liu ny, chi ph trin khai cell-ID l thp nht v chi ph trin khai E-OTD l cao nht (do cn rt nhiu LMU) v ln hn khong 2,5 ln so vi A-GPS. Tuy nhin, vi cell-ID th nh khai thc ch cung cp c rt t cc dch v gia tng, cn AGPS cho php cung cp c nhiu loi dch v hn so vi E-OTD (v n c chnh xc cao hn), do kh nng hon vn ca A-GPS l cao nht v ca cell-ID l thp nht. Mi mt k thut u c u nhc im ring ca n, bng 2.5 s tng kt cc c tnh ca mi loi k thut nh v phn tch trn.

52 Bng 2.5: Cc c tnh ca mi loi k thut nh v Ch tiu n nh chnh xc TTFF (Time to First Fix) u cui Roaming Hiu sut Kh nng m rng Tng chi ph Tng kt 2.6. Cell-ID Km Km (100 m n 20 km) Tt (1 s) Tt Tt Tt Tt E-OTD Trung bnh Trung bnh (100 n 500 m) Tt (5 s) Kh tt Km Trung bnh Km Km Km Trung bnh A-GPS Tt 50 m) s) Km Tt Kh tt Tt Tt Kh tt Kh tt Kt hp Tt 50 m) s) Trung bnh Tt Kh tt Tt Tt Kh tt Tt

Tt (5 n Tt (5 n Tt (5->10 Tt (5->10

Tnh tng thch Tt Tt Trung bnh

Cc vn trin khai LBS trn mng GSM/GPRS

Hu ht cc nh khai thc u cn nhc xem k thut nh v no l tt nht i vi h.Vi tnh n gin v chi ph thp ca cell-ID th n s l s la chn tt nht bt u a dch v LBS vo mng. Cell-ID c trin khai trong mt s mng GSM cho d chnh xc v tr v tnh n nh ca n khng cao v ch h tr s lng dch v rt hn ch. y cng l khong thi gian cc nh khai thc kim chng cng ngh, nhu cu dch v v bc u xy dng m hnh kinh doanh loi dch v ny. Khi s lng thu bao s dng dch v ny tng, ng thi yu cu cung cp nhiu dch v hn th cc k thut nh v c chnh xc cao s c xem xt. Trong a s trng hp ngi ta cn nhc gia E-OTD hay A-GPS. Hnh 2.15 minh ho chi ph trin khai cc k thut nh v trn mng GSM/GPRS.

53
Gii php da trn E-OTD

A-GPS u t n 3G Gii php da trn A-GPS

A-GPS+Cell ID

Thi gian

Hnh 2.15: Chi ph trin khai E-OTD so vi A-GPS Nu la chn E-OTD cn mt khon chi ph u t ban u rt ln vo LMU, thm ch sau khi u t ln nh vy vn cn trin khai b sung A-GPS nhng ni m cht lng ca E-OTD km h tr cho cc dch v tin tin hn. Hnh 2.16 minh ho s b cc phn t trong mng GSM/GPRS s dng EOTD.

Hnh 2.16: Cc phn t mng GSM/GPRS s dng E-OTD Vi A-GPS th nh khai thc cn t chi ph hn cng nh vic trin khai cng n gin hn so vi E-OTD. Ngoi ra, A-GPS cn tng thch vi tt c cc giao din v tuyn. T cell-ID nh khai thc trin khai A-GPS th khng nhng h ch cn u t mc vn duy tr c mc doanh thu m cn ngay lp tc cho php khch hng s dng dch v c cht lng v tin cy cao hn. nhng ni A-GPS cn c b tr th ngi ta c th dng E-OTD vi s

54 lng rt t LMU. Nh vy A-GPS cho cc ch tiu tt hn vi chi ph thp hn so vi trin khai din rng E-OTD. Nh phn tch trn, E-OTD khng s dng c trong mng WCDMA v k thut OTDOA s dng cho mng WCDMA th li khng dng c trong mng GSM/GPRS. Do , vi nhng nh khai thc GSM/GPRS c d nh tin ln WCDMA rt c th h s la chn A-GPS p ng c tnh tng thch, tnh k tha t ra khi chuyn i. Nh vy, vi nhng u im ni bt ca mnh A-GPS c xem l s la chn s 1 cho cc nh khai thc thng tin di ng. 2.7. Tng kt chng 2 Chng 2 nu ra cu trc, c im k thut ca h thng GPS, cc phng php o GPS. Trong chng ny cng nu c cc k thut nh v thu bao trong mng GSM/GPRS, cc ch tiu nh gi ca cc phng php nh v bng Cell-ID, bng E-OTD, bng A-GPS. So snh c n nh, chnh xc, kh nng m rng .... ca 3 phng php ny. Kt hp cc phng php ny li vi nhau lm tng chnh xc khi nh v cng nh gip cc nh khai thc cung cp a dng cc dch v da trn v tr. V cc ng dng ph bin ca GPS c nu ra chng 3

55 CHNG 3 MT S NG DNG PH BIN CA GPS H thng nh v ton cu (GPS) l h thng hoa tiu cho php nhng ngi s dng n c th nh v cc vt th c th trn tri t vi s tr gip ca mt nhm 24 v tinh. Mc d h thng ny c xy dng phc v mc ch qun s, nhng nhng ngi s dng cho mc ch dn s cng c th tip cn c vi n m khng phi mt chi ph, nhng tnh chnh xc v nh v li b gim i. Nguyn tc c bn ca GPS l s dng cc v tinh mt v tr v khong cch bit lm cc im quy chiu quy ra tam gic cho mt im cha bit ca mt vt th trn tri t. Mt b phn ca mi my thu GPS l mt ra-i- thu cc tn hiu ang pht t cc v tinh. Mi con tu v tr khng ngng chuyn mt dng d liu cha ng cc thng tin v qu o v thi gian chnh xc. My thu GPS tnh ton khong cch ca n tnh t v tinh, da trn c s s khc bit v thi gian gia vic gi v nhn tn hiu v tc hnh trnh i ca tn hiu (thi gian x tc = khong cch). i vi v tr hai chiu (kinh v v ) chnh xc, c nh cc tn hiu cn c t nht 3 v tinh. Vic xc nh v tr 3 chiu (kinh , v v cao) i hi cc tn hiu t t nht l 4 v tinh. my thu cng "nhn thy" nhiu v tinh th v tr xc nh cng chnh xc. Tnh chnh xc cao ca GPS c xc nh bi tng s cc ngun sai s, mt mt ph thuc vo iu kin thit b v iu kin kh quyn, mt khc ph thuc vo phng thc hot ng c gi l "tnh c th s dng c la chn" (S/A). Hn ch ny do vic thoi bin c mc ch v s chnh xc ca tn hiu do Cc quc phng M thc hin trnh vic lm dng cc tn hiu GPS v cc mc ch qun s khng c cp giy php. Kt qu l s chnh xc ca v tr nh v bi GPS bnh thng c th thay i t 20 n 100m. V vy, GPS c coi l mt gii php k thut phc v mc ch iu tra, c th p dng thm vo hoc thay th k thut kho st tri t. Nhng my thu GPS n l t c chnh xc c coi l c hiu qu i vi mc

56 ch lm bn vi t l nh hn 1:50.000, s chnh xc trung bnh 50 m c th tng ng vi s sai lch 1mm trn bn . Tuy nhin lm bn chi tit hn i hi c phin bn GPS tinh vi hn gi l GPS vi phn (DGPS). DGPS da trn nguyn tc ng b ho cc my thu GPS ring l khng ngng tnh c cc v tr cc a im khc nhau. Mt my thu c s dng nh mt trm quy chiu v c thay bng mt v tr trong cc to chnh xc bit. my thu th hai (my lu ng) c dng o nhng v tr cha bit. Nhng v tr c o bng my lu ng s c sa li bng cc dy sai trch o ti trm quy chiu kt hp vi to chnh xc ca trm. Ph thuc vo cc thit b c s dng vic sa cha phi c thc hin vo thi im thc t nu cc my thu u ng b ho s dng truyn qua ra-i-, hoc c th c thc hin sau khi x l, bng cch ti cc d liu c thu thp t c my thu trn my tnh v nhng tnh ton tip theo ca cc v tr c sa xung. Tnh chnh xc ca cc DGPS t t 1 - 5 m vi thit b chun v phc v mc ch lm bn t l 1:5000 c hiu qu. My thu DGPS c bit c th dt chnh xc di 1 mt hoc di 1 cm. 3.1.Thnh lp bn a hnh y bin bng cng ngh GPS 3.1.1. Phng php tch hp d liu GPS v my o su hi m Da vo my thu GPS v my o su hi m c tch hp c vi my tnh bng cc phn mm chuyn dng t xc nh c ta v cao cc im o su. vic xc nh to v su im o c ng b v lin tc ngi ta ni kt my thu GPS v my o su vi my tnh thng qua cc cng ni tip. My o su v my thu GPS phi c cc cng xut d liu theo dng k thut s v trong my tnh cng phi c phn mm chuyn dng c ci sn c th nhn bit c cc thng tin truyn sang t hai thit b trn. Khi khi ng h thng, mi thi im o cc d liu c truyn lin tc t my thu GPS v my o su vo my tnh. My tnh ng thi thu hai tn hiu v tch hp thnh mt c s d liu. C s d liu ny l nhng file cha

57 nhng thng tin v ta , su, thi gian v cc tham s ci t cng nh cc gi tr lin quan thng gi l file th hay file gc lu tr vo a cng ca my tnh. Cc d liu ny cng ng thi c my tnh x l hoc hin th theo yu cu ca ngi dng nh: v tr ng o thit k trc, v tr m phng ca con tu, mt ct su ang o, tc tu, thi gian ng dng ny rt thun li khng ch n thun l kh nng nh v mi ni, vo mi lc trn bin m cn khc phc c hu ht cc nhc nhim ca cng ngh truyn thng, nng cao chnh xc v t nng sut cao. 3.1.2. Qui trnh thnh lp bn a hnh y bin bng cng ngh GPS Trong phng php o su ng dng cng ngh GPS tch hp vi my o su hi m ngoi cc thit b phc v cho vic o su nh tu thuyn, my o GPS, my o su ta cn phi c cc phn mm chuyn dng tch hp v x l cc tr o nhn c. Qui trnh thnh lp bn a hnh y bin thc hin theo s sau (Hnh 3.1) Trn c s tnh nng thc t, chnh xc o c v hiu qu kinh t cao m phng php thnh lp bn a hnh y bin s dng cng ngh GPS v ang c s dng rng ri nhiu nc trn th gii. Vit Nam bc u du nhp v trin khai s dng mt s n v sn xut, qua thc t p dng cho thy u th vt tri so vi cc phng php o su truyn thng. y l mt phng php o tin tin, ng dng cc k thut mi nh DGPS, RTK GPS nn cn c ph bin v ng dng rng ri trong lnh vc o su v mt s lnh vc khc.

58

Hnh 3.1 : Qui trnh thnh lp BH y bin 3.2. ng dng trong lnh vc trc a - a hnh Vi s ra i ca h thng nh v ton cu GPS v c bit l k thut nh v vi sai DGPS nhng ngi lm cng tc trc a a hnh c c mt phng tin o c cha ng nhiu tnh nng u vit ng k so vi phng tin truyn thng, m trc ht l trong lnh vc thng c gi l cng tc khng ch ta . H thng ny cho php t chnh xc cao v v tr tng i gia cc im xt hu nh t ph thuc vo khong cch gia chng, v do vy vic phn cp cc mng li trc a v xy dng chng theo s i t tng qut n chi tit khng cn l vn nguyn tc na. Bn cnh h thng khng i hi thng hng gia cc im o, cn khong thi gian o ti mi im khng qu 2- 3 gi ng h, thm ch l 2-3 pht. C th ni,

59 cng ngh GPS to ra mt cuc cch mng thc s trong lnh vc trc a a hnh v n cn hm cha nhiu kh nng , u th tim n ang c khai thc. Do cng ngh GPS cho php xc nh v tr tng i gia cc im vi chnh xc cao hn hn so vi cng ngh trc a truyn thng, nn vn t ra l phi nh gi mt cch tha ng vai tr cng nh mi quan h ca cc im GPS vi cc mng li khng ch trc a c xy dng. T gc ny ta c mt cch phn chia cp hng i vi mng li trc a quc gia do tc gi Hothem v Williams (M) xut trong th hin r vai tr thc t khch quan ca cc im o GPS. Theo cch ny c hai loi yu cu v chnh xc o c: loi yu cu ph bin v loi yu cu c bit. Loi yu cu ph bin nhm p ng cc mc ch o c ph bin c kt hp vi cc phn hng hin dng cho mng li khng ch trc a, o c cng trnh, o v bn a hnh v bn a chnh. Cc ch tiu v chnh xc c xut tng ng vi chnh xc hin hnh ca chiu di cnh, gc phng v, cao GEOid v cao so vi ellipxoid. Thnh qu o c thuc loi yu cu ph bin s c s l trn c s bnh sai cht ch da vo cc im GPS gn kt vi mng li khng ch khu vc o. Loi yu cu c bit nhm vo cc mc ch o trc a chnh xc cao, chng hn nh quan st chuyn ng ngang ca v tri t, theo di tri ln ca mt t, o c cng trnh chnh xc. Cc kt qu o c thuc loi yu cu c bit c x l c lp, khng ph thuc vo mng li khng ch khu vc o, m ch da vo kt cu ni ti ba chiu ca bn thn mng li GPS. 3.3. ng dng trong lnh vc nghin cu a ng Quan st xc nh bin dng ca v Tri t l khu then cht trong vic nghin cu tm hiu cc qu trnh ng t, chuyn ng ca cc mng kin to, c ch hnh thnh cc dy ni v cc hot ng lp v gn mt t ca v ni la. Quy m ca cc bin dng so hin tng ny gy ra c th c th t t

60 hng chc n hng nghn kilomet, song phn ln cc bin dng ng quan tm thng thy gn ranh gii gia cc mng c t 30 n 300 km. Cc yu cu do vic nghin cu chuyn ng ca v Tri t ra thng khc bit ng k so vi yu cu o c v thnh lp bn ; khng phi l ta tuyt i m l xc nh s thay i v tr, s dch chuyn, bin dng theo thi gian ca i tng nghin cu . V th khi vn l phi tm cch tin hnh o lp trong iu kin cng ging nhau v vi chnh xc cng cao cng tt. chnh xc ca v tr tng i do vic nghin cu chuyn ng ca v Tri t ra thng l c 107 v cao hn (ngha l c vi ba centimet trn khong cch ti 100km). Trc y phng php trc a c xem l phng php duy nht i din cho cc k thut o c trn mt t c th c s dng nghin cu chuyn ng ca v Tri t. Gn y phng php o giao thoa cnh y di (VLBI Very long baseline interferometry) v phng php o khong cch bng tia lade t v tinh (SLR satellite laser ranging) cho php t ti chnh xc vi ba centimet trn khong cch hng nghn kilomet. Song thit b tng ng v i ng k thut i hi chi ph rt cao, nn khng s dng cc phng php ny o c chi tit mc cn thit cho vic nghin cu c ch bin dng ca v Tri t quy m nh thng ng quan tm i vi vng c hot ng a chn mnh. V th, mc d rt c gi tr i vi nghin cu chuyn ng mng trn quy m ton cu cng nh nghin cu bin dng quy m ln trong phm vi tng mng, cc phng php o giao thoa cnh y di v o khong cch bng tai lade t v tinh s khng th p dng mt cch hiu qu v mt kinh t cho cc khong cch di 300km. Vi gi thnh thp, cc php o bng k thut nh v vi sai DGPS hon ton c th p ng c yu cu nghin cu chuyn ng ca v Tri t mc chi tit cao vi khong cch gia cc im xt t vi ba kilomet n hng nghn kilomet. Cc my thu GPS r hn nhiu ln so vi thit b VLBI v

61 SLR, cn i ng k thut c th gim xung cn mt ngi cho mi my thu. Trn thc t GPS c th c xem l cu ni cho khong trng gia cng ngh o tam gic truyn thng vn c hiu qu khong cch ngn vi cng ngh VLBI SLR t ra rt c gi tr khong cch di. Cng ngh GPS cng s c s dng c hiu qu c i vi nhiu bi ton a vt l hin vn ang c p ng bi cc k thut o c trn mt t khong cch t 5km n 30km. Phng php GPS ng vai tr ch yu trong lnh vc nghin cu a ng. Gi thnh ca n thp hn nhiu so vi o thy chun khong cch t vi ba kilomet tr ln, cn chnh xc ri s cao hn khong cch ln hn cng nh iu kin a hnh phc tp. Hiu cao c th c xc nh d dng hn nhiu v ch cn nhm o rt t ngi so vi trng hp o thy chun. 3.4. ng dng nh v GPS trong mt s dng cng tc phc v thm d du kh trn bin. 3.4.1. nh v o a chn trn bin Cng tc a chn trn bin thng c tin hnh theo cc tuyn thng song song theo hai phng vung gc vi nhau. Tu a chn ko tho mt ng cp c bit vi phn chm di nc di t 1000m 2400m. Phn chm c gi su 10 20 m di mt nc do c cu to c bit v c kin tra, iu chnh su bng thit b o su. Trn mi on cp di chng 50m c gn 20 30 u thu chn ng, cc u thu hp thnh nhm. Vi chiu di cp l 2400m c tt c 48 nhm u thu. Nhm gn tu nht c b tr vi gin cch trn 100m so vi tu v gia cn c on cp lm gim nh hng n ca tu. ui cp c ni vi phao ni trn c lp anten raa phn x hay tiu ngm c th quan st nhm xc nh chch ca ton ng cp so vi hng i ca tu. ui ni cn c tc dng d tm li on cp b t trong qu trnh o. Tu a chn ko cp chy lin tc theo thit k, c 25m li li pht ngun chn ng cho cc u thu trn ng cp thu nhn tn hiu phn hi. Cc tuyn a chn thng c to thnh li vung vi dn cch trung bnh l 250m.

62 Cng tc nh v trong trng hp ny phi m bo dn ng cho tu i vo khu vc o va chy theo ng tuyn thit k vi sai lch cho php khng vt qu 10% khong cch n tuyn ln cn ng thi phi xc nh v tr ca im tin hnh quan trc vt l trn tuyn chng hn nh im pht chn ng (im n) vi chnh xc khng thp hn 0.8 mm theo t l bn bo co. T lu nay phng php o a chn thng dng l phng php a chn hai chiu trong cho rng im n v cc im thu tn hiu cng nm trong mt mt phng. Song trn thc t khi tu a chn c th gi c hng i ch chch khi tuyn thit k trong vng 3 -5 m, nhng do nh hng ng k ca dng chy v thy chiu nn cc u thu tn hiu phn x gn trn ng cp khng cng nm trn mt ng thng so vi im n, v c th b gch i trong mt di rng ti vi mt. khc phc tnh trng ny nhm nng cao tin cy ca cc kt qu thm d a chn, ngi ta xy dng phng php chn ng 3 chiu theo mi tu a chn ko theo hai hng u thu (hai ng cp) c mt hay nhiu ngun n xt theo phng vung gc vi thn tu (cng c th ghp nhe th chy song hng). V tr thc t ca im n cng nh ca cc u thu cn c xc nh vi chnh xc cao, chng hn im n phi c sai s dc tuyn khng vt qu 2m, sai s ngang khng qu 3m, nhm u thu gn tu nht phi c sai s dc tuyn v sai s ngang tng ng l 2m v 3.5m; nhm u thu gia cp : 2m v 8m, nhm u thu cui cng 2m v 4m. Ta c th nhn thy yu cu v chnh xc nh v trong cng tc a chn bin l kh cao. Tuy vy, n hon ton c th p ng bi h thng chi tit. My thu GPS s c t trn tu a chn v trn cc phao ni gn ui cc ng cp. Phng php nh v thch hp nht l phng php nh v vi sai DGPS vi b my thu m bo chnh xc c 1m. 3.4.2. nh v khoan trn bin Trong cng tc khoan trn bin cng vic nh v c cc nhim v sau : - Dn ng cho tu a dn khoan ra v tr thit k .

63 - Xc nh chnh xc vi tr ming ging khoan khi bt u khoan. - i vi cc tu khoan, cn phi bo m nh v lin tc cung cp cc s liu iu khin cho tu ng yn tng i ti v tr ban u. - Trong trng hp tu khoan phi ri khi v tr trc khi kt thc khoan, phi nh v li v tr khi tr li khoan tip . - S dng ti liu o lch xc nh v tr thn ging khoan trong lng t v tnh ton ta v tr thn ging khoan gp cc va, tng a cht quan tm . sai lch v tr a tu hoc dn khoan ra hin trng so vi v tr thit k ph thuc vo mc phc tp ca i tng a cht c nghin cu, nhng khng vt qu 1/4 khong cch trung bnh gia hai ng ng su lin nhau trn bn cu trc a cht c ly lm c s cho vic t ging khoan. Ta v tr ming ging khoan c xc nh vi chnh xc ph thuc vo cp, loi ca ging khoan; tuy nhin iu kin s dng thit b nh v hin nay cho php m bo chnh xc cho cc loi v cp ging khoan. chnh xc ny khng c thp hn 8 10 m. p ng cc yu cu nh v khoan trn bin ngi ta s dng phng php nh v vi sai DGPS mc chnh xc mt vi mt. 3.4.3. nh v cc cng trnh trn bin Trong vic xy dng cc cng trnh tm kim, thn d v khai thc du kh trn bin, cng tc nh v c nhim v sau : - m bo nh v cho kho st a cht cng trnh ti khu vc d kin xy dng cc cng trnh nh: ging khoan tm kim thm d, dn khoan khai thc, trm x l du kh, cc ng ng dn du kh, bn rt du kh - a cc thit b, my mc ra v tr thit k, m bo lp t chng theo s thit k. - Xc nh li v tr cc i tng, hng mc cng trnh sau khi lp t chng. - Lp mng li v k hoch quan st dch chuyn, bin dng cc cng trnh nhng ch cn thit v thc hin quan trc v tnh ton dch chuyn, bin dng ca cc cng trnh.

64 Vic a cc cng trnh ra v tr thit k c thc hin bng cch xc nh v tr thit k ny hin trng ri th phao nh du. Sau khi hon tt vic lp t cng trnh, phi xcn nh v tr thc ca chng. chnh xc nh v cng trnh khng c thp hn 1,2mm theo t l bn s dng. Vic quan st dich chuyn bin dng cng trnh trn bin c th i hi chnh xc nh v n c ximet ngoi thc a. R rng p ng cc yu cu nh v cc cng trnh trn bin cn s dng n k thut nh v vi sai DGPS cho kt qu c chnh xc cao. 3.5. ng dng cng ngh nh v ton cu GPS trong bi ton qun l xe bu chnh. Vic ng dng cng ngh GPS trong cc bi ton qun l phng tin giao thng ang tr nn ph bin trn th gii v y l mt dch v mang li gi tr gia tng cao da trn cng ngh vin thng v cng ngh thng tin. i vi ngnh Bu chnh, vic p dng cng ngh GPS trong vic qun l cc phng tin vn chuyn Bu chnh s em li hiu qu cao, ph hp vi cc phng thc qun l tp trung hin i. Bi vit ny cp n vic xy dng phng n qun l xe bu chnh bng cng ngh GPS v thit k thit b thu thp d liu GPS cho xe bu chnh. 3.5.1. bu chnh. Hin nay bi ton qun l xe vn chuyn bu chnh ti cng ty Bu chnh lin tnh v quc t (VPS) thuc Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng (VNPT) ang c thc hin theo quy trnh sau (hnh 3.2) Vi quy trnh qun l trn, mc d hin nay c phng thc tin hc ho, qun l t ng mt phn trong vic tng hp cc phiu hnh trnh trn y. Tuy nhin, phng thc qun l nh trn vn c mt s bt cp nh: Tn nhn cng qun l trung gian, Khng qun l c l trnh v thi gian, nhin liu thc t trong sut qu trnh vn hnh ca 01 xe bu chnh, khng pht hin c nguyn nhn chm tr trong vic vn chuyn bu chnh v khng iu Xy dng phng n ng dng GPS trong bi ton qun l xe

65 hnh, gim st c tng th ton b cc tuyn xe bu chnh ti u ho vic vn chuyn bu chnh.

Hnh 3.2: Quy trnh qun l vn chuyn xe bu chnh ca VNPT Nu s dng cng ngh GPS, cc thng tin v phng tin vn chuyn bu chnh nh: ta hin ti, tc vn chuyn, tuyn ng di chuyn, nhin liu tiu hao s c cp nht v trung tm iu khin, lu tr theo c s d liu (CSDL) v da trn CSDL ny trung tm c th tnhton v nhin liu ca tng phng tin vn chuyn bu chnh, kim tra c s c khi vn chuyn, ti u ho iu hnh cc tuyn bu chnh. 3.5.2 Xy dng phng n qun l xe bu chnh bng GPS Phng n qun l cc phng tin vn chuyn bu chnh bng cng ngh GPS c xut theo 2 phng thc: Qun l trc tuyn (online) v qun l khng trc tuyn (offline). 3.5.2.1 Qun l theo phng thc trc tuyn Qun l theo phng thc trc tuyn ngha l gia trung tm iu hnh v xe bu chnh lin lc trc tuyn, trao i d liu vi nhau. qun l xe vn chuyn xe bu chnh theo phng thc trc tuyn chng ta cn phi c cc phng tin v h thng nh sau:

66

Hnh 3.3: Minh ha phng thc truyn d liu trc tuyn Ti trung tm iu khin: - Mn hnh hin th bn s tng khu vc a l. - My ch v cc my trm ty theo nhu cu qun l vi h thng thng tin qun l GIS (Geographic Information System) bng phn mm MapInfo vi phng thc lp trnh bng ngn ng MapBasic. Ti xe bu chnh: - Modul GPS - Thit b thu thp v truyn d liu GPS thng qua phng thc SMS nh Modem GSM/GPRS. Cc phng thc truyn dn y thng qua mng di ng GSM, cc ID ca tng xe bu chnh c th hin qua cc ID ca SMS nhn v. Nguyn tc hot ng ca h thng: Knh lin lc gia xe bu chnh v trung tm iu khin c th hot ng mt trong s cc ch sau: - Duy tr kt ni lin tc: kt ni lun sn sng phc v vic truyn d liu v v tr v thi gian. - Thit lp kt ni t ng: knh lin lc c t ng thit lp khi mt trong 2

67 bn c d liu cn truyn. - Thit lp kt ni bng tay: ngi iu hnh hoc li xe bu chnh t thc hin cc thao tc khi to lin kt mi khi cn gi i mt thng ip. 3.5.2.2 Qun l theo phng thc khng trc tuyn Qun l khng trc tuyn (offline) c ngha l sau 1 ca lm vic trung tm s cp nht cc d liu v hnh trnh ca xe bu chnh trong ca lm vic lu li v x l t ng phc v cho cng tc qun l. V mt thit b , qun l theo phng thc khng trc tuyn khc vi phng thc qun ltrc tuyn l thit b trn xe bu chnh s khng c modem GSM/GPRS, mch vi x l s thu thp v lu li d liu v v tr ca xe bu chnh v tr d liu v trung tm khi ht ca lm vic. Ti trung tm cng s phi c h thng thng tin x l cc d liu ny phc v cho mc ch qun l. Phng thc khng trc tuyn tuy c r tin v khng cn n modem GSM/GPRS v khng mt cc cc ph lin lc SMS nhng c hn ch l khng qun l trc tuyn n tng xe bu chnh trong khi ang vn chuyn. 3.5.3 Thit k thit b v xy dng chng trnh qun l vn chuyn bu chnh bng cng ngh GPS. Hin nay, ti Khoa k thut in t 1 thuc Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT bc u xy dng c h thng thng tin qun l v thit b thu thp d liu t GPS t trn xe bu chnh phc v cho cc phng thc qun l trn. Thit b t trn xe bu chnh do chng ti thit k s tch hp modul GPS v mch vi x l vi yu cu gn nh chnh xc. 3.5.3.1 Modul GPS xy dng thit b t trn xe bu chnh ta s s dng modul GPS c nhim v nhn cc tn hiu t v tinh, x l tn hiu a ra kt qu bao gm cc thng tin sau: - Ta kinh tuyn, v tuyn ca xe v chiu cao so mt nc bin. - Thi gian hin ti theo gi GMT. - Tc v hng chuyn ng ca xe.

68 - S v tinh nhn c tn hiu. Cc thng s trn c th hin di dng cc bn tin c nh dng chun NMEA-183 trn ton th gii vi cc khung bn tin theo vi x l chun. Modul GPS s tr v bn tin nh sau: $GPRMC, 161229.487, A, 3723.2475, N, 12158.3416, W, 0.13, 309.62, 120598, *10 Sau y l din gii ca bn tin Bng 3.1: Din gii ca bn tin Modul GPS tr v Tn Message ID Thi gian (UTC Time) Tnh trng V (Latitude) Ch dn Nam Bc (N/S Indicator) Kinh (Longitude) Ch dn ng Ty (E/W Indicator) Tc trn mt t Hng bm trn mt t Ngy thng Kim tra (Checksum) V d $GPRMC 161229.487 A 3723.2475 N 12158.3416 W 0.13 309.62 120598 *10 Knots n v M t Giao thc header RMC (RMC protocol header) Gi pht giy (% giy) hhmmss.sss A: d liu hp l; V: d liu khng hp l. ddmm.mmmm N = Bc hoc S=Nam N=north or S=south dddmm.mmmm E=ng hoc W=Ty E=east or W=west ng (True) ddmmyy Kim tra m truyn tin Kt thc bn tin

3.5.3.2

Mch vi x l thu thp d liu GPS

Mch vi x l s c thit k x l cc d liu thu thp t modul GPS v lu tr cc d liu theo mc ch s dng. Trn mch vi x l s c modul

69 truyn d liu thng qua cng COM, mch vi xl ny s dng ngun 12V trn xe bu chnh.

Hnh 3.4: S khi ca mch vi x l trn xe bu chnh y s s dng h vi iu khin c kh nng lp trnh c PSoC (Programable Systems on Chip) thc hin vic lu tr v truyn d liu v thi gian v to thu nhn c t modul GPS, cc bn tin ny c PSoC gia cng v truyn v trung tm theo phng thc truyn SMS thng qua modem GSM/GPRS. Hon ton cc d liu t trn xe bu chnh c th hin th ngay trn xe bu chnh cho ngi lixe bit v l trnh, thi gian v c th nhn mt s lnh trc tuyn t trung tm iu khin cng nh bit v cc xe trong i xe ca mnh.

Hnh 3.5: Thit b t trn xe bu chnh 3.5.3.3 H thng qun l ca trung tm iu khin

70 H thng qun l ti trung tm iu khin c chc nng cp nht cc d liu nhn c t thit b thu thp GPS t trn xe bu chnh, tch hp vi bn s lm nhim v: - Cp nht, hin th trc tuyn cc xe bu chnh cn gim st trn mn hnh ch huy. - Thng bo v tnh trng l trnh cc xe bu chnh. - a ra cc thng bo v nhin liu, thi gian vn hnh ca tng xe. - Gim st c cc s c ca cc xe. 3.5.3.4 H thng qun l d liu trn xe bu chnh

Vi cc thit b v h thng thng tin qun l trn, quy trnh qun l xe bu chnh s c th hin nh sau: Qun l theo phng thc trc tuyn. - Cc xe bu chnh s xut pht t gara, kch hot thit b thu thp GPS hot ng. - Trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn cc d liu GPS trn xe bu chnh c gi lin tc v trung tm theo phng thc nhn tin SMS vi tn sut gi tin do chng ta quy nh. - Trung tm nhn d liu v hin th trn mn hnh ch huy bng h thng thng tin qun l GIS. Khi cn trung tm c th yu cu 1 s thng tin t xe bu chnh. - Cp nht cc d liu gi v lu thnh cc file qun l ti trung tm.

71 Hnh 3.6: Chng trnh qun l d liu trn xe bu chnh Qun l theo phng thc khng trc tuyn. - Cc xe bu chnh s xut pht t gara, kch hot thit b thu thp GPS hot ng. - Trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn cc d liu GPS trn xe bu chnh c lu li b nh trong mch vi x l trn xe. - Khi ht ca lm vic, khi xe bu chnh tr v gara, ti gara s c thit b thu thp d liu truyn v trung tm ch huy, trung tm nhn d liu v hin th trn mn hnh gim st bng h thng thng tin qun l GIS. - Cp nht cc d liu gi v lu thnh cc file qun l ti trung tm. 3.6 Dch v da trn v tr thu bao cho mng GSM/GPRS 3.6.2 Gii thiu Cng ngh GIS (Geographic Information Systems) v cc k thut nh v ang m rng cc ng dng truyn thng sang cc ng dng da trn v tr. Thng qua vic tch hp cc cng ngh ny vo thit b di ng cho php cc nh khai thc cung cp rt nhiu cc ng dng khc nhau cho khch hng khi xc nh c v tr ca h. Chng c gi l cc dch v da trn v tr thu bao LBS (Location Based Services). Hu ht cc d bo trn th gii u cho rng y l mt loi dch v c tim nng to ln, t c tnh ca hai nghin cu v th trng mi nht cho thy th trng v dch v LBS s c doanh thu t 7 n 8 triu USD trong vng 4 nm ti. V vy cc nh khai thc dch v di ng rt quan tm n cc vn kinh t, k thut khi trin khai dch v ny trn mng ca h. Bi bo ny s gii thiu cc loi dch v v cc vn k thut lin quan khi trin khai trn mng GSM/GPRS. 3.6.3 Cc dch v da trn v tr Vic xc nh c v tr thu bao cho php cc nh khai thc cung cp cho khch hng nhng dch v m h mong mun v cng l c hi ln cung cp thm cc dch v mi. Dch v da trn v tr LBS c th chia lm 4 loi chnh:

72 + Dch v thng tin da trn v tr (Location based information services) + Tnh cc theo v tr a l (Location sensitive billing) + Cc dch v khn cp (Emergency services) + Dch v d tm (Tracking) 3.6.3.1 Dch v thng tin da trn v tr Loi dch v ny gm nhiu ng dng c cc thng tin c la chn v chuyn ti n ngi s dng u cui da vo v tr ca h. Chng hn, mt khch hng c u cui h tr WAP (Wireless Access Protocol) c th s tm ra 1 nh hng thch hp. ng dng LBS s tng tc vi cc thnh phn khc trong mng xc nh c v tr ca khch hng ny v cung cp danh sch cc nh hng gn h nht. Cc loi dch v khc nhau yu cu chnh xc v v tr ca thu bao cng khc nhau v tu thuc vo loi thng tin cung cp. V d, dch v dn ng yu cu chnh xc cao cn dch v cung cp thng tin thi tit th ch cn chnh xc tng i. 3.6.3.2 Tnh cc theo v tr a l Loi ng dng ny cung cp kh nng c tnh cc u i. Thng qua dch v tnh cc theo v tr a l, khch hng c th thit lp cc vng dnh ring chng hn vng lm vic hoc vng c tr. Khch hng s tho thun vi nh cung cp v gi cc h c th t c tc d liu khng thay i khi thuc vng c tr v cc tc cao hn vng lm vic. Loi hnh dch v ny c th c bit hu ch khi s dng cng vi cc ng dng di ng khc nh dch v thu bao tr trc. 3.6.3.3 Dch v khn cp Khch hng c th gi cc dch v khn cp t my di ng ca h, dch v ny s xc nh v tr cng nh cc thng tin c nhn lin quan nh tnh trng sc kho, nhm mu.. v thng bo vi thi gian ngn nht cho cnh st, cu thng, cha chy gn nht. 3.6.3.4 Dch v d tm

73 Nhng dch v ny bao gm c cc ng dng cho c nhn v tp th v chnh xc ca n cng i hi rt cao. C ba loi dch v d tm ch yu: Qun l nhn lc/Qun l cc phng tin: ng dng cho cc cng ty taxi, vn ti Dch v ny gip h bit c nhn vin h/cc my mc thit b ang u c th iu hnh mt cch hiu qu nht. D tm hin vt: dng cho c cc t chc hay c nhn mun m bo mt vt g gi tr c th tm c nu nh b nh cp. Dch v tm ngi: Dch v ny cho php b m bit c con ci h hin ang u, hoc bn b tm kim nhau v.v... 3.7 Tng kt chng 3 Chng 3 cho chng ta thy c cc ng dng rt ph bin v hu ch ca h thng GPS. Cng ngh GPS gip chng ta thnh lp bn a hnh y bin, ng dng trong cc lnh vc trc a, a hnh v mt s cng tc phc v thm d du kh trn bin. Cc ng dng v GPS c s dng trong i sng hng ngy nh qun l xe bu chnh, cc dch v da trn v tr thu bao cho mng GSM/GPRS nh tnh cc theo v tr a l, dch v khn cp, dch v d tm.... Cc dch v ny ngy cng c pht trin mnh m v gip ch chng ta rt nhiu trong cuc sng hin i.

74 KT LUN Vic nghin cu h thng v tinh dn ng GPS v cc ng dng ca n l rt cn thit trong thi bui hin nay. Tuy vn ny cn kh mi so vi nc ta nhng c s dng nhiu cc nc pht trin, v th m trong nhng nm ti chng ta cn y mnh nghin cu v h thng GPS c th c thm nhiu ng dng na phc v cho i sng hng ngy. n i su nghin cu v k thut nh v GPS, cc ng dng ca n v t c nhng kt qu sau: n nu bt c kh nng ng dng ca h thng GPS ang c ng dng trn ton cu. n phn tch v cu trc, cc c im k thut ca h thng GPS, cc nguyn tc v phng php o GPS. n nghin cu v cc k thut nh v thu bao trong mng GSM/GPRS. Hn na, n nghin cu v phng php A-GPS c nhiu u im hn so vi GPS nh tng chnh xc, gim thi gian xc nh v tr, tng nhy ca thit b.... Cc thit b di ng hin nay yu cu phi nh gn, tiu th nng lng thp, kh nng di ng cao v thi gian xc nh c v tr cng nhanh cng tt. V vy m phng php A-GPS khc phc c rt tt cc vn ny. Do thi gian lm n c hn v nhng hn ch khng trnh khi ca vic hiu bit cc vn ch yu da trn l thuyt l chnh nn n tt nghip ca em chc chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Em rt mong c c nhng kin nh gi, gp ca cc thy v cc bn n thm hon thin. Cui cng em xin gi li cm n su sc n cc thy c trong khoa V tuyn in t - HVKTQS, c bit l Thy TS. Phm Xun Ngha hng dn nhit tnh, ch bo gip em hon thnh n ny. Em xin trn thnh cm n!

75 TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Ting Vit [1] TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng (1995), Thng tin v tinh, nh xut bn H Ni. [] TS. Nguyn Vn Tun, Gio trnh thng tin vi ba-v tinh. Ti bn nm 2004. [2] Trn Ngc Sn, (2008), Cc phng php nh v trong mng GSM, Tp ch Cng ngh thng tin & Truyn thng . [4] KS. Trn Anh T, TS. Chu Ngc Anh, KS. Lng L, KS.Bi Vn Ph, Dch v da trn v tr thu bao cho mng GSM/GPRS, Tp ch Cng ngh thng tin & Truyn thng. 2. Ting Anh FRANKVIQUEZ,ANNALEE,DRAGON,TIM ARCHDEACON, Location

Based Services, A Strategic Analysis of Wireless Technologies, Markets, and Trends; Allied Business Intelligence 1Q, 2001 ALLEN NOGEE, Ready or Not, Mobile Location Technology is Here!;

Cahners In-Stat Group March 2001 - Mobinder S. Grewal, Lawrence R, Weill, and Angus P. Andrews Global Positioning System.Nm 2005. [12] J.Borkowski, JarnonNiemela and Jukka Lempiainen, Cellular location techniques supporting AGPS positining, Institute of Communication Engineering, Tampere University of technology. V NGUYN TC LM TI LIU THAM KHO, BN PHI SON:

76 - TING VIT BN SON THEO TH T: TN TC GI (TH T THEO ABC), NM XUT BN TN TI LIU THAM KHO, NH XUT BN. - TING ANH TH TN TING ANH (H XP THEO ABC), NM XUT BN, TN TI LIU, NH XUT BN. BN PHI NH S V CH THCH N THEO NG S NH TRONG TI LIU THAM KHO. TI NH MU CHO BN HAI CI TING VIT V 1 CI TING ANH BN LM MU. BN SA I RI C G GI IN CHO TI NH. PHN N TI THY BN CHA CH THCH TI LIU THAM KHO T NO.