EXPERIMENT #1

OBJECTIVE: -

BY: KUMOD KUMAR GUPTA (B09064) KULDEEP PUROHIT (GROUP MATE)

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Obtaining square wave from function generator. Convert this to a trigger pulse using wave-shaping circuit. Making variable pulse monostable multivibrator circuit using 555 timer IC. Vary the duty cycle using control voltage input in the timer to get pulse width modulated output.

WAVE SHAPING CIRCUIT:-

The wave shaping circuit is required to trigger the monostable circuit. Output of this circuit has the trigger pulse which goes low from high for a short duration.

Figure 1: Output (B) after the diode.

Figure 2: Output (A) after capacitor

VARIABLE PULSE WIDTH MONOSTABLE CIRCUIT:-

HOW 555 TIMER OPERATES:-

When a negative pulse is applied to the trigger input of the timer, then comparator-2 detects it and compares it with +Vcc/3 at the +ve terminal of comparator and gives HIGH at the output, it will set the flip-flop and the output goes high, at the same time the transistor becomes off and the capacitor C charged up through the resistor R1 till it reaches +2Vcc/3, after that the comparator-1 will have high at its output and that will reset the flip-flop and turns the output back to its original state and at the same time transistor becomes ON and the capacitor will get discharged. Now, if we want to control the width of the output pulse then we may add a control voltage at the control terminal of the timer. Now instead of comparing threshold terminal with 2Vcc/3, the comparator-1 will compare with control voltage, if threshold voltage becomes greater than control voltage, then flip-flop

will be reset. So we see here that control voltage is a decisive factor for the width of the output pulse and so for the duty cycle.

3.00

Vc

0.00 5.00

output

-1.00 0.00 25.00u 50.00u Time (s) 75.00u 100.00u

Figure 3: Voltage through capacitor (simulation and experimental results)

The plot is showing Vc (across capacitor). The output we get will be ON up to the period of charging of the capacitor which is a function of resistance RA and capacitance C.

Varying the duty cycle: Now, to vary the duty cycle, we add an additional voltage source at the control voltage terminal of the timer. RESULTS: The PWM outputs at different values of control voltage are shown below:-

Figure 4: CONTROL VOLTAGE = 2.6V

Figure 5: CONTROL VOLTAGE = 2.8.

Figure 6: CONTROL VOLTAGE = 3.1V

Figure 7: CONTROL VOLTAGE = 3.4V

Figure 8: CONTROL VOLTAGE = 3.7V

Figure 9: CONTROL VOLTAGE = 3.9V

Figure 10: CONTROL VOLTAGE = 4.1V

DUTY CYCLE vs CONTROL VOLTAGE

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

The above figure is showing the plot of duty cycle versus control voltage.

CONCLUSION: We successfully did the experiment in the lab and are able to vary the duty cycle of the output by varying the control input in the timer. We have obtained a trigger pulse by using the wave shaping circuit. We studied how to use 555 timer and all to get the pulse of the desired width and got them for different values of control voltage. Now we can use this PWM output as an input in DC-DC convertor as a gate driver circuit in MOSFET (switch).