Chng 2 SNG HI V CC PHNG PHP LC SNG HI

1. Tng quan v sng hi

Sng hi l trng hp ring ca sng iu ha, sng iu ho c th coi l tng ca cc dng sng sin m tn s ca n l bi s ca tn s c bn, nu bi s l s nguyn th gi l hi (harmonic), bi s khc s nguyn gi l hin tng m hi (interharmonic). Hay ni cch khc mt sng iu ha bt k l tng ca sng thnh phn c bn v cc thnh phn iu ha bc cao hn.

Hnh 2. . Dng sng iu ha bt k

Hnh 2. . Cc thnh phn ca sng iu ha Vi iu kin vn hnh cn bng cc sng iu ha bc cao c th chia thnh thnh phn th t thun, nghch, khng:

Thnh phn th t thun: cc sng iu ha bc 4, 7, 11 Thnh phn th t nghch: cc sng iu ha bc 2, 5, 8 Thnh phn th t khng: cc sng iu ha bc 3, 6, 9

i vi iu kin khng cn bng trong cc pha chng hn nh in p h thng khng cn bng, ti cc pha khng i xng, mi sng iu ha c th xy ra mt trong ba thnh phn th t ni trn. Sng iu ha bc cao nh hng trc tip ti cht lng li in v phi ch khi tng sng iu ha dng in bc cao cao hn mc cho php. Sng iu ha dng in bc cao l dng in c tn s bng bi s nguyn ln tn s c bn. V d dng 250(Hz) trn li 50(Hz) l dng iu ha bc 5, dng 250(Hz) l dng khng s dng c vi cc thit b trn li. V vy n s chuyn sang dng nhit nng v gy tn hao. S dng chui Fourier vi chu k T(s), tn s c bn f=1:T (Hz) hay =2f (rad/s) c th biu din mt sng iu ha vi biu thc nh sau:

Trong :

: l gi tr trung bnh Fn : Bin ca sng iu ha bc n trong chui Fourier

: l thnh phn sng c bn

: l thnh phn sng iu ha bc n n: gc pha ca sng iu ha bc n Ta c th vit nh sau:

(2.2) Ta quy c nh sau:

Fncosn = an v Fnsinn = bn

Hnh 2. . Phn tch Fn thnh an v bn Khi ta c th vit nh sau:

Hnh 2. (2.3) Hay:

V d v ph sng iu ha:

Hnh 2. . Ph ca mt sng iu ha Mt tham s quan trng nh gi sng iu ha l h s mo dng (Total Harmonic Distortion)

Trong :

X1: l thnh phn c bn

Xn: l bin thnh phn iu ha bc n

T cng thc (2.5) ta c th nh gi mo dng in v in p qua h s mo dng dng in v h s mo dng in p.

H s mo dng dng in:

Trong :

I1: l bin dng in c bn In: l bin thnh phn iu ha bc n

H s mo dng in p:

Trong :

U1: l bin dng in c bn Un: l bin thnh phn iu ha bc n

2. Nguyn nhn gy ra sng hi

Cc ngun sinh sng iu ha trong cng nghip c to ra bi tt c cc ti phi tuyn. Cc phn t phi tuyn in hnh l li thp ca MBA, ng c (c tnh bo ha ca vt liu st t), cc dng c bn dn cng sut nh thyristor, diode ca cc b bin i (chnh lu, nghch lu, iu p xoay chiu), cc n in t, ngun hn, cc h truyn ng in, l h quang in, l nu thp cm ng, l ti cao tn Di y l mt s ngun to sng iu ha ph bin trong cng nghip:

My bin p:

Hin tng bo ha mch t ca MBA lc c th sinh ra sng iu ha bc cao. Khi bin in p v t thng ln ri vo vng khng tuyn tnh trong ng cong B-H s dn n dng in t b mo v c cha cc sng iu ha bc cao. Cc MBA cng sinh ra sng iu ha khi vn hnh in p cao hn in p nh mc.

ng c:

Tng t MBA, ng c xoay chiu khi hot ng sinh ra sng iu ha dng in bc cao. Cc sng iu ha bc cao c pht sinh bi my in quay lin quan ch yu ti cc bin thin ca t tr gy ra bi cc khe h gia roto v stato. Cc my in ng b c th sn sinh ra sng iu ha bc cao bi v dng t trng, s bo ha trong cc mch chnh, cc ng r v do cc dy qun dng gim dao ng t khng i xng.

Cc n hunh quang:

Ngy nay cc n hunh quang c s dng rng ri do c u im l tit kim c chi ph. Thc t th loi n ny khng hn g v hiu qu to nh sng vi n dy t, im ni tri hn ca n l sng c duy tr trong thi gian di, tui th ln hn. Tuy nhin sng iu ha bc cao sinh ra bi n hunh quang cng rt ln.

Cc thit b h quang:

Cc thit b thng gp trong h thng in l cc l h quang cng nghip, cc my hn Theo thng k th in p l h quang cho thy sng iu ha bc cao u ra bin thin rt ln v d nh sng iu ha bc 5 l 8% khi bt u nng chy, 6% cui gian on nng chy v 2% ca giai on c bn trong sut thi gian tinh luyn.

Thit b in t cng sut:

Bn thn cc b bin i in t cng sut (chnh lu, nghch lu, iu p xoay chiu) u c cu thnh t cc thit b bn dn nh diode, thyristor, MOSFET, IGBT, GTO l nhng phn t phi tuyn l ngun gc gy sng iu ha bc cao. Ty thuc vo cu trc ca cc b bin i m sng iu ha sinh ra khc nhau. Cc mch chnh lu trong bin tn thng l chnh lu cu ba pha c u im l n gin, r, chc chn nhng thnh phn u vo cha nhiu sng iu ha. Do gim bt sng iu ha c th dng hai mch chnh lu cu ba pha ghp li vi nhau to thnh chnh lu 12 xung hoc ghp 4 b chnh lu cu ba pha vo to thnh b chnh lu 24 xung s cho ra dng in trn hn, gim c cc thnh phn iu ha. T c th thy l khi mun gim sng iu ha dng in ta c th tng s van trong mch chnh lu ln. Tuy nhin khi gy ra mt s bt li nh cng knh, nng, iu khin phc tp, tn tht cng sut v sinh ra sng iu ha dng in bc cao khi ti khng i xng hoc in p khng i xng. Ta xt dng sng iu ha gy ra bi mt s b bin i cng sut:

Chnh lu cu mt pha (ti c tnh cm)

S mch chnh lu cu mt pha khng iu khin c m phng trn phn mm matlab/simulink nh hnh sau:

Hnh 2. . S chnh lu cu mt pha khng iu khin Dng in trn ng dy cp ngun cho b chnh lu:

Hnh 2. . Dng sng dng in ngun cp cho b chnh lu

Hnh 2. . Ph dng in chnh lu cu mt pha

Chnh lu cu ba pha khng iu khin (ti c tnh cm)

Hnh 2. . S chnh lu cu ba pha khng iu khin Dng sng dng in trn pha A ca ngun cp cho chnh lu

Hnh 2. . Dng in li gy bi b chnh lu cu ba pha khng iu khin

Hnh 2. . Ph dng in chnh lu cu ba pha khng iu khin Ta thy dng in u vo b chnh lu cu ba pha khng iu khin c mo rt ln THD=35,01 %. Cc thnh phn sng iu ha ny l do tnh phi tuyn ca b chnh lu cu gy ra. Trong cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc 5, 7, 11, 13 l ch yu.

Chnh lu cu 3 pha c iu khin (ti c tnh cm)

S mch chnh lu ba pha c iu khin c m phng trn phn mm matlab/simulink nh hnh 1.12. S s dng b ngun xoay chiu ba pha, c hiu in th hiu dng 220V, cc gc lch pha nhau 1200. Khi chnh lu c iu khin s dng cc tiristor cng sut.

Hnh 2. . S chnh lu cu ba pha c iu khin

Trng hp gc iu khin alpha bng 300 Dng in li gy bi b chnh lu cu 3 pha c iu khin 300

Hnh 2. . Dng in b chnh lu cu ba pha ng vi gc iu khin 300

Hnh 2. . Ph dng in chnh lu cu 3 pha c iu khin 300

Trng hp gc iu khin alpha bng 900 Dng in li gy bi b chnh lu cu 3 pha c iu khin 900

Hnh 2. . Dng in b chnh lu cu ba pha ng vi gc iu khin 900

Hnh 2. . Ph dng in chnh lu cu 3 pha c iu khin 900 T kt qu trn vi chnh lu cu ba pha c iu khin ta thy khi thay i gc iu khin th mo dng in cng tng ln rt ln THD=122.52% trong trng hp gc iu khin l 900 so vi khi gc iu khin 300 c THD=34,42% . Nh vy khi cng tng gc iu khin th cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao sinh ra cng ln lm mo dng in cng tng.
3. nh hng ca sng hi

S tn ti sng iu ha bc cao gy nh hng ti tt c cc thit b v ng dy truyn ti in. Chng gy ra qu p, mo in p li lm gim cht lng in nng. Ni chung chng gy ra tng nhit trong cc thit b v nh hng ti cch in, lm tng tn hao in nng, lm gim tui th ca thit b, trong nhiu trng hp thm ch cn gy hng thit b. nh hng quan trng nht ca sng iu ha bc cao l vic lm tng gi tr hiu dng cng nh gi tr nh ca dng in v in p, c th thy r qua cng thc sau:

Khi gi tr hiu dng v gi tr bin ca tn hiu dng in hay in p tng do sng iu ha bc cao s gy ra mt s vn :

Lm tng pht nng ca dy dn in, thit b in. Gy nh hng n bn cch in ca vt liu, lm gim kh nng mang ti ca dy dn in. Vi MBA: Cc sng iu ha bc cao gy ra tn tht ng, tn tht t thng tn v tn tht st lm tng nhit MBA do lm tng tn tht in nng. ng c in: Tn hao trn cun dy v li thp ng c tng, lm mo dng momen, gim hiu sut my, gy ting n, cc sng iu ha bc cao cn c th sinh ra momen xon trc ng c hoc gy ra dao ng cng hng c kh lm hng cc b phn c kh trong ng c. Gy nh hng n hot ng ca cc thit b bo v (tc ng sai): cc sng iu ha bc cao c th lm momen tc ng ca rle bin dng gy ra hin tng nhy, tc ng ngc, c th lm mo dng in p, dng in dn n thi im tc ng ca rle sai lch, gy cnh bo nhm ca cc UPS. Vi cc thit b o: nh hng n sai s ca cc thit b o, lm cho kt qu o b sai lch. Vi t in: lm cho t b qu nhit v trong nhiu trng hp c th dn ti ph hy cht in mi. Cc sng iu ha bc cao cn lm cc thit b s dng in v n chiu sng b chp chn nh hng n con ngi. Gy nh hng ti cc thit b vin thng: cc sng iu ha bc cao c th gy sng in t lan truyn trong khng gian lm nh hng n thit b thu pht sng.

4. Mt s tiu chun gii hn thnh phn sng hi trn li

Vi nhng tc hi to ln c cp phn trn, vic quy nh mt tiu chun thng nht v cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao trn li cn c a ra hn ch nh hng ca chng ti cc thit b tiu dng in khc v m bo cht lng in nng cho li in. nc ta hin cha c tiu chun no v vic hn ch thnh phn sng hi trn li. Tuy nhin vi s pht trin mnh m v cng nghip nc ta hin nay, vic xy dng v p dng cc tiu chun gii hn sng hi trn li in l vn tt yu trong thi gian ti y.

Trn th gii xy dng v p dng mt s tiu chun nh tiu chun IEEE std 519, IEC 1000-4-3 gii hn cc thnh phn sng hi trn li in. Sau y s gii thiu mt s tiu chun trn th gii v gii hn cc thnh phn sng hi trn li in m Vit Nam c php p dng.
1. Tiu chun IEEE std 519

Tiu chun IEEE std 519 gii hn nhiu in p trn li in (IEEE std 519, Recommend Practices for Ultilities) Tiu chun c trnh by bng sau: Bng 2. . Gii hn nhiu in p theo tiu chun IEEE std 519

in p ti im ni chung (Point Common Couping)

Nhiu in p tng loi sng iu ha (%)=Uh/Ul

Nhiu in p tng cng cc loi sng hi THD (%)

69kV v thp hn Trn 69kV ti 161kV Trn 161kV

3,0 1,5 1,0

5,0 2,5 1,5

Tiu chun IEEE std 519 gii hn nhiu dng in trn li in (IEEE std 519, Recommend Practices for Individual Comsumer)

Tiu chun ny gii hn nhiu dng in cho h thng phn phi chung quy nh cho cp in p t 120V ti 69KV. Tiu chun c trnh by trong bng sau.

Bng 2. . Gii hn nhiu dng in theo tiu chun IEEE std 519
Nhiu dng in ti a (% ca Iti) (Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion)

T s ngn mch (SCR=ISC/ Iti )

h< 11

11h<17

17h<23 23h<35

h 35

THD

Di 20 20 ti 50 50 ti 100 100 ti 1000 Trn 1000

4,0 7,0 10,0 12,0 15,0

2,0 3,5 4,5 5,5 7,0

1,5 2,5 4,0 5,0 6,0

6,0 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5

0,3 0,5 0,7 1,0 1,4

5,0 8,0 12,0 15,0 20,0

Hi bc chn c gii hn ti 25% ca gii hn bc l trn h: bc ca sng iu ha

2. Tiu chun IEC 1000-3-4

Bng sau trnh by tiu chun IEC 1000-3-4, quy phm tiu chun c tnh bt buc cho thit b trn 75A dng u vo mi pha Bng 2. . Tiu chun IEC 1000-3-4
Bc sng iu ha (n) Dng iu ha c th chp nhn c In/Il (%) Bc sng iu ha (n) Dng iu ha c th chp nhn cIn/Il (%)

3 5 7 9

19 9,5 6,5 3,8

19 21 23 25

1,1
0,6

0,9 0,8

11 13 15 17

3,1 2,0 0,7 1,2

27 29 31
33

0,6

0,7 0,7
0,6

Sng hi bc chn: 4/n hoc 0,6

4. Cc phng php lc sng hi

nng cao cht lng in nng th vic p dng cc tiu chun gii hn sng hi l vn tt yu, nhng lm th no chng ta da sng hi nm trong gii hn cho php ? chnh l vic phi s dng cc b lc sng hi. B lc l thit b to ra c tuyn tn s nh trc m chc nng ca n l cho mt s tn s i qua nht nh ng thi loi b nhng tn s khc. Cc b lc sng hi c s dng ph bin hin nay l:

B lc th ng (Passive Filter). B lc ch ng (Active Filter). B lc hn hp c ch ng v th ng.

1. B lc th ng

Bao gm cc phn t R, L, C c ghp ni vi nhau v c la chn cho mt tn s lc xc nh. Nguyn l lm vic ca b lc loi ny l ngn mch i vi sng iu ha cn lc sng iu ha chy ra khi h thng. Trong s lc ba pha c hai loi b lc l b lc RC v b lc LC. Trong c hai loi b lc ny u c t in, t in c th mc hnh tam gic hoc hnh sao. Khi mc t in hnh tam gic c u im l tit kim dung lng t, song khng loi tr c ht sng iu ha in p dy. B t u hnh sao c dung lng t tng ln 3 ln nhng loi c sng iu ha c in p dy v in p pha v c bit khi t u sao c trung tnh th c th loi lun c in p th t khng sinh ra bi s chuyn mch van bn dn. Cc loi lc c s dng ph bin nh:

B lc RC

Cu trc b lc RC c th hin nh hnh 2.17

u im B lc RC l loi b lc n gin nht, gi thnh r. Vn hnh n nh. Nhc im C tn hao trn in tr, tn hao ny cng ln khi cng sut ln. Kh nng chn lc tn s km.

Hnh 2. . B lc RC

B lc RC Cu trc b lc LC c th hin nh hnh sau

Hnh 2. . B lc LC

u im: B lc LC c kh nng lc tt nht, c kh nng lc c nhiu tn s theo mun.

Nhc im:
o o o

Gi thnh t v s vn hnh ca mch km tin cy hn b lc RC do trong mch c cun cm. Gy nhiu cho cc thit b thng tin do c s pht sinh sng in t t cun cm. C th xut hin hin tng cng hng lm tng dng v p dn n hng thit b.

Khi u thp ca di m tn cc tr s in cm tng khi tn s cn thit lc gim gy mt s vn nh:

Do cun cm l thit b c tn hao bn trong bn thn n v tn hao li

tng r rt khi cn in cm rt ln cho tn s thp. hao ny lm suy gim ng k h s phm cht i vi mi cun dy v c tuyn lc b lch i nhiu so vi dng cn thit. Khi in cm cun dy ln th lm tng kch thc ca chng dn n lm tng kch thc b lc ng thi lm tng gi thnh b lc.
2. B lc ch ng

Da trn nn tng l cc b bin i in t cng sut ln do b lc tch cc c nguyn l lm vic khc b lc th ng cng nh c nhiu u im v tnh nng hn. Mc d c nhiu phng php kh v hn ch sng iu ha bc cao nh dng b lc th ng, s dng my bin p u /Y Nhng phng php s dng b lc tch cc l phng php hin i ngy cng chim u th, rt mm do trong cu hnh phn cng ln phn mm x l ph hp vi nhng loi ti v cc iu kin in p ngun cung cp khc nhau.

Vai tr ca b lc tch cc B sng iu ha in p

B in p thng khng c ch nhiu trong h thng in v in p tiu th ti im u dy chung thng duy tr trong phm vi gii hn c bn i vi cc s c tng hoc gim p. Vn b in p ch c xem xt n khi ti nhy vi s xut hin sng iu ha in p bc cao trong li ngun nh cc thit b bo v h thng in.

B sng iu ha dng in

B sng iu ha dng in c ngha quan trng i vi cc ti c cng sut va v nh. Vic gim thnh phn sng iu ha dng in trong li cn c tc dng gim mo dng in p ti im u dy chung.

B cng sut

B lc tch cc ngoi chc nng lc c th thm chc nng b cng sut phn khng, tuy nhin khi thm chc nng b cng sut phn khng th mch iu khin s rt phc tp, b hn ch v cng sut. Do thng kt hp chc nng b cng sut phn khng v lc sng iu ha di cng sut nh, di cng sut ln th c th b bng SVC (Static Var Compensators) ng ngt bng thyristor, tuy n p ng chm nhng gi thnh r .

Phn loi b lc tch cc

C nhiu cch phn loi da theo cc tiu ch khc nhau chng hn nh da vo b bin i cng sut c s dng, da theo s kt ni b lc, da theo ngun cp

Phn loi theo b bin i cng sut:

Cn c vo b bin i cng sut trong b lc ta c hai loi b lc tch cc: cu trc b bin i ngun p VSI (Voltage Source Inverter) v b bin i ngun dng CSI (Curent Source Inverter).

Cu trc b lc tch cc VSI

Hnh 2. . Cu hnh VSI c im ca cu trc VSI l c th m rng ra cu trc a bc

Cu trc b lc tch cc CSI

Hnh 2. . Cu hnh CSI c im ca b lc CSI l c tn s ng ct hn ch, tn hao ng ct ln, khng th m rng ra cu trc a bc

Phn loi theo s :

Phn loi theo s ta c b lc tch cc song song AF, b lc tch cc ni tip AFs v b lc tch cc thng nht UPQC

B lc tch cc song song (Shunt Active Filter AF)

Hnh 2. . B lc tch cc song song AF

c im ca b lc tch cc song song l b sng hi dng in, b cng sut phn khng, b dng in khng cn bng.

B lc tch cc ni tip (Series Active Filter Afs)

Hnh 2. . B lc tch cc ni tip AFs c im ca b lc tch cc ni tip l b sng hi in p bc cao, iu chnh v cn bng in p ti im bt ni.

B lc tch cc thng nht (Unified Power Quality Conditioner UPQC)

L s kt hp ca b lc tch cc ni tip AFs v b lc tch cc song song. Trong UPQC, b lc tch cc ni tip AFs c chc nng cch ly sng iu ha gia ti v ngun, iu chnh in p, gim dao ng, gi in p cn bng. Cn b lc tch cc song song AF c chc nng lc sng iu ha, trit tiu thnh phn th t m. Tuy nhin gi thnh t v iu khin phc tp. S b lc tch cc thng nht nh hnh v sau

Hnh 2. . B lc tch cc thng nht UPQC

Phn loi theo ngun cp Cn c vo ngun cung cp cho ti m b lc tch cc u vo m ngi ta chia

ra:

B lc tch cc hai dy: dng cho ti phi tuyn mt pha. B lc tch cc ba dy: dng cho ti phi tuyn ba pha khng c trung tnh.

Hnh 2. . B lc tch cc ba dy

B lc tch cc bn dy:

B lc tch cc bn dy c th dng cho ti phi tuyn mt pha cp ngun t h thng ngun cp bn dy (c thm dy trung tnh) hoc dng cho ti phi tuyn ba pha c dy trung tnh. Trong h ny b lc s loi b s qu dng dy trung tnh.

Trong b lc tch cc loi ny, c th chia ra b lc tch cc bn dy c im gia v b lc tch cc bn dy. Cu trc b lc tch cc bn dy c im gia thng c s dng ph bin hn do n yu cu s van bn dn t hn, tuy nhin cu trc iu khin s phc tp hn v yu cu t c dung lng ln, c bit vn cm bng in p trn t cn phi c quan tm. Trong khi cu trc bn dy th iu khin n gin hn, dung lng t yu cu thp hn nhng cn s van chuyn mch ln hn.

Hnh 2. . B lc tch cc bn dy c im gia

Hnh 2. . B lc tch cc bn dy
2. B lc hn hp

Thc cht l s kt hp ca b lc th ng v b lc tch cc. Mc ch l gim chi ph u t ban u v ci thin hiu qu ca b lc th ng. B lc th ng s lc nhng sng iu ha m b lc tch cc khng lc c hoc lc mt cch kh khn. Chnh v th thng s ch tiu ca b lc th ng s khng cn qu cao qua gim c chi ph. S cu trc b lc hn hp nh hnh 1.28a v hnh 1.28b.

Hnh 2. . B lc hn hp Ngoi ra khi kt hp AF v AFs ta c b UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) gi l b lc tch tch cc thng nht, kt hp c c tnh nng ca AF v AFs nh trnh by phn trn.
2. Chc nng v nguyn l lm vic ca b lc tch cc

Trong phn ny ta s tm hiu nguyn l lm vic ca b lc tch cc loi song song AF v b lc tch cc loi ni tip AFs.

B lc tch cc song song AF

Chc nng ca AF l trit tiu cc sng iu ha dng in bc cao sinh bi ti phi tuyn nh hng ln ng dy, tr li cho dng in trn ng dy hnh sin chun. Ngoi ra AF cn c th b cng sut phn khng ti im kt ni gia AF v li in. Vic xc nh v tr t b lc cn phi c tnh ton theo mt s nguyn tc nh:

Gim thiu ti a thi gian truyn, khong cch lan truyn ca sng iu ha trn ng dy. iu ny c thc hin bng vic t thit b lc gn ngun sinh sng iu ha. t thit b lc gia ngun vi cc thit b nhy cm vi sng iu ha hn ch nh hng ca sng iu ha ti thit b. thc hin chc nng ny b lc AF hot ng nh mt b ngun ba pha to ra dng in thch hp bm ln ng dy. Dng in ny s trit tiu cc sng iu ha bc cao sinh ra bi ti phi tuyn l thnh phn ngc pha vi tng sng iu ha dng in bc cao. Thnh phn b cng sut phn khng S sau th hin nguyn l lm vic ca b lc tch tch cc song song AF

Hnh 2. . S th hin nguyn l lm vic ca AF Ta c th phn tch thnh phn dng ti hnh hai thnh phn, l thnh phn c bn iF v thnh phn sng hi ih. iL = iF + ih Dng do AF bm ln ng dy: iC = ih Khi dng trn ng dy s l: iS = iL - ih = iF + ih - ih = iF Nh vy dng trn ng dy ch cha thnh phn c bn, cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao c b lc loi b. Nu nhn t pha ti b lc AF tng ng vi mt tr khng song song c th thay i vi tr khng bng khng, hoc rt nh so vi cc sng iu ha v bng v cng ln vi thnh phn c bn.

B lc tch cc ni tip AFs

Chc nng ca b lc tch cc ni tip AFs l trit tiu thnh phn sng iu ha in p bc cao sinh bi ti phi tuyn in p c dng sinh chun. Ngoi ra n cn c chc nng iu chnh v cn bng in p. thc hin chc nng ny AFs to ra s cch ly v sng iu ha bc cao gia ti v li thng qua vic to mt in p tng ng dc ng dy pha th cp my bin p kt ni. S sau th hin nguyn l lm vic ca b lc tch cc ni tip

Hnh 2. . Cu trc b lc ni tip AFs Ta c th phn tch in p ngun thnh hai thnh phn l: thnh phn c bn UF v thnh phn sng hi Uh. US = U F + U h in p dc ng dy do AFs to ra ngc pha so vi tng sng iu ha in p bc cao v trit tiu thnh phn bc cao ny m bo in p c dng sin. Nhn t pha ti AFs to ra mt tng tr ng dy, tng tr ny bng khng i vi sng c bn v bng v cng ln vi cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao do gia ngun v ti c s cch ly sng iu ha. Kt lun chng 2 Trong chng ny ti i tm hiu v tng quan v sng hi, nguyn nhn, tc hi v cc tiu chun gii hn sng hi quc t m Vit Nam c p dng. ti i phn tch chi tit sng hi ca mt s b bin i in t cng sut gy ra cho li in, t nh gi c mc nh hng ca chng ln li in.