_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch

in - 1

 Chng3
PHNG TRNH MCH IN
KHI NIM V TOPO
Mt s nh ngha
nh l v topo mch
PHNG TRNH NT
Mch cha ngun dng in
Mch cha ngun hiu th
PHNG TRNH VNG
Mch cha ngun hiu th
Mch cha ngun dng in
BIN I V CHUYN V NGUN
Bin i ngun
Chuyn v ngun
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Trong chng ny, chng ta gii thiu mt phng php tng qut gii cc mch
in tng i phc tp. l cc h phng trnh nt v phng trnh vng. Chng ta cng
cp mt cch s lc cc khi nim c bn v Topo mch, phn ny gip cho vic thit lp
cc h phng trnh mt cch c hiu qu.

3.1 Khi nim v Topo MCH

Trong mt mch, n s chnh l dng in v hiu th ca cc nhnh. Nu mch c B
nhnh ta c 2B n s v do cn 2B phng trnh c lp gii. Lm th no vit v
gii 2B phng trnh ny mt cch c h thng v t c kt qu chnh xc v nhanh nht,
l mc ch ca phn Topo mch.
Topo mch ch n cch ni nhau ca cc phn t trong mch m khng n
bn cht ca chng.

3.1.1. Mt s nh ngha
Gin thng

v gin thng tng ng ca mt mch ta thay cc nhnh ca mch bi cc

on thng (hoc cong) v cc nt bi cc du chm.

(a)

(b)
(H 3.1)

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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch

in - 2
Trong gin cc nhnh v nt c t tn hoc nh s th t. Nu cc nhnh c
nh hng (thng ta ly chiu dng in trong nhnh nh hng cho gin ), ta c gin
hu hng.
(H 3.1b) l gin nh hng tng ng ca mch (H 3.1a).
Gin con
Tp hp con ca tp hp cc nhnh v nt ca gin .
Vng

Gin con khp kn. Mi nt trong mt vng phi ni vi hai nhnh trong vng .
Ta gi tn cc vng bng tp hp cc nhnh to thnh vng hoc tp hp cc nt thuc vng
.
Th d:
(H 3.2a): Vng (4,5,6) hoc (a,b,o,a).
(H 3.2b): Vng (1,6,4,3) hoc ( a,b,o,c,a).

(a)

(b)
(H 3.2)

Cy

Gin con cha tt c cc nt ca gin nhng khng cha vng.

Mt gin c th c nhiu cy.
Th d:
(H 3.3a): Cy 3,5,6 ;
(H 3.3b): Cy 3,4,5 . . ..

(a)

(b)
(H 3.3)

* Cch v mt cy: Nhnh th nht c chn ni vi 2 nt, nhnh th hai ni 1

trong hai nt ny vi nt th 3 v nhnh theo sau li ni mt nt na vo cc nt trc. Nh
vy khi ni N nt, cy cha N-1 nhnh.
Th d v cy ca (H 3.3b) ta ln lt lm tng bc theo (H 3.4).

(H 3.4)

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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch

in - 3
phn bit nhnh ca cy vi cc nhnh khc trong gin , ngi ta gi nhnh ca
cy l cnh v cc nhnh cn li gi l nhnh ni. Cnh v nhnh ni ch c ngha sau khi
chn cy.
Gi L l s nhnh ni ta c:
B = (N - 1) + L
Hay L = B - N +1
(3.1)
Trong B l s nhnh ca gin , N l s nt.
Trong gin trn hnh 3.1 : B = 6, N = 4 vy L = 6 - 4 + 1 = 3
Nhn thy, mt cy nu thm mt nhnh ni vo s to thnh mt vng c lp ( l
vng cha t nht mt nhnh khng thuc vng khc ).
Vy s vng c lp ca mt gin chnh l s nhnh ni L.

3.1.2. nh l v Topo mch

Nhc li, mt mch gm B nhnh cn 2B phng trnh c lp gii, trong B
phng trnh l h thc v - i ca cc nhnh, vy cn li B phng trnh phi c thit lp t
nh lut Kirchhoff .
nh l 1:
Gin c N nt, c (N -1) phng trnh c lp do nh lut KCL vit cho (N-1) nt
ca gin .
Tht vy, phng trnh vit cho nt th N c th suy t (N-1) phng trnh kia.
nh l 2
Hiu th ca cc nhnh (tc gia 2 nt) ca gin c th vit theo (N-1) hiu th c
lp nh nh lut KVL.
Tht vy, mt cy ni tt c cc nt ca gin , gia hai nt bt k lun c mt
ng ni ch gm cc cnh ca cy, do hiu th gia hai nt c th vit theo hiu th ca
cc cnh ca cy. Mt cy c (N - 1) cnh, vy hiu th ca mt nhnh no ca gin cng
c th vit theo (N-1) hiu th c lp ca cc cnh.
Trong th d ca (H 3.1), cy gm 3 nhnh 3, 4, 5 c bit quan trng v cc cnh ca
n ni vi mt nt chung O, O gi l nt chun. Hiu th ca cc cnh l hiu th gia cc
nt a, b, c (so vi nt chun). Tp hp (N - 1) hiu th ny c gi l hiu th nt.
Nu mch khng c c tnh nh trn th ta c th chn mt nt bt k lm nt chun.
nh l 3
Ta c L = B - N +1 vng hay mt li c lp vi nhau, trong ta c th vit phng
trnh t nh lut KVL.
nh l 4
Mi dng in trong cc nhnh c th c vit theo L = B - N +1 dng in c lp
nh nh lut KCL.
Cc vng c lp c c bng cch chn mt cy ca gin , xong c thm 1 nhnh
ni vo ta c 1 vng. Vng ny cha nhnh ni mi thm vo m nhnh ny khng thuc
mt vng no khc. Vy ta c L = B - N + 1 vng c lp. Cc dng in chy trong cc
nhnh ni hp thnh mt tp hp cc dng in c lp trong mch tng ng .
Th d: Trong gin (H 3.1b), nu ta chn cy gm cc nhnh 3,4,5 th ta c cc
vng c lp sau y:

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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch

in - 4

(H 3.5)

Mt phng php khc xc nh vng c lp l ta chn cc mt li trong mt

gin phng (gin m cc nhnh ch ct nhau ti cc nt). Mt li l mt vng khng
cha vng no khc. Trong gin (H 3.1b) mt li l cc vng gm cc nhnh: (4,5,6),
(2,3,4) & (1,2,6).
Mt mt li lun lun cha mt nhnh khng thuc mt li khc nn n l mt
vng c lp v s mt li cng l L.
Cc nh l trn cho ta B phng trnh gii mch :
Gm (N-1) phng trnh nt v (L = B - N + 1) phng trnh vng.
V tng s phng trnh l:
(N-1) + L = N - 1 + B - N + 1 = B

3.2 Phng trnh Nt

3.2.1 Mch ch cha in tr v ngun dng in
Trong trng hp ngoi in tr ra, mch ch cha ngun dng in th vit phng
trnh nt cho mch l bin php d dng nht gii mch. Chng ta lun c th vit phng
trnh mt cch trc quan, tuy nhin nu trong mch c ngun dng in ph thuc th ta cn
c thm cc h thc din t quan h gia cc ngun ny vi cc n s ca phng trnh mi
iu kin gii mch.
Ngun dng in c lp:
Nu mi ngun trong mch u l ngun dng in c lp, tt c dng in cha bit
c th tnh theo (N - 1) in th nt. Ap dng nh lut KCL ti (N - 1) nt, tr nt chun, ta
c (N - 1) phng trnh c lp. Gii h phng trnh ny tm hiu th nt. T suy ra
cc hiu th khc.
Th d 3.1:
Tm hiu th ngang qua mi ngun dng in trong mch (H 3.6)

(H 3.6)

Mch c 3 nt 1, 2, O; N = 3 vy N - 1 = 2, ta c 2 phng trnh c lp.

Chn nt O lm chun, 2 nt cn li l 1 v 2 . v1 v v2 chnh l hiu th cn tm.
Vit KCL cho nt 1 v 2.
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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch

in - 5
v1 v1 v 2
+
=0
4
2
v 2 v1 v 2 v 2
+
+
+2=0
2
3
6

Nt 1: 5 +
Nt 2:

(1)
(2)

Thu gn:
1
1 1
+ v1 v 2 = 5
2
4 2

(3)

1
1 1 1
v 1 + + + v 2 = 2
2
2 3 6
Gii h thng (3) v (4), ta c :
v1 = 8 (V)
v
v2 = 2 (V)

(4)

Thit lp phng trnh nt cho trng hp tng qut

Xt mch ch gm in tr R v ngun dng in c lp, c N nt. Nu khng k

ngun dng in ni gia hai nt j v k, tng s dng in ri nt j n nt k lun c dng:
Gjk (vj - vk )
(3.2)
Gjk l tng in dn ni trc tip gia hai nt j , k ( j k ) gi l in dn chung gia hai nt j
, k ; ta c:
Gjk = Gkj

(3.3)

Gi ij l tng i s cc ngun dng in ni vi nt j.

nh lut KCL p dng cho nt j:

G (v
jk

vk ) = i j

(ij > 0 khi i vo nt j )

Hay

v j G jk G jk vk = i j
k

(jk)

( 3.4)

G jk : L tng in dn ca cc nhnh c mt u ti nt j. Ta gi chng l in

k

dn ring ca nt j v k hiu:
G jj = G jk

(3.5)

Phng trnh (3.4) vit li:

G jjv j G jk vk = i j

(j k)

(3.6)

Vit phng trnh (3.6) cho (N - 1) nt ( j = 1, ..., N - 1 ), ta c h thng phng trnh

Nt 1:
G11v1 - G12v2 - G13v3 . . . - G1(.N-1)vN-1 = i1
Nt 2:
- G21 v1 + G22 v 2 - G23 v 3 . . . - G2.(N-1) v N-1 = i2
:
:
:
Nt N -1:
- G(N-1).1 v 1 - G(N-1).2 v 2 . . . +G(N-1)(.N-1) v N-1 = iN-1
Di dng ma trn:

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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch

in - 6

G12 ............... G1.N 1 v1 i 1

G11

- G
21 G 22 ............... G 2.N 1 v2 i 2
: :
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

: :
:
:
:

- GN 1.1 GN 1.2...............GN 1.N 1 vN 1 i N 1

Hay
[G][V] = [I]
(3.7)
[G]: Gi l ma trn in dn cc nhnh, ma trn ny c cc phn t i xng qua ng cho
chnh v cc phn t c th vit mt cch trc quan t mch in .
[V]: Ma trn hiu th nt, phn t l cc hiu th nt.
[I]: Ma trn ngun dng in c lp, phn t l cc ngun dng in ni vi cc nt, c gi
tr dng khi i vo nt.
Tr li th d 3.1:
1 1
1 1 1
G11 = +
; G22 = + +
4 2
2 3 6
i1 = 5A v i2 = - 2A
H phng trnh thnh:
1
1 1
v1 5
4 + 2
2

1
1 1 1
+ + v

2
2 3 6 2
2
Ta c kt qu nh trn.
Ngun dng in ph thuc :

G12 =

1
2

Phng php vn nh trn nhng khi vit h phng trnh nt tr s ca ngun dng in ny
phi c vit theo hiu th nt gii hn s n s vn l N-1. Trong trng hp ny ma
trn in dn ca cc nhnh mt tnh i xng.
Th d: 3.2
Tn hiu th ngang qua cc ngun trong mch (H 3.7).

(H 3.7)

Ta c th vit phng trnh nt mt cch trc quan:

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Nguyn Trung Lp
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_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch

in - 7

1 1
1
4 + 2 v1 2 v2 = 5

1 v + 1 + 1 + 1 v = 3i
3
2 1 2 3 6 2

(1)

H thng c 3 n s, nh vy phi vit i3 theo v1 v v2.

v1 v 2
2
Thay (2) vo (1) v sp xp li
i3 =

(2)

1
3
1
v1 v 2 = 5 & v 1 v 2 = 0
4
2
2

v1 = - 20 (V) v v2 = - 40 (V)

Th d 3.3
Tnh v2 trong mch (H 3.8).

(H 3.8)

Chn nt chun O, v1 & v2 nh trong (H 3.8)

H phng trnh nt l:
1

2 + 1v1 v 2 = 4 + i 3

v1 + 1 + 1 v 2 = i 3

Vi i3 = 5v1
Ta c :

7
2 v1 v2 = 4

10
4v1 + v2 = 0
9

(1)

(2)

(3)

Suy ra :
v2 = - 114 (V)

3.2.2 Mch ch cha in tr v ngun hiu th

Ngun hiu th c lp

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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch

in - 8
Nu mt nhnh ca mch l 1 ngun hiu th c lp, dng in trong nhnh
khng th tnh d dng theo hiu th nt nh trc. V hiu th ca ngun khng cn l n s
nn ch cn (N-2) thay v (N-1) hiu th cha bit, do ta ch cn (N-2) phng trnh nt,
vit nh nh lut KCL gii bi ton. c (N-2) phng trnh ny ta trnh 2 nt ni vi
ngun hiu th th dng in chy qua ngun ny khng xut hin.
Cui cng, tm dng in chy trong ngun hiu th, ta p dng nh lut KCL ti
nt lin h vi dng in cn li ny, sau khi tnh c cc dng in trong cc nhnh ti nt
ny.
Th d 3.4
Tnh v4 v in tr tng ng nhn t 2 u ca ngun hiu th v1 trong (H 3.9).

(H 3.9)

Mch c N = 4 nt v mt ngun hiu th c lp. Chn nt chun O v nt v1 ni vi

ngun v1 = 6 V nn ta ch cn vit hai phng trnh cho nt v2 v v3.
Vit KCL ti nt 2 v 3.

v 2 6 v 2 v 2 v3
1 + 2 + 1 = 0

v3 v 2 + v3 6 + v3 = 0
4
2
1
Thu gn:
5
2 v2 v3 = 6

v + 7 v = 3
2 4 3 2
Gii h thng (2):
32
v2 =
V
9

(1)

(2)

v3 =

26
V
9

2
V
3
Dng i1 l tng cc dng qua in tr 1 v 4.

v4 = v2 - v3 =

6 v2 6 v3 22 7 29
A
+
=
+ =
1
4
9 9 9
in tr tng ng:
i1 =

Rt =

6
54

=
29 29
9

Rt =

54

29

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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch

in - 9
Chng ta cha tm c mt phng php tng qut vit thng cc phng trnh
nt trong nhng mch c cha ngun hiu th.
Trong thc t ngun hiu th thng c mc ni tip vi mt in tr (chnh l ni
tr ca ngun) nn ta c th bin i thnh ngun dng in mc song song vi in tr
(bin i Thevenin, Norton).
Nu ngun hiu th khng mc ni tip vi in ta phi dng phng php chuyn v
ngun trc khi bin i ( cp trong mt phn sau ).
Sau cc bin i, mch n gin hn v ch cha ngun dng in v ta c th vit h
phng trnh mt cch trc quan nh trong phn 3.2.1.
Trong th d 3.3 trn, mch (H 3.9) c th v li nh (H 3.10a) m khng c g
thay i v bin cc ngun hiu th ni tip vi in tr thnh cc ngun dng song song vi
in tr ta c (H 3.10b).

(H 3.10)

V phng trnh nt:

1

1 + + 1 v 2 v3 = 6
2

1 1

- v2 + + + 1v3 = 1,5
4 2

Gii h thng ta tm li c kt qu trn.

Ngun hiu th ph thuc :

Ta cn mt phng trnh ph bng cch vit hiu th ca ngun ph thuc theo hiu
th nt.
Th d 3.5
Tm hiu th v1 trong mch (H 3.11)

(H 3.11)

Mch c 4 nt v cha 2 ngun hiu th nn ta ch cn vit 1 phng trnh nt cho nt

b. Chn nt O lm chun, phng trnh cho nt b l:
vb 24 vb 2v1
+
4 = 0 (1)
1
3
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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch

in - 10
Vi phng trnh ph l quan h gia ngun ph thuc v cc hiu th nt:
vb = 24 - v1
(2)
Thay (2) vo (1), sau khi n gin:
v1=2 (V)

3.3 Phng trnh Vng

Mch c B nhnh, N nt c th vit L = B - N + 1 phng trnh vng c lp . Mi
dng in c th tnh theo L dng in c lp ny.

3.3.1 Mch ch cha in tr v ngun hiu th

Ngun hiu th c lp :

Nu mch ch cha ngun hiu th c lp, cc hiu th cha bit u c th tnh theo
L dng in c lp.
p dng KVL cho L vng c lp (hay L mt li) ta c L phng trnh gi l h
phng trnh vng. Gii h phng trnh ta c cc dng in vng ri suy ra cc hiu th
nhnh t h thc v - i.
Th d 3.6: Tm cc dng in trong mch (H 3.12a).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(H 3.12)

Mch c
N = 5 v B = 6
Vy
L=B-N+1=2
Chn cy gm cc ng lin nt (H 3.12b). Cc vng c c bng cch thm cc
nhnh ni 1 v 2 vo cy.
Dng in i1 v i2 trong cc nhnh ni to thnh tp hp cc dng in c lp. Cc
dng in khc trong mch c th tnh theo i1 v i2.
Mt khc, thay v ch r dng in trong mi nhnh, ta c th dng khi nim dng
in vng. l dng in trong nhnh ni ta tng tng nh chy trong c vng c lp
to bi cc cnh ca cy v nhnh ni (H 3.12c).
Vit KVL cho mi vng:

6(i 1 - i 2 ) + 3i 1 - 60 = 0

2i 2 + 6(i 2 - i 1 ) + 4i 2 + 24= 0
Thu gn:
= 60
( 6 + 3)i 1 - 6i 2

- 6i 1 + (2 + 4 + 6)i 2 = 24
Gii h thng ta c :
i1 = 8A v i2 = 2A
Dng qua in tr 6:

(1)

(2)

i1 - i2 = 6 (A)

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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch

in - 11
Thit lp phng trnh vng cho trng hp tng qut

Coi mch ch cha in tr v ngun hiu th c lp , c L vng.

Gi ij, ik ...l dng in vng ca vng j, vng k ...Tng hiu th ngang qua cc in tr chung
ca vng j v k lun c dng:
Rjk ( ij ik)
Du (+) khi ij v ik cng chiu v ngc li.
Rjk l tng in tr chung ca vng j v vng k. Ta lun lun c:

(3.8)

Rjk = Rkj
vj l tng i s cc ngun trong vng j, cc ngun ny c gi tr (+) khi to ra dng in cng
chiu ij ( chiu ca vng ).
p dng KVL cho vng j:

R (i
jk

i k = vj

(3.10)

i j Rjk Rjk i k = v j

Hay

R jk

(3.11)

chnh l tng in tr chung ca vng j vi tt c cc vng khc tc l tng in tr

c trong vng j.
t
R jk = Rjj v vi qui c Rjk c tr dng khi ij v ik cng chiu v m khi ngc li,

ta vit li (3.11) nh sau:

Rjjij +

i = vj

jk k

(3.12)

i vi mch c L vng c lp :
Vng 1 :
R11i1 + R12i2 + . . . . R1LiL = v1
Vng 2 :
R21i1 + R22i2 + . . . . R2LiL = v2
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Vng L:
RL1i1 + RL2i2 + . . . . RLLiL = vL
Di dng ma trn

R11
R
21
:

:
:

RL.1

R12
R22
:
:
:
RL.2

...............R1.L i 1 v1
...............R2.L i 2 v2
: :
:
=
:
: :
: :
:

...............RLL i L vL

H phng trnh vng vit di dng vn tt:

[R] .[I] = [V]
(3.13)
[R]: Gi l ma trn in tr vng c lp. Cc phn t trn ng cho chnh lun lun
dng, cc phn t khc c tr dng khi 2 dng in vng chy trn n cng chiu, c tr m
khi 2 dng in vng ngc chiu. Cc phn t ny i xng qua ng cho chnh.
[I] : Ma trn dng in vng
[V]: Ma trn hiu th vng
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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch

in - 12
Tr li th d 3.6 ta c th vit h phng trnh vng mt cch trc quan vi cc s liu sau:
R11 = 3 + 6 = 9 ,
R22 = 2 + 4 + 6 = 12 ,
R21 = R12 = - 6 ,
v1 = 60 V
v
v2 = - 24 (V)

Ngun hiu th ph thuc

Nu mch c cha ngun hiu th ph thuc, tr s ca ngun ny phi c tnh theo

cc dng in vng. Trong trng hp ny ma trn in th mt tnh i xng.
Th d 3.7 Tnh i trong mch (H 3.13)

(H 3.13)

Vit phng trnh vng cho cc vng trong mch

6i1- 2 i+ 4i2=15
(1)
4i1+ 2 i+ 6i2= 2 i
(2)
(3)
-2i1+ 8 i+ 2i2=0
3
(2) cho i 1 = i 2
(4)
2
i i
(5)
(3) cho i = 1 2
4
Thay (5) vo (1)
11i1+ 9i2=30
(6)
Thay (4) vo (6) ta c
i2=- 4 A
i1= 6 A
V
i = 2,5 (A)

3.3.2. Mch cha ngun dng in

Ngun dng in c lp

Nu mt nhnh ca mch l mt ngun dng in c lp, hiu th ca nhnh ny kh

c th tnh theo dng in vng nh trc. Tuy nhin nu mt dng in vng duy nht c
v qua ngun dng in th n c tr s ca ngun ny v ch cn (L-1) n s thay v L (bng
cch khng chn nhnh c cha ngun dng lm cnh ca cy).
Th d 3.8: Tnh dng in qua in tr 2 trong mch (H3.14a)

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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch

in - 13

(a)

(H 3.14)

(b)

Mch c B = 8, N = 5, cy c 4 nhnh v 4 vng c lp .

Chn cy nh (H 3.14b) (nt lin), cnh ca cy khng l nhnh c cha ngun dng c lp.
Ta c:
i3 = 10 A v i4 = 12 A
Vit phng trnh vng cho hai vng cn li.
Vng 1:
( 4 + 6 + 2 )i1 - 6i2 - 4i4 = 0
(1)
Vng 2:
- 6i1 + 18i2 + 3i3 - 8i4 = 0
(2)
Thay
i3 = 10 A v i4 = 12 A vo (1) v (2)
12i1 - 6i2

= 48

- 6i1 + 18i2 = 66
Suy ra i1 = 7 (A)
Th d trn cho thy ta vn c th vit c h phng trnh vng cho mch cha
ngun dng in c lp. Tuy nhin ta cng c th bin i v chuyn v ngun (nu cn)
c mch cha ngun hiu th v nh vy vic vit phng trnh mt cch trc quan d dng
hn.
Mch (H 3.14a) c th chuyn di v bin i ngun c mch (H 3.15) di
y.

(a)

(H 3.15)

(b)

Vi mch (H 3.15b), ta vit h phng trnh vng.

Vng 1:
12i1 - 6i2 = 48
Vng 2:
- 6i1 + 18i2 = 96 - 30
Ta c li kt qu trc.
Ngun dng in ph thuc
Tm v1 trong mch (H 3.16)

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(a)

(b)

(c)

(H 3.16)

Mch c B = 5, N = 3 cy c hai cnh v 3 vng c lp .

Chn cy l ng lin nt ca (H 3.16b). Cc ngun dng in nhnh ni
Vit phng trnh cho vng 3
26i3 + 20i2 + 24i1 = 0
(1)
v
1
(2)
Vi i1 = 7A v i2= 1 = i 3
8
4
Thay (2) vo (1)
26i3 - 5i3 + 168 = 0 i3 = - 8 (A) v v1= 16 (V)

3.4 Bin i v chuyn v ngun

Cc phng php bin i v chuyn v ngun nhm mc ch sa son mch cho
vic phn gii c d dng. Mch sau khi bin i hoc phi n gin hn hoc thun tin
hn trong vic p dng cc phng trnh mch in .

3.4.1. Bin i ngun

Ngun hiu th ni tip v ngun dng in song song (H 3.17).

(H 3.17)
Ngun hiu th song song v ngun dng in ni tip.

Ta phi c: v1 = v 2 v i1 = i2.

(H 3.18)
Ngun hiu th song song vi in tr v ngun dng in ni tip in tr : C th b in

tr m khng nh hng n mch ngoi.

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(H 3.19)
Ngun hiu th mc ni tip vi in tr hay ngun dng mc song song vi in tr. Ta c

th dng bin i Thevenin Norton bin i ngun hiu th thnh ngun dng in hay
ngc li cho ph hp vi h phng trnh sp phi vit.

(H 3.20)

3.4.2. Chuyn v ngun :

Khi gp 1 ngun hiu th khng c in tr ni tip km theo hoc 1 ngun dng in
khng c in tr song song km theo, ta c th chuyn v ngun trc khi bin i chng.
Trong khi chuyn v, cc nh lut KCL v KVL khng c vi phm.
Chuyn v ngun hiu th :
(H 3.21) cho ta thy mt cch chuyn v ngun hiu th . Ta c th chuyn mt ngun
hiu th " xuyn qua mt nt " ti cc nhnh khc ni vi nt v ni tt nhnh c cha
ngun ban u m khng lm thay i phn b dng in ca mch, mc d c s thay i v
phn b in th nhng nh lut KVL vit cho cc vng ca mch khng thay i. Hai mch
hnh 3.21a v 3.21b tng ng vi nhau.

(a)

(b)
(H 3.21)

Th d 3.9: Ba mch in ca hnh 3.22 tng ng nhau:

(H 3.22)
Chuyn v ngun dng in:

Ngun dng in i mc song song vi R1 v R2 ni tip trong mch hnh 3.23a c

chuyn v thnh hai ngun song song vi R1 v R2 hnh 3.23b.

(H 3.23)

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nh lut KCL cc nt a, b, c ca cc mch (H 3.23) cho kt qu ging nhau.
Hoc mt hnh thc chuyn v khc thc hin nh (H 3.24a) v (H 3.24b). nh lut
KCL cc nt ca hai mch cng ging nhau, mc d s phn b dng in c thay i
nhng hai mch vn tng ng .

(a)

(H 3.24)

(b)

Th d 3.10: Tm hiu th gia a b ca cc mch hnh 3.25a

(a)

(b)

(c)

(H 3.25)

15 11 55
Suy ra vab =
V
=
8 3
8
55
V
vab =
8

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Tm li, khi gii mch bng cc phng trnh vng hoc nt chng ta nn sa son
cc mch nh sau:
- Nu gii bng phng trnh nt, bin i ch c cc ngun dng in trong mch.
- Nu gii bng phng trnh vng, bin i ch c cc ngun hiu th trong mch.

BI TP
--o0o-1. Dng phng trnh nt, tm v1 v v2 ca mch (H P3.1)
2. Dng phng trnh nt , tm i trong mch (H P3.2).

(H P3.1)

(H P3.2)

3. Dng phng trnh nt tm v v i trong mch (H P3.3).

4. Dng phng trnh nt, tm v trong mch (H P3.4)

(H P3.3)

(H P3.4)

5. Dng phng trnh nt, tm v v v1 trong mch (H P3.5)

6. Cho vg = 8cos3t (V), tm vo trong mch (H P3.6)

(H P3.5)

(H P3.6)

7. Tm v trong mch (H P3.7), dng phng trnh vng hay nt sao cho c t phng trnh
nht.

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(H P3.7)

8. Tm Rin theo cc R, R2, R3 mch (H P3.8).

Cho R1 = R3 = 2K. Tm R2 sao cho Rin = 6K v Rin = 1K

(H P3.8)

9. Cho mch khuch i vi sai (H P3.9)

- Tm vo theo v1, v2, R1, R2, R3, R4.
R2
(v2 v1 )
R1
10. Tm hiu th v ngang qua ngun dng in trong mch (H P3.10) bng cch dng phng
trnh vng ri phng trnh nt.

- Tm lin h gia cc in tr sao cho:

(H P3.9)

11. Tnh li dng in

vo =

(H P3.10)

i0
ca mch (H P.11) trong 2 trng hp.
ii

a. R2 = 0
b. R2 = 1
12. Tm ix trong mch (H P.12)

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(H P.11)

(H P.12)

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