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Mc lc

Cc ch vit tt......................................................................................................1
1. M u...............................................................................................................2
2. Ni dung............................................................................................................3
2.1. Gim nh BKH trong lnh vc nng nghip............................................3
2.1.1. Pht thi KNK t cc ngnh trong lnh vc nng nghip...................3
2.1.2. Cc bin php gim nh BKH trong lnh vc nng nghip.............4
2.1.3. D n CDM trong lnh vc nng nghip.............................................6
2.2. Gim nh BKH trong lnh vc nng lng.............................................6
2.2.1. Pht thi KNK trong lnh vc nng lng..........................................6
2.2.2. Gim pht thi KNK trong lnh vc nng lng.................................7
2.2.3. D n pht trin sch trong lnh vc nng lng ti Vit Nam.........9
2.3. Gim nh BKH trong lnh vc cht thi..................................................9
2.3.1. Pht thi KNK t cht thi..................................................................9
2.3.2. Gim pht thi KNK t rc thi........................................................11
2.3.3. Gim pht thi KNK t nc thi.....................................................11
2.3.4. Mt s d n pht trin sch trong x l cht thi............................11
3.Kt lun............................................................................................................12
Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................12

Cc ch vit tt
1

BKH: Bin i kh hu
KNK: Kh nh knh
PIN: Ti liu tng d n
MtC: Triu tn Cacbon
IPCC: Ban lin chnh ph v bin i kh hu
USEPA: C quan bo v Mi trng ca Hoa K
CDM: C ch pht trin sch
DNA: C quan thm quyn quc gia
CTR: Cht thi rn
EB: Ban chp hnh

1. M u
- Bin i kh hu (BKH) l mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht trong th k 21,
tc ng nghim trng n sn xut, i sng v mi trng trn phm vi ton cu.
BKH cn lm thay i ton din, su sc qu trnh pht trin v an ninh ton cu nh
lng thc, nc, nng lng ng thi nh hng n cc vn v an ton x hi,
vn ha, ngoi giao v thng mi.
- Bin i kh hu lm cho thin tai ngy cng khc lit, gy nhiu tn tht v
ngi, ti sn, c s h tng, km hm s pht trin kinh t - x hi, tc ng xu n
mi trng sng. V nguyn nhn gy ra bin i kh hu ton cu l do: qu trnh
ng lc trong mt t, bc x mt tri v hot ng ca con ngi. Trong nhng thp
k gn y, nhng hot ng pht trin kinh t -x hi vi nhp iu ngy 1 cao trong
nhiu lnh vc nh nng lng, cng nghip, nng - lm nghip v sinh hot lm
tng nng cc kh gy hiu ng nh knh ( N 2O, CH4, H2S v nht l CO2 ) trong kh
quyn lm Tri t nng ln. Lm bin i h thng kh hu v nh hng ti mi
trng kh hu ton cu.
- Di y l mt vi s liu pht thi kh nh knh v bin php gim thiu ca cc
lnh vc: nng lng do t cc nhin liu ho thch ng gp 46%, hot ng nng
nghip to ra khong 9%, cht thi chim khong 3%... tng lng kh nh knh.

2. Ni dung
2.1.Gim nh BKH trong lnh vc nng nghip
2.1.1.

Pht thi KNK t cc ngnh trong lnh vc nng

nghip
-

Theo s liu thng k nm 2000 ca Vin Ngun li Th gii, Lnh vc

nng nghip m rng (bao gm c lm nghip v thay i qu trnh s dng t)


pht thi gn mt phn ba tng lng pht thi KNK ca ton cu. Ring lnh
vc nng nghip chim 13% tng lng pht thi t tng lng pht thi
ton cu. Lng pht thi ny ang c khuynh hng tng ln ti cc nc ang pht
trin trong cc thp k ti, do mt s yu t, trong c s gia tng dn s v thu
nhp.
-

VD: Mt s hot ng trong lnh vc nng nghip pht thi KNK:

H sinh thi

Hot ng

KNK pht thi

Tng CO2 ( triu


tn) (1994)

Trng la

CH4

32,75

Thc n

CH4, N2O

7,07

Cht thi

CH4

2,71

t nng nghip

N2 O

8,06

CH4, N2O, CO2

1,86

Chn nui
HST nng nghip

t nng ph thi

- Bn tiu ngnh pht thi chnh cc loi KNK trong lnh vc nng nghip
l th nhng; chn nui v qun l cht thi; t chy ph phm v ng c;
v trng la nc.
Pht thi KNK t tng th nhng nng nghip
- N2O c to ra qua qu tr nh nit ha hoc qu tr nh kh nit cc hp cht
cha nit trong tng th nhng nng nghip, y l loi pht thi KNK ln nht trong
lnh vc nng nghip, chim ti 37% tng lng pht thi KNK ca lnh vc nng
nghip.

- Nguyn nhn: vo nhng nm t 1940 1950, s bng n dn s t sc p


nn nn nng nghip. Do vy vic p dng k thut canh tc mi c bit l cc
nc pht trin c y mnh, l nn nng nghip c ha hc ha m nhn t ch
yu tng sn lng l s dng phn ha hc & cc ging cy mi.
-

N2O l mt loi KNK c tim nng gy m nng ton cu gp 320 ln so vi

CO2

Pht thi KNK t lnh vc chn nui v qun l cht thi

- Chn nui g, ln, b lm pht thi kh metan (CH4) qua qu trnh tiu ha
thc n v chim ti 32% tng lng pht thi KNK ca lnh vc nng nghip.
- Vic qun l cht thi ca lnh vc chn nui k c thu gom v x l lm
pht thi kh metan (CH4) v chim ti 7% tng lng pht thi KNK ca lnh vc
nng nghip. CH4 l mt loi KNK c tim nng gy m nng ton cu, gp 21 ln so
vi CO2.

Pht thi KNK t vic t chy ng c, ph phm nng nghip


y l lnh vc lm pht thi mt lng ln kh CO2, chim ti 13% tng

lng pht thi KNK ca lnh vc nng nghip

Pht thi KNK t lnh vc trng la nc


Tng lng pht thi kh metan t lnh vc la nc chim ti 11% tng lng

pht thi KNK ca lnh vc nng nghip.


- Vit Nam Lng pht thi t hot ng nng nghip mi nm tng ng
65 triu tn CO2, chim trn 43% tng lng kh nh knh ca c nc. D bo
lng kh thi n nm 2030 s tip tc tng ln gn 30%.

Lnh vc nng nghip m rng (bao gm c lm nghip v thay i qu trnh s

dng t)
- Cht ph rng chim gn 1/5 pht thi kh nh knh trn ton cu nhiu hn
pht thi t lnh vc giao thng.
- Pht thi KNK t lnh vc lm nghip v chuyn i s dng t chim 18%
tng lng pht thi KNK ca ton cu nm 2000.
2.1.2.

Cc bin php gim nh BKH trong lnh vc nng

nghip
Gim nh BKH trong lnh vc nng nghip bao gm c gim pht thi KNK v
tng cng cc b cha v b hp th KNK.

Gim pht thi KNK t tng th nhng nng nghip

Ci tin k thut bn phn cc loi

Bi dng t hu c b mt cht dinh dng

Bi hon v phc dng t thoi ho cc loi t

Theo d bo ca Ban Lin Chnh ph v BKH (IPCC) vic qun l trng trt hp
l s gim c 150 MtC vo nm 2030.

Gim pht thi KNK t lnh vc chn nui v qun l cht thi

Ci tin qun l chn nui gia sc

Quy hoch cy trng v ma v sn xut nhin liu sinh hc

Quy hoch vng ch bin nhin liu sinh hc

Qua vic s dng thc n chn nui hp l gim bt pht thi kh metan, d bo
s gim c 300 MtC vo nm 2030
Vic qun l cht thi s dng lm phn bn cng vi vic thu hi c kh
metan (v d: hm biogas), theo d bo ca IPCC s gim c 75 MTC vo nm
2030.
-

Ti u ha sn xut kh sinh hc thn thin vi mi trng t phn gia sc

nhm gim thiu kh pht thi gy hiu ng nh knh. ti quyt nh s 614/Q- BNNHTQT (31/3/2011). Nhm:
+ Pht trin cng ngh kh sinh hc s dng cht thi chn nui bn vng, v sinh
v ph hp vi iu kin a phng
+ nh gi hiu qu ca vic ti u ha sn xut kh sinh hc thn thin vi mi
trng v ti u ha s dng carbon v cht dinh dng trong cht thi sau biogas
+ Xy dng m hnh h tr quyt nh v phng n nh gi theo chu trnh
nh gi tc ng mi trng ca vic p dng bin php qun l v cng ngh kh
sinh hc mi.

Gim pht thi KNK t vic t chy ng c v ph phm nng nghip

Theo d bo ca C quan bo v Mi trng ca Hoa K (USEPA) nm 2006,

nu khng c tc ng tch cc th lng pht thi KNK ca lnh vc ny s tng ln


40% vo nm 2020.

Gim pht thi KNK t lnh vc trng la nc

iu chnh c cu cy trng v thi v ph hp vi hon cnh BKH.

a dng ho cc hot ng xen canh, lun canh

Ci tin qun l ti tiu la nc

Ci thin hiu qu ti tiu ti cc ng rung c th lm gim c 300

MtC.

Gim pht thi KNK t lnh vc lm nghip v chuyn i s dng t

Cc khu rng nhit i l cc b lu gi ccbon ln nht th gii, mi nm hp

thu khong 1,3 t tn ccbon trn ton cu, tng ng vi khong 15% tng pht
thi ccbon do nhng hot ng ca con ngi thi ra.
- Hn ch khai thc rng, trng rng, ti to rng, phng chng chy rng c
hiu qu
+ Tip tc thc hin chng trnh 5 triu ha nhm tng din tch che ph rng ln
43%
+ Ngn chn khai ph rng ngoi k hoch , phc hi rng bng cc bin php tin
tin, hiu qu. Xy dng chng trnh qun l rng
+ Thc hin ng b cc chnh sch rng: giao t, giao rng, cho thu rng, nh
canh, nh c. Phng chng chy rng c hiu qu
-

Hn ch s dng cc nguyn liu bng g v bo v cc ging cy qu him

Tng cng trng rng ph xanh t trng i trc, bo v v pht trin t

ngp mn. Bo v rng u ngun, rng t nhin


2.1.3. D n CDM trong lnh vc nng nghip
-

Xy dng v thc hin cc d n theo c ch pht trin sch (CDM) v lnh vc

nng nghip tn dng s h tr ca quc t, t mt s kt qu ban u:


+ D n ti trng rng Cao Phong, tnh Ha Bnh c Ban chp hnh quc t
(EB) chp thun vi tng tim nng gim pht thi trong mt nm l 42.645 tCO2
tng ng (vi thi gian thc hin d n l 16 nm)
+ Xy dng c ch sch cho cc trang tri: x l cht thi chn nui theo phng
php Bioga
+Ti trng rng A Li gim 192 tn
2.2. Gim nh BKH trong lnh vc nng lng
2.2.1.

Pht thi KNK trong lnh vc nng lng

- Theo s liu thng k nm 2000 ca Vin Ngun li Th gii, Lnh vc nng


lng pht thi 63% tng lng pht thi KNK ca ton cu.
-

C cu ngun nng lng m con ngi ang s dng hin nay bao gm:

41,76% du m, 24,72% than, 21,16% gas, 6,25% nng lng nguyn t, 6,11% thu
in, cc ngun nng lng khc nh Mt tri, gi, sinh hc, a nhit, thu triu... ch
cha c 1% nhu cu v nng lng ca nhn loi

2.2.2.

Gim pht thi KNK trong lnh vc nng lng

- Chin lc gim nh BKH ca th gii ch trng ti vic tng hiu sut nng
lng v tng cng s dng cc loi nng lng ti to c v cc loi nng lng
mi, c th gim pht thi KNK 50-150 MtC vo nm 2010; 350-700 MtC vo nm
2020 so vi ng c s tng trng lin tc.
- Cc loi nng lng ti to c l dng nng lng sch, khng gy hi cho mi
trng, khng pht thi KNK (hoc rt t) nh nng lng gi, nng lng Mt tri,
nng lng sng bin, nng lng thy triu, a nhit, thy in v in ht nhn.
Cn thn trng khi la chn a im, cng ngh v vn hnh cc nh my in ht
nhn v. lin quan trc tip ti sinh mng v sc
-

Mt s bin php thch ng vi bin i kh hu trong lnh vc nng lng

Cc i
tng

Cc tc ng

Ri ro

Gii php thch ng

Gia tng nhu Tng nhu cu nng - Gii php k thut cng
cu lm mt, lng v chi ph nng trnh, v bao che, mi.
iu ho
lng
Gii php ta nh xanh, tit
kim nng lng
Nhu cu s
dng nng
lng

- S dng vt liu a phng


thch ng mi trng

Tng nhu cu
bm
thot Tng nhu cu dng - C gii php s dng nng
lng hiu qu, gim nhu cu
nc th do in
s dng nng lng
ngp lt
- Tng cng tuyn truyn v
gio dc trong tit kim nng
lng

Ngun
cung cp
nng lng

Nhit tng Tng gi thnh v - Gii php k thut cng


lm gim hiu gim hiu sut
ngh nng cao
sut lm mt
hiu sut nh my
sn xut
nh my in
Tng tr lng Thun li cho cp - Hn ch tht thot, gim gi
thnh cp in
nc
in vi iu kin
m bo d tr nc - C quy hoch ngun nng

lng quc gia,


cho thy in

u ngun
d tr nc cho thy in

nh hng n hot - Tng cng h thng cnh


Tng nguy c ng khai thc
bo sm
bo, lt
kh t v dn khoan
Cc nh my Lm thit hi ti sn
- Quy hoch xy dng m
nhit in
bo code nn chng ngp
Gin on hot ng
cp in
b ngp lt
Gim hiu sut truyn - Nghin cu s dng vt liu
Nhit dy ti trn
v cng ngh mi
dn tng
ng dy in
- m bo cc tiu chun
Mng
li H hng thit b, gin thit k v tiu chun

C s vt
cht
ca mng
li
cung cp

truyn
dn on
xy dng cng trnh
(ng
dy,
cung cp in
trm bin p)
Nguy c n mn v
b ngp
h hng ng dy
trn khng
H hng cc ng
dy ngm
Cc cng trnh B ngp v h hng
thit b

- Quy hoch cao trnh nn

- Quy hoch tt mng li


ng dy cp B n mn bi nc cp thot nc, m bo cht
ngm
mn
lng cc tiu chun k thut
Cc ng ng Gin on cung cp,
chng r r, tht thot
dn gas, kh tht thot kh gas
t c nguy c
b h hi
-

Ngoi ra cn tin hnh gim nh pht thi trong cung ng nng lng

Gim pht thi trong lnh vc tiu th nng lng

2.2.3.

D n pht trin sch trong lnh vc nng lng

ti Vit Nam
Trong nhng nm gn y Vit Nam tch cc xy dng v thc hin cc d n
theo c ch pht trin sch (CDM) v lnh vc nng lng tn dng h tr quc t
-

c 14 d n v nng lng ( trong tng s 24 d n) c ban chp hnh

quc t (EB) chp nhn vi tng tim nng php thi trong 1 nm l 8.929.378 tCO2
tng ng
+ D n thu gom s dng kh ng hnh n Rng ng tnh B Ra Vng Tu
gim 6.740 tn kh thi
+ D n nng cao s dng nng lng nh my bia Thanh Ha: gim 105 tn
+ Cung cp in cho o Ph Qu bng ngun phi hp gi v diesel ( Bnh Thun
): gim 106 tn
+ D n thu gom CH4 v pht in ti bi rc G Ct, thnh ph H Ch Minh
-

C 16 xut tng d n (PIN) thuc lnh vc nng lng trong tng s 23

xut tng d n c DNA ca Vit Nam xc nhn


2.3. Gim nh BKH trong lnh vc cht thi
2.3.1.

Pht thi KNK t cht thi

- Theo s liu thng k nm 2000 ca Vin Ngun li Th gii, lnh vc cht thi
chim 3% tng lng pht thi KNK ca ton cu.
- V rc thi: Nc ta hin c 85 bi chn lp rc, trong ch c tm bi rc (9%)
chn lp sau cng ngh sinh hc, 19 bi rc (22,4%) hp v sinh nhng cha c
phng thc vn hnh v 76,7% bi rc chn lp khng hp v sinh. Rc c chn
lp li mi chim khong 15% tng lng rc c thi ra.
- Phn ch yu rc thi rn ang vt ba bi hoc cht ng khp ni. Rc hu c
khng x l v cc bi rc khng hp v sinh s pht ra lng kh CH4 rt ln.
Mt nghin cu mi cng b ca Chng trnh Quy hoch th Vit Nam
(B Xy dng) cho bit, rc hu c mi nm thi ra 75 triu tn CO 2 tng ng.
Lng kh CO2 ny ngang bng vi lng kh t 15 triu chic xe hi c trung bnh
thi ra trong mt nm. D on, nm 2020 rc hu c pht sinh 113 triu tn CO 2
tng ng. V vy rc khng ch gy hi mi trng cc b, m ang l mt trong
nhng tc nhn chnh gy BKH.

c tnh hin nay, tng lng cht thi rn Vit Nam vo khong 49,3
nghntn/ngy, trong cht thi rn cng nghip chim khong 54,8% (khong 27
nghn tn),cht thi sinh hot chim khong 44,4% (khong 21,9 nghn tn)
v cht thi bnh vin chim khong 0,8% (khong 0,4 nghn tn).

Mi trng khng kh

- Bi, CH4, H2S, NH3,


VOC

Nc mt
Kim loi
nng, cht
c

sinh hot
Sn xut ( Cng, nng)
Thng nghip
Ti ch

Nc ngm

n ung, tip xc qua da

Mi trng t

Qua chui
thc phm

Qua ng h hp

Rc thi

Ngi, ng vt

S tm tt nh hng CTR ti con ngi v mi trng


-

V nc thi: Do hu ht cha c x l nn nc thi vn l mt trong

nhng ngun nhim mi trng v ngun dch bnh ln nht ti Vit Nam. Nc
thi cha qua x l cng l mt ngun pht thi KNK ng ch ., khong 23.226 t CO 2
tng ng (theo s liu kim k KNK nm 1994). Theo s liu thng k cha tht
y , hin Vit Nam mi ch c 5% nc thi sinh hot v nc thi thng mi
c x l, v cng ch c 4,26% nc thi cng nghip c x l t tiu chun.

10

2.3.2.

Gim pht thi KNK t rc thi

Theo IPCC, ci tin vic qun l rc thi c th lm gim pht thi 200MtC
tng ng vo nm 2010 v 320 MtC vo nm 2020 (so vi 240 MtC pht thi nm
1990).
Qun l v x l cht thi l mt trong nhng u tin bo v mi trng, gp
phn gim nh pht thi KNK trong chin lc gim nh BKH.
Cc bin php c u tin chnh l:
Xy dng k hoch p dng cc cng ngh tin tin trong x l rc hu c lm
phn bn, gim chn hn ch nhng tc ng xu n mi trng v hn ch pht
thi kh metan;
Thc hin cc bin php thu hi trit kh metan t cc bi rc c lm
nhin liu.
2.3.3.

Gim pht thi KNK t nc thi

Tuy t l nc thi c x l Vit Nam rt thp (khong 5%), nhng vic xy


dng v thc hin cc d n theo c ch pht trin sch (CDM) v lnh vc x l nc
thi tn dng s h tr ca quc t li kh mnh m:
2.3.4.

Mt s d n pht trin sch trong x l cht thi

Thi gian qua c 2 d n thu hi kh metan ti cc bi chn lp rc c ban


chp hnh quc t (EB) ca C ch pht trin sch (CDM) ng k l d n:
+ D n ti ch nng lng ti Bi chn lp ng Thch, thnh ph H Ch Minh
c ng k l d n CDM t ngy 17/01/2009 vi tng tim nng gim php thi
l 1.033.328 tCO2 trong 7 nm ( 2008 2014)
+ D n ti ch nng lng ti bi chn lp Phc Hip 1, thnh ph H Ch Minh
ng k d n CDM t ngy 25/11/2009 vi tim nng gim pht thi l 929.454
tCO2 trong 7 nm ( 2009 2015)
-

Ngoi ra cn c mt s d n:

+ D n Thu hi kh metan trong h thng x l nc thi tnh Ngh An . c


ng k l D n CDM t ngy 21/12/2009 vi m s 2637 vi tng tim nng gim
pht thi l 217.077 tCO2 trong 7 nm (2009- 2016).

11

3.Kt lun
- BKH v ang nh hng rt nhiu n cuc sng ca con ngi trn ton
cu. BKH l nguyn nhn lm cho mc nc bin trung bnh ton cu tng
ln, quy m bng trn Bc Bng Dng hng nng co li. Lng ma v ch
m thay i: vng nhit i v xch o lng ma c xu th gim dn,
ngc li vng n i lng ma li c xu th gia tng. Cc hin tng thi tit
cc oan nh hn hn, l lt
- Hu qu ca BKH l lm nn kinh t gim st, khng hong lng thc, suy
gim DSH, thiu v nhim ngun nc Do cn c cc bin php gim
thiu pht thi KNK t cc hot ng ca con ngi nh: nng nghip, nng
lng, rc thi
- Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc ng Nam c d bo l mt trong
nhng nc chu nh hng nhiu nht ca mc nc bin dng ln do tnh
trng bin i kh hu. Do vy cn c cc bin php v chnh sch gim thiu s
pht thi KNK nh:
+ trng nhiu cy xanh gim nng CO2 trong kh quyn
+ Tit kim nng lng, hn ch n mc cn thit vic s dng nhin liu ha
thch v sm c k hoch pht trin cc ngun nng lng sch
+ Xy dng chin lc, k hoch hnh ng gim nh thin tai
+ Nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng v kh hu v bin i kh hu c cch
thch ng vi BKH tt nht.

Ti liu tham kho


1. Ti liu: o to tp hun vin v bin i kh hu ( GS. TSKH. Trng
Quang Hc)
2. Ti liu hng dn: nh gi tc ng ca bin i kh hu v xc nh
cc gii php thch ng ( Vin khoa hc kh tng thy vn H Ni)
3. Bin i kh hu v tc ng Vit Nam ( Vin khoa hc kh tng thy
vn v mi trng)

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