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Cc ch vit tt......................................................................................................1
1. M u...............................................................................................................2
2. Ni dung............................................................................................................3
2.1. Gim nh BKH trong lnh vc nng nghip............................................3
2.1.1. Pht thi KNK t cc ngnh trong lnh vc nng nghip...................3
2.1.2. Cc bin php gim nh BKH trong lnh vc nng nghip.............4
2.1.3. D n CDM trong lnh vc nng nghip.............................................6
2.2. Gim nh BKH trong lnh vc nng lng.............................................6
2.2.1. Pht thi KNK trong lnh vc nng lng..........................................6
2.2.2. Gim pht thi KNK trong lnh vc nng lng.................................7
2.2.3. D n pht trin sch trong lnh vc nng lng ti Vit Nam.........9
2.3. Gim nh BKH trong lnh vc cht thi..................................................9
2.3.1. Pht thi KNK t cht thi..................................................................9
2.3.2. Gim pht thi KNK t rc thi........................................................11
2.3.3. Gim pht thi KNK t nc thi.....................................................11
2.3.4. Mt s d n pht trin sch trong x l cht thi............................11
3.Kt lun............................................................................................................12
Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................12
Cc ch vit tt
1
BKH: Bin i kh hu
KNK: Kh nh knh
PIN: Ti liu tng d n
MtC: Triu tn Cacbon
IPCC: Ban lin chnh ph v bin i kh hu
USEPA: C quan bo v Mi trng ca Hoa K
CDM: C ch pht trin sch
DNA: C quan thm quyn quc gia
CTR: Cht thi rn
EB: Ban chp hnh
1. M u
- Bin i kh hu (BKH) l mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht trong th k 21,
tc ng nghim trng n sn xut, i sng v mi trng trn phm vi ton cu.
BKH cn lm thay i ton din, su sc qu trnh pht trin v an ninh ton cu nh
lng thc, nc, nng lng ng thi nh hng n cc vn v an ton x hi,
vn ha, ngoi giao v thng mi.
- Bin i kh hu lm cho thin tai ngy cng khc lit, gy nhiu tn tht v
ngi, ti sn, c s h tng, km hm s pht trin kinh t - x hi, tc ng xu n
mi trng sng. V nguyn nhn gy ra bin i kh hu ton cu l do: qu trnh
ng lc trong mt t, bc x mt tri v hot ng ca con ngi. Trong nhng thp
k gn y, nhng hot ng pht trin kinh t -x hi vi nhp iu ngy 1 cao trong
nhiu lnh vc nh nng lng, cng nghip, nng - lm nghip v sinh hot lm
tng nng cc kh gy hiu ng nh knh ( N 2O, CH4, H2S v nht l CO2 ) trong kh
quyn lm Tri t nng ln. Lm bin i h thng kh hu v nh hng ti mi
trng kh hu ton cu.
- Di y l mt vi s liu pht thi kh nh knh v bin php gim thiu ca cc
lnh vc: nng lng do t cc nhin liu ho thch ng gp 46%, hot ng nng
nghip to ra khong 9%, cht thi chim khong 3%... tng lng kh nh knh.
2. Ni dung
2.1.Gim nh BKH trong lnh vc nng nghip
2.1.1.
nghip
-
H sinh thi
Hot ng
Trng la
CH4
32,75
Thc n
CH4, N2O
7,07
Cht thi
CH4
2,71
t nng nghip
N2 O
8,06
1,86
Chn nui
HST nng nghip
t nng ph thi
- Bn tiu ngnh pht thi chnh cc loi KNK trong lnh vc nng nghip
l th nhng; chn nui v qun l cht thi; t chy ph phm v ng c;
v trng la nc.
Pht thi KNK t tng th nhng nng nghip
- N2O c to ra qua qu tr nh nit ha hoc qu tr nh kh nit cc hp cht
cha nit trong tng th nhng nng nghip, y l loi pht thi KNK ln nht trong
lnh vc nng nghip, chim ti 37% tng lng pht thi KNK ca lnh vc nng
nghip.
CO2
- Chn nui g, ln, b lm pht thi kh metan (CH4) qua qu trnh tiu ha
thc n v chim ti 32% tng lng pht thi KNK ca lnh vc nng nghip.
- Vic qun l cht thi ca lnh vc chn nui k c thu gom v x l lm
pht thi kh metan (CH4) v chim ti 7% tng lng pht thi KNK ca lnh vc
nng nghip. CH4 l mt loi KNK c tim nng gy m nng ton cu, gp 21 ln so
vi CO2.
dng t)
- Cht ph rng chim gn 1/5 pht thi kh nh knh trn ton cu nhiu hn
pht thi t lnh vc giao thng.
- Pht thi KNK t lnh vc lm nghip v chuyn i s dng t chim 18%
tng lng pht thi KNK ca ton cu nm 2000.
2.1.2.
nghip
Gim nh BKH trong lnh vc nng nghip bao gm c gim pht thi KNK v
tng cng cc b cha v b hp th KNK.
Theo d bo ca Ban Lin Chnh ph v BKH (IPCC) vic qun l trng trt hp
l s gim c 150 MtC vo nm 2030.
Gim pht thi KNK t lnh vc chn nui v qun l cht thi
Qua vic s dng thc n chn nui hp l gim bt pht thi kh metan, d bo
s gim c 300 MtC vo nm 2030
Vic qun l cht thi s dng lm phn bn cng vi vic thu hi c kh
metan (v d: hm biogas), theo d bo ca IPCC s gim c 75 MTC vo nm
2030.
-
nhm gim thiu kh pht thi gy hiu ng nh knh. ti quyt nh s 614/Q- BNNHTQT (31/3/2011). Nhm:
+ Pht trin cng ngh kh sinh hc s dng cht thi chn nui bn vng, v sinh
v ph hp vi iu kin a phng
+ nh gi hiu qu ca vic ti u ha sn xut kh sinh hc thn thin vi mi
trng v ti u ha s dng carbon v cht dinh dng trong cht thi sau biogas
+ Xy dng m hnh h tr quyt nh v phng n nh gi theo chu trnh
nh gi tc ng mi trng ca vic p dng bin php qun l v cng ngh kh
sinh hc mi.
MtC.
thu khong 1,3 t tn ccbon trn ton cu, tng ng vi khong 15% tng pht
thi ccbon do nhng hot ng ca con ngi thi ra.
- Hn ch khai thc rng, trng rng, ti to rng, phng chng chy rng c
hiu qu
+ Tip tc thc hin chng trnh 5 triu ha nhm tng din tch che ph rng ln
43%
+ Ngn chn khai ph rng ngoi k hoch , phc hi rng bng cc bin php tin
tin, hiu qu. Xy dng chng trnh qun l rng
+ Thc hin ng b cc chnh sch rng: giao t, giao rng, cho thu rng, nh
canh, nh c. Phng chng chy rng c hiu qu
-
C cu ngun nng lng m con ngi ang s dng hin nay bao gm:
41,76% du m, 24,72% than, 21,16% gas, 6,25% nng lng nguyn t, 6,11% thu
in, cc ngun nng lng khc nh Mt tri, gi, sinh hc, a nhit, thu triu... ch
cha c 1% nhu cu v nng lng ca nhn loi
2.2.2.
- Chin lc gim nh BKH ca th gii ch trng ti vic tng hiu sut nng
lng v tng cng s dng cc loi nng lng ti to c v cc loi nng lng
mi, c th gim pht thi KNK 50-150 MtC vo nm 2010; 350-700 MtC vo nm
2020 so vi ng c s tng trng lin tc.
- Cc loi nng lng ti to c l dng nng lng sch, khng gy hi cho mi
trng, khng pht thi KNK (hoc rt t) nh nng lng gi, nng lng Mt tri,
nng lng sng bin, nng lng thy triu, a nhit, thy in v in ht nhn.
Cn thn trng khi la chn a im, cng ngh v vn hnh cc nh my in ht
nhn v. lin quan trc tip ti sinh mng v sc
-
Cc i
tng
Cc tc ng
Ri ro
Gia tng nhu Tng nhu cu nng - Gii php k thut cng
cu lm mt, lng v chi ph nng trnh, v bao che, mi.
iu ho
lng
Gii php ta nh xanh, tit
kim nng lng
Nhu cu s
dng nng
lng
Tng nhu cu
bm
thot Tng nhu cu dng - C gii php s dng nng
lng hiu qu, gim nhu cu
nc th do in
s dng nng lng
ngp lt
- Tng cng tuyn truyn v
gio dc trong tit kim nng
lng
Ngun
cung cp
nng lng
u ngun
d tr nc cho thy in
C s vt
cht
ca mng
li
cung cp
truyn
dn on
xy dng cng trnh
(ng
dy,
cung cp in
trm bin p)
Nguy c n mn v
b ngp
h hng ng dy
trn khng
H hng cc ng
dy ngm
Cc cng trnh B ngp v h hng
thit b
Ngoi ra cn tin hnh gim nh pht thi trong cung ng nng lng
2.2.3.
ti Vit Nam
Trong nhng nm gn y Vit Nam tch cc xy dng v thc hin cc d n
theo c ch pht trin sch (CDM) v lnh vc nng lng tn dng h tr quc t
-
quc t (EB) chp nhn vi tng tim nng php thi trong 1 nm l 8.929.378 tCO2
tng ng
+ D n thu gom s dng kh ng hnh n Rng ng tnh B Ra Vng Tu
gim 6.740 tn kh thi
+ D n nng cao s dng nng lng nh my bia Thanh Ha: gim 105 tn
+ Cung cp in cho o Ph Qu bng ngun phi hp gi v diesel ( Bnh Thun
): gim 106 tn
+ D n thu gom CH4 v pht in ti bi rc G Ct, thnh ph H Ch Minh
-
- Theo s liu thng k nm 2000 ca Vin Ngun li Th gii, lnh vc cht thi
chim 3% tng lng pht thi KNK ca ton cu.
- V rc thi: Nc ta hin c 85 bi chn lp rc, trong ch c tm bi rc (9%)
chn lp sau cng ngh sinh hc, 19 bi rc (22,4%) hp v sinh nhng cha c
phng thc vn hnh v 76,7% bi rc chn lp khng hp v sinh. Rc c chn
lp li mi chim khong 15% tng lng rc c thi ra.
- Phn ch yu rc thi rn ang vt ba bi hoc cht ng khp ni. Rc hu c
khng x l v cc bi rc khng hp v sinh s pht ra lng kh CH4 rt ln.
Mt nghin cu mi cng b ca Chng trnh Quy hoch th Vit Nam
(B Xy dng) cho bit, rc hu c mi nm thi ra 75 triu tn CO 2 tng ng.
Lng kh CO2 ny ngang bng vi lng kh t 15 triu chic xe hi c trung bnh
thi ra trong mt nm. D on, nm 2020 rc hu c pht sinh 113 triu tn CO 2
tng ng. V vy rc khng ch gy hi mi trng cc b, m ang l mt trong
nhng tc nhn chnh gy BKH.
c tnh hin nay, tng lng cht thi rn Vit Nam vo khong 49,3
nghntn/ngy, trong cht thi rn cng nghip chim khong 54,8% (khong 27
nghn tn),cht thi sinh hot chim khong 44,4% (khong 21,9 nghn tn)
v cht thi bnh vin chim khong 0,8% (khong 0,4 nghn tn).
Mi trng khng kh
Nc mt
Kim loi
nng, cht
c
sinh hot
Sn xut ( Cng, nng)
Thng nghip
Ti ch
Nc ngm
Mi trng t
Qua chui
thc phm
Qua ng h hp
Rc thi
Ngi, ng vt
nhng ngun nhim mi trng v ngun dch bnh ln nht ti Vit Nam. Nc
thi cha qua x l cng l mt ngun pht thi KNK ng ch ., khong 23.226 t CO 2
tng ng (theo s liu kim k KNK nm 1994). Theo s liu thng k cha tht
y , hin Vit Nam mi ch c 5% nc thi sinh hot v nc thi thng mi
c x l, v cng ch c 4,26% nc thi cng nghip c x l t tiu chun.
10
2.3.2.
Theo IPCC, ci tin vic qun l rc thi c th lm gim pht thi 200MtC
tng ng vo nm 2010 v 320 MtC vo nm 2020 (so vi 240 MtC pht thi nm
1990).
Qun l v x l cht thi l mt trong nhng u tin bo v mi trng, gp
phn gim nh pht thi KNK trong chin lc gim nh BKH.
Cc bin php c u tin chnh l:
Xy dng k hoch p dng cc cng ngh tin tin trong x l rc hu c lm
phn bn, gim chn hn ch nhng tc ng xu n mi trng v hn ch pht
thi kh metan;
Thc hin cc bin php thu hi trit kh metan t cc bi rc c lm
nhin liu.
2.3.3.
Ngoi ra cn c mt s d n:
11
3.Kt lun
- BKH v ang nh hng rt nhiu n cuc sng ca con ngi trn ton
cu. BKH l nguyn nhn lm cho mc nc bin trung bnh ton cu tng
ln, quy m bng trn Bc Bng Dng hng nng co li. Lng ma v ch
m thay i: vng nhit i v xch o lng ma c xu th gim dn,
ngc li vng n i lng ma li c xu th gia tng. Cc hin tng thi tit
cc oan nh hn hn, l lt
- Hu qu ca BKH l lm nn kinh t gim st, khng hong lng thc, suy
gim DSH, thiu v nhim ngun nc Do cn c cc bin php gim
thiu pht thi KNK t cc hot ng ca con ngi nh: nng nghip, nng
lng, rc thi
- Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc ng Nam c d bo l mt trong
nhng nc chu nh hng nhiu nht ca mc nc bin dng ln do tnh
trng bin i kh hu. Do vy cn c cc bin php v chnh sch gim thiu s
pht thi KNK nh:
+ trng nhiu cy xanh gim nng CO2 trong kh quyn
+ Tit kim nng lng, hn ch n mc cn thit vic s dng nhin liu ha
thch v sm c k hoch pht trin cc ngun nng lng sch
+ Xy dng chin lc, k hoch hnh ng gim nh thin tai
+ Nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng v kh hu v bin i kh hu c cch
thch ng vi BKH tt nht.
12