EXPERIMENT : STATIC AND DYNAMIC

Objective : To determine the coefficient of a) static friction b) kinetic friction Theory : Static friction (at the onset of motion) :

Figure 1 Referring to Figure 1, if force, F is increased; frictional force, f also increases accordingly and the object will remain at rest. However, for a certain value of F, the object starts to move. At this stage, the frictional force is known as the limiting static friction force, fs which is the maximum value of f. fs = sR fs =smg where s = coefficient of static friction fs = static frictional force R = normal reaction

Kinetic friction (in motion) : Now, if the object is in motion, the frictional force is known as kinetic friction, fk. The kinetic frictional force is less than the static frictional force. That explains why it is difficult to move an object which is initially at rest, but once it is in motion, less force is needed to maintain the motion. fk = kR where k = coefficient of kinetic friction fk = kinetic frictional force R = normal reaction since fk = fs , therefore s > k . Apparatus : i) A piece of plywood ii) A wooden block iii) Two sets of slotted mass with hooks iv) A set of pulley with clamp v) Plasticine Procedure :

Figure 2 Notes : The hanging slotted mass can be replaced by a weighing pan so that a smaller mass can e added.

a) Weigh the mass of the wooden block, mb . b) Set up the apparatus as in Figure 2. Make sure that the string from the block is tied up horizontally to the pulley. c) Add the slotted mass onto the hook gradually until the wooden block begins to slip. Record the total mass, mh. Repeat three times to get the average value of mh. Note : Add mass gently to avoid impulsive force. d) Add different masses, mr onto the wooden block and repeat step (c). e) Repeat step (d) for at least five different values of mr . f) Plot a graph of fs against R where fs = mhg and R = (mr + mb)g . Determine s , the coefficient of static friction from the graph. g) Repeat step (c) but exert a little push to the wooden block every time each mass is added. Record the mass, mh when the block moves slowly and steadily along the plywood. h) Add different masses, mr onto the wooden block and repeat step (g). i) Repeat step (h) for at least five different values of mr . j) Plot a graph of fk against R where fs = mhg and R = (mr + mb)g. Determine k, the coefficient of kinetic friction from the graph. Experimet 1: Without push No. 1 2 3 4 5 Mass of Block, Mb (kg) Mass Of Slotted, Mh (kg) Fs = Mb x g, N R = Mh x g (N)

Experiment 2: With push No. 1 2 3 4 5 Mass of Bock, Mb (kg) Mass Of Slotted, Mh (kg) Fs = Mb x g, N R = Mh x g (N)