Dr.

Padmakar Vishnu Vartak,

M.B.B.S., F.U.W.A.I., Ph.D. (Literature) [U.S.A.]

521 Shaniwar Peth, Pune, 411030.

Tel.No. 020.4450387.

Arctic Home
A critical study of The Arctic Home in the Vedas authored by the late Shri B.G.Tilak. The Arctic Home in the Vedas is a book published in 1903, as a sequel to the late Shri B.G.Tilaks Orion or Researches into the antiquity of the Vedas. In the Orion Tilak suggested that in the Vedic Hymns Vernal equinox is shown in Mruga Nakshatra or Orion and its period is 4500 BC and that it receded to Krittika, about 2500 BC, in the days of Brahmanas. Thus he carried the Vedic period back to 4500 BC, but asked if it was Ultima Thule of the Aryan antiquity. He held the same view as Prof. Bloomfield that the Vedic literature and language is not so primitive as to place with it the real beginnings of the Aryan life. These in all probability and in all due moderation reach back several thousands of years more. Then Tilak was led to a different line of search and finally concluded that the ancestors of Vedic Rishis lived in an Arctic Home in interglacial times. Let us see the mass of Vedic evidence he has put forth. There were different estimates of the glacial period ranging from two lacs of years to ten thousand years. Tilak selected 10,000 years and gave support of astronomy. Here, he rightly said that the orbit of the Earth round the Sun is an ellipse, but he held that the Sun is not at the centre of the ellipse, but is in one of the focii. Moreover, he held the focus to be very far from the centre. Actually this assumption is wrong. Modern astronomy has shown that the eccentricity of the Sun is of 0.01672 and so we should scarcely be able to distinguish the ellipse from a circle.[ Larousse Encyclopedia of Astronomy ] At Perihelion the earth is 147 million kilometers or 91.5 million miles away from the Sun, while at Aphelion the Earth is 152 million km or 94.5 million miles away from the Sun. So the Sun is only 15 lacs of miles away from the centre of the ellipse. As the basic assumption of Tilak was wrong, he made further mistake to hold that the difference between the length of summer and winter is maximum 33 days. Actually the difference is only seven days. Hence his opinion about post -glacial period as of ten thousand years was wrong. His further assumption that once upon a time there was spring at the Arctic region all the year was also wrong. Tilak had relied on Dr. Warren and assumed that the Polar region was once inhabitable for human beings. Tilak gives the Polar characteristics thus: (1) The Sun rises in the south. (2) The stars do not rise and set, but revolve or spin round and round in horizontal planes completing one rotation in 24 hours. (3) The year consists of one long day and one long night of six months each. (4) There is only one morning and one evening. The twilight of both lasts for about two months sixty days of 24 hours each. The ruddy light moves round and round along the horizon like a potters wheel completing one round in 24 hours. Circum-Polar characteristics: 1) The Sun will always be to the south of the zenith of the observer. (The Same happens in the temperate zone). 2) A large number of stars are circum-polar i.e. they are above the horizon during the entire period of their revolution and hence are always visible. The remaining stars rise and set as in the temperate zone, but revolve in more oblique circles. 3) The year is made up of three parts. (i) one long continuous night occuring at the winter solstice and lasting for a period longer than 24 hours, but less than six months. (ii) Similar one long continuos day at summer solstice and (iii) a succession of ordinary days and nights during rest of the year. A nycthemeron or a day and a night together never exceeds a period of 24 hours. 4) The dawn, at the close of the long night, lasts for several days. Tilak writes, If a Vedic description or tradition discloses any of the characteristics mentioned above, we may safely infer that the tradition is Polar or circumpolar in origin and the phenomenon if not actually witnessed by the poet, was at least known to him by tradition faithfully handed down from generation to generation. The spinning round of the heavenly dome over the head is a special charateristic of the North Pole. We may find traces of it in the early traditions if our ancestors ever lived near the North Pole. Tilak felt that they lived near the North Pole and found its evidence in some Rics. Thus Rigveda 10-89-4 is translated by him thus Indra is said to separately uphold by his power heaven and earth as the two wheels of a chariot are held by the axle. This translation does not show what Tilak meant. The rotation of sky like a wheel is seen even in India, it is not specific to the North Pole. Rig.2-15-2 says

that the sky is supported without a pole. This is true every where, not only at the North Pole. In Rig. 124-10, it is said that Ursa Major (Rikshah) are placed high and it follows, said Tilak, that it must be over the head of the observer. The meaning Tilak wants to convey cannot be extracted from this Ric.

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Here Ruksha means stars in general and not only Saptarshi or Ursa Major. The verse shows that the stars are held high in the sky and not above the head. In fact all the stars are held very high in the sky. They are seen in the sky at night, but where do they go at day? It shows that the nights and days were continuously alternating, and not every six months as is seen at the North Pole. Had the seer thought about Saptarshis, he could have used the word Saptarksha instead of Ya Ruksha, easily. Tilak states that in chapters 163 and 164 of the Vana Parva of the Mahabharata, it is told , at Meru, the Sun and the Moon go round from left to right (Pradakshinam) every day and so do all the stars. Later on the writers inform us, The mountain, by its lustre, so overcomes the darkness of night that the night can hardly be distinguished from the day. A few verses further and we find the day and the night are together equal to a year to the residents of the place. These quotations are quite sufficient to convince any one that at the time of the great epic Indian writers had accurate knowledge of the North Pole and this cannot be supposed to have been acquired by mere mathematical calculations. The reference to the lustre of the mountain is the description of the splendours of the Arora Borealis at the North Pole. I fully agree with Shri Tilak that the author of the Mahabharata had the knowledge of the North Pole, but I disagree with his conclusion that it might be an ancient tradition whose origin must be traced to a time when these phenomena were daily observed by the people. It is quite possible that some adventurers from India might have traveled to the North Pole, observed the facts there and on return reported all the facts to the sages here. Lokamanya Tilak has taken support of the Parsi scriptures. He has quoted thus : - Ahura Mazda warns Yima, the first king of men, of the approach of a dire winter which is to destroy every living creature by covering the land with a thick sheet of ice and advises Yima to build a Vara or an enclosure to preserve the seeds of every kind of animals and plants. This meeting of Ahura Mazda and Yima took place in Airyana Vaejo, or the paradise of Iranians. The Vara was accordingly prepared and Yima asked Ahura Mazda , What lights are there? Mazda answered, There are uncreated lights and created lights. There the stars, the Moon and the Sun are only once (a year) seen to rise and set, and a year seems as a day. From this passage Tilak concluded that Airyana Vaejo or the original home of the Iranians was rendered uninhabitable by glaciation and in that original home the Sun rose and set only once a year and the year was like a day. I think this conclusion wrong because the Vara must have been prepared away from the original home, as is seen by the question What lights are there? The questioner Yima was not acquainted with the place where the Vara was built. Therefore he asked that question. Mazda too tells what conditions are present there i.e. at the distant place where the Vara was to be prepared. Those conditions are of the North Pole. Therefore the original home was not at the North Pole or nearby in the Arctic region. Moreover, to talk that the year there is like a day, one must know what is a day and what is a year. To a man residing permanently, at the Arctic home day and year are the same, there is no difference. Then why should a man of the Arctic region say that the year there is like a day? A person watching a day of twelve hours must have said like that. Hence the original home was not in the Arctic region. In his support Tilak cites Rigveda 7-76-2 and translates thus The Devayana path has become visible to me. The banner of the dawn has appeared in the east. From this verse he infers that the Devayana started at the rise of the dawn. This inference appears correct apparently , but is not true, because Tilak himself has told earlier that in the Polar and the Arctic regions the Sun rises in the south. Then how is it that the banner of the dawn was seen in the east? Tilak takes support of Pitruyana too and states that the Hindus consider it as inauspicious for a man to die. This tradition is easily and rationally explained if the Pitruyana represented a period of continuous darkness. The funeral ceremonies of any one dying during the long night were deferred till the break of the dawn. Now a question arises that if there was a continuous spring at the Arctic region in the ancient era, when the Aryas lived there, as Tilak says, then is it possible to keep the dead body at home for six months or at least for more than three nights? Would not it decay at the temperature of the

spring? If the temperature was near or below zero, then the dead body would not decay or putrefy, but Tilak has said that in those days the temperature at the North Pole was not so low. Tilak gives the same tradition of Parsis. In Vendidad, Fargards a question is raised how the worshipper of Mazda should act when death takes place during winter. Mazda answeres, In such cases, a Kata (ditch) be made in the house and there the lifeless body should be allowed to lie for two or three nights or for a month, until the birds begin to fly, the plants to grow, the floods to flow and the wind to dry up the water off the earth. Apparently, Tilak appears to be correct, here, but the same question arises. How is it that the dead bodies did not putrefy at the temperatures which were not near zero, during the ancient times as shown by Tilak ? Due to putrefaction it would have been impossible to stay at home. Moreover, there is a measurement like two or three nights or a month. Is it possible for persons residing at the Arctic region? For them there is only one night. They cannot say that it is a long night, because it is their usual natural night. Now let us see what Tilak says about the Vedic dawns. He says that the first hint regarding the long duration of the Vedic dawn is in the Aitareya Brahmana 4 -7. Before commencing the Gavam Ayana sacrifice there is a long recitation of not less than one thousand verses. The time for reciting this is dawn. The same time if referred to by Rigveda 7-67-2,3. This tradition suggests long duration of dawn. [In fact these Rics do not suggest long dawn.] In the Taittiriya Samhita 2-1-10-3, we are told that if the recitation ended before Sunrise, other hymns should be recited. [Ashwalayana 6-5-8] The Apastambha directs to recite all the ten Mandalas of Rigveda. If this is true then we have to accept that there was a prolonged dawn and therefore those Aryas were residents of the Arctic region. But then at the same time we have to admit that all the ten Mandalas of the Rigveda were then existent. However, Tilak himself does not admit this. Tilak gives seven names of dawn and seven oblations to each. He takes it as seven parts of a long dawn of the Arctic region. He says that for seven oblations long time of dawn is spent. But may I question how much time is taken for one oblation? In a few minutes seven oblations can be made. Tilak himself has quoted Dr. Warren and stated that from 29th January to 16th of March there is dawn. So the dawn is of 47 days. Do we agree that for only seven oblations 47 days are required? Tilak quotes Rigveda 5-79-9, where the dawn is asked not to delay, or tarry long, lest it might be scorched by the Sun. Tilak infers from this that it was a long dawn; but I infer that it was not at all a long dawn. On the contrary, this hymn suggests that if some time is spent the Sun will rise and will scorch the dawn. This hymn suggests early, quick sunrise and not late, sluggish sunrise. Rigveda 1-118-11 applies an adjective Shaswattama to the dawn. Tilak translates Shaswattama as the most lasting. But Shaswattama means perpetual, eternal, for ever. Any dawn is eternal, perpetual. Dawn will be existing till the Earth and the Sun exist and till the earth rotates round the Sun. Therefore dawn is Shaswattama. The word does not indicate a long dawn. Tilak gives many references to show long dawns, but those do not prove that Aryas resided at the Arctic home. The sages might have gone to the Arctic region and returned to India, recording the facts seen there in the Vedas. To prove long dawn Tilak mentions Taittiriya Samhita 4-3-11. But the 11th verse of 4-3-11 the Taittiriya Samhita itself mentions there are five dawns and five seasons and five directions. Here the five seasons are clearly mentioned. Is it possible for the Arctic region to have five seasons? It is impossible. There may be at the most four seasons namely, (1) long night (2) long dawn (3) long day (4) long dusk. Let us now examine what Tilak says about the long nights. He quotes verses which show that Vrutra , the enemy of Indra, was engulfed in a long darkness. From this he concludes that it is a long night of the Arctic region. But if the enemy Vrutra was there, Indra also must have been on the Arctic region. Then how is it that only Vrutra got engulfed in darkness of night while Indra did not ? Therefore the meaning of this verse must be something else. Tilak says that the Vedic Aryas were the residents of the Arctic region, because the Vedic bards are seen frequently invoking their deities to release from the darkness. I say that those bards must be living on the Arctic region since childhood. Then they were seeing those long nights since childhood. Long nights were natural for them, then why should they invoke their deities to release them from from darkness? The bard who had gone from India to the Arctic region might pray like that, not the resident.

Tilak gives many quotations of long darkness, but that does not show that the bards were permanently residing at the Arctic region. They might have gone there from India. Long Nights : Tilak has selected the following verses to prove the existence of long night a night of several days. Rigveda 2-27-14, May not the long darkness come over us Rig. 1-46-6, Here Aswins are asked to vouchsafe such strength as may carry him through darkness. Rig. 7-62-2 The ends of darkness have been seen and the banner of Dawn has appeared in the East. 10-124-1 - Agni has stayed too long in the long darkness. 2-2-2 - Agni is said to shine during continuous nights. In these verses long and continuous nights are described, so it shows that the poets knew the ordinary nights of 12 hours and they they have compared the long darkness with the ordinary nights of 12 hours. Therefore those verses do not prove the Arctic home. The residents of the Arctic home can not say their nights as long nights, because they are their natural nights and they were seeing those nights since their childhood. Rig, 10-127 is addressed to the Goddess of night. In its Parishishta, which is known as the Ratri Sookta or Durga Stava , the worshipper exclaims, May we reach the other side in safety ? This exclamation will not come from a man who is residing in the Arctic region since childhood, because he knows that the nights extend to a long period. That will be certainly an exclamation from a person, who is used to the nights of 12 hours, when he sees such a long night of six months duration. The Atharva Veda 19-47-2, Each moving thing finds rest in her (night), whose yonder boundary is not seen, nor that which keeps her separate. O Spacious, darksome night ! May we, uninjured, reach the end of thee, reach O thou blessed one, thine end? Here I raise a question, can we say about the Polar night of six months duration, that its yonder boundary is not seen? A newcomer in the Polar region may say so, but a person born in that region can never say so, because since childhood he is looking the end of that night. Hence it seems that an Indian sage might have gone to the North Pole and when he first saw that extended night, he might have exclaimed like that The Atharva Veda 19-50-3 Here the worshippers ask that they may pass uninjured in their body through each succeeding night (Ratrim Ratrim). From all those verses Tilak concludes that it was the long Arctic night. He gives one more support of the Taittiriya Samhita 1-5-5-4, which is addressed to night, O Chitravasu! Let me safely reach thy end. A little further at 1-5-7-5 the Samhita itself explains this Mantra thus - Chitravasu means the night, in old times (Pura), the Brahmins were afraid that it (night) would not dawn. Tilak says, Here we have an express Vedic statement, that in old times, the people felt apprehensions regarding the time when the night would end. What does it signify? Tilak concludes that it was a long night of the Arctic region, and it was a story of former ages, which the Vedic bards knew by tradition. In turn, Tilak shows that in old times the people were residing at the Arctic region. Again I take the same objection. The people residing at the Arctic region, for generations, can never be afraid of those nights and can never pray like that, because they had experience of long nights since birth. People of the Arctic region will never be afraid that the night would not dawn. But a person from India, if goes there and experiences a long night, for the first time in his life will be afraid that the night would not dawn and then he will pray his deities to vouchsafe strength to carry him through that night. Thus all the labour of Tilak does not prove the Arctic homefor the Vedic Aryans, but show that the Vedic people might have gone from India to the Arctic region and the North Pole. I appreciate his quotation from the Rigveda, 10-138-3, which says, The Sun unyoked his car in the midst of heaven. It appears from this verse that the Sun stayed in the middle of the sky for a long time. This is possible only at the Poles or the Arctic region. This proves that the Vedic sage had seen that region , but does not prove that he was there from his birth. Tilak quotes Rig.3-58-1, where the Sun is called as the son of Dakshina. Dakshina means south. The Sun resides in the south at the North Pole or the Arctic region, so thia name is given, says Tilak and shows that those bards were the inhabitants of the Arctic region. May I question, here, how the word Dakshina is derived for the south ? I think that the sages were calling Udichi to the East, because the Sun rises there. While standing to give oblation to the rising Sun, their right hand pointed towards the south. Right hand means Dakshina Hasta. From this situation the name Dakshina is used for South. The same position caused the West to be called as Paschima, which means back. After naming these three directions only one on the left hand side remained, therefore it is called as Uttara which means remaining or the latter. Can this word Dakshina be derived at the Arctic region, where the Sun rises in the south ? There at the Arctic region the south would have been termed as the East; and naturally the right hand side

i.e. the west would have been termed as Dakshina or the south. Thus this evidence put forth by the late Shri. Tilak goes to show that after the origin of this word Dakshina for the south, some people went to the Arctic region, there they saw the Sun rising at the south, in Dakshina, hence they called the Sun DakshinaPutra, which means the son of the south. From the word Uttara for the North and Adhara for the south, Tilak says, Uttara means Ut + Tara, which means upper. North is upper only for an observer at or near the North Pole. Hence the word appears to have been coined at the North Pole. If we accept this view, we have to accept that at the North Pole there do not exist four directions or sides to a single plane like a sheet of paper or a plot of the ground. However, there must be at least four sides to an area of the land, in addition to above and below. Even at the North Pole a person has four sides or directions around him, one in front, second behind at his back, third to his right hand and fourth to his left hand. In addition to these four directions, there are two more directions one above on his head and second below under his feet. Thus Tilak fails to prove that Aryas were the residents of the North Pole or the Arctic region, on this base. By the words Uttara and Adhara, I may say that the words are coined by the people who were conversant with the art of plotting and preparing a map or a plan, where the North is at upper region and the south at the lower region. Tilak shows that Yuga represented a cycle of months during which the Sun was above the horizon. Then he refers to Rig. 1-158-6, where it is stated that Deerghatama became quite old in the tenth Yuga. Taking Deerghatama as the Sun, Tilak shows that the Sun used to shine for ten months and then used to set down. But I object to this view, because how Deerghatama which means a continued long darkness, be taken as the Sun, the source of light for the Earth? Deerghatama and the Sun are quite opposite to each other. Darkness and the Sun can never be one and the same. Tilak refers to the Prashnopanishad 1-11, the Atharva Veda 9-9-12 and the Rigveda 1-164-12 and translates the verse thus The five footed (PanchaPada) Father (Pitaram) of twelve forms (Dwadasha Akrutim), they say (Ahu), is full of watery vapours (Purishinam) in the farther half (Pare Ardhe) of the heaven (Diwa). These others again say that He the Far-seeing (Vichakshanam) is placed on the six-spoked (Shadare) and seven wheeled (Saptachakre) [car] in the nearer (Upare) half of the heaven. Tilak says that the verse is straight but questions why there should be two opinions about the nature of the year God? Some say it is five-footed i.e.having five seasons, while others say it is six spoked, having six seasons. Why this difference? Aitareya Brahmana 1-1 and Taittiriya Samhita 1-6-2-3 take Hemanta and Shishira together reducing the number of seasons from six to five. The Shatapatha Brahmana 13-6-1-10 compounds Varsha and Sharad together. Both are unbelievable according to Tilak. So he gives an explanation, relying on the 13th and 14th hymns of the Rigveda 1-164, as well as 9-63-9 that a real year of five seasons or ten months was intended. He further says that the Arctic year of ten months is described here. My objection to this view is that the Arctic year may be of ten months, but there cannot be five seasons. There are only three seasons, at the most four seasons. Earlier he himself has quoted the circumpolar characteristics, where he writes, the year is made up of three parts (I) a long night (ii) a long day and (iii) a succession of ordinary days and nights during the rest of the year. Thus are the only three seasons in the Arctic region. A group of ordinary days and nights after a long night may be separated from that after a long day and two seasons may be assumed. Even then there will be only four seasons. There cannot be five seasons, anyhow. Therefore Tilaks view is not acceptable. I give here a simple explanation. Theoretically as well as practically, there are only three seasons summer, winter and rainy season in India according to the seasonal year. However according to a solar year, six seasons were assumed namely Vasanta, Greeshma, Varsha, Sharad, Hemanta, Shishira. The division is based on the Suns position in relation to the Earth. In fact Varsha, the rainy season extends into Sharad Rutu too, and we experience rains in Sharad. Therefore demarcation between Varsha and Sharad is not clear. Therefore people may have compounded Varsha with Sharad together to assume only five seasons, as is recorded in the Shatapatha Brahmana. It is also difficult to differentiate Hemanta and Shishira, because both are cold and there is no line of demarcation between the two. Combining these two Rutus together, Aitareya and Taittareya assumed five Rutus. Thus there is difference of opinion. But from it we need not jump to the Arctic region, where such seasons are not at all seen. For Saptachakra, Tilak says, It may be seven months or seven suns or seven rays of the sun. Tilak rightly says that it appears rather inconsistent. I dare to give here a consistent, rational explanation and translation, thus The Father having five parts and twelve figures is full of water in the other half of the sky, say some experts. However, others say that he is farseeing in the remaining half. The six-spiked one is placed on the wheel of seven.

The five parts are the five seasons taking Hemanta and Shishira together. Combination of Hemanta and Shishira is done in the Aitareya Brahmana and the Taittiriya Samhita. The Aitareya is related to the Rigveda while the Taittiriya is related to the Blach Yajurveda. The Rigveda and the Black Yajurveda are very very ancient, going to 25000 years ago. The Prashnopanishad is related to the Atharvaveda, which is similar to the Rigveda. The Shukla Yajurveda or the Shatapatha Brahmana is comparatively very recent dating back to 3000 years B.C., because both are composed by Yajnawalkya, after the Mahabharata war. The five parts are the five seasons. The twelve figures are the signs of zodiac called as the Rashi. Those figures formed of stars are really seen in the sky. Twelve months are arranged according to the Sun situated in those figures. The year is called as the Father. In his one half, this Father or the year gives waters. It means that rains occur in one half of the year. This is quite true because in India there are rains during the Dakshinayana or the southern course of the Sun, which extends from 22nd June to 22nd December. The sky during this period is different from the sky seen during the Uttarayana or the northern course of the Sun, extending from 22nd December to 21st June. When the Sun resides in any one half of the sky, we cannot see the stars from that half of the sky. We are able to see the remaining half of the sky, at night. Therefore it is said, the other half (Pare Ardhe) In the other half the sky is cloudy, full of water loaded clouds, so we can not see the distant stars. But in the remaining half that means during 21 December to 21 June, during the Northern course of the Sun, the sky is quite clear so that we can see far away sky. That is why it is called as far seeing. The six-spiked thing is nothing else but the year having six seasons. It is placed in a cycle of seven. It means that the year consists of a cycle of seven days of a week. This system of seven week days is invented by the ancient Indian sages, probably at the time of the Taittiriya Samhita, about 8357 years B.C. Its source is the Yajna system. The sages used to be Dikshit or consecrated for six days and then they were taking off on the seventh day. On that off day they did not perform any Yajna but they did give offering to the Sun, who was supposed to be the Atman or soul. For this reason the off day got the name Aditya Wara i.e. Sunday. On the other six days of consecration, the sages used to give offerings to the planets, one planet on each day, in succession. To fix the order of these days in relation to the planets, they selected the planets alternately from the Moon and from the Sun. It means that they selected the planets alternately from the external group of planets and the internal group. After the Sun they selected the Moon to give offering to, because the Moon was supposed to be the mind. The next day was selected to give offering to the Mars, a planet nearer to the Moon, rotating in the orbit external to the orbit of the Earth. The offerings were given to the Budha or the Mercury on the next day, which is called as Budhawara. Mercury is an internal planet situated between the Sun and the Moon or the Earth. The next planet selected to give offering to, on the next day, is the Bruhaspati or the Jupiter and the day is called as Bruhaspatiwara. Bruhaspati or Guru is from the external group. The next day was selected to give offering to the Shukra or Venus, which is from the internal group, and the name is Shukrawara. Still next day was selected to give offering to the planet Shani or Saturn, which is, again, an external planet and the name Shaniwara is given to it. After this round of six Adityawara comes again. This arrangement of the Wara system shows that they knew the distances of the planets from the Sun and they selected the planets alternately from an external group and internal group, to give names to the week days. These weekdays are mentioned in the Atharva Jyotish, Shloka 93, Yajnawalkya Smruti, Acharadhyaya Shloka 295, the Mahabharata, Adi Parva, 160 / 7, and the Katyayana Gruhya Sooktas, Kanda 3rd, Kandika 5th, second verse. A special name Wara is coined by the Mahabharata and also by Katyayana for the week days. The Ramayana of Valmiki also mentions Bruhaspati day (Thursday) at Ayodhya 26 / 9. I have fixed the date of the exile of Rama as 29th November 7306 years B.C. and it was really the Thursday as proved by mathematics. This evidence shows that the weekday system was in use in India during 7306 years B.C. Tilak is wrong to translate that the far seeing is placed on a six spoked (Shadare) and seven wheeled car. There is no word for a car in the text. The exact word is Shad-ara and not Shad are. Shad ara is Prathama, while Shadare is Saptami. Tilak should not have done such a perversion of transferring Prathama, a Karta, to Saptami, an Adjective. Saptachakre Shalara Ahurarpitam is a separate clause; it is not connected with Vichakshanam. Here a speciality of Shadara [which means a year having six spokes formed of six Rutus] is told that it is placed on a wheel of seven [ which means a cycle of seven weekdays]. I request the readers to note this wrong translation of Tilak. I further request to read my version with an unbiased mind so everybody will accept my meaning. In a chapter named The Cows Walk, no strong evidence is given by Tilak. And so I need not criticize it.

Thus considering all the important evidences put forth by Tilak, we come to a conclusion that he has totally failed to prove the Arctic region as the ancient home of Aryas. I do not deny the importance of his great work, but have to say that his conclusion is wrong. It is our duty to examine his work and find correct answer. I conclude that the Vedic Aryas were the original residents of India, but they traveled all over the world, upto the North Pole, to discover the Earth, and they recorded the facts they noticed there at the North Pole and in the Arctic region, for the benefit of the coming generations. The End

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M.B.B.S. F.U.W.A.I., Ph.D.( Literature) [USA]

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YkksdekU; fVGdkaps lakks/ku & ,d fpfdRld vH;kl vksjk;u rFkk osndkyfu.kZ; yks-fVGd gs xr fi<hrhy ,d egkiq#- R;kauh loZp {ks=kr vQkV cqf/neRrk nk[kfoyh- rs jktdkj.kkr yksdkaps iq<sp jkfgys Eg.kwu yksdekU; Bjys- xf.kr ;k fo;kr Rks ckyi.kkiklwu jl ?ksr vlr- eksBsi.kh rs xf.krK >kys- xf.krkP;k tksjkoj rs lakks/kd Eg.kwu ukaok:ikyk vkys- R;kaps laLd`r mRre gksrs] okpu nkaMxs gksrs] Le`fr mRd`"V gksrh] n`f"V lE;d gksrh] eu eksdGs gksrs] fujh{k.k lw{e gksrs] T;ksfrkkL=kpk vH;kl [kwi gksrk- ;k lokZpk laxe >kY;keqGs rs osnkaoj lakks/ku d: kdys- ;k lakks/kukekxs nskHkDrh o vfLerk dk;Zjr gksrh,dksf.klkO;k krdkps v[ksjhl ikpkR; lakks/kd Hkkjrh; laLd`rhps lakks/ku d: ykxys gksrs- R;kauh osnkapk dkG bloh lu iwoZ 1200 brdk Bjfoyk gksrk- eWDl eqYyj R;krhy izeq[kR;kus HkkkkkL=kpk mi;ksx d:u osndkGkps Nandky]ea=dky]czk.kdky o lw=dky vls pkj Hkkx ikMwu izR;sdkl 200 osZ fnyh vu~ _Xosnkpk dkG 800 osZ Bjfoyk- gs lxGs cq/nkiwoZ ekuwu o cq/nkpk dkG b-l-iwoZ 400 /k:u vkf.k R;kr 800 feGowu b-l-iwoZ 1200 osZ gk _Xosn dky Bjfoyk- ;k lqekjkl MkW- gkS ;kus rhu Hkkx ekuwu izR;sdh 500 osZ /k:u osndkykjaHk b-l-iwoZ 2400 rs 2000 osZ Bjfoyk- T;ksfr i/nrhpk mi;ksx dq.kh dsykp ukgh^osnkax T;ksfr* gk T;ksfrkkL=kojpk lxG;kr izkphu vlk xzaFk miyC/k vkgsizkphu dkGh ;so<s Kku dls vlsy gh kadk cjsp eaMGhaP;k eukr gksrh- ijarq yksfVGdkauh T;ksfri/nrhykp egRRo fnys o osnkapk l[kksy vH;kl dsyk- R;ko:u vksjk;u fdaok osndkGfu.kZ; gs iqLrd R;kauh b-l- 1893 e/;s fyfgys- ;k iqLrdkr R;kauh nk[kfoys dh izkphu dkGh oZ nksu izdkjph gksrh] pkanz vu~ lkSj] vkf.k ;k nks?kkapk lerksy vf/kd ekl ?ksvwu jk[kyk gksrk- ;kfkok; lkSj ;k okZpsfg nksu izdkj gksrs rs uk{k= lkSj o vk;fud lkSj oZ vls gksrs- izkphu dkGh uk{k= lkSj oZ ekuhr gs fVGdkauh nk[kfoys] i.k kadk dk<yh dh uk{k= lkSj oZeku /kjys rj nj 2000 nksu lgLj okZuh _rqpDjkkh esG Bso.;klkBh oZkjaHk cnykok ykxsy- vkf.k vkk izdkjps cny okZjaHkkr [kjks[kjp dsys vlY;kps izek.k fVGdkauh yksdkaiq<s ekaMys;K o laoRlj gs kCn lekukFkhZ gksrs Eg.kwu nks?kkapk vkjaHk ,dnep gksr vlyk ikfgts vls fVGdkaps Eg.k.ks- osnkax T;ksfr] JkSrlw=s] xoke;u bR;kfn okfZd l=s mRrjk;.kkiklwu djhr- i.k gs mRRkjk;.k edj laDje.kkiklwu ddZ laDje.kki;ZUrps uOgs vls fVGdkauh lkafxrys- R;klkBh okfZd l=krhy iz;ksxkaps lw{e fujh{k.k R;kauh dsysfoqofnukeqGs okZps nksu Hkkx gksrkr rls foqoku~ fnukeqGs okfZd l=kps nksu leku Hkkx gksrkr- l= gs okZps izfrfcac vlY;keqGs R;kps okZkh iw.kZ lkE;+ gosokZjaHk edj laDje.kh /kjY;kl foqoku fnol [kjks[kj foqo fnuh Eg.kts laikrh u ;srk &23 ekpZyk u ;srk& ddZlaDje.kh Eg.kts 21 twuyk ;sbZy o foqoku Eg.kts leku vgksjk=kpk fnol gk fujFkZd Bjsy] dkj.k R;kosGh fnol lxG;kr eksBk rj jk= lxG;kr ygku vlrs- rsOgk izkphu dkGh dsOgk rjh gk kCn lkFkZ vlykp ikfgts- foqoku lkFkZ Ogko;kl okZjaHk laikrh Ogko;kl gok] vls fVGd Eg.krkrvkrk mRRkjk;.k ;k kCnkpsgh nksu vFkZ vkgsr- ifgyk edj laDje.kkiklwu ddZ laDje.kki;ZUrpk dkG] rj nqljk vFkZ olar laikrkiklwu kjn~ laikrki;Zurpk i`FohP;k mRrj

xksyk/kkZrhy dkG- ifgY;k vFkkZuqlkj okZjaHk edjlaDje.kh rj nql z;kizek.ks olarlaikrh Ogko;kl gok- okfZd l=krhy e/kY;k fnolkyk foqoku Eg.krkr o olarkyk _rwaps eq[k Eg.krkr- rsOgk mRrjk;.k olar laikrkiklwup vlkos] vls fVGdkaps Eg.k.ksvxz;.ksf"V vFkok v/kZokf"kZd ;K nj olar o kjn _rwae/;s djkos vls lkaxrkr;ko:ugh o"kkZjaHk olarlaikrh vlkok] vls fVGd Eg.krkr- I`k"B 12-osndkyfu.kZ;kriFk czk.kkr 2&1&3 ;sFks olarks xzh"eks o"kkZ@ rs nsok _ro%@ kjn~ gseUr fkfkjLrs firjks---@ l ;= mnxkorZrs nsos"kq rfgZ Hkofr@ vFk ;= nf{k.kkorZrs fir`"kq rfgZ Hkofr---@ ;ko:u loZ kadk fQVrkr- Eg.kwu o"kkZjaHk izkphu dkGh olar laikrh vls gs uDdh- oSfnd dkykuarjP;k T;ksfr"kxzaFkkr o"kkZjaHk edjlaDje.kh fnysyk vkgs- i.k gk Qsjcny dsOgk >kyk gs lkaxrk ;sr ukgh vls fVGd Eg.krkr- nsokapk fnol Eg.kts mRrj xksyk/kkZr lw;Z vlrks rks osG vls R;kaps Eg.k.ks vkgso"kkZjaHk olarlaikr lksMwu edjlaDje.kh dsOgk vkyk gs lkaxrk ;sr ukgh vls Eg.k.kkjs fVGd vkrk Eg.krkr dh rSfRrjh; lafgrse/;s gk Qjd iw.kZ >kY;kps fnlrs- ;sFks fVGdkauh ?kksVkGk dsyk vkgs vls eyk okVrs- dkj.k rSfRrjh; lafgrk vk/kh dka kriFk czk.k vk/kh gk izu ;sFks ;srks- lafgrkdkykuarj czk.kdky gs lokZuqers Bjysys vkgs- ex gk ?kksVkGk dka\ fkok; kriFk czk.k vkgs kqDy ;tqosZnkps] vkf.k kqDy ;tqosZn fyfgyk ;kKoYD;kus- gk ;kKoYD; oSkaik;ukpk Hkkpk o fk"; gksrk] rj oSkaik;u O;kleg"khZpk fk"; gksrk- O;klkauh oSkaik;ukl ;tqosZn fkdfoyk gksrk rks ewGpk ;tqosZn gksrk- R;kykp rSfRrjh; lafgrk vls Eg.krkr- oSkaik;ukdMwu ;kKoYD; rksp ;tqosZn fkdyk gksrk- i.k iq<s nf{k.kso:u oSkaik;ukkh ;kKoYD; HkkaMyk vkf.k Eg.ks rks ewGpk ;tqosZn R;kus vksdwu Vkdyk- R;kuarj ;kKoYD;kus uok ;tqosZn jpyk- ;k uohu ;tqosZnkl R;kus kqDy ;tqosZn vls ukao fnys o ewGP;k ;tqosZnkl d`".k ;tqosZn vls ukao feGkys- ;k bfrgklko:u Li"V fnlrs dh rSfRrjh; lafgrk Eg.ktsp d`".k ;tqosZn gk kqDy ;tqosZnkiwoh Z fdrhrjh vkxksnjpk vlyk ikfgts- ijarq fVGdkauh rSfRrjh; lafgrk uarjph ekuyh o rsFksp pwd >kyh;kKoYD;kus rSfRRkjh; lafgrk R;kT; Bjfoyh o uok osn jpyk] R;kl kqDy;tqosZn EgVys vkf.k R;kps czk.k Lor%p jpys- R;kps ukao kriFk czk.k gks;- ewGP;k d``".k ;tqosZnkP;k }s"kkeqGs ;kKoYD;kus R;krhy dkgh dYiuk R;kT; ekuwu uohu dYiuk ekaMY;k- R;krhy ,d dYiuk Eg.kts olar&xzh"e&o"kkZ gs nsokaps _rq vkf.k kjn~&gsear&fkfkj gs _rq firjkaps vl.ks kD; vkgs- i.k gs y{;kr u ?ksrk fVGdkauh kriFk czk.kko:u rSfRrjh; lafgrsrhy _pkapk vFkZ ykoyk gh eksBhp pwd >kyhkriFkkpk dkG dS- ka-ck-nhf{krkauh bloh luiwoZ 3000 o"ksZ vlk Bjfoyk vlwu fVGdkauh rks ekU; dsyk vkgs- ;kp osGh dS- osa-ck- dsrdj ;kauh rSfRrjh; czk.kkpk dkG ^xq# fr";ktoG izFke mRiUu >kyk* ;k fo/kkuko:u b-l-iwoZ 4650 o"ksZ vlk Bjfoyk rksgh fVGdkauk ekU; vkgs- ^vkfDVZd gkse bu n osnkt~* ;k fVGdfyf[kr iqLrdkP;k izLrkousr fVGdkauhp gh ekU;rk fyfgysyh vkgsrSfRrjh; lafgrk izkphu rj kriFk czk.k [kwi vokZphu ;kpk ,d iqjkok vlk dh laliZ o vagLifr ;k nksu eklkapk rSfRrjh; lafgrsr funsZk vkgs] i.k rs nksu ekl kqDy ;tqosZnkr ukghr- laliZ ekl kqDy ;tqosZnkus xkGyk vkgs- laliZ uked vf/kekl T;k o"kkZe/;s {k;ekl ;srks R;kr ;s.kkjk nqljk vf/kekl gks;fVGd fyfgrkr dh ojkgfeghj Eg.krks dh lkaizr v;u iquoZlwiklwu gksrs] i.k iwoZdkGh vkys"kkiklwu gksr vls- ;kyk xxZ&ijkkjkapk vk/kkj vkgs- egkHkkjrkr mnx;ukjaHk ek?k kqDykr >kyk vls o.kZu vkgs- ;ko:u d`fRrdkr olar laikr fnlrks- osnkax T;ksfr"kkr ghp fLFkfr vkgs- R;ko:u osnkax T;ksfr"kkpk dkG b-l-iwoZ 1300 BjrksrSfRrjh; lafgrk o czk.k o brj xzaFk u{k=pDjkpk vkjaHk d`fRrdkiklwu nsrkr o olar _rq gk _rwaps eq[k ekurkr- rSfRrjh; czk.kkr nso u{k=kr d`fRrdk ifgys rj fokk[kk

ksoVps vkf.k ;e u{k=kr vuqjk/kk ifgys rj vkiHkj.kh ksoVps vls fyfgys vkgs- kriFkkP;k vk/kkjs ;kpk vFkZ ykoyk ikfgts vls fVGd ;sFks Eg.krkr;kfu nsou{k=kf.k rkfu nf{k.ksu ifj;afr @ ;kfu ;eu{k=kf.k rkfu mRrjs.k ifj;fUr @@ rSfRrjh; lafgrk 7&4&8 ;k ea=kpk vFkZ fVGd djrkr dh & ^^nsou{k=s nf{k.ksdMs pkyrkr o ;eu{k=s mRrjsdMs pkyrkr- Eg.kts lw;Z R;k u{k=kr vlrkauk vuqDjes mRrj o nf{k.k fnkkar vlrks-** fVGdkaps gs Hkk"kkUrj iw.kZ pqdys vkgs vls eh Eg.krks dkj.k th nsou{k=s nf{k.ksdMs pkyrkr R;kr lw;Z vlrkauk rks mRrj fnksr vlrks gs Eg.k.ksp vlac/n vkgs- d`fRrdkoj olar laikr gksrk gs nk[kfo.;klkBh fVGdkauk gh lkjoklkjo djkoh ykxyh] dkj.k kriFkkkh lqlaxr vFkZ ?ks.;kpk R;kauh iz;Ru dsyk o rsFksp pwd >kyhfVGd pqdys gs Eg.krkauk [kjk lqlaxr vFkZ nk[kfo.;kps nkf;Ro ek>soj ;srs] rs eh ;sFks izFke ikj ikMrks- ^ifj;fUr* ;kpk vFkZ ^fQjorkr* vlk iz;kstd vkgs- ifj $ b gk 1 ijLeSinh /kkrq R;kr vkgs- okYehfd jkek;.k 6&54&35 ;sFks ;k vFkkZus gs fDj;kin vkys vkgs- rsOgk fVGdkaP;k fo#/n eyk egf"kZ okYehfdapk ikfBack vkgs- ^nso u{k=s lw;kZyk nf{k.ksdMwu fQjforkr* vlk ;k ea=kpk ljG vFkZ vkgs- vkf.k R;ko:u d`fRrdk u{k=kr lw;Z vlrkauk rks nf{k.ksdMwu mRrjsdMs oGrks gsp Li"V fnlrs- lkgftdp lw;Z I`kFohP;k edj o`Rrko:u myVrkauk rks d`fRrdk u{k=kr R;kosGh vls- ;k ?kVuspk dkG b-liwoZ 8357 o"ksZ vlk Bjrks- dS-ka-ck-nhf{krkauh usedk gkp dkG Bjfoyk vkgs- i.k fVGdkauh fod`r vFkZ d:u b-l-iwoZ 1300 o"ksZ brdk vfydMhy dkG dk<yk] rks pwd vkgs gs ekU; dsysp ikfgtsrSfRrjh; lafgrkdkGh ek?kh ikSf.kZek gk o"kkZjaHk vlyk ikfgts vkf.k rks mnx;ukjaHkkiklwu vlyk ikfgts] QkYxqu iw.kZekl o fp=k iw.kZekl gs nksu tqus o"kkZjaHk rSfRrjh; lafgrsr lkafxrys vkgsr] vls fVGd Eg.krkr o rSfRrjh; lafgrkdkGh olarlaikr d`fRrdsr nk[korkr o gk dkG b-l-iwoZ 2350 o"ksZ ;srks vls fVGd Eg.krkr;qjksfi;u iafMr gk dkG 1426 b-l-iwoZ brdk vfydMs vks<rkr^^QkYxquh ikSf.kZek gs laoRljkps eq[k gks;** ;k rSfRRkjh; lafgrse/khy okD;kpk vFkZ QkYxqu ikSf.kZesl olar laikrh o"kkZjaHk gksr vls] vlk gksbZy(i.k rs vkD; vkgs] dkj.k R;klkBh b-l-iwoZ ohl lgLj 20000 o"ksZ brds ekxs tkos ykxsy vu~ R;kr dkgh vFkZ ukgh] vls fVGd Eg.krkr- vkf.k nqljk vFkZ dk<rkr dh QkYxquh ikSf.kZesl mnx;uh o"kkZjaHk gksrke`x gs u{k=kaps eq[k vls dksBsgh EgVysys ukgh] i.k R;kps ukao ^vkxzgk;.kh* vls vlY;kus rls okVrs- vkxzgk;.kh Eg.kts o"kZkjaHk dj.kkjs- ekxZkh"kZ ikSf.kZek gh o"kkZph izFke jk=] Eg.kwu fryk vkxzgk;.kh Eg.krkr- ikf.kuhers vkxzgk;.kh Eg.ktsp ekxZkh"kZ ikSf.kZek] Eg.kwu vkxzgk;.k Eg.kts e`x u{k= vlkos- ;sFks o"kkZjaHk vlsEg.kwu xhrsr ^eklkuka ekxZkh"ksZkge~* vls EgVys vkgs] vls fVGd Eg.krkr;sFks fVGd iqUgk pqdys vkgsr- xhrsr d`".kkus lxGs ifgys lkafxrysys ukghrik.Mokae/;s vtqZu eh vkgs] osnkr lkeosn eh vkgs] ujkae/;s ujkf/ki eh vkgs] nSR;kae/;s izYgkn eh] e`xkae/;s flag] kL=/kk z;kae/;s jke] u|kae/;s tkUgoh] fo|kae/;s v/;kRefo|k] lkeke/;s c`gRlke] equhae/;s O;kl] o`".khae/;s oklqnso eh vkgs ;k Eg.k.;kr lxGs ifgys vkgsr dka\ eqGhp ukghr- lxGs mRre vkgsr i.k ifgys ukghr- rsOgk ekxZkh"kZ gk loZ eklkr mRre vlsy] i.k ifgyk uOgsgV~Vkus ekxZkh"kZ ekl ifgykp /kjyk rj iq<hy okD; ^_rwuka dqlqekdj%* e/khy dqlqekdj Eg.kts olar _rqgh ifgykp /kjkok ykxsy- lkgftdp ekxZkh"kZ eklkr olar _rq gksrk gs ekU; djkos ykxsy- R;kpk dkG b-l-iwoZ 17000 o"ksZ brdk ekxs tkbZy- ;kpk fopkj fVGdkauh dsyk ukgh- gk dkG Qkj ekxs tkrks rs vlaHkouh; ekuwu R;kauh vkxzgk;.k Eg.kts e`x u{k=kr lw;Z vlrkauk o"kZkjaHk gksr vlyk ikfgts vls Bjfoys- QkYxqu eklkr

mnx;u o olar laikrh o"kZkjaHk e`xkr&vkxzgk;.kkr& lw;Z vlrkauk vlk vFkZ fVGdkauh dsyk vkgsQkYxquh ikSf.kZesl mRrjk;.kh o"kZkjaHk gksrk Eg.kwu Hkknzin ikSf.kZesyk nf{k.kk;u vls Eg.kwup R;k fir`;k.kkpk rks fir`Ik{k vls ekuw ykxys- ikjkh yksdkapk fir`Ik{k ;kposGh vlrks] vls fVGd Eg.krkrQkYxquh ikSf.kZesl mRrjk;.kkjaHk dkj.k o"kZkjaHk R;kosGh gksrk- R;keqGs Hkknzin ikSf.kZesl nf{k.kk;ukjaHk ;srks- R;keqGs fir`Ik{k pkyw >kyk gh dYiuk vxnh Nku vkgs] i.k nf{k.kk;ukjaHkh ikolkGk pkyw gksrks] R;keqGs ksrhpk dkes [kwi vlrkrvkk osGh firjkaps Lej.k dks.k djhr cl.kkj\ rsOgk tjk nqljk fopkj d:- olar laikr QkYxquh ikSf.kZesl vlsy rj Hkknzin ikSf.kZesl kjn~ laikr ;srks- lkgftdp ikolkGk laiysyk o fids gkrh vkysyk vlk rks dkG firjkaps _.k QsM.;klkBh mRre ekuwu fir`Ik{k lktjk djhr vlrhygh dYiuk vf/kd pkaxyh ukgh dka\ Ek`x u{k=kpk vkdkkfoHkkx lqanj fnlrks- izkphu dkGh ;k vkdkkfoHkkxkr lw;ksZn; gksr vlrkauk rks vf/kdp laqnj fnlr vlsy vls fVGd Eg.krkr- gs ek= pwd vkgs] dkj.k rsFks lw;Z vlrkauk e`x u{k= fnl.kkjp ukgh- lw;kZP;k rstkus rs >kadys tkbZy_Xosn 1&161&13 ;k _psr ^_rqnsork ts _Hkq R;kauk laoRljkps ksoVh oku tkxs djhr vls* vls EgVys vkgs- oku Eg.kts e`x- rsOgk R;k dkGh olar laikr e`xkr vls- gk dkG 4000 rs 2500 b-l-iwoZ] vls fVGd Eg.krkr;sFks _Hkq Eg.kts _rq Eg.kts olar _rq vlk vFkZ fVGd ?ksrkr- rks cjkscj ukgh_Hkq Eg.kts <x gs _Xosn 1&161&11]12 rlsp 4&33&7 ;k _PkkaOk:Uk Li"V fnlrs_Hkwauk Eg.kts <xkauk e`x tkxs djh ;kpk vFkZ e`x u{k=koj ikolkGk vkjaHks- ;kpk dkG b-l-iwoZ 23720 o"ksZ Bjrks- l/;k e`xkoj ikolkGk vkjaHkrks] R;k dkGhgh e`xkojp vkjaHks- ;kpk vFkZ e/;s 27 u{k=kaps fdeku ,d pDj fQjys vkgs- ,d u{k= ekxs tk.;kl laikrxrhus lw;kZl 960 o"ksZ ykxrkr- Eg.kwu 23720 o"ksZ b-l-iwoZ gk dkG Bjrks_Xosn 4&57&5 ;k _pspk vFkZ djrkauk fVGdkauh kqufljkS Eg.kts dq=k vls Bjfoys vkgs- rsFks kqufljkSph izkFkZuk dsyh vkgs dh LoxkkZrhy ik.;kpk I`kFohoj o"kZko djk- gh _pk fVGdkauh ?ksryh [kjh i.k rh R;kaP;kp fo#/n tkrs- I`kFohoj vkdkkkrhy ik.;kpk o"kZko ikolkG;krp gksrks- R;keqGs ek>k vFkZp [kjk Bjrks- ek>s erkyk fVGdp iqf"V nsrkr] dkj.k rs fyfgrkr I`k"B 63 oj dh o uked rkjdsyk o"kZkjaHk dj.kkjh o frykp kqukfljkS ;k ukokus itZU;kxeulwpd vls EgVysys vkgskqufljkS ;kr kqu Eg.kts dq=k] rj fkjkS Eg.kts nksu Mksdh vls kCn vkgsrdq;kph nksu Mksdh Eg.kts vkdkkxaxsP;k bdMs o frdMs vlysys dWful estj o dWful ek;uj uked nksu rkjs gksr- ;sFksp e`x u{k= vkgs- rsOgk e`xkoj vkjaHk.kk z;k ikolkG;kpsp gs o.kZu vkgs o R;kpk dkG b-l-iwoZ 23720 o"ksZ brdk izkphu vkgso`"kkdfi lwDrkpk vFkZ fVGdkauh ;kp Hkwfedsrwu ykoyk vkgs i.k rks iVr ukgh] dkj.k R;kus [kqyklk gksr ukghe`xkP;k vkxksnj vfnrhoj Eg.kts iquoZlw u{k=koj olar laikr gksrk ;kps dkgh nk[kys fVGdkauh fnys vkgsr o R;kpk dkG b-l-iwoZ 6000 rs 4000 nk[koyk vkgse`xkh"kZ dky 4000 rs 2500 o"ksZ b-l-iwoZ] d`fRrdk dkG b-l-iwoZ 2500 rs 1400 o"ksZ vls fVGdkauh Bjfoys vkgsreuqLe`fr v- 4 @ 95 o:u fnlrs dh iwohZ Jko.kh gh Hkknzin eklkr djhr vlrikolkGkgh Hkknzinkiklwup vls- Jko.khpk gk fof/k o"kkZdkykP;k vkjaHkh Ogk;yk gok vls vkoyk;u x`lwDr 3&5&2 o:u fnlrs- dkykUrjkus ikolkGk ekxs gVyk Eg.kwu gk fof/k Jko.kkr gksvw ykxyk- vkrk rj ikolkGk T;s"B eklkr vkyk vkgs-

vkk jhrhus izkphu ok~ e;krhy xks"Vh o T;ksfr"kfo"k;d mYys[k ;ko:u osndkG bl-iwoZ 4000 o"kkZP;k lqekjkpk tj fufpr dsyk rj Hkkjrh o ;qjksih; iafMrkae/khy erkapk lek/kkudkjd myxMk gksrks vls fVGd ksoVh fyfgrkr;kizek.ks yks-fVGdkauh ikpkR; iafMrkauk vkOgku nsvwu Hkkjrh; laLd`rhpk dkG 4000 rs 6000 o"ksZ b-l-iwoZ brdk ekxs jsVyk vkf.k iqLrh tksMyh dh vkfnrhdkGh iapkaxkph vko;drk gksrh Eg.kwu gk dkG vk;Z lq/kkj.kspk vkjaHk ulwu ;kiwohZ fdrhrjh dkG vk;Z lq/kkj.kk vkjaHkyh vlyh ikfgts- yks- fVGdkaP;k ;k erkyk cGdVh ns.;klkBhp eh dk;Z dsys vlwu _XosndkG b-l-iwoZ 23720 o"ksZ brdk izkphu vlY;kps HkDde iqjkos nsvwu fl/n dsys vkgs vkf.k rsFkiklwu b-lu 500 Ik;ZUrps ,d&nksu lgLj o"kkZaps laLd`rhps VIisgh lizek.k nk[kfoys vkgsr- foLr`r fopkj ^Lo;aHkw* rlsp ^okLro jkek;.k* ;k xzaFkkaP;k vuqDjes pkSF;k o ikpO;k vko`Rrhe/;s eh ekaMys vkgsr- ftKklwauh rs vko; okpkosr- fVGdkaP;k pqdk nk[kfo.;kr R;kapk vf/k{ksi dj.;kpk gsrq ulwu R;kaps dk;Z iq<s jsV.ks gkp gsrq vkgs- fVGdkaP;k g;krhr ek>k tUe gksvwu tj eh gs dk;Z d: ykxyks vlrks rj fVGdkauk vkuanp >kyk vlrk] dkj.k gs dk;Z iq<s us.kkjs vuquk;h feGr ukghr gh [kar R;kauh vusd osGk vusdkatoG cksywu O;Drgh dsyh gksrh- eh dsysY;k lakks/kukeqGs o nk[kfoysY;k R;kaP;k pqdkaeqGs R;kauk jkx u ;srk vkuanp >kyk vlrk- vkrkgh R;kaP;k LoxZLFk vkRE;kl ;k dk;kZeqGs egnkuan gksbZy ;kph [kk=h ckGxwu o yksdekU; fVGdkauk oanu d:u ys[k vkVksirkslekIr

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fVGdkaph dYiuk vkh dh lw;Z yacorZGkP;k dsanzkiklwu [kwi nwj vkgsi.k gh dYiukp iw.kZ pwd vkgs- vk/kqfud [kxksykkL=kus fufpri.ks fl) dsys vkgs dh lw;kZiklwu i`Fokh 915 yk[k eSy rs 945 y{k eSy nwj vlrs- ;kpk vFkZ lw;Z dsanzkiklwu dsoG 15 y{k eSy varjkoj vkgs- R;keqGs Ik`Fohph lw;kZHksorhph d{kk yacorZqG vkgs gs tk.korp ukgh- rh orZqG vkgs vlsp Hkklrs- yjkmthps ,Ulk;DyksihfM;k vWLVkWukWfedk eqGkrhy dYiuk pwd vlY;keqGs fVGdkaps iq<hy fu"d"kZfg pqdr xsyslaikrpDj 25868 o"kkZaps vlrs i.k laikrfcanwauk FkksMh myV xfr vlY;keqGs izR;{kkr 20984 o"kkZae/;sp laikrpDj iw.kZ gksrsLFkwyekukus 21000 o"ksZ /kjyh rj vfrdMd fgaokGk rs vfrdMd fgaokGk ;kate/;s 21000 o"ksZ varj jkgrs- i.k e/;koj 10500 o"kkZauh lkSE; fgaokGk gksr vlrks- b-l- 1250 ;k o"khZ Ik`Foh vkiY;k d{ksr uhph vlrkauk Eg.kts fp=ke/khy ^u* ikkh mRrj xksyk/kkZr fgaokGk >kyk gksrk- 11750 b-l-yk Ik`Foh mPph Eg.kts fp=krhy ^m* ikkh vlrkauk fgaokGk gksbZy o rh lw;kZiklwu ije nwj vlY;keqGs R;k osGpk fgaokGk vfrdMd vlsy- b-l-iwoZ 9250 o"kkZaP;k lqekjkl vfrdMd fgaokGk gksrkizR;sd xksyk/kkZr Ik`Fohyk lw;kZiklwu feG.kkjh m".krk jkst ,d ekuyh rj 365 fnolkr 365 m".krk feGsy- mUgkGkkpk vof/k o fgaokGkkpk vof/k leku ulrkr- vf/kdre Qjd 33 fnolkapk vlrks- i`FohP;k uhp ok mPp LFkkukeqGs gk Qjd iMrks- gYyh gk Qjd lkMs lkr fnolkapk vkgsokWyus nk[kfoys dh mUgkGkkr m".krk 229 rj fgokGkkr 136 feGrs- 229 $ 136 feGwu 365 m".krk ,dw.k o"kZHkjkr feGrs- fgaokGk egRre vlsy rj mUgkGkkps fnol 166 vlrkr- ;k 166 fnolkaoj mUgkGkkph 229 m".krk okVyh tkbZy- R;keqGs NksVk i.k vfr m".k mUgkGk Bjsy- dkj.k ljkljh m".krk 229 Hkkfxys 166 ;so<h jkst feGsy- fgaokGkkph m".krk 136 gh 199 fnolkaoj okaVyh tkbZy o nj jkst ljkljh m".krk 136 Hkkfxys 199 feGsy o nh?kZ fgaokGk Qkj dMd FkaMhpk vlsy- ;k nh?kZ dMd fgaokGkkr lkaBysys cQZ NksVkk mUgkGkkr forG.kkj ukgh- Eg.kwu fgedky pkyw gksbZy- mRrj xksyk/kkZP;k vxnh myV ifjfLFkfr nf{k.k xkzyk/kkZr vlrs- nksUgh xksyk/kkZr fgedky o fgekUrjdky vls ,dkekxwu ,d 10500 o"kkZauh ;sr tkrhy- vls fVGd Eg.krkr-

fgeksRrj dkykl 10]000 o"ksZ >kyh vls fVGd ekurkr rj MkWDjksyps ers fgekRrjdky 80]000 o"kkZaiwohZ pkyw >kyk- DjksyP;k fo#)ph ersfg fVGdkauh fnysyh vkgsrMkW okWju ;kus izek.ks nsvwu nk[kfoys dh /kzqoktoGpk iznsk leqnzkr cqMkyk vkgs- rsFks olrh kD; gksrhmRrj /kzqofofk"V xks"Vh % 1 lw;Z nf{k.ksl mxorks- 2 rkjk f{kfrtklkekUrj okVksGkk fQjrkr- 24 rklkr iznf{k.kk iw.kZ djrkr- R;k mxor fdaok ekoGr ukghr- 3 lgk efgus fnol o lgk efgus jk= vlrs- i.k nksu vMhp efgusp iw.kZ dkGks[k vlrks- 4 o"kkZrwu ,dp ldkG o lk;adkG vlrs- laf/kizdkk nksu efgus Eg.kts 60 fnol vlrks- gk laf/kizdkk ldkGpk o la/;kdkGpk vlk vlrks- la/;spk yky jax f{kfrtkoj okVksGk fQjrksmxoY;kuarj lw;Zfg rlkp okVksGk fQjr jkgrks- lw;Z 24 rklkr ,d iznf{k.kk iw.kZ djrksmRrj /kzqoe.MGfofk"V xks"Vh % 1 lw;Z usgeh nf{k.ksl fnlrks- 2 c z;kp rkjk /kqzokHkksorh iznf{k.kk djrkr- ckdhP;k mxorkr o ekoGrkr] i.k vf/kd frjD;k ekxkZus pkyrkr- 3 o"kkZps rhu Hkkx vlrkr- v[kaM nh?kZ jk= 24 rklkagwu eksBh i.k 6 efgU;kis{kk ygku vlrsvlkp v[kaM nh?kZ fnol vlrks- o"kkZP;k brj Hkkxkr lk/;k fnujk=haps ,d pDj vlrs- fnujk= feGwu 24 rklkis{kk vf/kd dky ulrks- 4 nh?kZ jk=huarj m"kk ;srs o rh fdR;sd fnol jkgrsmRrj /kzqofofk"V fdaok mRrj /kzqoe.MGfofk"V xks"Vh _Xosnkr vk<Grkr dka gs fVGdkauh ikg.;kl vkjaHk dsyk- R;kauj vk<GysY;k _pk vkk % _- 10&89&4 T;kizek.ks vkal pDjkauk /kjrks R;kizek.ks rks vkiY;k kDrhus Ik`Fohyk o vkdkkkyk Ik`Fkd /k:u Bsorks- _- 2&15&2 dkBhfkok; vkdkkkyk /k:u Bsfoys- _- 4&56&3 ;k |koki`fFkohyk mRiUu d:u R;k lqanj foLrh.kZ yksdkal LraHkkfkok; vkiY;k kDrhusp izsfjrk >kyk- - 10&89&2 rks lw;Z fokky foLrkjkyk jFkpDjkizek.ks okVkGs fQjfork >kyk- gh Hkk"kkUrjs fVGdkauhp dsyh vkgsr( i.k R;kr mRrj /kzqo fdaok mRrj /kzqo eaMG ;kaP;k fofk"V xks"Vh fnlr ukghrfganqLFkkukrfg ;k _pk lkFkZ o ;ksX; Bjrkr_- 1&24&10
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usvwu clfoys] rs ;ksX; uOgrs- Hkkjrke/kwufg rs mPp iznskhp fnlrkrR;keqGs fVGdkaP;k fo/kkukr rF; mjr ukgho"kZ Eg.kts nsokaps vgksjk= gs c z;kp Hkkjrh; xzaFkkae/;s vk<Grs- i.k R;ko:u vk;Z mRrj /kqzoktoG jkgr vlk fu"d"kZ dk<.ks mfpr uOgs- egkHkkjr] ou ioZ v/;k; 163 o 164 ;ke/;s es:Hkksorh jfo] panz] rkjs iznf{k.kk djrkr] vls EgVys vkgs- ijarq R;ko:u vk;Z egkHkkjrdkGh mRrj /kzqokikkh jgkr vlk fu"d"kZ dk<.ks ;ksX; Bj.kkj ukgh- dq.kh rjh rsFks tkvwu ikfgys vkf.k brjstukalkBh fygwu Bsoys vls ?kM.ks laHkouh; vkgs fd ukgh\ T;ksfr"kkkL=k/kkjs vanktkus ^laoRlj Eg.kts nsokapk fnol* vls Eg.k.ks kD; ukgh vls fVGd Eg.krkr o dkj.k nsrkr dh R;kdkGh brdj izxfr vl.ks kD; ukgh- Ik`"B 71 i.k Lor%pk vk/kh Ik`"B 65 oj ekU; djrkr dh oSfnd _"khaph T;ksfr"kkkL=kr cjhp izxfr >kyh gksrh] R;kauk laikrpkyukphfg ekfgrh gksrh- vkiY;k iq"VhlkBh fVGd iq<s fyfgrkr]^^ fgjksMksVl ;k xzhd bfrgkldkjkP;k dkGh b-l-iwoZ 450 ps lqekjkl ^ lgk efgus futwu jkg.kkjs yksd Ik`Fohoj vkgsr* gs Eg.k.ks [kksVs okVr vlsEg.kwu fgjksMksVliwohZ fdR;sd krds xf.krk/kkjs oSfnd _"khauh gh xks"V kks/kyh vlsy gs kD; okVr ukgh-** Ekh Eg.krks]^fgjksMksVlps osGh rj tkvw nsp i.k vkt 2004 lkyhfg lgk efgus futwu jkg.kkjs yksd Ik`Fohoj vkgsr gs eh ekU; dj.kkj ukghlgk efgus jk= vlsy i.k ek.kwl lgk efgus futwu jkg.ks kD; ukgh- ckjk rkl >kys dh iksVkr dkoGs dksdyk;yk ykxY;koj mBwu jk=hlq)k fkdkj dj.ks ek.klkyk Hkkx iMrs- vktfg mRrj /kqzoh; nskkr jkg.kkjs ,fLdeks yksd lgk efgus >ksir ukghr( lgk eklh jk=hrfg fkdkj djrkr- rsOgk fVGdkaps gs fo/kku iV.;ktksxs ukghfVGdkauh ikjkh /keZxzaFkkapkfg vk/kkj ?ksryk vkgs- ^o"kkZyk rs fnol ekurkr* gs fo/kku iq<s dsys vkgs- T;k izdj.kkr gs fo/kku vkgs R;kr vkgqjeTn o f;e ;kapk laokn vkgs- f;e jktkyk vkgqjeTn Eg.krks]^ Hk;adj FkaMh o cQZ ;keqGs thol`"Vhpk ukk gks.kkj vkgs- Eg.kwu rwa ouLifr o izk.kh ;kaph chts tru d:u Bso.;klkBh ,d ?kj cka/k-* ;kizek.ks ?kj cka/kY;kuarj f;ekus fopkjys]^ ;k ?kjkr izdkkkdfjrk fnos dks.kps\* vgqjeTn lkaxrks]^ rsFks l`"V vkf.k vl`"V vls nhi vkgsr- rsFks panz] lw;Z] rkjdk o"kkZrwu ,dnkp mxforkr o ,dnkp ekoGrkr- loZ o"kZ ,dk fnolklkj[ks vlrs-* ;kpsojhy Hkk";ke/;s fVGd Eg.krkr]^ ;k okD;krhy loZp xks"Vh egRRokP;k vkgsr- ifgyh bjk.kh yksdkaps ewyLFkku fgeorj.kkeqGs olrhyk v;ksX; >kys- nqljh] R;k LFkkuh panz] lw;Z o"kkZrwu ,dnkp mxor o ,dnkp ekoGr vkf.k rsFkhy o"kZ fnolklkj[ks gksrs- ;ko:u fu"d"kZ fu?krks dh vb;Zu obtks Eg.kts bjk.kh yksdkaps uanuou vkf.k f;ekps ?kj gh nksUgh mRrj /kqzoktoGp gksrh-*

fVGdkapk gk fu"d"kZ pwd vkgs vls eyk okVrs dkj.k l`"Vhukk gks.kkj Eg.kwu ts ?kj cka/kys rs dqBs nqljs fBdk.kh cka/kys vlys ikfgts- Eg.kwup ^R;k fBdk.kh fnos dqBys\* vlk izu f;eus fopkjyk vkf.k R;kps mRrj nsrkauk ^rsFks panz] lw;Z] rkjdk ,dnkp mxforkr vkf.k ,dnkp ekoGrkr o o"kZ ,dk fnolklkj[ks vlrs* vls vgqjeTnkus lkafxrys- ;ko:u Li"V fnlrs dh rks uok iznsk f;eyk Bkowd uOgrk- Eg.ktsp f;e jktk /kqzoktoG jkg.kkjk uOgrk] R;kps ewG LFkku /kqzokikkh uOgrs- cQkZpk izy; dkghfg >kys rjh /kqzoktoGp gks.kkj- ex rsFks uohu iznskkr ?kj dks.k cka/ksy\ rsOgk fVGdkaP;k dYiuk fVdr ukghr- fkok; ,d o"kZ Eg.kts ,d fnol vls lkax.kkjkl o"kZ vkf.k fnol nksUgh ekghr gosr] ukgh dka\ vkiY;k iqf"VlkBh fVGdkauh _Xosnkrhy fo/kkus fuoMyh vkgsrnso;ku o fir`;k.k gh nksu ukaos o R;kapslaca/khP;k _pk /kqzokkh fuxfMr ukghr- fVGdkaph egRRokph _pk 7&76&2 ;kpk vFkZ vlk % ^nso;ku ekxZ eyk fnlw ykxyk- m"kspk dsrq Eg.kts /ot iwosZdMs QMdw ykxysyk fnlr vkgs-* ;kpk vFkZ nso;kukpk vkjaHk m"ksPks mn;kiklwu gksr vls] vls fVGdkaps Eg.k.ks vkgs- rs jkLr fnlrs- rjhfg ,d ?kksVkGk ek= rsFks vkgs- /kqzofofk"V vkf.k /kqzoeaMyfofk"V xks"Vhae/;s rsFks lw;Z nf{k.ksl mxorks vls fVGdkauhp Bklwu lkafxrysys vkgs vkf.k rs vxnh [kjs vkgs- ex ;k _pse/;s m"kspk dsrq iwoZ fnksdMs fnlrks vls dls EgVys\ lw;Z mxorks rh iwoZ fnkk gh O;k[;k /kjyh rjp gh dYiuk tqGsyfVGdkauh vk.k[kh ,d vk/kkj ?ksryk vkgs fir`;k.kpk- fir`;k.kkr ej.k vkqHk ekuysys vkgs- dkj.k /kqzokP;k iznh?kZ dkGFks[;k jk=h dq.kh esyk rj fnol mxosi;ZUr izsr rlsp Bsor vlr- l/;kfg ngu deZ fnol mtkMsi;ZUr djhr ukghr- ;sFks eqn~nk ;srks dh tks ngu fof/k _Xosnkrfg vkgs rks /kqzokojhy olrhe/;s pkyw gksrk dka\ R;k dkGh tj /kqzokoj lekhrks".k gokeku gksrs rj izsr ?kjh Bsowu pkyys vlrs dka\ izsr dqtwu ?kk.k okl lqVyk ulrk dka\ /kqzokoj [kwi FkaMh o cQZ ekU; dsyk rj izsr dqt.;kph fDj;k vkM ;s.kkj ukgh dkj.k vfr FkaM gosr izsr dqt.;kl [kwip foyac gksrks- i.k ex rsFks ekuoh olrhyk ;ksX; vls gokeku uOgrs gs ekukos ykxsy- rls rj fVGd Eg.kr ukghrikjkh /keZxzaFkkrhy ;klaca/khps o.kZu vf/kd Li"V vkgs] vls lkaxwu fVGd m/k`r djrkr]^ fgaokGk vkY;koj dq.kh esyk rj eTnkP;k HkDrkus dk; djkos\* ;k izukl eTn lkaxrks]^ vkk osGh ?kjkr [kkp [k.kwu R;kr rs izsr nksu jk=h] rhu jk=h] fdaok efgukHkjfg Eg.kts I{kh mMw ykxr] ouLifr ok<w ykxr]izokg lq: gksr] ok;q Ik`Fohojhy ik.kh kks"kw ykxr] rksi;ZUr Bsokos*- lw;ZnkZu >kY;k[ksjht e`r kjhj fx/kkMkaP;k gokyh dj.;kph I)r ikjkkae/;s ukgh gs ikgrk lca/k efguk dkGks[kkpk vlyk ikfgts gs fnlrs-

oj oj ikgrk fVGdkapk fu"d"kZ cjkscj okVrks i.k /kqzokoj fx/kkMs vlrkr dka\ izkphu dkGh rjh rsFks fx/kkMs gksrh dka\ dqtysys ekal [kk.kkjh /kqzokoj ulrkr vls thokkL= lkaxrs- fkok; nksu jk=h] rhu jk=h vlk fgkksc dsysyk vkgs] rks ckjk rklkaP;k jk=hpkp uOgs dka\ rsFkhy ek.kwl nksu rhu jk=h vls Eg.ksy dka\ R;kyk jk= ,dp] rh iznh?kZ] lgk efgU;kaph! nh?kZ jk= vlyh rj nh?kZ m"kk vkyhp- R;klkBh fVGdkauh fnysys iqjkos vkrk ikgw- xoke;u l=kl vkjaHk dj.;kiwohZ gksR;kus ts lqekjs ,d lgLj ea=kaps iB.k djko;kps vlrs rs m"k%dkyh djk;ps vlrs] gs fu#Dr fdaok _Xosn 7&67&2]3 ;kao:u fnlrs- vkiLraHk 14@1]2 ;sFks EgVys vkgs dh gs kkL= vkVksiY;kuarj vko;drk iMY;kl _Xosnkph ngkfg eaMys Eg.kkohr- ;ko:u nh?kZ m"kk nkZfoyh tkrs vls fVGd Eg.krkr- i.k ;k fLFkrhe/;s nh?kZ m"kk vlysY;k /kzqokoj _Xosn ngk eaMykauh ifjiw.kZ gksrk gs ekukos ykxrs- ijarq fVGd rs ekur ukghriwoZLej.kkP;k T;k dkgh _pk vkgsr R;k /kqzoktoG jpysY;k vkgsr vls rs Eg.krkr- fVGdkauh fnysyk _Xosn 7&67&2]3 pk lanHkZfg pqdhpk vkgs dkj.k R;k _pkao:u m"kk vlrkaukp ,d lgLj _pk Eg.kkO;k vls dkgh fnlr ukghnh?kZ m"ksph lwpd xks"V rSfRrjh; lafgrsr vkgs R;kr m"kl~] O;qf"V] mns";r~] m|r~] mfnr] lqoxZ vkf.k yksd vkk lkr nsorkauk gfoHkkZx |ko;kl lkafxrysyk vkgs- ;kiSdh ifgyh ikap m"ksphp :is vkgsr Eg.kwu /kqzokojph nh?kZ m"kkp vlkoh] dkj.k vU;= m"kk brdh NksVh vlrs dh frps ikap Hkkx dj.ksp kD; ulrs] vls fVGd Eg.krkr( i.k fVGdkaps gsfg fo/kku iV.;ktksxs ukgh] dkj.k gfo ns.;kl vlk fdrh osG ykxrks\ gfo ns.;kl nksu rs ikap fefuVs iqjs vlrkr- lkgftdp v/kkZ rklkr lkr gfo nsvwu gksrkr vkf.k Hkkjrke/khy m"kk v/kkZ rkl ykachph vlrsp- Jhen~ Hkkxorke/;s ,d dks"Vd vkgs R;ko:u fnlrs dh ,d ukfMdk Eg.kts ia/kjk y?kq] Eg.ktsp rhl fefuVs- rsOgk ,d y?kq gk nksu fefuVkapk dkG Bjrkslkr gfo ns.;kl 15 y?kwaps izek.k clfoys ulsy dkko:u\ ;kiwohZ Ik`"B 51 oj fVGdkauh MkW- okWjuP;k xzaFkkrhy MkWfieus dsysys /kqzokps o.kZu fnysys vkgs- R;kr 29 tkusokjhiklwu 16 ekpZi;ZUr 47 fnol v#.kizdkk Eg.kts m"kk vlrs vls EgVysys vkgs- lkr gfo ns.;klkBh 47 fnol ykxr gksrs dka\ vFkkZrp fVGdkaph gh dYiuk cjkscj ukghyks- fVGdkapk vk.k[kh ,d iqjkok _Xosn 5&79&9- ;kps Hkk"kkUrj fVGdkauhp fnysys vkgs rs vls & ^ gs m"kknsors yodj mn;kl ;s] Fkkacw udksl( ukghrj lw;Z rqyk vkiY;k rstkus Hkktwu Vkdhy*- fVGd ;sFks Eg.krkr dh m"kknsorsl ?kkbZ dsyh vkgs] rsOgk lw;Z yodjp oj ;sbZy vls nkZoysys vkgs- eyk okVrs dh fVGdkaps gs er pwd vkgs] dkj.k /kqzokoj rj lw;Z cjsp fnolkauh oj ;s.kkj vlrks- ex ?kkbZ dj.;kps dkj.k dk;\

lkgftdp fVGdkapk gk iqjkok R;kaP;kp fojks/kkr tkrks- lw;Z yodj oj ;s.kkj vkgs gs Eg.k.ks Hkkjrke/;sp kksHkrs] /kqzokoj uOgs_Xosn 1&118&11 ;sFks ^koRrek* gk kCn m"kkyk ykoysyk vkgs- R;ko:u fVGd Eg.krkr dh m"kk ^vfrk; osG jkg.kkjh* gksrh- i.k eyk okVrs dh kor~ Eg.kts dk;eph- m"kk gh dk;eph jkg.kkjp vkgs] lw;Z vkf.k Ik`Foh tksi;ZUr vkgs vkf.k Ik`FohP;k fQj.;keqGs tksi;ZUr lw;ksZn; gksrkauk fnlr jkghy rksi;ZUr m"kk fnl.kkjp vkgs- R;keqGsp rh m"kk koRrek Eg.kts dk;eph vkgs vls fo/kku dsysys vkgs- fVGdkauh mxhpp osxGk o fofp= vFkZ ?ksryk vkgsfVGdkauh vk.k[kh iq"dG lanHkZ fnysys vkgsr nh?kZ m"kk nk[kfo.kkjs( i.k R;ko:u vk;Z mRrj /kqzokikkh jgkr gksrs gs fl) gksr ukgh- eyk okVrs dh dq.kh _"kh mRrj /kqzoki;ZUr tkvwu] izR;{k rsFkhy okLro ikgwu ijr vkys vlrhy vkf.k brjkauk Kku ns.;klkBh _pkae/;s fygwu Bsoys vlsy- gs vf/kd laHkouh; uOgs dka\ rSfRrjh; lafgrso:u fVGdkauh vusd m"kk nk[kfoY;k( i.k rSfRrjh; lafgrk 4&3&11 e/khy 11 oh _pk fVGdkauhp fnysyh vkgs R;kr ikap m"kk o ikap _rq fnysys vkgsr- /kqzokoj ikap _rq dls vlrhy\ ikap ukaokph ,d xk; ;k _psr o.kZu dsyh vkgs] rh Eg.kts Ik`Fohlk;.kkpk;kZauh ikap _rwae/khy Ik`Fohph ikap fujfujkGh ukaos fnyh vkgsr rh vkh % olarke/;s iq"iorh] xzh"ekr rkiorh] o"kkZ _rwr o`f"Vorh] kjnkr tyizlknorh vkf.k gsearfkfkjkr kSR;orh- vls ikap _rq /kzqokoj vl.ksp kDS; ukghvkrk nh?kZ jk=hapk fopkj d:- _Xosn 1&32&10 e/;s banzkpk k=wnh?kZ va/kkjkr iMyk] _- 5&32&5 e/;s ;q)ksRlqd kq".kkyk banzkus va/kkje; [kkpsr yksVys vls EgVys vkgs- ;k nksu _pkao:u /kqzoiznskkrhy nh?kZ jk=p vlkoh vls fVGd Eg.krkr- i.k banzkps k=w tj rsFks vlrhy rj banzlq)k rsFksp vlk;yk gok-k=q /kqzokoj vkf.k banz ddZo`Rrkoj vkh rj fLFkfr uOgrh- Eg.kwu fVGd ;sFksfg pqdydyd vkgsrdkGks[kkrwu lksMfo.;kfo"k;h oSfnd _"khauh nsokaph izkFkZuk fdrh rjh osGk dsysyh vkgs vls fVGd lkaxrkr vkf.k mnkgj.ks nsrkr rh vkh % _- 2&27&14 ^fuHkZ; izdkk feGks] nh?kZ dkGks[k vkepsok u ;soks-* _- 1&46&6 ^ dkGks[kkrwu rkjhy vkh kfDr vkEgkl ns*- _7&67&2 ^ vkEgkl rekpk vUr fnlyk] m"kspk dsrq iwosZdMs QMdw ykxyk* ;k mnkgj.kkr mYysf[kysyh jk= lk/kh ulwu /kqzokojhy nh?kZ jk=p vlyh ikfgts vls fVGd Eg.krkr- _-10&124&1 ^ vfXu nh?kZ rekr vfr nh?kZ dkG jkfgyk-* _-2&2&2 ;sFks ^{ki* gk jk=hokpd kCn vusd opuh vkgsrsOgk /kqzokP;k nh?kZ jk=h izkphu oSfnd _"khauk ekghr gksR;k gs fl) djk;yk ojP;k rqjGd opukaoj folacwu jgko;kyk udks- _-10&127 gs lwDr jkf=nsorsps vkgs- R;kr lgkO;k _psr ^ vkEgkl r:u tko;kl lqyHk gks* vkh frph izkFkZuk vkgs- R;kP;k ifjfk"VkP;k jkf=lwDrkr ^vkEgkl ijrhjkl

lq[k:Ik iksgkspw ns* vls jk=hl foufoys vkgs- vFkoZ osn 19&47&2] 19&50&3 ;sFks ^ ftps ijrhj fnlr ukgh vkk jk=hP;k fBdk.kh izR;sd xfreku oLrq foJke ikors- gs izkLr rekse; jkf=] vkEgkyk fufoZ?ui.ks rqt rhjkyk iksgkspw ns* vkh izkFkZuk vkgs- ;ko:u ijrhj fnlr ulysyh jk= Eg.kts /kqzokojph lgk eklh jk= vlk fu"d"kZ fVGdkauh dk<yk vkgs- i.k eyk okVrs dh lgkeklh jk= lgk eklkauh lairsp- rsOgk ^ijrhj fnlr ukgh vkh* vls frps o.kZu gks.kkj ukgh- funku /kqzokoj jkg.kkjh ek.kls rjh vls o.kZu dj.kkj ukghr dkj.k R;kauk rh "k.eklh jk= pkaxyhp ifjfpr vlrs- izR;sd xfreku oLrq frP;k foJke ikors gsfg o.kZu dsoG "k.eklh jk=hl ykxw iM.kkjs ukgh^izR;sd jk= vkeps kjhjkl btk >kY;kfkok; tkoks* vls ,ds fBdk.kh EgVys vkgs- i.k rsfg "k.eklh jk=hlp ykxw iMrs vls Eg.krk ;s.kkj ukghrSfRrjh; lafgrsP;k ifgY;k dk.MkP;k ikapO;k izikBdkP;k ikapO;k vuqokdkr ^ vkEgkl lq[kkus rqt rhjkl tkvw ns * vls Eg.kwu iq<s lkrO;k vuqokdkr ^fp=kolq Eg.kts jk=] iwoZ dkGh gh laiwu m"kk ;s.kkj ukgh Eg.kwu czk.k Hkhr vlr* vls Li"Vhdj.k vkgs- ;kr jk= lai.kkj ukgh vkh Hkhfr iwohZ yksdkauk okVr gksrh vls Li"V opu vkgs- ;kpk vFkZ dk;\ rh jk= /kqzokojphp gksrh- ^iqjk* ;k kCnko:u rh izkphu dkGkiklwu oSfnd _"khauk ekghr gksrh- gh jk= /kqzokojphp gks; vls yks- fVGd fyfgrkrjk= laiwu m"kk ;s.kkj ukgh gh Hkhfr ckGx.kkjs czk.k mRrj /kqzokoj gksrs vls fVGd nkZforkr- ijarq rs czk.k tj tUekiklwu rsFksp jgkr gksrs rj R;kauk lgkeklh jk= ifjp;kph vl.kkjp! ex Hkhfr okV.;kps dkj.k dk;\ tUekiklwup /kqzokoj jkg.kkjkl R;k nh?kZ jk=hph Hkhfr okV.kkjp ukgh- i.k T;kus tUekiklwu ckjk rklkaph jk= vuqHkysyh vlsy R;kyk ek= hk; okVsy dh gh jk= lai.kkj vkgs fd ukgh\ R;keqGs eyk okVrs dh Hkkjrkr jkg.kkjs vk;Z /kqzokoj xsys rsOgk rh Hkh"k.k nh?kZ jk= vuqHkowu H;k;ys vkf.k R;kauh rs o.kZu brjkalkBh uksanowu Bsfoys vlkos10&138&3 e/;s EgVys vkgs dh lw;kZus vkdkkkP;k e/;kojp jFk lksMyk- lw;kZus Hkj vkdkkkr e/;kojp eqDdke dsYk vls o.kZu _Xosnkr brj=fg vkgs- gs o.kZu /kqzokojps gs [kjs- R;keqGs vk;Z /kqzokoj xsys gksrs gs fufpr_-3&58&1 ;sFks lw;kZl nf{k.kspk iq= vls EgVysys vkgs- m"ksyk nf{k.kk vls EgVysys vkgs- gs kCn mRrj /kqzokojp fuekZ.k >kys- mRrj Eg.kts ojph- nf{k.k Eg.kts v/kj Eg.ktsp [kkyph- gs kCnfg mRrj /kqzokojp fuekZ.k >kys- vls fVGd lkaxrkr- i.k ^nf{k.k* gk kCn eqGkr dlk fuekZ.k >kyk\ nf{k.k gLr Eg.kts mtok gkr- mxoR;k lw;kZyk v?;Z nsrkauk] ueLdkj djrkauk mtO;k cktwl vl.kkjh fnkk rh nf{k.k fnkk] ikBhekxs vlrs rh ^ifpe* fnkk dkj.k ikB Eg.ktsp ifpe- lw;Z oj ;srkauk fnlrks rh iwoZ fnkk vkk fnkk BjfoY;k vkf.k mjysyh fnkk rh mRrj Bjyh-

mRrj Eg.kts mjysyh- gs kCn Hkkjrke/;s mRiUu >kysys vkgsr- /kqzokoj uOgs- gs kCn vkf.k ;k pkj fnkk eukar ckGxwu tks ekuo mRrj /kqzokikkh xsyk vlsy rksp rsFks lw;Z nf{k.ksl mxorks vls Eg.kw kdsy vkf.k lw;kZl nf{k.kiq= Eg.ksy- /kqzokikkh tUekiklwu LFkkf;d vlysyk ek.kwl tsFkwu lw;Z mxoysyk fnlrks R;k fnksl iwoZ Eg.ksy] nf{k.k dlk Eg.ksy\ R;keqGs eyk okVrs dh /kqzoeaMyoklh tukauh gs kCn fufeZysys ulwu ts yksd tx c?k.;klkBh Hkkjrkrwu fu?kkys vkf.k FksV mRrj /kqzokikkh xsys R;kauh gs fygwu Bsoys vlkoslw;kZyk lIrko] lIrjeh vkh ukaos vkgsr] rh lkr efgus lw;Zizdkk vl.kk z;k /kqzoh; e.Mykr fnyh xsyh vlkohr vls fVGd Eg.krkr- vfnrhyk lkr iq= >kys R;kauk ?ksvwu rh nsokdMs xsyh] vkBok ekrkZ.M Vkdwu fnyk] ;kpk vFkZ lkr efgus izdkk rj vkBO;kiklwu va/kkj vlk d:u fVGd Eg.krkr dh ;k /kqzoh; iznskkrhy xks"Vh vkgsr- laoRljkps ckjk ekl gsp vkfnR; vls kriFk 6&1&2&8 o 9&6&3&8 nkZors- R;ko:u iwohZ lkr ekl Eg.kts lkr vkfnR; vlkos- lkr lw;Z o lkr fnkk _-9&114&3 ;sFksfg vkgsrR;ko:u lkr efgus lw;Zizdkk o ex va/kkj vls fnlrs- gs /kqzoiznskkps fofk"V y{k.k vkgs vls fVGd Eg.krkr- i.k rs ;ksX; ukgh vls eyk okVrs dkj.k /kqzoh; iznskkr lkr efgus lw;Zizdkk vlrks vls ddZ o`Rrkps vklikl jkg.kkjs yksd Eg.krhy] /kqzoh; iznskkr jkg.kkjs yksd R;kl ,d fnolp Eg.krhy dkj.k fnolHkj lw;Zizdkk vlrks-9&63&9 ;sFks lw;kZps ngk ?kksMs lkafxrysys vkgsr] rs ngk efgU;kapsp |ksrd vkgsr vls fVGd Eg.krkr- 2&34&12 ;sFks nkXokauh ;K dsyk vls EgVys vkgs _ 10&62&5]6 ;kr uoXo o nkXo vkk vafxjlkaP;k tkrh fnY;k vkgsr- uoXo gs _Xosnkr cjsp fBdk.kh vkysys vkgsr- rlsp nkXo fg vkysys vkgsr- ;ko:u uoXo o nkXo ;kaps l= ngk efgU;kauh lair vls vls funku d:u ngk efgU;kapk fnol vlysY;k mRrj /kqzoktoGhy iznskkrhy gh ?kVuk vkgs vls fVGdkauh nkZfoys vkgsvkrk ;sFks izu ;sbZy dh ckjk efgU;kaps o"kZ vlysY;k Hkkjrkr ngk efgU;kaps l= d: u;s dka\ o"kkZ _rwps nksu efgus oxGwu mjysys ngk efgus l= dsys rj fc?kMsy dka\ R;keqGs fVGdkaps gsfg er iV.kkjs ukghfVGd Eg.krkr dh nh?kZrek gk mpF; o eerk ;kapk iq= vlY;kps _Xosn 1&152&6] 1&158&4 o egkHkkjr vkfnioZ 104 ;sFks lkafxrys vkgs-nh?kZrek ngkO;k ;qxkr tjkth.kZ >kyk] tqtqoku~ nkes ;qxs vls _1&158&6 e/;s EgVys vkgs- ;kpk vFkZ ^lw;Z ngkO;k efgU;kr f{kfrtk[kkyh xsyk* vlk fVGdkauh dsyk- eyk rjh rks vFkZ iVr ukgh dkj.k nh?kZrek Eg.kts [kwi va/kkj gk kCn lw;kZok |ksrd gks.kkj ukgh- fkok; lw;kZps vkbZofMy dks.k gsfg lkaxrk ;s.kkj ukgh- fkok; nh?kZrekus iqutZUe ikfgys vls osnkus EgVys vkgs o iqutZUekpk fl)kUr lkafxryk

vkgs- rs lw;kZps ckcrhr ykxw gks.kkj ukgh- R;keqGs fVGdkaps fo/kku iV.ks kD; ukgh_-4&16&12 ^ cgqr kjn~ o jk=hi;ZUr vkEgkl vkuanh vlw ns * vlk vFkZ d:u fVGd Eg.krkr dh kjn~ Eg.kts nh?kZ fnol] FkksMh lk/kh vgksjk=s Eg.kts _rq o nh?kZ jk= feGwu gks.kkjk o"kkZpk vo/kh- tj mRrj /kqzokoj kjnkiklwu jk= pkys gksrs rj kjn Eg.kts nh?kZ fnol gk vFkZ dlk dsyk\ vgksjk=s Eg.kts _rq gk vFkZ rjh dlk dsyk\ mRrj /kqzokoj _rw nksup FkaMh vkf.k mUgkGk- R;keqGs fVGdkaps Eg.k.ks iVr ukgh_-1&164&12 ;kr ikap iknkaPkk] ckjk vkd`rhapk firk vkgs- R;ko:u fVGd Eg.krkr dh ikap ikn Eg.kts ikap _rw vkf.k ngk efgU;kaP;k o"kkZr _rw ikap vl.kkj gs m?kM vkgs- fVGdkauh nksu eklkapk ,d _rq vls ekuwu gs fo/kku dsys i.k nksu eklkapk ,d _rq dsoG Hkkjrkrp vkgs] txkr brj= ukgh] /kqzokaoj rj ukghp ukgh _-1&164&12 pk HkkokFkZ fVGdkauh vlk fnyk vkgs % ^ vls Eg.krkr dh ikap iknkapk o ckjk vkd`rhapk firk vkdkkkP;k nql z;k v/kZ Hkkxkr ?kwekus O;kIr vlk vkgs- nqljs Eg.krkr loZ= ikg.kkjk rks lkr pkdkaP;k o lgk vkjkaP;k jFkkr clysyk vkdkkkP;k ojP;k Hkkxkr vkgs-* izuksifu"kn~ izu 1] ea= 11 ;sFks gkp ea= vkgs- fVGdkauh ^iqjh"k.ka*pk vFkZ /kwekus O;kIr vlk dsyk vkgs] i.k rks ;ksX; ukghiqjh"k Eg.kts fp[ky fdaok ik.kh- iqjh"k.ka Eg.kts fp[ky dj.kkjk] Eg.ktsp mndo`f"V dj.kkjk vlk R;kpk vFkZ vkgs- ^"kGj*pk vFkZ ^lgk vjkaP;k jFkkr clysyk* vlk fVGdkauh dsysyk vkgs i.k rkfg cjkscj ukgh- ^lIrpDjs "kGj vkgq% vfiZre~* vls ewG okD; vkgs- R;kr jFk ;k vFkhZ kCn ukghlIrpDjs gs lIrehps :Ik vkgs] rj "kGj gs izFkesps :Ik vkgs- Eg.kwu "kGj gk drkZ vkgs- ^lgk vkjs vlysyk rks lkrkaP;k pDjkr lefiZr >kyk vkgs* vlk ;k okD;kpk [kjk vFkZ vkgs- lgk vkjs Eg.kts lgk _rq vlysyk rks laoRlj lkr okjkaP;k pDjkr lefiZr vkgs vlk R;kpk vFkZ Li"VkFkZ vkgs- rsOgk fVGd pqdys gs ekU; djkosp ykxrs- vxnh fVGdkapk vFkZ ?ksryk rjh R;kaps fo/kku ^ngk efgU;kaP;k o"kkZr ikapp _rw vl.kkj gs m?kM vkgs* gs v;ksX; Bjrs- /kqzoktoG ngk efgU;kaps o"kZ vlys rjh _rw ek= ikap ulrkrnh?kZ fnol] nh?kZ jk= o e/khy lk/kh vgksjk=s vls rhup _rw rsFks vlrkr gs fVGdkauhp vkxksnj Ik`"B 61oj fyfgysys vkgs- /kqzokojfg ngk eklkaps o"kZ d/khp ulrs gsfg /;kuh Bsokos;kiq<s fVGd Eg.krkr dh ,srjs; czk.k 1&1 ;sFks ^iaprZoks gseUrfkfkj;ks% leklsu* vls EgVys vkgs] rj kriFk czk.k 13&9&1&10 ;sFks o"kkZ o kjn~ ,d= ?ksrysys vkgsr- lgkaps ikap _rw dj.;kdfjrk dks.kps nksu ,d= djko;kps ;kr ,der ukgh- rsOgk gh dYiuk ekxwu vkysyh fnlrs- okLrfod lgkaps ikap _rw djko;kps rj eqGkr lgkp vlys ikfgtsr] ukgh dka\ ex rh dYiuk ekxwu vkyh vls dls Eg.krk ;sbZy\ ljG

vuqHko fopkjkr ?ksryk rj /;kuh ;sbZy dh o"kkZ o kjn~ gs _rw foHkkx.ks dBh.k vlrs dkj.k nksUghr ikvwl iMr vlrks- Hkkjrke/;s gh fuR;kph ?kVuk vkgs- gseUr o fkfkj gs nksUgh _rw FkaMhpsp vlY;keqGs R;kapsfg foHkktu dj.ks dBh.k Bjrs- R;keqGs dq.kh gs nksu foHkDr dsys rj dq.kh rs nksu foHkDr dsys rj nks"k dq.kkpkp uOgsokLrfod gk eqn~nk fVGdkaps ^/kqzoko:u vk;Z Hkkjrkr vkys* ;kps iqf"Vdj.kkFkZ mi;ksxh ukgh- dkj.k lgk _rwaps ikap dsys rjh fdaok ikapkaps lgk dsys rjh] /kzqoh; olrhyk vk/kkj feGr ukgh] dkj.k /kzqoh; iznskkr lgk _rw d/khp ulrkr- rsFks _rw rhup vlrkr gs fVGdkauhp nk[kfoysys vkgsxoke;ue~ ;k izdj.kkr jkf=Djrawlaca/kh fyfgrkauk fVGd Eg.krkr]^ nksu rs kaHkj jk=haps ;kx gh I)r /kqzokojph vkgs dkj.k rsFks kaHkj fnolkaph jk= vlrs-kaHkjis{kk vf/kd jk=haps Djrq dka ukghr vlk izu fVGdkauh dsyk vkgs- i.k rks ;ksX; okVr ukgh- fVGdkauh 90 jk=hapk fgkksc fnyk vkgs- /kqzokoj ikap efgus nh?kZ jk= vlrs] i.k nksu efgus laf/kizdkk vlrks Eg.kwu rhu efgus jk= mjrs- Eg.kts toG toG kaHkj jk=h eqnr ;srs] vls fVGd Eg.krkr- rhu efgus Eg.kts 90 jk=h gksrkr ex krjk=h dka EgVys\ ^uofr jkf=* dka EgVys ukgh\ vls izu fVGdkauk fopkjkos vls eyk okVrskacjkph 100 iqjs eksM.ks] 99 u|k vksykaM.ks] ;k xks"Vhapk vFkZ 100 fnolkaph v[kaM jk= lairs vlk vlkok vls fVGd Eg.krkr-Ik`"B 172- i.k tj rh 100 fnolkaph v[kaM jk= vlsy rj rh ,dp jk= Bjsy- ex 100 jk=h Eg.k.;kps dkj.k dk;\ _-1&22&17] 18 rlsp 1&54&2 ;sFks vkf.k jkek;.k 4&40&64 ;sFks fo".kwph rhu ins lkafxryh vkgsr- R;kfo"k;h fVGd Eg.krkr]^lw;kZps okf"kZd /kqzoh; Hkze.k ghp rh rhu ins gksr- lw;Zizdkkkps vkB efgus gh nksu ins vkf.k dkGks[kkps pkj efgus gs frljs in gks;*- gh fVGdkaph dYiuk cjh okVrs i.k ;kpk nqljkfg vFkZ gksvw kdrks o rks ,sfrgkfld okVrks- rks eh ^okLro jkek;.k* ;k xzaFkkr fnysyk vkgs] rks okpkokfVGdkauh vkiY;k iq"VhlkBh jkek;.kkpk vk/kkj ?ksryk vkgs- ngk rksaMkapk jko.k] lgk ekl >ksai.kkjk dqaHkd.kZ gk /kqzokojpk vlkok vls rs Eg.krkr- ijarq /kqzokojph ek.kls lgk ekl >ksai.ks loZFkSo vkD; vkgsHkkjrh; T;ksfr"k xzaFkkauh 28O;k egk;qxkrhy dfy;qx vkrk pkyw vlY;kps nk[kfoys vkgs- R;ko:u ,d vCt]97 dksVh]29yk[k]49lgLj o"ksZ >kyh vls fnlrs- gk vankt HkwLrjkkL=kP;k e;kZnsckgsjpk vkgs vls fVGd Eg.krkr o ekU; djhr ukghr- i.k vkrk vk/kqfud foKkukus Ik`Fohps vk;q"; nksu vCt o"ksZ gsp Bjfoys vkgs- R;keqGs fVGd pqdys o izkphu T;ksfr"kxzaFk cjkscj Bjys vkgsr-

Lkekjksikr fVGd Eg.krkr dh /kqzoiznskkr iwohZ v{k; olar _rq gksrk] lkSE; gokeku gksrs- i.k eh fopkjrks dh lgk ekl jk= vlrksuk gs kD; rjh vkgs dka\ rlk v{k; olar _rq [kjsp vlsy rj rsFks ikap _rw gksrs vls Lor%p vk/kh dka EgVys\ dkGks[;k jk=h nksu efgus izsr rlsp Bsor vls rs Eg.krkr( i.k v{k; olar _rq vlsy rj izsr nksu efgus fVdsy dka\ lw;ksZn; gksrks fd ukgh vkh Hkhfr iwohZ okVs Eg.kwu rs yksd /kqzonskkrhy vls fVGd Eg.krkr( i.k /kqzonskh ckyi.kkiklwu jkg.kkjkauk rkh Hkhfr okVsy rjh dka\ tUekiklwu lgkeklh jk= ikg.kkjkl Hkhfr dkh okVsy\ rkh Hkhfr okVyh ;kpk vFkZ fHk.kkjk ek.kwl gk ckjk rklkaph jk= c?k.kkjk Hkkjrh; ek.kwl vlkok- Ik`Foh c?k.;klkBh rks fgaMyk R;kr /kqzoki;ZUr xsyk o rsFkhy ekfgrh R;kus fygwu Bsoyh- rh _Xosnkr laxzfgr dsyh vkgs- yks- fVGdkaps dk;Z cgqeksy vkgs] i.k fu"d"kZ pqdysyk vkgs( rso<k lq/kkj.;kps dke iq<hy fi<hps Eg.kts vkiysp vkgsrs dk;Z d:u eh vki.kkiq<s ekaMys vkgs- etdMwu >kysY;k pqdk vlrhy rj R;k iq<hy lakks/kdkauh lq/kkjkO;k- Eg.kts lR; izLFkkfir gksbZygk fuca/k eh 9 rs 23 tqyS 1987 ;k dkGkr fyfgysyk vkgs( ijarq yks- fVGdkaP;k pqdk nk[kforks Eg.kwu ejkBhe/;s Nkiyk xsyk ukgh- gh o`Rrh lakks/kukpk xGk ?kksVsy gs eh uewn djrks- iq<hy lakks/kdkalkBh eh gk fuca/k ;k iqLrdkr lkeoyk vkgs-