May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC

CHNG 1 T ONG HOA QUA TRNH SAN XUAT S RA I CUA MAY CNC ----------------Trong na thap ky qua, the gii a chng kien s ra i va phat trien nh vu bao cua KTK t ong. Va nhanh chong KTK t ong a c ng dung vao cong nghe che tao san pham c kh. S phat trien cua t ong hoa QTSX co the c tom lc nh sau. 1.1/ NC (Numerical Control) 1.1.1/ Lch s ra i cua NC. Cung nh cac ky thuat tien tien khac, NC ra i vao au thap nien 50 tai phong th nghiem cua hoc vien Massachusetts. Khi mi ra i, may NC ch co the cat c nhng ng thang chnh xac va hieu qua. ieu nay gay ra rat nhieu kho khan v may phai thc hien vo so cac ng thang ngang, doc e gia cong cac bien dang cong (Hnh 1.1)

Hnh 1.1 Van e nay dan en s ra i cua APT (Automatically Programme Tools). ay la loai ngon ng lap trnh au tien cho NC, dung cac cau lenh tieng Anh e nh ngha ng di chuyen hnh hoc, dung cu va cac ch th can thiet khac. ay cung la tien e c ban cho s phat trien cua NC. Ban au chng trnh NC c ma hoa tren cac bang uc lo, sau o dung cac bang t. Sau khi may tnh ra i, cac bang uc lo, bang t c thay the bi thiet b x ly d lieu cua may tnh. 1.1.2/ May NC (NC machine) May NC bao gom 2 bo phan chnh: Bo ieu khien may va may cong cu c ban. a) Bo ieu khien may (Machine Control Unit : MCU) La bo phan thc hien cac chc nang sau: - oc va giai ma chng trnh - a ra cac lenh ieu khien - Nhan cac tn hieu phan hoi va x ly. MCU bao gom 2 bo phan sau: DPU (Data processing Unit): Bo x ly d lieu CLU (Control Loop Unit) : Bo thc hien ieu khien DPU oc cac d lieu t chng trnh tren bang uc lo, a t,va giai ma cac tn hieu nay thanh cac d lieu so. Sau o gi tn hieu en CLU.

May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC CLU nhan cac d lieu c giai ma t DPU, a ra cac lenh ieu khien may, nhan cac tn hieu phan hoi so sanh va x ly cho en khi at o chnh xac yeu cau. DPU sau o se oc khoi lenh tiep theo. b) May cong cu (Machine Tool): Tng t nh cac may cong cu thong thng, nhng cac chuyen ong cua cac truc c th c hien bi ong c servo hoac ong c bc thong qua truyen ong vt me ai oc bi (se trnh bay chng sau). Tren hnh 1.2 la s o cac thanh phan cau tao cua may NC

Hnh 1.2. Thanh phan cua may NC May NC a khac phuc c nhng han che ma cac may cong cu truyen thong khong thc hien c. Vi may NC, o chnh xac gia cong cao hn, tiet kiem dung cu hn, de t ong hoa hn. S ra i cua NC cung a a en s ra i cua hang loat cac phng phap gia cong hien ai, tien tien khac nh: May gia cong bang phong ien (EDM), may cat bang tia laser (Laser Cutting), May han CNC dung chum tia electron (Electron Beam welding), May gia cong bang tia nc (Water jet) 1.2/ DNC (Direct Numerical Control): Vao gia thap nien 60, vi s ra i cua may tnh, ngi ta a ngh en viec thay oi viec ma hoa d lieu tren bang uc lo, bang t bang may tnh nham giam bt cac yeu cau ve phan cng, lap trnh n gian hn, nhanh chong va linh hoat hn. Vao thi iem nay, may tnh rat at tien 2

May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC nen ngi ta dung mot may chu (host) e ieu khien chung nhieu may NC qua mang ket noi. He thong tren goi la DNC (Hnh1.3).

Host Computer

Hnh 1.3. He thong DNC 1.3/. CNC (Computer Numerical Control) Vao cuoi thap nien 60, s ra i cua cong nghe vi x ly a a en s xuat hien cua PLC, may vi tnh (microcomputer). Cac thiet b nay ngay sau khi ra i a c ng dung tren cac may NC, va the he may CNC a ra i. Vi CNC, moi may NC c phuc vu bi 1 PLC hoac Computer rieng. ieu nay cho phep chng trnh co the nhap va lu tr rieng tren moi may CNC. Ca c thnh phn c bn ca may CNC bao gom: Hnh 1.4 1/. Chng trnh gia cong (Part program ) 2/. Thiet b oc chng trnh (Program input device ) 3/. Machine control unit (MCU) 4/. He thong truyen ong (Drive system ) 5/. May cong cu (Machine tool) 6/. He thong phan hoi (Feedback system)

May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC

Hnh 1.4. Cau truc cua may CNC 1.4/ DNC II (Distributed Numerical Control) Khi the he may CNC c a vao ng dung trong cac day chuyen san xuat, lai xuat hien cac van e mi o la quan ly d lieu (gia cac may khong co s lien he chat che vi nhau). e viec quan ly d lieu gia cac CNC tot hn, he thong DNCII a c a vao ng dung trong san xuat, la s ket hp gia DNC va CNC. He thong DNC II bao gom cac may tnh chu (Host Computer) va cac may tnh cuc bo (Local computer) ket noi vi nhau. No cho phep cac chng trnh gia cong c lu tren may chu nen viec quan ly tot hn. Cac chng trnh nay co the c download xuong cac local computer hoac PLC. Va ta cung co nhap chng trnh va giao dien trc tiep t cac may cuc bo (local). Va neu may chu b ngng th cac may CNC van co the hoat ong bnh thng. ay la u iem c ban cua DNC II so vi DNC. 1.5. He thong san xuat linh hoat (FMS: Flexible Manufacturing System) Vao gia thap nien 60, cong ty Molins Ltd. (Anh) a phat trien he thong 24, la tien than cua he thong FMS. Tuy nhien do han che ve ky thuat nen he thong san xuat linh hoat van ch dng lai mc o ly thuyet, y tng trong suot nhng nam 60, 70. Vao cuoi thap nien 1970 au thap 4

May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC

CAM NC Programming Section

CAD Section CAM NC

Factory Computer Network CAM NC Programming Section

DNC Terminal

Manufacturing cell

Manufacturing cell

Hnh 1.5. He thong DNCII nien 1980s, vi s phat trien manh cua cong nghe ieu khien bang may tnh, he thong FMS a c ng dung thanh cong. He thong FMS dc ng dung chu yeu My trong cac lnh vc che tao o to, xe c gii, may bayHe thong FMS ien hnh bao gom: Thiet b x ly: May cong cu, he thong lap rap, Robot. Thiet b x ly phoi: Robot, bang tai, He thong van chuyen t ong (AGV : Automated guided vehicles) he thong lu kho t ong (AS:Automated storage) va he thong truy xuat (RS: Retrieval System). He thong trao oi thong tin. He thong ieu khien bang may tnh (Computer controlled system) He thong thay dao t ong (automated tool changers). Con ngi van hanh ( Human operator). FMS tao nen mot bc tien mi hng en viec tch hp hoan toan qua trnh san xu t, da tren cac he thong, quan iem t ong hoa sau: CNC, DNC II, he thong x ly phoi lieu t ong (Automated material handling system) va cong nghe gia cong nhom (Group Technology) 5

May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC Mot so mo hnh FMS ien hnh

Hnh 1.6. Single machine cell

Hnh 1.7. Multiple workstation Cell 6

May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC

Hnh.8. FMS vi he thong lu, xuat kho t ong AS/RS

Hnh 1.9. FMS hang san xuat Vought Aircraft 7

May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC 1.6/ He thong san xuat tch hp (CIM: Computer Intergated Manufacturing = flexible design and manufacturing) Y tng ve he thong san xuat tch hp c Josheph Harington e cap en vao nam 1974, nhng phai qua hang chuc nam en au thap nien 1990s, he thong nay mi c ng dung thanh cong My. CIM la he thong tch hp toan bo cac thanh phan cua qua trnh san xuat, c x ly va ieu khien bi may tnh. T viec phan tch th trng,thiet ke, chuan b phoi lieu, chuan b va to chc san xuat, kiem tra chat lng san phm cho en ca viec phan phoi ra th trng. Vi s ra i cua cong nghe CIM, lch s phat trien cua san xuat xa hoi a trai qua cac giai oan sau: - San xuat thu cong - San xuat c kh hoa, chuyen mon hoa - T ong hoa san xuat. - Tch hp san xuat Cac thanh phan c ban cua he thong CIM bao gom: CAD/CAM (Computer-aided design/ Computer-aided manufacturing), CAPP (Computer-aided process planning), ERP (Enterprise resource planning), CNC machine tools, DNC II, FMS, ASRS ( automated storage and retrieval systems ), AGV ( automated guided vehicles ), Robotics , ACS (Automated conveyance systems), Computerized scheduling and production control, CAQ (Computer-aided quality assurance), A business system integrated by a common database and Lean Manufacturing. Vi viec tch hp qua trnh san xuat, nang xuat tang len nhieu lan, giam chi ph lao ong, giam thi gian thiet ke va phat trien san pham, chat lng thiet ke cao hn, tnh linh hoat cua he thong rat cao giup ap ng nhanh nhu cau cua th trng, tang li the canh tranh. Trong he thong CIM, can co s chia se thong tin gia cac bo phan e tang tnh linh hoat va hoa t ong cua cac khau hieu qua hn.

May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC

Hnh 1.10 Cac thanh phan cua he thong CIM.