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AUTHOR
A-
j[
M.^A.^'
ROMANISM AND
RATIONALISM
...
PLA CE
LONDON
1863
DATE:
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'I'M
CHRISTIANITY.
JOHN CAIRNS,
D.D.
'^00
EXCHANC
^/7
Romanism
and
Rationalis M
AS OPPOSED TO PURE
CHRISTIANITY
r
,
'
Lmigate
Ilili.
Fiiinburgh.
lilnsgmv.
.
35,
I.
BY
JOHN CAIRNS,
BERWICK.
D.D.
CO.
K'
^
t
PREFACE.
..
<
'
lit
The
. '
t
*
'
in
in
Edinburgh,
is
now
published at
the
Church,
who combine
chiefly
to
render
help
to
widows and
fatherless children
of their
own
class
amount of good.
Their claims
least
may be pleaded
from the services
during
de-
rendered
its
by the ministers of
to evangelical
is
that Church,
religion.
past history,
it
Few
nominations,
served
in
been pre-
more
free
and as
this result,
under
Ciod,
O
t'
See Appendix,
p. 53.
282055
I >
I
I
. : :
^''
Preface.
faithful
I I
III
J 3
>
> , 1
I I
5
II
,
I I
, *
.
t
(I
>
.5
1
no superabundant
If the
recompense of
their labours.
origin of this
> -
the matter
of
are
it
vital
truths which
now
itself,
will
Take
Matt.
xvi. 6.
and
own
HE
history of the
human
race, considis
witness.
the
belief
Man
is
inexplicable,
afford
room
for
;
his
being
mant,
may
at
tion all the other principles of his nature. There cannot be a greater misconception of Christianity than to imagine that for the first time it introduces
it
with
authority.
There
is
belief in
the
super-
etc
c
<
f I
t
:
On Rcrnamsnt tn<i^Rational{s7n
natural; a
either
tion
is
I'iiitn
in
future before
revela-
He
had been
Moses or Christ
not to create
in
He
man
and the
irri-
to rectify
and control
that
religious
nature which
upon
in
a disobedient nature.
man remained
and
fear,
active
from
its
true centre.
The
religious ten-
and the
under the
were the
theories
dencies and workings of fallen humanity may all be comprised under the one name of Superstition.^.
very unhappy nam.e, as
thing
if
it
twofold influence
of darkness
Many
itself,
but which
it
may become
its
such as these
they
;
men
we
regard
by a play upon
Latin etymology,
sur-
that
as denoting the
nature
fancy.
vived
the
Fall.
man's religious
'S
all
radically worthless,
a
He
The
(;od
tnily
was
in
himself,
for
what
inevitable that
man
creature.
introduction of
he cannot create a
the object
'\
of his
worship should be
the
original
Him,
as seen
Fall
in
his
own proper
the
de-
character;
and as the
also
necessitated
man
himself,
and even of
by
fear,
which
love,
his benefits
Light and
thus
deep
truth,
and shadows
I
of
its
awful majesty.
cannot
the
here
develop
at
greater
explain
his
fallen
and the
East, of the
agencies whereby the dominion usurped over by the Tempter was confirmed. The true
Rome, and
likewise
God
many
mis-
as opposed
one
of
his
to
Pure
Christianity,
readings
aboriginal
reminiscences
of
the
Greek paganism,
still
of humanity.
The
institutions
later
rites
of lustration
re-
Roman
Empire.
is
The lower
superin the
faith
and
purification,
which,
of course,
cannot be
true in
ferred to man's religion before the Fall, are probably to be traced to the usages
fear,
its
sense of
guilt,
its
;
CJod
after the
Fall,
and not
in the
liking
God
in
its
knowledge, even
dwarfed
seeks
in-
superstition,
to their descendants to bJ
explode
all
faith
in
his
living
agency and
depraved,
and caricatured
fluential
in
the
belief,
or,
growing darkness.
reign of superstition the prevailing feature in the religious history of
nations.
you
will
again,
only
his
darker
i.^
and
more
ungenial,
of Epicurus
and
But there gradually arises there exists in fact from the beginning an antagonist influence by which superstition is limited and
held
in
sons,
ancient heathenism.
check.
superstition
on
the
one
This
is
Unbelief
It
manifests
is
itself in
two
and
I
unbelief,
in
its
ver>'
different forms.
There
false in
which
of
attacks what
is
superstition
is
and a lower
Greek and
Roman
the
true.
The
higher
itself
more or
is
less in
an
the
effort
by
Sometimes
.
one
side
has
triumphed,
some-
employment of reason.
*v
lays
and of the
deeper
cere-
monial of
principles
superstition
with
is
the
religious
and
this also
;
on which
it
itself
modem
serious
I)ugners.
Chinese
superstition
has kept
native imas
is
you
will,
Mahometan
religion,
well
as opposed
to
Pure
Clu^istianity.
known, there has been the same opposition of the devotees and the freethinkers, though the latter have
always been
Jews,
in
the minority.
Among
the ancient
Then
more
when
superstition,
or less
a divine
but
the
some shape
buried
it,
same
conflict arose
between the
principle
ciples of superstition,
against
has revived in
or
of the latter of
whom we
form more
more
degrading,
more
and had the same keen sense of the errors of tradition which is displayed by the modern Karaites in rejecting the
Talmud.
cannot but believe that some at least were actuated, by higher than mere sceptical motives,
New
conflicts
wounded and sometimes slain and buried, puts forth more revolting excrescences in place of its lost members, or rises from the dead to perform more strange
and portentous
antics than ever
One
of
the
in
this
reli-
upon
its
fresh grave.
struggle of superstition
downward progress of
the an-
gions of nature,
series
is
by any
becoming
more impious, a generous unbelief ever more melancholy and despairing, and a superstition sitting over
against both, and, like the priests of Baal, invoking
its
and worship of
this
(Jod.
Before
nations,
could
effect
among such
:
first,
that a super-
cries
and barbarous
system should contain at least all the elements of the true religion, and then that reason should be able to separate these unerringly from
the
lacerations,
.'V
began
its
'i
The
gospel was at
corrupt
admixtures
overiaid.
original religion
manifestly imj)ossible,
man
as a creature
and was a
final de-
the
;
religion of
alism,
however
justly applied,
by shaking the
faith
man as a sinner.
among
of the vulgar
in religious
while the
On Romanism and
Rationalism
human
heart for desupersti-
as opposed to
healing properties
Christian world,
;
Pnrc
Christianity.
so-called
God, which
is
were gloriously
satisfied.
The
incarnate
Ood
upon
Christianity;
is
at
Father; and
life
;
the
and the
on one another.
anv
In this contruth
on
its
The moral
;
basis
side, as
willing, nay,
of superstition
bound
and,
at
the
same
in
man
is
met by Christianity
and there
its
the
evidence,
both
external
and
internal,
it
of the
I
additions.
is
divinely
brought with
all
rational
some
with
religious
its
want
and there
is
no room
for unbelief
foundation.
if,
Happy would
it
have been
for
mankind
when
Hence we
and unbelief,
continue
in
it,
perverted
manifestations
the
one being
fear
;
tianity, satisfied
the
and
sacrifice of
less,
pride
nothing more, than to pay the grateful debt of obedience to the God of redemption, and to walk
in the exercise
speak of
spiri-
one labour-
tual rites of
worship with
the brotherhood
sanctified.
who
ing
more
to corrupt
it
by
false
But alas
to destroy
plifications.
human
upon
And
in the
remainder of
is
this lecture,
I shall
follow
to
deteriorate
its
ftjMrWWiittwMMiihwyihliiii litiilBllfMiBaBaaBiait
0)1
as opposed
Look, then,
to
Pure
Clmstianity.
ing in general
first, to Christianity as
a system of
want of our nature, to exhibit the operation of the two hostile influences as equally
mistaking the gospel provision for the want in question, and as abridging it by defect or overlaying it by
excess.
I shall, in this lecture,
some
essential religious
Rez'elatiofi.
LI
If anything
is
the necessity of
some
all
revela-
honest
Hence my
illustrations
must
be drawn
fallen.
of the Christian Church, these being mostly products of that unbelief which, as arising from the
false applivital
some
oracle,
or
is
genuine and
commonly
which they
on the other hand, from the corruptions of the Church of Rome, which is the finished development of Superstition.
cannot produce.
tion,
Now
its
Christianity
its
is
such a revela-
proved to be divine by
indubitable miracles
style,
It
is
am
to attempt
and prophecies, by
the
and by
its
of the struggle of pure Christianity with open infidelity, or with such foreign superstitions as Mahome-
superhuman
greatness, depth,
it
and wisdom of
contents.
tion should
Further,
this revela-
tanism or
Mormonism
be
in
book complete
defi-
each series of
evils within
own
pale.
laid
and
down,
I shall
nite standard,
and no
security against
in the
now
view
four points of
;
Now
at-
first, as
a system of revelation
;
secojuily,
as a
tested
by
sufficient
system of mediation
or sanctification
tual association
;
thirdly, as a
system of morality
spiri-
And once
more,
it
this
book,
and
capable of interpretation
On
Ro7na7iism
and Rationalism
with
as opposed to
Pure
Christianity.
of every individual man, as a message from God to him, for the understanding and right use of which he alone was responsible and such a book the Bible is,
;
their brethren in
and
it
almost seems as
if
asserting
its
its
own
absolute
all
infallibility,
'
interpretation to
read.'
who
Lord and
and some-
supernatural communication, a
:
these seem
and
to regard
man
in
regard to reve-
divinity,
least
but
of divinely-enlightened
humanity,
in
at
any other
Look, now,
Superstition
way
in
have
modem
hero-worship, whose
in
is
names
shrink from
turn
with
these
three
pronouncing
heaven, and
Rationalism, even within the Church, has advanced so far as to deny that Christianity is a communication from (;od in any supernatural sense
at
all.
above
all.
lately,
among which
1\,
the
called Rationalistic, while professing to believe Chri.stianity as from Cod, have, for more than half a century, now gone. It is the first time, so far as I am aware, in the history of Christianity, that such a denial has been connected with the Christian profession ; and that alleged disciples of Jesus
monly
has
many
directions,
endeavoured to shake
all its
parts
I shall
not
Generally speak-
and
his
apostles have maintained that he and they only spoke God's name as Zoroaster or Mahomet, or any other person of strong natural religious
in
universal, the denial of the canonical authority of certain parts of the Bible has
doctrines opposed
to
temperament
in-
and
sensibilities.
Rationalism.
This denial of
all
miraculous
life,
so the Ebionites of
20
as opposed
language.
to
Pui'c Clwistianity,
is
What
in
mony
Thus how
often has
it
the so-called
to explain
of
man
as an allegory,
;
canon
in the face
of
all
evidence,
Moses,
at least the
passage of the
in
Red
Sea,
and the
sus-
descent of the
ciples
;
manna
resolve
Of
and
to
example
in rejecting
it
the epistle
to
be incon-
one extreme
that
to the other.
It
is
matter of notorietv
in (Ger-
by grace
and
this
unwarrant-
many, sincere
it
a long train
cross
in
as only
to sanction
on the
which he recovered
in
some
respects
orthodox,
have
endeavoured
credible
to
render his
mighty works
to
more
by
sup-
last to
fair
posing him
gift
of animal
Some
j^rophecies
arc
re-
and
like
abridges
them by
false
j)rocesses
of criticism
it
what
the load of
of
remains and
sistent with
is
acknowledged
to
upon
it.
As an example
how
starting-point
elementary
idea
of
revelation
diluted or rejected,
denied,
it is
its
eminent writer
De
Wette,
y<r!%i
22
On
as opposed to
Pure
Christianity,
23
represented
grieve to say
is
any
been exceeded
called
still
men
at
reall.
still
the
Word
of
Cod
this
Him
Church
which
suffers
literal
from
So
is
it
Satan
is
an oriental
ordinary and
meaning of Scripture as
that
metaphor
the Spirit of
;
God
is
a personification
and
God
intended,
when he made
use of
human
all
not a person
and
sin
is
when
it
has
served
all
its
we now
creatures.
as the plainest
Word, we
shall see
how
doctrines of the
and counter-
on the opposite
side.
checked by violent inten)retation. Rationalism, for the most part, does not dare to say That is the Bible doctrine, and it is absurd for this is the watchword
'
;'
minimum
of
of inspiration, superstition
affords a sur|)lus.
far as Scripture
the
Church
Rome
The
is
fatal
error of that
in
Church, so
concerned, conssts
of
infidelity,
infi-
all
delity
'
have
shaken hands.
it
It
generally says,
;'
If that
would be absurd
Hence,
and then
proceeds to torture the plain language, to read between the lines, and to look at all the peculiarities
those of Rationalism.
Bible
is
own
sui)er-
for
in
mountains become moie-hills and the only remaining wonder is, that strains so
magnilo(iucnt should
to
l)e
the telescope,
as the
Word
of (Jod.
And
it
scavidly, the
employed by sacred
writers
re-
adorn such feebleness and commonplace as mains when the rugged grandeur of revelation
vanished.
has
On
this subject a
volume might be
written,
and
it
The most
co-ordinate
rank
with
the
written
Word
the
24
as opposed to
(rod.
Pnrc
Christianity,
for
25
in
ecclesiasticaf
There
is
no remedy
these evils
the
embmlied
in
struggle of
Rationalism
will
and Superstition
w^ith
one
Romanist Bible
another.
They
differ-
comparable almost
is
to a Serbonian
bog, in
ences
in
That
just assent
eanhy matters
the
which
it
is
And
tliirMy,
Church denies
to this
a higher region
and
till
the Spirit of
out to enlighten
men
in their
will
Rationalism
sides,
to
judge
and
by on opposite
of
its
meaning
oracle in
or only appeal to
lible
the
sense,
There
is this
unbound by any
defence.
stition,
parent conflicts
to the divine,
and
would be
to take
an unphiloso-
phical view of
human
starting
i)oints,
.strict
idea
is
concerned.
is
The
last
word of the
Both agree
heaven-sent treasures.
other
'I'he
its
it
Bible
not sufticient."
its
denying
authority,
perfection,
and
;
its
use.
I
Both invest
retract the
it
and then
II. The second aspect of })ure Christianity in which now proceed to consider the joint effects of Rait,
and lacerate
it,
is is
as a system of
and pierce
most
in-
Mediation.
Christianity.
l)v
The
'
mediatorial scheme
the essence of
deed, the
name
it
the
No man cometh
is
reverence due to a
me/
To
us 'there
26
as opposed to
Pure
Christiaiiity,
threefold
27
t)etvveen
man
in
Christ Jesus.'
The
is
m&
cation
this is
the glorious
cord of the
deep-felt
want of mediation
the
human
breast is
and
the
how
all
embody.
Priests, sacrifices,
and interweave
e(iually destroys
solemn
rites
due
to this felt
And
first
of Rationalism.
the divinity
forms of the
rising
it
of the Mediator.
Hence
Perhaps
may be
})resumption,
if it
Arian heresy, as
and
fifth
that
did
in the
beginning
in
England, both
the
scheme
visibly complete,
and a scheme
easily
available.
These three
(qualifications
is
are united in
own
times.
There
a genuine mediation by
Socinianism
mises,
and man's
and
representative.
a visible com-
while
The modes
ecjually con-
I)leteness in his
work
obedience
and
But they
all
perfect sacrifice
is
eflicacy of
which
as
\{
no
on
his dignity
be not
God
(iod,
imparting to
his
righteousness
an
is
unlimited
the most
for
in the
not overleaped.
is
vvorth for
man's redemption.
And
there
There
a show of mediation
but there
after all
for
is
the /?//// of
efiectually
lay
their
hand
difiicult
recjuirement
sinner.
which
is
laid
down
as the
means of justification.
An
Further^ Rationalism destroys the visible completeness of Christ's mediation by mutilating the Scripture
justifi-
2^
as opposed to
a
in
Pure
Christianity,
29
doctrine of atonement.
great variety of ways.
author, there
its results.
is
substance denied, and then Christ is a mere prophet or king, a sufferer but not an atoner, which is the
common
Socinian doctrine
or the atonement
is re-
The third essential property of the Bible scheme of mediation, as not only genuine and visibly complete, but likewise easily available, is also compromised by
a Rationalistic theology.
free justification,
presented as a display simply of love without any vindication of justice, which is the view of the German
divine Schleiermacher
and
his followers,
;
and of Mr.
regarded
Cxod's
visible
it is
more
difficult,
it
them by
any
For grace,
substitutes merit
it
for faith,
works
mere good
reason
for
and
will
its
and
pleasure,
without
more does
Now,
it is
obvious
all these cases, the essential property of atonement, the bearing of i)enal displeasure against
sin ])y a substitute qualified to bear it, is left out and not less the rendering of honour to the law by the
;
the
exertion
its
from
own
Thus
all
the avail-
obedience of such a substitute. The doctrine of a moral adaptation in the sufferings and obedience of
a divine person,
who
from the beginning, and as requiring only a simple act of reliance to place every believer under its gracious
shadow,
is
and the
essential
admission to
thus there
is
glor>-, is
and
no
visible
completeness
for
in the
Mediator's
and the
vital
is
work,
no point of repose
a guilty conscience,
'
It
down by
the gosi)el
finished
!'
or to
make
the
way
is
becomes another
gospel,
all
more
and ceases
to
be
manifest.
Christ
ciliation,
or
if
the nominal
So much
Rationalism to
all
that
JO
is
On
Ro7na7t{sm
and Ratmialism
in
as opposed to
expressed
Piux
Christianity,
to the
distinctive
and glorious
its
the gospel
its
scheme of
its
priesthood.
mediation, as regards
basis,
essence, and
The
God,
felt
man and
mode
grand
Not
less injuri-
in addition to the
ously does Superstition misconstrue and pervert this system. It cannot be said, indeed, that
and thus
militates against
as the type of other superstitions, denies and sets aside in express words, the Mediator, any more than it denies and sets aside the Bible. Hut with its
all
Not
tor's
less
is
work
imi)erilled
I
and
vitally injured
by Romish
superstition.
uniform
fatal
ten-
known
The
dency
to
it
shall not
nullifies the
essence of Christianity.
in the entire
There
\<^
first,
touch on.
fundamental doubt
Romish system of
the
substantiation,
which
is
for while
Rationalism explains
mistrusts his
saints,
that the
divinity,
Romanism
up of
by a
and
even the angels, as nearer and more familiar mediators than Christ, which would be utterly impossible if
the
for all
repeti-
The
manhood were
IJible
held
in
its
fresh
under Judaism
is
a confession
representations of
of
its
incompetency
the incarnation,
tion thus
'i'he
comes
to
and hence
degradation.
His righteousness
is
ground
(rodhead coming near in Christ arrayed in the living and wami attractions of human love is disbelieved
of justification,
to
fatally
the
Church of a treasury of
;
still
seeks to
and
thus, partly
by
by throwing
in
other media-
On
another side
is
of His
partly
the
his,
complete-
32
as opposed to
the Romanist,
'
Pure
Man
Christianity.
suffer
i^i^
ness of his divine atonement and obedience, as the essence of mediation and the basis of hope, is almost as entirely hid from view as in the systems of
must
for himself
is
ere
he
can be
saved.'
The
basis
;
of the one
Rationahsm.
God
Not
the
less mournfully,
so,
is
the
availablcuess of Christ's
displace God's
tute for
it,
Church of Rome.
is
own scheme
more
as a
personal atonement
or the sufferings of
man
in
order to be
in-
penance,
fasts, austerities,
bead-rolls of prayer here, and purgatorial fires hereafter. Further, justification is adjourned to a distant day, until the sinner be advanced in goodness
;
and
must first come Church before he can reach the Saviour and he can obtain the seed of grace which will grow up and issue in his justification through her
to the
;
^1^
III.
now proceed
still
tJiird j)lace as
vour to be
heads.
is
more
brief than
What man
sacramental
rites alone.
The most
utterly
is
(luate correctives to
man's
felt
superficial observer
this
can
dis-
cern
how
destructive
supply
irresistible
legal
and
:
ritual
justification
will
of the free grace of the gosi)el and notice how extremes meet the Rationalist re-
The grand agent by whom depravity is corrected the Holy Spirit. The grand motive to obedience
the love of Christ.
is
and falling back on good works as his hope, the Romanist turning back from it as insufficient, and alighting
The grand
rule of perfection
is
the
God and
e(}ual
is,
love
to
man.
None
of these
grand principles of
damage
and
The
Rationalsalva-
says,
Man
Here
for his
own
34
The
as opposed to
with regard to Christ.
Pure
Christianity.
is
Holy
And
the
same
mass
much
secures
nothing
sacrifice of the
its
sins, as
own
repetition
was so
in
and
in that
change the
heart, as the
absence of external
fruits,
name
and even the apostasy of persons thus regenerated notoriously testifies; and thus the likeliest eftect of the
o/>/^s
The
and any
cian,
It
is
to seal
up
its
new
birth, a
new
tion
degree
Superstition,
Christianity.
mystical, enthusiastic,
and
fanatical.
Now
this Bible
admitted in words,
is
a change
it
is
on the contrary
it
is
insisted
on
but then
mony
unhappily
is
bound and
tied
down
to the
outward
;
rects nothing,
name of a channel
esi)ecially
to baptism
is
of sanctification.
'.."J^.
the result.
The
much
1--
motives to
in all
parts,
which arrogates
an ai)ostolicallv
transmit
no
better.
infiillibly to
is
as injurious
and
is
We
love him,
a claim with regard to that blessed agent as the profession to transubstantiate bread
and wine
into the
is
m
'v. -'..!.
>X
r
because he
in
first
.-
*>
Rationalism or Romanism.
soul
and
.^^,
-
A
J.
tianity
mi
.=M
1
f',">'-
-'
36
On Roma7iism and
Rationalism
as opposed
with a holy
to
Ptn^c Christianity,
37
God
experience tesdfies,
is
light
and
motives which
Romanism
still
retains.
at the influence of the
nothing
Look now
two
tianity.
here once
more
false principles
break up
its
frost-bound rigours.
The tendency
to
on the
cross,
and even
in
its
hymns
celebrating his
accommodation
dox
from
its
warm
rites
freezing barrier of
Church
as the alpha
and omega of
have taught a
who
of gratitude
speedily
terrors
is
drew
their insi)iration
from the
cross.
The
duties of
overcome by the
gloom of judgment,
man man
to to
systems
man have been exalted, while the duties of Cod have been forgotten and these moral have decided many questions of casuistry
;
The
ence.
fatal
is
postponement of justification
in
the
Romish
system
We
;
know what
l.uther
formed
in the soul
when under
Holy
Spirit.
Romanism
bondage
ist's
and
it
sight,
legal hope,
There
all
it,
is
in this religion
flesh,
an apparent renunciation of
The
we
Romish Church
no
away the
Christ
cation
members from
is
vows of
and obedience
and the
and as there
direct contact
and works of
38
as opposed to
very
Pure
Christianity.
39
supererogation
blush
like
the
and
obliga-
But alas
we
find here,
of worldliness rather
than of superstition.
superstition, turning
Only
it
The
whom no
to
self-imposed
forms,
which God
laity
to rely
on the vicarious
and
one
class in
the shortall
comings of anodier,
right
itself at
the sublime height to which it is carried, falls back into the abyss, and, as the abuses of the monas-
which paganism
tic
system and of enforced celibacy too well attest, the apparent victory over nature ends in a more humiliaAfter
all,
make
the annals of
Rome's
for prehis-
supremacy, and
still
moral
ting defeat.
the
Church of
Rome
Works of
IV. In a few words,
I
supererogation cannot
to
impossible to pay
;
Ood
or to
man more love than the law demands idea that God can be satisfied with less
fatal laxity into the
shall
complete
this sketch
whole
tem oi
association ox fellowship.
Christianity
is
not a
Man's nature
is
demands
most
a social religion
and Christianity
it
the
I will
not, in-
because
of
Rome
the
find
which we
that the
gathering
all
The
which
Bible settles
to
society
Who
shall
belong to
it,
is
the ques-
40
as opposed
its
41
tion of discipline
What
shall
be the relation of
is
and
internal,
identifies
members
office or
sist
in,
to
the question of
invisible,
and denies
their
union
shall con-
before there
sincrle
is a visible Church. Hence men do not enter the visible Church because they are Christians,
will show how seriously here, as ever)^vhere, the fundamental arrangements of Christianity have
glance
but enter
it
to
sequence, there
become so; and, as a necessary con is no salvation out of the pale of the
certain
salvation
Take
to
all
who
remain
efficacy
in her
requires all saved persons to make a visible profession of their Christianity by joining the Christian society, and ordains that none who appear to be saved
shall
communion, and do not obstruct the of her rites by mortal sin. The tremendous
upon the
visible
Church,
which has
talsely
be excluded.
resting on,
invisible.
This
is
Now
Rationalism attacks in
many
cases
It is
Church
and
would
effi-
this position
guarantee salvation,
cacy,
sacramental
and
recoils
from con-
exclusive
catholicity.
Otherwise
visible
there
Church,
invisible at the
in all ages,
persons
left
within
it,
both of which
This
as that
expense of the
visible.
by the supposition.
Christians.
In
this
Church
spirit the Unitarians, and to some extent the Friends, otherwise remote enough from them, unite and of late the Plymouth Brethren have arisen to make this
;
which
all
true Christians
must
belong,
all
soon changed
to the formula
as that
is
by which
true Christians
must be made,
a
the
first fatal
error of
Romanism,
as
watchword, and to preach the demolition of the visible Church, as every^vhere in a state of apostasy.
their
Church, an
Romanism was
in
On
the end of the third century, but which soon deitself into
its
its
exclu-
and
to incorporate
false uniformity,
assumption of the
42
as opposed
to
Pure
Christianity.
43
Here, again,
Romanism
exalts, and,
by
exalting, corrupts,
It
is
what
is
essential in Church-office.
kingdom of heaven.
and both miss
visible
but
its
grand ends,
The
visible
tremenoffice-
to rally
to
Christians together
round a
common
and
to
standard,
or
at
least
like
them
love
Committee of Public
hold of what
which changed
its
mem-
souls,
walk
in
and, as the
Take now
According
gifts,
office,
or the
relation of the
members of
the
Church
to
one another.
the decent
rite
on
spiritual
,1
and
qualified,
as the representatives of
Order and
tion to the
liberty are
harmonized
in
willing subjec-
appointment of Christ, the only head and ruler of His Church. It is the tendency of Rationalism to set aside the appointments of Christ in these
matters, to adjust
V
*
found
Church.
The
or create
offices
according to a
and
them over
to the
Church
of a
worldly power,
in
return
for certain
tion to
which
the Bishop of
Rome,
Peter,
The extreme
of this
is
Erastianism, and
had
his seat,
became
on
earth,
and
him and
his
successors
^.
44
grand
Its
as opposed to
Pure
Christianity,
45
vibrations
through
the
To
was
believed to extend also to heaven and hell and the imaginary region that lay between. 71ius while Rationalism has slighted Church office,
And hence
is
super-
stition
employs
imposing and
and
left
it
to
own
feelings,
and make
Romanism has
it
believe
its
own
illusion.
The
religious
shadow
so as to transform
from a
dim
slow and
ministry into a saving priesthood at once subverting ; the prerogatives of Christ, and lording it over his
heritage.
measured movements of
waving of censers,
Look,
finally,
to
exhibiting another field for the agency of these corrupting influences. Christian worship is the expression of devotional feelings to God, and the exhibition of his truth to the world in certain forms
raised
on high,
all this,
in
minds
prerites?
appointed
by himself, so as to secure the strengthening of right principles in Christians, and the extension of them to
others.
which
is
votion, the
more
especially that
it
may
contain some
Rationalism,
little
better elements.
Though
too
is
by the coldness
fer-
known
tongue,
it
of
its
upon
its
frequency and
its
and, muttered
vour,
and
in
some
cases mutilated
parts
as, for
and inaudible
examj.le, by denying the permanent obligation of baptism and the Lord's supper, or of the day on which Christian worship is commonly conducted The Church of Rome, again as before, exalts worslnp
its
character.
It is
but, certain
extreme con-
46
did
0)1
as opposed
to
Pure
Christianity.
47
shadow
!
to a superstitious
is
it
temperament, how
naturally a Rationalist
fascinating
what
pound of both
leaven
there
is
all.
too
I
much
of the old
whose
interest
it is
cleaving to us
communion
save
of the souls of
men
with
Him who
will
men
the high denunciatory strain in which Rationalism and Popery have sometimes been attacked, as if they
Spirit,
must be worshipped
like
men
as the
and
in truth
Rationalism, misses
its
is
aim
in
worship.
;
The one
the other
on the
expects
little,
and
not disappointed
for,
seeking
it
of ourselves
and charitv
be,
to-
and not
at the Bible
ot
ot
There may
and
grace,
it
much
perversity in Rationalism,
in
much
priest-
Romanism.
Where
who draw
evil
nigh
faith,
God
full
assurance of
them
.^'
in
Him
let
conscience,
r^-.
who spared
But
and
I
I
their bodies
washed with
i)ure water.'
in
own
difficulties in
;
am
and
us charitably
embraced
in
my
me
subject.
may be
the
many
shall
ascendency of similar
*
not
yet in
their
before
is
very sug-
minds overcome.
our own
spirits
of our readiness
let
First, T.et us
beware of supposing
to
any school of
and
Everv one of us
i^
manism of not
a few
may be
48
On
Roma?iis7n
and Ratio7ialism
49
similar tendencies, in
and
which the
Let us
as
Spirit of
God
us
testify against
will
;
both
scoffs and mockeries of our lighter were current during the Papal aggression, in the present contest with
we
but
let
speak
Ultramonservice,
love,
in the spirit of Him whose words should never be forgotten They know not what they do.' Let the melting tones of compassion and prayer be
'
and
political
;
may even
will
but they
the
in
which we
live
faith they will not keep door shut against the return of superstition. Nothing will cure the inevitable tendency of super-
will
stitious
minds
God, nor
are
less
effectual
reclaiming
those
who
and
is
if
the way.
Secondly,
It
is
not attempted
the
its
present struggle
against
political antagonists
may be
finally
overthrown.
As
mutually repellent, these antagonist powers are not mutually destructive. Errors never totally obliterate
may even seem to overrun the enemy's country and level his strongholds but we
;
shall
make no
stable conquests.
each other.
It
i)olitical
it,
That
is
that
will
once more be
but
many have
all
and
if
we wish
at last to succeed,
we
must
which belies
such expectations
France
and
if
any ima-
and
Italy into
vital,
earnest,
now
and insuppressible
in
religious reformation.
of the Continent by
\\\
way of
our
reprisals, they
be
ecjually mistaken.
own
is
country, as on
to
itself
both
in
France
in the
be gained
by fighting the battle against Popery with the weajjons of mere negation and protest, with such sarcasms of
and Germany.
evangelism which
is
returning after
many
aberrations,
50
On
written
Roincinism
and Rationalism
is
as opposed to
to
at
Pure
to
Clwistianity.
more
least
do something
Word
and seek
that
the
in
difficulties
and
shall
when
these shadows
field
is
encountering
the land
of
not as
now be
cast far
Luther from a revived sacramental ism and superstition, may also be overcome. Let the Churches of
Britain be also i)repared for those contests with unbelief at
history, as the
so unexi)ectedly
upon
at length dis-
themselves, and which are so bravely waged by a multitude of loyal defenders of the faith in that
anrl let
strive
is
to
which
comparatively
since
the
their
own
repeat-
let
them
aspire to the
more
faith
wonders of the Bible before men's eyes, in works of and labours of love, which shall i)rove that the preis
in the
heaven-descended
desert in which
in
it
on the
right
hand ana
the
and
shall
future struggles
and reactions
of Rationalism and Superstition, and of that kingdom of darkness and error which is wide enough and
catholic
enough
to
shall
APPENDIX.
STATEMENT
for the
Societiks referred to
in
the
Preface.
OFFICK-BKARKRS.
President.
kev.
Jamfs Hakikk,
I).
P.
Church.
Icc-Prcsiiictits.
Rev. Rev.
Leith.
1-L. I).,
Llapham, London.
J/oiiorary Dinctors.
Rev. William .Anukr.son, LL. D., Glasgow. John .Scott Rrs.'^Ki.i., Esq., F. R.S., London. J.\.MKs Watson, Esq. of Riv.ilsgreen, Linlithgow.
Andrew Mi
Rev. R.
J.
IJRVCK, LL.L)., Uelfa.st. Esq. of Strathleven, .^LP., Glasgow. Esq., W.S., Edinburgh. JOH.N Lou.\N, Esq., Merchant, Glasgow.
H. E.
Cklm Ewing,
James Peddie,
Ordinary Directors.
David .M'Ew.w, Edinburgh. William Leckie, Escj., Cashier, Commercial Hank, Edinburgh. William Fraser, Esq., Town-Clerk, Inverkeithing. J(mN Anderson, Esq., Writer, Paisley.
Rev. Rev.
VV.M.
Brick, Edinburgh.
Andrew
Ale.xander Moncriekf, Esq.. .Advocate, Edinburgh. JoH.N Hl.^ck, Esq., Advocate, Edinburgh. W. H. M'Farlane, Esq., Lithographer, Edinburgh.
Mlngo Lauder,
Esi].,
Merchant, Glasgow.
54
Charles Ai
li>,
Appendix.
Esq., M.D., Greenock. A. H. Bryce, Esq., B.A., High Sch(K)l, Edinburgh. John Gokkie, Esq., Advocate. 89, Chancery Lane, London.
Appendix.
wherever they
55
Rev. R. S. I>RiM.Mf)ND, A.M., Glasgow. Rev. George W.aklace, Hull. E. Erski.ne Harj'KR, Esq Merchant, Leith.
,
Peter M'Leod,
Jame.s L<k;a.\ Mmr, Esq., Merch:iiu, Islington. London. J. Dick Pkddie, E.sq., Architect, Edinburgh. RiCHi). G. Ross, Esq., Engineer, Glasgow. John .Sommervili.e, Esq.. Merchant, Leith. Tho.mas Jkkkkev. Flsq., Merchant, Edinburgh. James ThjM.son, Esq., Accountant, Gla.sgow.
Stxrctary.
(;eok<;k
may be placed in life, though seas intervene or schisms separate them, this one connecting tie to their common parent may still subsist. Hence the origin of this Society. As regards its benevolent o])ject that of affording
may
I)ecuniary assistance to the families of ministers deceased or infirm placed in necessitous circumstances
M'Ewan,
Esi].,
Advocate,
34,
Dundas
.Street,
Edinburgh.
Treasurer.
J.
K.Nox Crawford,
Est|.,
.S.S.C.
*>,
North
St.
David
Street,
Edinburgh.
The Society was instituted at a ])ul)lic meeting called for the purpose, of the Sons of Ministers, held
in
**
Kdinlnirgh on
20th September
it
-%
1854.
The
con-
siderations in which
stated.
originated
may be
very briefly
The histor>- of the United Presbyterian Church has been one of progress. Throughout many years of political agitation and religious controversy, it has continued to maintain those distinctive principles
band who gave it its origin. growing .strength, however, there are relationships which are apt to be broken up and forgotten. Its sons are to be found in every station and in every clime but although they have been
that incited the small
Dissenting ministers are far \<\\\\ most it takes frugal care and management to meet the bare comforts and necessities of life and therefore it was not matter of surprise that now and again cases of hardship arise, of their children being left to the mercies of the world, with nothing for their support and education. As it was a difficult matter to meet these when they did occur, the provision for them instituted by this Society was at once oi)portune and commendable. It interfered with none of the schemes of the United Presbyterian Church in operation, and yet the most cursory investigation might convince ever)^body that it was a desideratum. The objects of the Society are thus set forth in its
class.
;
constitution.
1. To afford pecuniary assistance to the families of United Presbyterian Ministers, who, by the death or infirmity of the head of the family, may be placed in necessitous circumstances. 2. To ])romote friendly intercourse among the Members of the Society.
Amidst
its
^
?-.
nomination by differences, they must ever feel a pleasure in their early attachment to it. At least such a feeling must remain strong in the hearts of ministers' sons in reference to the Church, and it is well and laudable for those who have so s|)rung from it, to testify their gratitude by linking themselves in a bond of brotherhood, animated by the common principles of sympathy and benevolence, so that
'*tp
3. To aid, by correspondence and counsel, the younger branches of United Presbyterian Ministers' families in prosecuting their views in life. And, in the event of any General Meeting of the Society
sufficient,
To
institute
one
sons
or
more Scholarships
United
for
students
"SI
who
are
of
Presbyterian
Ministers.
5^
Appendix.
Terms of Membership.
(lr..\.S(;ow
Appendix.
57
following are admitted as ordinary members of the Society on payment of a minimum annual sub'I'he
*M
'ftc-
1862-63.
Prcscs.
James Mitchell,
FoKKHsr
Writer, lilasgow.
2.
I'lcc-Pri'ses.
3.
Strangers are admitted as extraonUnarx members, on payment of not less than l,ut' the officebearers are chosen from the ordinary members.
Secretary.
J
^5
50,
West Regent
Street, Glasgow.
I'reasttrer.
41, St.
Operations of
Ordina ry Dirertorx.
the Soeiety.
S'^r
Smce
creased
roil
its
its
formation,
the
Robert
(iE()K(;K
JKKFK.A.V
245 members.
John
The permanent capital fund now amounts ^'500, ^!"i30o of which is invested in
securit).
about
heritable
subscriptions and interest but, in terms of the constitution, a large portion of the income must be applied in increasing the capital until it amount to the sum of ^5000. Although the annual distribution
(iEoRGE RoH.sox, Accouutant, Glasgow. Merchant, Glasgow. (iEORiiE Coven TKv Uick, Comniission Agent, (ilasgow. Ai.EX. Henderson M'Lean, Tea Merchant, C;iasgf)w. H(h;h Moncrieff, Writer. Glasgow.
Wm. M'Ewen,
on
exceeds ^^loo
'I'he objects intended to be served by this Society, and the sentiments in which it originated, will be learned from the following extracts from an address
lor benevolent purposes is thus limited in the meantime, the Directors have for several vears disbursed the sum of annually.
^30
social meetings, conversaziones, etc., the Society is instrumental in promoting friendly intercourse among the members.
By means of
issued in pursuance of the resolutions of a meeting of Sons of Ministers, held on loth April 1854, when it was agreed that a Society should be formed in (ilasgow 'Our Church contains three liodies, long separate We have cause to rejoice that in all but now united. their divisions they ever maintained the one great Head of the Church, and the liberty of its members, His body. Many of us can recollect the time when each of the three Bodies composing the United Pre.s:
-.
-I
.life'
=;8
Appendix,
Appendix.
50
Church was
a separate Body. In these small communions every minister was the intimate friend of nearly ever>' other, and ministers' families were hereditary friends.
byterian
Constitution.
These days are gone, and have left behind them feehngs which can now be thoroughly appreciated by but a few. Let us only hope, as we truly believe, that
'
"A-
time after the issuing of this address, the Society was constituted. Its object and purpose, as declared by the constitution, is to contribute to the benefit of the families (children and widows), and to
Some
what we have lost in the ahiiost family intercourse which subsisted among the Ministers of our sei)arate churches, is more than compensated by our union.
The
feelings of those
among
us
who
are
more
ad-
advancement in life of children of ministers, whether deceased or living, of the United Presbyterian Church, or of any of the churches comprised in that body, and that by friendly sympathy, counsel, and
the
vanced in life are indeed changed, but only changed to be enlarged so as to embrace a greater number of those who hold the same faith and entertain the
moral influence, as well as by pecuniary aid, in circumstances in which it is required, so far as the funds
of the Society will admit. While the supi)ort of the Society is o])en to all, and all are invited to contribute to its funds, its membershij) is confined to Sons of Ministers. Life membership is constituted by the contribution of five guineas to the funds, and from the life members the Boanl of Directors is selected. With the view of interesting in the Society Sons of Mmisters who may not for the time be in a condition to become members, it was some time ago agreed to admit, as associates, such Sons of Ministers as might contribute five shillings annually to the funds. These associates have the privilege of being i)resent at general meetings of the Society, and thus have the oi)|)ortunitv of
same hope.
of Ministers of the United Presbyterian Glasgow are now numerous, and we think the time has come when they should, by the formation of an Association of their own, follow the example set to them by the Sons of Ministers of the Church
'
The Sons
in
Church
of Scotland. It is hardly necessary to plead, when speaking of Scodand, that Glasgow ought to be the seat of such a Society. Whether there should be kindred associations in other towns, it is for the Sons of Ministers resident in such towns to decide. But, obviously, the industrial capital of Scotland must continue to be the resort of young men having their way to make in life. Our Ministers have ever, out of their scantv means, striven to give their sons a good education. With such education, and personally maintaining in its purity, the religion taught in their fathers' homes, they may well be expected to succeed in such a city. But they are often subjected to difficulties in finding employment, and must feel the want of that counsel and kindness which, we trust, will now be sui)plied by those who have trod the path before them.'
'
becoming
members.
The permanent
there
is
capital
amounts
to
^2300, and
a balance of cash on hand. Besides the imi)ortant object of making the Sons of Ministers known to and helpful of each" other in the intercourse and business of life, the Society has,
though to a
less extent than the Directors desired^ aftbrded pecuniary aid, either stated or incidental, in
60
Appendix,
1862.
\
Now
in course
various cases where it was much needed and highly appreciated. Their disbursements in this way were ^30 in the first year, ^^44 in the second, ^55 in the
third,
of Publication,
^75
in
the fourth, Q>o in the fifth, and they ^118 in the sixth year, which is
now
current.
STEAHAFS
FAMILY LIBRAE!
OP
While there is an obvious delicacy and {)ropriety in the Sons of Ministers administering the affairs of such associations as the above, the duty oi supporting them
not more incumbent on them than on other members of the Church. To not a few of these, both associations owe a debt of gratitude, and the Directors feel assured that in aiding the Societies whose claims are above set forth, the members of our Church generally would acceptably and beneficially show
is
their appreciation of
ministry.
Directors of both Societies recjuest the miniour Church each to accept the accompanying copy of Dr. Cairns' Discourse, with this Appendix, intended to make known the existence, extend the operations, and enlarge the resources of these Societies. They cannot close these remarks without stating how deeply they feel indebted to Dr. Cairns for his admirable discourse, the publication of which, they are persuaded, will be beneficial not only to the Societies at whose retjuest it is published, and to the United Presbyterian Church, but to the Church of Christ at large.
sters of
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'
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Syrin.
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i,^.,,^ ^.,,,,^^..
29
Chapter.,
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Alexander von Humboldt. By the Rev. Dr. llollniaii. Royal Chaidain, Berlin.
Nut
Jirowii Maiils."
A Door Opened
,5
Stry
f.,r
the Young.
Chapters
By Profesin Heaven. sor David Brown. Highlanders at Home and Abroad. By Norman Maclcod, D.D. By W. LindProfes.sor George Wilson. .say Alexander, D.D.
of
The White Crusade Italy SCO. By the Author of " The Patience of Hoj.c."
I
DAILY MEDITATIONS
or,
(305
Day ^
CO.,
IIiLL,
Rea.lings).
LUDGATE
LOXDOX.
COMPLETION OF
WORK
journal worihy of
what an anibiti.,n it is t.) make this its name, an.l they kn..w the responsibilitv attaching to it B t experu-nee ut as wi.le success as has heiet..forc b.en enjoyed" by any nionthlv ma^^a zme. eneourages them to enter uj.oi, it in a hopeful spirit In this brief pr,.speetus they say nothing as to the plans upon which the Work or TUK (. HKisr.AX CHiRcH wiU be conducte.1. They must leave the First NunibJ^^ "inwi to say this for them.
TA. Work ok the Christian Chcroh ,.,7/ I^ ^.rinte.I cnntaunng .^ixty-four jKt.jcs, and Illustrated with
branches of the Christian Church, of the state progress, the dim.-ulties an.l trials of each branch, thus eliciting VcJeard^t^^sj. patlues an. prayers of all, and enabling all to profit from the practi,-al experiences of each I r. Livingstone, writing to a friend a few months ago from Central \frica says :-"The .dea of The Xe.s of the Churches is capital. It does the he gi od t!,' see how nuu-h ,s do.ng in all parts of the world to spread our blessed religdon fee uichned to wnte .son.e papers for it telhng hownnu-h missionaries are needed " But now ,t IS felt that much more remains to done than can possibly be achieved w.th.n the space, and under the conditi.>ns to which, in order to make it available for its original purpo.ses, Thr Xeu-s has been confined. Messrs Strahan <S:Co.,po.sse.s.smg the entire copyright, feel accordingly that thev ..aniiot offer a more ac-;Ttable servn-e to the general body of the public than bv the discontinu ance of 77<. Xc.r, nf the Churches, and the production, in its stead. 'of a new jouna adapted in every way to the <-in-umstances of the present time, when the work of the Lhristian th.irch is so eanie.stly pursued, an.l so many Christian activities are operation througli.uit the worid. Messrs. Strahan & C. have cmsLU-rcl
It s now mne years smce Fhe ye,rso/tlu^ Churches was Hrst offered to the public The <es.revvnd. the proprietors had at heart in originatin.'it has been realized and durable benefits conferred. It has been the nu-ans. under Pnnidence o u:
pns.ni,^ the nie.nbers of all the
ad
f>er
Xum-
^fai,s
and
Ut'odcuts a, re>iuired.
!^
No.
I.
will
appear on
2d March.
London:
STKAUAxX &
CO.,
32,
Ludoate Hill.
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