NGUYN TC CHUNG: 1.

o nhit v chiu cao cht lng cng nh nc trong kt: chnh xc ca chiu cao ct cht lng ly n 0.5cm i vi tng kt. Nhit du: Khi ly theo nhit C th chnh xc l 0.1; Khi ly theo nhit F th chnh xc l 0.5 Cng thc chuyn i nhit : F = 1.8 x C + 32 2. Hiu chnh gi tr o ullage hoc innage. 3. Kim tra t trng S.G (Specific gravity)/API. 4. Tnh tng lng hng trong kt (k c BS & W). 5. Chuyn i Gross M3 sang Gross BBLS (Convert Gross M3 to Gross BBLS): M3 x 6.28981 = BBLS 6. Chuyn i Gross BBLS to Net BBLS: Nhn vi VCF t bng 6A-ASTM. V d: C 255.000 barells du th o nhit 71.5F, t trng chun 32.6F API 60F. Tm Net volume 60F. Gii: Vi 32.60F API so vi gi tr bng 32.5F th s gia nh hn 0.5F ta khng cn ni suy. V vy ta c th vo bng ASTM vi gi tr 32.5F ct API Gravity at 60F v vi ga tr 71.5F ta c VCF l 0.9947. - Net Volume: 255.000 x 0.9947 = 253.648.5 7. i Net BBLS sang long tons (L/T): Ta s dng bng nhn 11- ASTM. Bng ny cho ng vi tng khong gi tr 0.1 API, ni suy khi cn thit v ly 5 con s thp phn. 8/ i L/T sang M/T: L/T x 1.01605

TNH C TH CHO TNG LAI DU: 1. Cc nh ngha/khi nim: a) Khi lng ring - Khi lng ring tiu chun t ca du m: L khi lng trong chn khng ca du trong mt n v th tch nhit t no . Th nguyn ca khi lng ring l g/cm3, g/ml hoc kg/lt, kg/m3. - Khi lng ring (Density) 15C: L khi lng trong chn khng ca mt n v th tch du iu kin chun 15C, k hiu l D15 hoc d15. Cc quc gia u c quy nh khi lng ring tiu chun ca quc gia mnh o lng du m. Vit Nam v Nht Bn ly khi lng ring 15C, Trung Quc v mt s quc gia Chu u ly 20C, Anh, M ly 60F lm khi lng ring tiu chun. b) T trng (Specific gravity S.G) ca du m - T trng ca mt cht lng no l t s ca khi lng cht nhit t1 vi khi lng ca nc ct c cng th tch nhit t2, cn gi l khi lng ring tng i (Relative Density) k hiu l S.G t1/t2hoc Dt1/t2 - T trng 60/60F (Specific Gravity 60/60F) l t s gia khi lng ring ca du vi khi lng ring ca nc trong cng iu kin chn khng v nhit tiu chun 60F, vit tt S.G 60/60F. - T trng API 60F (API Gravity at 60F) l mt hm c bit ca S.G 60/60F c biu din bng cng thc:

Nht Bn p dng S.G 15/4C; Anh, M dng S.G 60/60F, Trung Quc v mt s quc gia Chu u dng D20/4C. API at 60F c s dng ti cc cng ca M. (API American Petroleum Institute). n v o lng: Quyt nh s 1780 ca B thng mi 26/12/2000 ban hnh trong qui nh n v o lng trong giao nhn hng ha c dng Vit Nam nh sau:

Dung tch tnh bng lt ; m3 Nhit tnh bng C Khi lng ring 15C tnh bng kg/l ; kg/m3 Khi lng tnh bng kg ; tn

c) Quan h gia cc n v o t trng qua cc bng tnh: 1. Bng 3-ASTM: Chuyn i t API Gravity at 60F sang S.G 60/60F hoc D15C:

V d: API Gravity at 60F l 62,15 API i sang D15C. API thay i t 62,10 n 62,20 l API = 0,10 Th D15C thay i l D15 C= 0,7307 - 0,7303 = 0,0004 Khi API thay i t 62,10 n 62,15 l API = 0,05. Th D15C = (0,05 x 0,0004) x 0,10 = 0,0002. Vy tng ng vi API Gravity at 60F l 62,15 th D15C l 0,7303 + 0,0002= 0,7305 Kg/lt. 2. Bng 5-ASTM: a API Gravity nhit bt k sang nhit chun 60F:

V d: API Gravity ca mt sn phm du no 76F l 38,4 API. Tm API nhit chun. 3. Bng 54B-ASTM (VCF Table): Chuyn i th tch du thng phm (tr du th v du nhn) t nhit thc t sang th tch nhit chun 15C.

4. Bng 56 -ASTM (WCF Table): Bng ny ni ln s tng quan gia kg/lt v lt/tn tng ng vi Density 15C. Hay ni cch khc l ta tm khi lng cht lng nhit 15C thng qua bng ny. Bng ny cho ta bit khi lng trong iu kin khng kh ca 1lt xng du 15C v th tch o bng lt ca 1 tn xng du.

5. Bng chuyn i tng ng gia cc n v o th tch ca xng du theo h o Anh, M ra h mt (theo iu kin nhit chun):

Bng ny dng chuyn i cc n v o t US gallons, hoc Barrels sang n v o lt hoc m3. V d: Mt l xng du c API Gravity 60F l 22.23 API c th tch l 129,063 US Galons. Hi th tch 15C l bao nhiu? Vi API nh trn ta thy 1 Galon 60F tng ng vi 3.7838 lt 15C. Vy: 129,063 US Galons x 3.7838 = 488,349 lt 15C 2. Tnh ton i vi du thnh phm: Bc 1: Tnh TOV - Total observed volume (th tch cht lng nhit thc t). Bc 2: Tnh (FW + S) - Free water and Sediment (th tch nc t do v cn). Bc 3: Tnh NOV - Net observed volume (th tch ca du nhit thc t): NOV = TOV (FW + S) Bc 4: T nhit thc t to v t trng (hoc khi lng ring) chun a vo trong bng ASTM ta tm VCF (Volume Correction Factor); ty thuc vo h o m ta c cc cch tnh sau: 1. Tra vo bng 53(A,B,D) h mt; bng 5(A,B,D) h M; bng 23(A,B,D) h Anh, tm t trng iu kin chun Density 15C. 2. Tin hnh tra vo bng 54(A,B,D) cho h mt; bng 6(A,B,D) cho h M; bng 24(A,B,D) cho h Anh tm s hiu chnh th tch VCF. Ta cng c th tin hnh chuyn qua li gia cc t trng chun gia

cc h nh vo Bng 3 "chuyn tng ng t trng API Gravity v Specific Gravity v Density 15C" trong b bng ASTM/API/IP Petrolium Measurement Table

Bc 5: Tnh NSV - Net Standard Volume (th tch iu kin chun): NSV = NOV x VCF Bc 6: Tm WCF - Weight Correction Factor (h s chuyn i khi lng): T t trng chun tm c bc 4 ta i xc nh h s chuyn i khi lng WCF (Weight Correction Factor ) da vo bng 56ASTM

Bc 7: Khi lng ca hng:

W = NSV x WCF

3. Tnh ton i vi du th: [Cc n v quy i v h mt (Vit Nam), iu kin chun 15C] Bc 1: c mn nc mi, mn li xc nh hiu s mn nc ca tu: t = da - df Bc 2: Xc nh gc nghing ngang ca tu. Bc 3: T hiu s mn nc (trim) v gc nghing ngang bit,

cng vi gi tr o kt hng c xc nh bng thit b o, ta tin hnh hiu chnh vi ca tu bng "Bng hiu chnh vi" trong t liu ca tu.

V d v bng hiu chnh vi

Trng hp nu trn tu khng c bng hiu chnh vi th c th tnh lng hiu chnh nh sau: - Tu nghing ngang: l o khng nm trung tm ca khoang th lng hiu chnh vi AB1, tnh theo cng thc: AB1= AC1 * tg (m) AC1 Khong cch theo chiu ngang t tm ca l o n ng trung tm dc ca khoang. - Gc nghing ngang (0) - Tu chi (mi hoc li): th lng hiu chnh AB2, tnh theo cng thc: AB2 = t * AC2/Lpp AC2 Khong cch theo chiu dc t tm ca l o n ng trung tm ngang ca khoang. t Hiu s mn. Lpp Chiu di gia hai ng vung gc mi li

Gi tr vi sau khi hiu chnh (uc) = gi tr o (uo) + lng hiu chnh (u) Bc 4: Ly gi tr vi hiu chnh trn tra vo bng dung tch ca tng khoang, ta xc nh c tng th tch ca hng ho trong khoang hng (bao gm c du hng, nc t do-FW v cn+nc W+S) l T.O.V (Total Observed Volume) ti thi im tnh ton. Bc 5: Dng cc thit b d mt phn cch du nc, xc nh mc nc t do F.W (free water) l nc phn lp nm di du trong hm hng v tnh th tch ca lng nc , nu c.

Bc 6: Ta i tm th tch hng gp thc t GOV bao gm c nc v cn (W+S) (Gross Observed Volume), lng ny chnh l th tch ton b du trong chuyn vo thi im o nhit , bng cch ly tng th tch hng ho cc khoang TOV bit nhng b i lng nc t do (F.W) y khoang: GOV = TOV FW Bc 7: Cn c nhit o c ca du trong khoang v khi lng ring/t trng thc t c phng ha nghim cung cp khi em i phn tch mu: - Tin hnh tra vo bng 54A, 6A...(ASTM/API/IP Petroleum

Measurement Table) tm s hiu chnh th tch VCF (Volume Correction Factor) - ng thi tra vo bng 53(A,B,D) h mt; bng 5 (A,B,D)h M; bng 23 (A,B,D) h Anh, tm t trng iu kin chun Density 15C. Ta cng c th tin hnh chuyn qua li gia cc t trng chun gia cc h nh vo Bng 3 "chuyn tng ng t trng API Gravity v Specific Gravity v Density 15C" trong b bng ASTM/API/IP Petrolium Measurement Table.

Trch v d Bng 3 -ASTM

- o nhit du hng: tnh nhit o c 3 v tr trong khoang hng (trn, gia, di ) c T1 , T2 ,T3 ri tnh nhit trung bnh trong khoang: T = (T1 +T2 +T3 ) / 3 Bc 8: Tin hnh xc nh th tch hng gp chun G.S.V (Gross Standard Volume), chnh l th tch hng gp thc t G.O.V nhng c chuyn v nhit chun: GSV = GOV * VCF Bc 9: Xc nh tng th tch nc v cn c trong du hng (Water + sidement) nh vo t l nc v cn, t l ny c c khi ngi ta phn tch mu du trong phng ho nghim: Tng th tch (W + S) = GOV * (W+S) % /100 Bc 10: Tip theo ta i tm th tch thc ca du ti thi im tnh ton NOV (Net Observed Volume), l th tch ton b du hng

nhng khng tnh nc v cn (W+S) cng nh khng b ln nc t do FW y: NOV = GOV - Th tch (W+S) Bc 11: Tm th tch hng thc iu kin chun NSV (Net Standard Volume) khng tnh n (W+S) v nc t do FW. NSV = NOV * VCF Bc 12: T t trng chun tm c bc s (7) ta i xc nh h s chuyn i khi lng WCF (Weight Correction Factor) da vo bng 56ASTM

Trch bng 56

Bc 13: Bc ny ta c th tm c khi lng hng thc ch trn tu: W = NSV * WCF Bc 14: Nu cn thit, ta tm c th i tm tip th tch tnh ton TCV (Total Calculate Volume): TCV = GSV + FW TCV l mt ch s tham kho i vi i ph khi tr hng ti cng d. V trong hnh trnh tu khng kim sot c nc ln trong hng ho, nc tip tc lng trong hnh trnh v to ra th tch nc t do nhiu hn ti cng d hng so vi ti cng xp. V nc t do khng c hiu chnh vi nhit , n phi c cng vo GSV c th so snh chnh xc TCV "sau khi xp hng" v TCV "trc khi d hng". Bc 15: Tm ton b th tch hng thc nhn ln tu TRQ (Total

Received Quantity), l hng xp ln tu bng cch ly TCV tr i hng c sn trn tu OBQ/ROB (On Board Quantity / Remaining On Board): TRQ = TCV - OBQ/ROB TRQ cng chnh l th tch hng ho phi giao mt khoang hng nht nh. y chnh l con s a vo Vn ti n (Bill of Lading) sau khi hiu chnh bi h s kinh nghim ca tu VEF (Vessel Experience Factor). Bc 16: So snh s liu nhn ti tu vi s liu xut kho cng. Sau khi tnh ton xong, Thuyn trng phi cng b ngay khng co "Letter Discrepancy" khi s lng hng trn tu khc vi s lng trn b cng nh thnh phn nc t do trong hng ho. Dng h s kinh nghim VEF so snh s lng hng trn tu v trn b. 4. Tnh lng du hng (du thnh phm) cn li trn tu: Nh chng ta xem xt trn th r rng l d c tnh ton tt n u th s lng hng nhn c khi xp hng l du th cng u khc mt cht so vi con s c ghi trong vn n. Lng hng sai khc (ships figures) tn ti l do lng du cn hay l du lng xung y khoang m khi d hng chuyn trc chng ta khng th no d ht ln c hay cng c th l st li trong khoang c ra bng du th "cn kh (dry residues)"; lng ny cng c th l lng du ln trong nc ra "cn t (wet residues)" c chuyn v kt slop khi ta tin hnh trng li khoang hng bng nc bin. Lng du cn li trn tu (residue on board) = cn kh + cn t

Tnh ton lng ny i vi tu du v sinh hm hng bng du th c thc hin nh vo bng tnh (RESIDUE CALCULATION SHEET) hy xem mt v d nh sau:

+ c ra ; - khng c ra (5): Lng cn t thu c trong kt lng sau khi ra kt, cn gi l "the so-called slops". N cn tnh n: cn thu c t cc kt ra, du st trong ng ng, du hng st li nhng gc trong kt nhng ch vi phun khng phun vo c, trong qu trnh trng li bng nc bin chng ln vo nc v i vo kt slop. Thng cc ph cng tnh cho lng ny. (6): Dng u d mt tip gip du nc xc nh mt phn cch ca lp nc lng y kt slop, thi lng nc ny i s cho ta phn du bn trn; tuy nhin l vn cn mt lp nc ch tip gip vi du m ta khng th no thi i c, lng nc ny c lng chim 20% ca lng du lng do tnh lng du thc trong kt slop th sau khi tr nc phi nhn 0.8

(7): Lng ny l lng cn st li trong ng ng; du c cc bm vt chuyn n kt slop khi vt du trong khoang hng m sau khng th bm ht ton b ln b c. (8): Du hng b ln trong nc khi trng li khoang bng nc bin c chuyn v kt slop, m cc bm vt khng vt sch c trong

khi v sinh bng du th. (9): c lng s du cn st li trong cc kt gia khi cc kt ny khng c trng li bng nc bin. (10): c lng s du cn st li trong cc kt mn khi cc kt ny khng c trng li bng nc. Lng ny chnh l cn du hay du lng y m mc d c ra bng du th chng vn cn bm cht vo cc kt cu hm hng. c lng s du ny l rt kh v vy ngi ta phi dng n t s th tch ca kt c ra li bng nc v cc kt khng c ra li bng nc v t s dn tch ca cc kt cu theo chiu ngang v chiu dc bi v r rng l du bm vo cc kt cu ny d dng hn l cc kt cu bng phng khc. - i vi kt gia th t s gia kt cu thng ng v nm ngang l gn nh nhau, dung tch cc kt ny gn nh nhau, do vy t s din tch v th tch cng khng khc bit. V th ngi ta c th c lng s du cn st li nh vo tnh t s th tch cc kt gia vi nhau. - Cn i vi cc kt mn th y tn ti nhiu kt cu ngang v dc hn nn t s ca chng cng s ln hn. V qua thc t ngi ta bit c rng lng du cn st li trong cc kt mn s nhiu hn 1.8 ln so vi cc kt gia. Theo mt n v din tch kt mn > gia l 1.17 ln Theo mt n v th tch kt mn > gia l 1.52 ln ==> Tch 1.17 * 1.52 = 1.8 ln (11): Tng lng cn kh trong cc kt khng c ra bng nc (9) + (10) (12): Tng lng du cn li trn tu l tng ca lng cn kh + tng lng cn t. Khi xp hng ln tu th lng tng (12) ny s c tr li cho lng hng thc t o c c trn tu xc nh chnh xc lng hng m tu thc s nhn.

 i vi cc tu c kt nc dn cch li (SBT vessels) Do tu c trang b kt nc dn cch li khng nh cc tu C.B.T nn

khi cha ballast cc kt nc dn ring bit, nc khng c ln vo du v vy lng "cn t" (wet residues) c trn tu l rt hn ch, ta c th b qua c i lng ny c. i vi lng "cn kh" (dry residues) th ta khng th dng bng tnh (RESIDUE CALCULATION SHEET) nh trn c m thng c xc nh thng qua i lng h s kinh nghim ca tu (Ship Experience Factor S.E.F) S.E.F = ship's figure / B/L figure V d mt tu c h s kinh nghim l 1.00355, tng s du c xp ln cc khoang l 500 000 m3 th s lng cn kh s l 500 000 * (1.00355 - 1) = 1175 m3.