Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ADNAN JOUNI
Contents
1 General Introduction
2 Fans & Blowers 3 Pumps & Pumping systems
General Introduction
Pumps and fans are probably the devices the most frequently used in our life Both are necessary to move material and energy
General Introduction
In building sector their usage is essential to secure comfort and welfare Energy saving concerns 2 levels: The device itself The removed energy or material
Equipment
Comparison
Fans Blowers
Contents
Introduction
Types of fans and blowers Energy audit of Fans
Introduction
What are Fan systems?
Any device that produces a current of air by the movement of broad surfaces can be called a fan Fans are similar in many respects to pumps. Both are turbo machines that transfer energy to a flowing fluid. It is easy to distinguish between fans and pumps: pumps handle liquids; fans handle gasses. Broadly speaking, the function of a fan is to propel, displace, or move air or gas.
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Introduction
Fan components
System resistance Fan curve Operating point Fan laws
Introduction
Fan Network Components
Turning Vanes (typically used on short radius elbows) Outlet Diffusers Heat Exchanger Baffles
Filter
Inlet Vanes Motor Controller Variable Frequency Drive Belt Drive Motor
Centrifugal Fan
calculated
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Introduction
Fan Curves
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Pre.
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Contents
Introduction
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Types of fans
Centrifugal Axial Types of blowers Centrifugal Positive displacement
Centrifugal fans: Airfoil, Backward curved/inclined Modified radial Radial Pressure blower Forward curved Axial fans: 79-83
Vane axial
Tube axial Propeller
78-85
67-72 45-50
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Disadvantages
Suited for low/medium airflow rates only
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Disadvantages
Not suited for dirty airstreams Instability and erosion risk
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Applications
Ventilation (requires reverse airflow) Exhausts (dust, smoke, steam)
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Disadvantages
Expensive Moderate noise Low energy efficiency 65%
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Contents
Introduction Types of fans and blowers
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Maintenance (5%)
Capital 8%)
Energy (87%)
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Velocity pressure
Pressure arising from air flowing through the duct. This is used to calculate velocity
Total pressure
Static pressure + velocity pressure Total pressure remains constant unlike static and velocity pressure
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Difference between discharge & suction pressure Static / total power consumption of the fan Measured power consumption of the motor Efficiency of the motor at operating load Difference between discharge & suction pressure
Velocity in m / s =
Kg / m3
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100
Damper IGV
P o w e r
75 50 25
VFD
Variable Frequency Drive
Ideal
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50
75
100
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Flow
Insulation status (measure the surface temperature with the aid of surface thermocouple / infrared pyrometer or by using thermal imaging cameras)
Bends and ducting status
Physical condition of insulation Identification of locations where action is required to improve the insulation (provide with detailed technoeconomics)
Improvement options for ducting systems if any
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After the identification of energy conservation measures, detailed techno-economic evaluation has to be carried out
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After consultation we decided to replace the bag filter with an electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Static pressure across the ESP is 20 mm WC Flow rate increased by 20% The flow rate can be brought back to 90 m3/s by two options: (a) Impeller trimming and (b) Reduced pulley diameter to reduce the RPM
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2 New impeller diameter if the impeller is trimmed New fan static efficiency = 68% - 5% = 63% New static = 80 65 + 20 = 35 mm WC New flow rate Q = 90 m3/s x 1.2 = 108 m3/s Static pressure at a flow of 90 m3/s with ESP installed Q1 / Q2 = (H1/H2)2 result H2 = 32 mm Power required at the fan shaft Fan static efficiency: 0.63 = (90 x 32) / (102 x power) Power developed at fan shaft = 44.8 kW
New impeller diameter (D2) (D1 / D2) = (kW1 / kW2) 1/ 3 result D2 = 53 mm
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Pumps
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Contents
Introduction
Type of pumps Energy Audit of Pumps
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End-use equipment
Heat exchangers, tanks, hydraulic machines
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Introduction
Pumping System Characteristics
Head Resistance of the system Two types: static and friction Static head Difference in height between source and destination Independent of flow Static head at certain pressure Head (m) = Pressure (Pa) 1000xSpecific gravity
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Flow 52
Introduction
System curve
Static head
Flow
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Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) NPSH Available: how much pump suction exceeds liquid vapor pressure NPSH Required: pump suction needed to avoid cavitation
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Contents: Pumps
Introduction
Type of pumps
Energy Audit of Pumps
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Dynamic
Others (e.g.
Impulse, Buoyancy)
Positive Displacement
Centrifugal
Special effect
Rotary
Reciprocating
Internal gear
External gear
Lobe
Slide vane
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If pipe blocked
Pressure rises Can damage pump
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Two types
Centrifugal pumps: pumping water in industry 75% of pumps installed Special effect pumps: specialized conditions
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Type of Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps How do they work?
Liquid forced into impeller Vanes pass kinetic energy to liquid: liquid rotates and leaves impeller Volute casing converts kinetic energy into pressure energy
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Shaft
Transfers torque from motor to impeller during pump start up and operation
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Impellers
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Contents: Pumps
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Maintenance (5%)
Capital 10%)
Energy (85%)
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Steps Involved
Data collection
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Data Collection
Compile design, previous best and last energy audit values of the pumping system being audited
If the pumps are operated in parallel, then it is advised to collect the performance curves for the parallel operation of the pumps
Schematic diagram of Water pumping network (which depict the source, pumps in operation & stand by, line sizes and users) Water and pressure equipments at the users as per the design requirements Brief description of the system, in which pumps are used
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Pressure Gauge: To measure operating pressure and pressure drop in the system
Stroboscope: To measure the speed of the driven equipment and motor Ultra sonic flow meter or online flow meter The above instruments can be used in addition to the calibrated online / plant instruments
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System Details: Detailed interactions (plant personnel) have to be carried out to get familiarization for system detail and operational details. The brief system should be briefed in the report
Energy consumption Pattern: If the plant is monitoring the energy consumption, it is suggested to record the data and monitor the daily and monthly consumption pattern
Collect the past energy consumption data (month wise for at least 12 months, daily consumption for about a week for different seasons, daily Consumption during the audit period)
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Hydraulic kW =
Parameter Q Water flow rate Details
1000
Unit m3/s
Total head
g
m
Kg/m3 m2/s
Pump efficiency,
Pump
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Compare the specific energy consumption with the best achievable value (considering the different alternatives). Investigations to be carried out for problematic areas..
Enlist scope of improvement with extensive physical checks / observations. Based on the actual operating parameters, enlist recommendations for action to be taken for improvement, if applicable such as: Replacement of pumps
Impeller replacement
Impeller trimming Variable speed drive application, etc
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82%
A
Full open valve
System Curves
Required Pump
Operating Points
Flow (m3/hr)
14.8 kW
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Case Study
In a commercial Building a clear water Pump has:
Design Operating 800 550 55 160 1485 24 (after delivery valve) 124 1485
Water flow rate varies from 500 m/h to 700 m/h. Pump flow rate has been reduced by partially closing the delivery valve. Motor efficiency is 93%.
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Energy Audit of Pumps Case Study 1. Calculate the operating efficiency 2. Explain what would be the best option to obtain the required flow rate variation 3. Calculate the power savings if the options suggested under question 2 would reduce the flow rate of the pump is 550 m/h
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1. Calculate the operating efficiency Efficiency of the pump = (550 x 24 x 9.81) / (3600 x 124 x 0.93) = 0.3867 = 38.67% 2. Explain what would be the best solution The pump is operating at a poor efficiency of 38.67% due to throttling of the flow. Since the pump discharge requirement varies from 500 m/h to 700 m/h, the ideal option would be to operate with a variable speed drive (VSD).
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Return on investment: 48 %
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pumps
Use of variable speed drive for operation at adjustable speeds
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THANK YOU
FOR
YOUR ATTENTION
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