INGLS

1 EVALUACIN

Colegio La Inmaculada Padres Franciscanos Curso 2012/ 2013

1. CONTENIDOS GRAMATICALES 1. La conjuncin AS. Diferencia entre AS y LIKE como preposiciones. 2. Oraciones subordinadas condicionales. 3. Oraciones subordinadas concesivas. 4. Oraciones subordinadas finales. 5. Oraciones subordinadas consecutivas. 6. Los verbos modales o anmalos.

2. VOCABULARIO 1. Sinnimos y antnimos: nombres, adjetivos, verbos, preposiciones,etc. 2. Adjetivos+ preposicin. 3. FALSE FRIENDS. 4. Conjunciones y conectores de oraciones. 3. TEXTOS PAU ( Pruebas de Acceso a la Universidad). 4. ANEXO. Tiempos verbales y prefijos y sufijos. 5. RECOMENDACIONES PAU

1. LA CONJUNCIN AS

Puede ser conjuncin temporal, causal, modal y tambin puede significar lo que `. 1) Temporal. (cuando, mientras, a medida que ). George arrived as I left `. The man slipped as he was getting off the train `. As the day went on, the weather got worse `. Seguida de JUST : Just as I sat down, the phone rang.

2) Causal. ( porque, ya que, como ) As they live near us, we see them quite often. 3) Modal (como). As you know, its Toms birthday tomorrow `. En este caso puede ir seguido de IF : They looked at me as if I were mad ` AS IF es igual a AS THOUGH ( como si ) Es muy comn el uso de IF detrs de los verbos LOOK, SOUND, FEEL y SMELL. You look as if you havent slept. 4) LO QUE. Do as you are told `.

AS y LIKE como preposiciones Los dos significan como, pero like se usa para decir que algo o alguien es similar a otra cosa o persona. What a beautiful house. Its like a palace `.

Like va seguido de un nombre o pronombre, mientras que as slo puede ir seguido de nombre. You should have done it like this `. Like tambin se usa detrs del verbo TO LOOK cuando ste va seguido de un nombre. Significa parecerse a. You look like your sister.

Ambas preposiciones pueden ir seguidas de gerundios o de sustantivos, pero as debe llevar such delante. Some sports, such as motor-racing, can be dangerous `. like motor-racing Expresiones con AS: AS USUAL (como siempre, como de costumbre) AS A DOCTOR, TEACHER, etc I work as a doctor. ( Trabajo de doctor)

LA CONJUNCIN AS ______ Practice

1. From each pair of sentences make one sentence with AS ( time). 1. We posed for the photograph. We smiled. We smiled _____________________________________________________________. 2. He explained what I had to do. I listened carefully. I _____________________________________________________________________. 3. The team ran onto the pitch. The crowd started to shout. The crowd ____________________________________________________________. 4. We arrived at the beach. Just at that moment it started to rain. It started ______________________________________________________________. 5. I took the photograph. Just at that moment you moved. ______________________________________________________________________. 6. Tom was climbing out of the window. He fell. Tom fell _______________________________________________________________. 7. She was getting out of the car. She dropped her bag. She dropped ____________________________________________________________.

2. Complete the sentences with AS ( reason ). 1. As tomorrow is a public holiday, ______________________________________________. 2. As it was a nice day, ________________________________________________________. 3. As we didnt want to wake anyone up, ___________________________________________. 4. As there isnt anything to eat in the house, ________________________________________. 5. As the door was open, _______________________________________________________. 6. As I didnt have money for a taxi, ______________________________________________.

3. Use the sentences below to make sentences with AS IF. she had hurt her leg she was enjoying it youve seen a ghost he hadnt washed for ages she was going to throw it at him they hadnt eaten for a week you need a good rest he was half-asleep Im going to be sick

1. They were extremely hungry and ate their dinner very quickly. They ate their dinner as if they hadnt eaten for a week. 2. When you talked to Jack on the phone last night, he spoke with difficulty. And he said some strange things. He sounded ___________________________________________. 3. Tom looks very tired. You say to him: You look ___________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________. 4. Ann and Tom were having an argument. She was very angry. Suddenly she picked up a plate. She looked __________________________________________________________. 5. Carol had a bored expression on her face during the concert. She didnt look ____________________________________________________________. 6. You could smell him from a long way away. He needed a bath. He smelt _________________________________________________________________. 7. Your friend comes into the room looking absolutely terrified. His face is white. You say: Whats the matter? You look _________________________________________________. 8. Youve just eaten a whole box of chocolates. Now youre feeling ill. You say: I feel ____________________________________________________________________. 9. When you saw Sue , she was walking in a strange way. She looked ___________________ _________________________________________________________________________. 4. Complete each sentence with as if + oracin. 1. Im not a child, but sometimes you talk to me _____________________________________. 2. She doesnt know me, so why did she smile at me ________________________________? 3. Hes not my boss, but he sometimes acts _________________________________________. 4. Dont look at me ____________________________________________________________. 5.I love the way she sings. She sings ______________________________________________.

4 5. Complete with AS y LIKE. AS can also appear as a conjunction.

1. Do you think Ann looks ________________________ her mother. 2. He really gets on my nerves. I cant stand people _____________________ him. 3. Why didnt you do it ________________ I told you to do it? 4. He never listens. Talking to him is ____________________ talking to a wall. 5. _________________ I said yesterday, Im thinking of going to Canada. 6. Toms idea seemed a good one, so we did ________________ he suggested. 7. Its a difficult problem. I never know what to do in situations _____________ this. 8. Ill phone you tomorrow evening ________________ usual, okay? 9. This coffee is terrible. It tastes __________________ water. 10. Suddenly there was a terrible noise. It was ________________ a bomb exploding. 11. She s a really good swimmer. She swims ________________ a fish. 12. My feet are really cold. Theyre _______________ blocks of ice. 13. Hes 35 but he sometimes behaves __________________ a child. 14. Hes decided to give up his job ______________ a journalist and become a teacher. 15. His house is full of lots of interesting things: Its ____________ a museum. 16. Your English is very fluent. I wish I could speak _______________ you. 17. When we asked Jack to help us, he agreed immediately, _______________ I knew he would. 18. While we were on holiday, we spent most of our time doing energetic things _____________ Sailing, water-skiing and swimming. 19. Anns been working _____________ a waitress for the last few weeks. 20. I think I prefer this room ____________ it was, before we decorated it. 21. He wastes too much time doing things _______________ sitting in cafs all day. 22. The weather is terrible for the middle of summer. Its ______________ winter.

2. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
Van introducidas por la conjuncin IF (si). Existen tres tipos. TYPE I Oracin subordinada condicional Present simple Oracin principal

-------------------------------------------- Future simple Modal+infinitive Imperative

If you work this summer, you will earn some money. you can meet new people. If you dont like this food, have a sandwich. Otra posible combinacin dentro de este tipo consiste en poner el verbo de la subordinada en present continuous o con la forma TO BE GOING TO y el de la principal en future simple. If youre studying tonight, youll have to drink some coffee to keep yourself awake. TYPE II Oracin subordinada condicional Past simple ------------------------------------------------Oracin principal Conditional Simple Would + Infinitivo Could Might

If they drank coffee, they would sleep badly. El verbo en past simple se traduce al espaol por pretrito imperfecto de subjuntivo. En este tipo de condicional la forma de pasado del verbo to be es WERE para todas las personas puesto que se trata de un subjuntivo, aunque es ms usado WAS. If I were / was taller, Id be happier. Existe la expresin IF I WERE YOU ( si yo fuera tu, yo de ti, yo en tu lugar ), que se usa para expresar consejo. If I were you, I wouldnt do that.

6 TYPE III Oracin subordinada condicional Past Perfect Oracin principal

-------------------------------------------- Conditional Perfect Would + HAVE + PP Could Might

If he had studied harder, he would have passed the exam. El verbo en past perfect se traduce por pretrito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo.

Existe tambin un tipo de condicional llamado ZERO CONDITIONAL, que consiste en expresar las dos oraciones en present simple. En este caso la condicin siempre se cumple. If you pour oil on water, it floats. En las condicionales, el orden de las oraciones no importa. Puede ir primero la subordinada condicional y despus la principal o viceversa. En el primer caso, hay que poner una coma entre ambas. If you pour oil on water, it floats. Oil floats if you pour it on water. Las oraciones condicionales pueden tambin ir introducidas por la conjuncin UNLESS, que se traduce por SI NO, A NO SER QUE o A MENOS QUE. UNLESS es igual a IF + NOT, por lo que el verbo de su oracin tiene que ser afirmativo. I wont go out unless it stops raining. I wont go out if it doesnt stop raining. Las conjunciones PROVIDED (THAT) , PROVIDING (THAT) y AS LONG AS pueden sustituir a IF enfatizando la condicin. Se traducen por SLO EN CASO DE QUE o A CONDICIN DE QUE. Providing (that) you work harder, youll have a rise. You can use my car as long as you drive carefully.

7 CONDITIONALS _________________ Practice 1. Complete with the PAST SIMPLE or CONDITIONAL SIMPLE. 1. What would happen if you (not go) _________________________ to go to work tomorrow? 2. Many people would be out of work if that factory (close) ___________________ down? 3. Ann gave me this ring. She (be) ____________________ terribly upset if I lost it. 4. If someone (walk) ______________________ in here with a gun, Id be very frightened. 5. If she sold her car, she (not/ get) ________________________ much money for it. 6. Would George be angry if I (take)_________________________ his bicycle without asking? 7. They would be disappointed if we (not come) _____________________________. 8. If I was offered the job I think I (take) _____________________________. 9. If I found one hundred pounds in the street, I (keep) ______________________________ it. 10. Theyd be rather angry if you (not visit) ____________________________them. 11. If I (know) _____________________ her number, I would telephone her. 12. If I were you, I (not marry) ________________________ him. 13. Id help you if I (can) ____________________, but Im afraid I cant. 14. I wouldnt mind living in England if the weather (be) _____________________ better. 15. I (give) __________________________ you a cigarette if I had one but Im afraid I havent. . 2. Complete with the PAST PERFECT or the CONDITIONAL PERFECT 1. If I (know) __________________________ that you were ill last week, Id have gone to see you. 2. Tom (not enter) ____________________________ for the examination if he had known that It would be so difficult. 3. We might not have stayed at this hotel if George (not recommend) _____________________ _______________________ it to us. 4. Its good that Ann reminded me about Toms birthday. I ( forget) ______________________ ________________________ if she hadnt reminded me. 5. Id have sent you a postcard while I was on holiday if I (have) _________________________ your address. 6. Tom got to the station in time.If he (miss) ____________________________the train, he would have been late for his interview. 7.If you had told me the truth before, I (believe) _________________________________ you. 8. Kathryn wouldnt have become ill if she (not eat) __________________________________ so many chocolates.

8 3. Write the sentences again beginning them with UNLESS. 1. We wont buy any fish today if it isnt cheaper than yesterday. ___________________________________________________________________________. 1. If you dont go to the party, theyll be disappointed. ___________________________________________________________________________. 2. I cant help her if she doesnt want to talk to me. ______________________________________________________________________________. 3. If it doesnt stop raining, well stay at home. ______________________________________________________________________________. 4. If he doesnt go to the post office, he wont buy the stamps. ______________________________________________________________________________. 5. George wont come out of hospital if he doesnt feel better. ______________________________________________________________________________.

4.Correct the sentences. 1. If I will have time this afternoon, Ill visit you. _________________________________________. 2. If I was you, Id take a taxi. _______________________________________________________. 3. We would have stayed in for dinner if we would have known you were coming. _______________________________________________________________________________. 4. Unless he phone now, we wont wait for him. _______________________________________________________________________________. 5. If it will be warm and sunny tomorrow, well go to the beach. _______________________________________________________________________________. 6. If I were rich, Ill buy a yacht. ______________________________________________________. 7. You wont go to the cinema unless you dont study. _______________________________________________________________________________.

5. Translate. 1. No cogeremos el tren a menos que nos demos prisa. _______________________________________________________________________________. 2. Si Peter no hubiera conducido tan deprisa, no habra tenido un accidente. _______________________________________________________________________________. 3. Solo en caso de que me despierte a tiempo, te acompaar. _______________________________________________________________________________. 4. Yo de ti, no comprara ese abrigo. _______________________________________________________________________________. 5. Si no estuviera lloviendo, podramos comer en el jardn. _______________________________________________________________________________. 6. No podramos haber comprado el coche si no nos hubieses prestado el dinero. _______________________________________________________________________________. 7. A no ser que descanses, maana no podrs ir a trabajar. _______________________________________________________________________________. 8. Me casar slo en caso de que conozca a un millonario. _______________________________________________________________________________. 9. Si el tiempo fuera bueno, no me importara vivir all. _______________________________________________________________________________. 10. Qu haras si alguien robara tu bolso ? _______________________________________________________________________________.

6. Writing. 1. If you were on a desert island, what would you do? ( 25-50 words) 2. Imagine there have been a fire in your house and you just had time to take some objects. What would you have taken and why? ( 25-50 words).

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3. ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS CONCESIVAS (CONCESSIVE CLAUSES)

Cuando queremos contrastar dos hechos, usamos una oracin concesiva, que pueden ir introducidas por las conjunciones ALTHOUGH, THOUGH o EVEN THOUGH. Otras palabras que pueden expresar estas oraciones son las preposiciones IN SPITE OF y DESPITE. a. ALTHOUGH/ THOUGH/ EVEN THOUGH. 1. Significan aunque. 2. THOUGH puede usarse en lugar de ALTHOUGH en estilo informal. EVEN THOUGH es la forma enftica de ALTHOUGH. Es decir, se usa cuando queremos darle una mayor importancia al hecho de la oracin que va introducida por esa conjuncin. 3. Como son conjunciones, las tres van seguidas de una oracin. Although she smokes a lot, shes quite fit. I didnt get the job though I had the necessary qualifications. Even though I tried hard, I couldnt solve the problem. b. DESPITE/ IN SPITE OF 1. Significan a pesar de. 2. Van seguidas de un nombre, pronombre o verbo en gerundio In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday. Despite the rain, we enjoyed our holiday. In spite of this, I still love you. Despite this, I still love you. Im not tired in spite of working hard all day. Im not tired despite working hard all day. 3. Slo pueden ir seguidas de una oracin cuando van acompaadas de the fact (that). In spite of the fact that I was tired, I couldnt sleep. MAL: In spite of I was tired, I couldnt sleep. Despite the fact that I was tired,I couldnt sleep. MAL: Despite I was tired, I couldnt sleep. A pesar de que estaba cansado, no pude dormir. 11

CONCESSIVE CLAUSES_____ Practice 1. Complete the sentences with ALTHOUGH, THOUGH,DESPITE o IN SPITE OF. 1. ______________________ being tired, we carried on walking. 2. Karen decided to give up his job _______________________ I advised him not to. 3. They went to the beach _______________________ the bad weather. 4. I love music ____________________ I cant play a musical instrument. 5. He decided to go home ______________________ he didnt want to. 6. ________________________ it was raining, we went out for a walk. 7. ________________________ not having slept for two days, he looked perfectly fine. 8. Even ____________________ she didnt like him, she had to accept the invitation. 9. _________________________ all my careful plans, a lot of things went wrong. 10. _________________________ I had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong. 11. The heating was on but, ______________________ this, the house was still cold. 12. Even ______________________ she was very unhappy, she couldnt cry. 13. _________________________ it was very hot, he didnt take his coat off. 14. ________________________ the fact I hadnt studied for the exam, I passed it. 15. She didnt look depressed ________________________ the terrible situation she was going through. 16. We decided to go swimming _____________________ the rain. 17. _______________________ my children are 12 years old, they still believe in Father Christmas. 18. _______________________ we worked a lot last year, we didnt earn enough. 2. Rewrite the sentences using first ALTHOUGH and then IN SPITE OF. a.It was raining but she didnt take an umbrella. _______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________
b. The meal was very expensive but he enjoyed it. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ c. Spain lost the match but they played better than Italy

_______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
d. She lives on the first floor but she never takes the lift. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

12 3. Rewrite the sentences again using the words in brackets. 1. In spite of his young age, he had travelled around the world. (although). Although __________________________________________________________________. 2. Although we enjoy watching films very much, we seldom go to the cinema. (despite) Despite ___________________________________________________________________. 3. He rescued the little girl although he couldnt swim very well. ( in spite of) In spite of _________________________________________________________________. 4. I decided to accept the job although the salary was low. (in spite of). In spite of _________________________________________________________________. 5. We finally bought the car in spite of the fact that it was very expensive.(although). Although __________________________________________________________________. 6. Although hes got lots of money, he never spends a penny. (in spite of). In spite of __________________________________________________________________.

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4.ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS FINALES

La finalidad en ingles puede expresarse de la siguiente manera: 1. TO+ INFINITIVO. ( para + infinitivo) Cuando queremos explicar por qu alguien hace algo. Slo puede emplearse cuando el sujeto del verbo principal es el mismo que el sujeto de la oracin de infinitivo. We spent the summer in Rome to learn Italian. MAL: We spent the summer in Rome for to learn Italian.

2. IN ORDER TO/ SO AS TO/ IN ORDER NOT TO/ SO AS NOT TO + INFINITIVO ( a fin de/ con el fin de+ infinitive) Es ms formal que la anterior.Tambin se usa cuando los dos sujetos son iguales. She went abroad in order to/ so as to find a better job. He came in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 3. SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT + ORACIN SUBORDINADA (para+oracin subordinada) Ambas formas se pueden emplear si el sujeto es el mismo en las dos oraciones o tambin si es diferente. Estas conjunciones van seguidas de can o will + infinitivo si el verbo de la principal est en presente o futuro y de could, should o would+ infinitivo si est en pasado. Im going to buy my son a computer so (that) / in order that he can practise at home. I wanted to buy my son a computer so (that)/ in order that he could practise at home.

NOTA IMPORTANTE: Nunca puede expresarse la finalidad con for + gerundio. MAL: We spent the summer in Rome for learning Italian. BIEN: We spent the summer in Rome to learn Italian.

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5. ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS CONSECUTIVAS

Se forman con las siguientes estructuras: 1. SUCH A/AN + adjetivo + sustantivo contable en singular + (that) + oracin. + adjetivo + sustantivo contable en plural + (that) + oracin + adjetivo + sustantivo incontable + (that) + oracin Marys such a popular person (that) everybody wants to speak to her. We saw such cheap jeans in the shop (that) we bought three pairs. It was such sour wine (that) we didnt drink it. 2. SO + adjetivo + (that) + oracin. Hes so intelligent (that) hes finished his university studies in three years.

3. SO + adverbio + (that) + oracin. He is walking so slowly (that) he might miss the train. 4. SO MUCH + sustantivo incontable + (that) + oracin. He ate so much bread and butter (that) he had stomachache. Tambin puede usarse solo: He ate so much (that) he had stomachache. 5. SO MANY + sustantivo contable en plural + (that) + oracin There are so many houses here (that) its crowded with people.

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Oraciones finales y consecutivas ______________ Practice

1. Correct the errors. 1. 2. 3. 4. It was such a lovely weather that we went to the beach. They were so intelligent children that we admired them a great deal. Ive bought a new sofa for to be more comfortable. He bought that book for reading something.

2. Complete the sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Im learning English in order ______________________________________________________. My brother is so ________________________________________________________________. We went to the country so that ____________________________________________________. Im going to buy a faster computer so as _____________________________________________. We live in such a huge house ______________________________________________________.

3.Choose the correct answer. 1. Im going to study harder _____________ pass my exams in June. a. so to b. for to c. in order that d. in order to

2. We invited lots of children _____________ our son could enjoy his birthday party. a. in order to b. so as to c. so that d. for that

3. Helen is going to be on a diet ______________ lose weight. a. so as to b. so that c. for d. in order that

4. They went to the town centre ______________ do some shopping. a. so as b. to c. for to d. for

5. Lets take a taxi so that we ___________________ be late. a. arent going to b. will c. are to d. wont

6. Well leave him alone so that he __________________ study. a. can b. could c. would d. must

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4.Complete the sentences with so, such,or such a(n). a. b. c. d. e. f. He was ________________ happy that he invited us for a drink. Theyre ________________ lovely people that we enjoy their company a lot. Joan is _______________ elegant woman that everybody admires her. Hes _______________ popular singer that he sells thousands of CDs. They were ________________ cheap books that we bought quite a few. Sunday afternoons are _________________ boring that we never know what to do.

5.Rewrite these sentences keeping the meaning of the original sentence as much as possible. 1. The box was so heavy that he couldnt lift it. It was such______________________________________________. 2. They were such naughty children that they were punished by the teacher. The children were _______________________________________________________. 3.The English language is so important that many people learn it every day. English is such ___________________________________________________________. 4.Sarah was such a young girl that her parents wouldnt leave her alone. Sarah was _______________________________________________________________. 5.These people are so poor that they always need help. They are _________________________________________________________________.

6. Translate these sentences. a. Se fueron al campo para descansar de la ruidosa ciudad. _______________________________________________________________________. b. Vivimos en una casa tan enorme que slo usamos la planta baja. _______________________________________________________________________. c. Comi tan deprisa que se puso enfermo. _______________________________________________________________________. d. Me puse el abrigo para no tener frio. _______________________________________________________________________. 5. Estoy aprendiendo ingls para poder ir a vivir a Londres.

_____________________________________________________.
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6. MODAL VERBS
Tienen las siguientes caractersticas generales: 1. Forman la negacin aadiendo el adverbio de negacin NOT. I must not go. La contraccin de CAN es CANNOT o CANT, pero nunca CAN NOT. 2. Forman la interrogacin invirtiendo el orden sujeto-verbo. Can you stay? 3. Admiten contracciones: He mustnt come. 4. Sirven para construir las question tags. I must go, mustnt I? 5. Sirven para sustituir a un verbo previamente mencionado. I cannot type, but she can. 6. Carecen de participios y de infinitivo,por lo que no pueden enunciarse precedidos de TO. 7. Tienen la misma forma verbal invariable para todas las personas, excepto HAVE TO, que tiene has en la tercera persona del singular. She should tell me. 8. Van seguidos de infinitivo sin TO, con excepcin de OUGHT TO, HAVE TO y USED TO. 9. Son defectivos. Tienen slo una o dos formas y carecen de la mayora de los tiempos. Adems de infinitivo y, por consiguiente, de futuro y condicional, todos carecen de la forma en ing y de todos los tiempos progresivos. Tampoco tienen participio de pasado y carecen, por tanto de todos los tiempos compuestos.

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CAN (poder)
Tiene dos formas: CAN para el present simple y COULD para el past simple y conditional. La negacin de CAN es CANNOT o CANT. Para los tiempos de que carece se usa el verbo TO BE ABLE TO (ser capaz de). They wont be able to go. Usos 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Poder fsico. I can see him now. Habilidad. I can play the piano. Permiso. Can I come in? Prohibicin en frases negativas. You cant go yet. Posibilidad e imposibilidad. What can we do? We can go to the cinema. I cant go to the cinema tonight.

6. Peticiones: Can you do me a favour? 7. Deduccin en frases negativas. They cant be at home. The lights are off. COULD tiene los mismos usos que CAN. Cuando expresa peticin, es ms formal que CAN. Tambin puede expresar: - especulaciones: This book could be hers. - sugerencias: We could watch a video tonight. - crticas: You could have told me the truth! MAY (poder) Tiene dos formas: MAY para el present simple y MIGHT para el past simple y conditional. Para los tiempos de que carece puede emplearse la expresin TO BE ALLOWED TO ( permitir) como sustituto cuando se usa como permiso. You wont be allowed to sing there Usos 1. Permiso en situaciones formales. May I smoke? 2. Posibilidad. It may rain this afternoon. MAY expresa la posibilidad de que algo ocurra y CAN expresa la posibilidad de hacer algo. Para expresar la posibilidad en frases interrogativas, as como la imposibilidad, utilizamos CAN. Can it be true? It cant be true. 3. Peticiones corteses. May I have a cup of tea, please? 4. Especulaciones. She may still be asleep because the room is dark.

MIGHT tiene los mismos usos que MAY excepto el 1 y el 3. They might invite us to the party. They might have broken the window while I was having a shower. 19

MUST ( Deber )
Tiene esta nica forma, que sirve para el present simple y el past simple. Para los tiempos de que carece puede emplearse TO HAVE TO ( tener que ). Usos

1. Deber u obligacin. Puede tener varios matices:

a. Deber moral. You must obey your parents. b. Orden. You must paint that door, too. c. Necesidad que tenemos de hacer algo. I must go now. La ausencia de obligacin o necesidad se expresa con NEEDNT /DONT HAVE TO. We neednt hurry/ We dont have to hurry. 2. Prohibicin cuando est en negacin. You musnt do that. 3.Deduccin afirmativa o suposicin. The news must be true.

Tanto MUST como TO HAVE TO expresan la necesidad de hacer algo, pero MUST va ms ligado a la voluntad del hablante y TO HAVE TO seala una circunstancia independiente de la voluntad del hablante. I must write to Ann. I havent written to her for ages. Anns eyes are not very good.She has to wear glasses for reading. In Spain you have to be eighteen to drive a car. ( En Espaa se han de tener 18 aos para conducir un coche)

SHALL /SHOULD
1. Usos de SHALL a. Ofrecimiento. En primera persona del singular. Se traduce por presente de indicativo. Shall I call a taxi?

b. Sugerencia. En primera persona del plural. Se traduce por presente de indicativo. Shall we stay at home tonight? 2. Usos de SHOULD a. Consejo. Se traduce por debera. You should tell your father. 20

WILL/WOULD
1. Usos de WILL. a. Como auxiliar de future simple. I will do it at once. b. Predicciones, promesas, ofrecimientos. It will be cloudy tomorrow morning. I will write to you every day. I will help you with your bags. c. Para expresar que se acaba de tomar una decisin en el momento de hablar. I think I will have a sandwich now.

2. Usos de WOULD. a. Como auxiliar de conditional. He would like some cheese. b. Peticiones corteses. Would you please switch off the light? c. Invitaciones. Would you have another drink? d. Hbito en el pasado. Se traduce por pretrito imperfecto de indicativo del verbo que se conjuga o por sola seguido del infinitivo del verbo. En este sentido es igual a USED TO. He would go to his office at 8 oclock every day. En cualquier caso no se puede emplear WOULD para expresar hbito o costumbre cuando no interviene en absoluto la voluntad del sujeto. He used to suffer from headaches.

OUGHT TO ( Debera )

Equivale practicamente a SHOULD con el significado de debera. No tiene ms usos o formas. Expresa consejo. You ought to tell him as soon as possible. 21

NEED ( Ser necesario )

No debe confundirse con el verbo ordinario TO NEED (necesitar), verbo de conjugacin completa. Tiene una nica forma, que se emplea solamente en frases interrogativas y negativas, aunque es ms usual utilizar en su lugar HAVE TO, especialmente en preguntas. La negacin expresa ausencia de obligacin. Need you be so sarcastic? / Do you have to be so sarcastic? You neednt come/ You dont have to come.

Otros verbos
USED TO ( sola )
Es la nica forma que tiene este verbo y slo se utiliza en past simple. Expresa hbito o rutina en el pasado, para acciones que se realizaban habitualmente en el pasado y que ya no se realizan en el presente. I used to take my nephews to the zoo when they came to town.

HAD BETTER ( sera mejor que )

Expresa consejo y sugerencia. Va seguido de infinitivo sin TO. Its getting dark. We had better (wed better) go home now. Youd better not tell him the news.

WOULD RATHER ( preferira )

Expresa preferencia y va seguido de infinitivo sin TO. I would rather stay at home. Si se comparan dos acciones, el segundo verbo va precedido de THAN. I would rather laugh than cry. Puede contraerse en d. Esta forma tambin puede ir seguida de una oracin subordinada, cuyo sujeto es distinto del de would rather y cuyo verbo va en past simple.

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MODAL VERBS. Practice 1. Complete with a modal verb. 1. You ________________________ bring an umbrella. It isnt going to rain. 2. It __________________________ rain, youd better take a coat. 3. ______________________ you tell me the time, please? Im afraid I ______________________. I havent got a watch. 4. ______________________ I borrow your umbrella. 5. Havent you eaten for a whole day? You ______________________ be starving! 6. Im late. ______________________ I call a taxi. 7. Your hands are full. Dont worry. I _____________________ open the door for you. 8. I feel tired and depressed. You ____________________ have a holiday. 9. You ____________________ be hungry! Not after that huge meal. 10. Jim ____________________ play the piano when he was 4 years old. Mary ____________________ read until she was 6. 11. You _____________________ turn on the light.I can see quite well. 12. ____________________ I come in? Please do. 13. Its still quite early. Im sure its not ten oclock. It _____________________ be ten o clock. 14. You ___________________ ask for permission. You can use it whenever you like. 15. _____________________ I use your phone? 16. How can we come back home? ____________________ we get a taxi?

2. Explain the meaning of the modal verb in these sentences: ABSENCE of OBLIGATION/PERMISSION/ SUGGESTION/ PROBABILITY/ ADVICE/ REQUEST/ ABILITY. 1. It may have been the wind. 2. May I open the window? 3. I think it may rain. Look at those clouds. 4. May I borrow your grammar books? 5. You ought to go today. It may rain tomorrow. 6. Will you help me move this tree? 7. Could you tell me the time, please? 8. I can play tennis very well. 9. You neednt go to the supermarket. There is enough food. 10. Shall we stay at home or shall we go to the restaurant? 3. Choose the suitable modal verb. 1. Take your umbrella. It ___________________ rain in a minute.

a. should

b. cant

c. may 23

2. Excuse me, ______________ you tell me the way to Victoria Station, please? a. may 3. b. must c. could

The children ___________ be sleeping now. There are no lights in their bedroom. a. cant b. must c. can

4. We __________ go to your party tomorrow. a. cant b. ought c. will be able

5. You ____________ smoke in class. a. neednt b. mustnt c. shouldnt

6. ________________ you speak Italian? a. may b. might c. can

7. This is my advice: you work _____________ so much. a. mustnt b. shouldnt c. may 8. You ________________ get up early tomorrow. Its Sunday. a. cant b. mustnt c. neednt

4. Choose the modal verb that best completes the sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. When I was a child I was used to /used to play football. You might/should do more physical exercise. It would do you good. Im afraid I cant /mustnt help you now. Im too busy. If you dont study, you wouldnt/wont be able to pass your exams. We might/can go to the beach on Saturday. It all depends on the weather. Can/May you ski? Yes, I learnt to ski a long time ago. Im not used to / used to reading at night.

24

VOCABULARY 1. SYNONYMS AND OPPOSITES A. SYNONYMS ADJECTIVES

1. Write down a synonym for each of the words on the left. 1. exciting _______________________ 2. sad _______________________ 3. polite _______________________ 4. shy _______________________ 5. amusing _______________________ 6. expensive _______________________ 7. stubborn _______________________ 8. hard-working _______________________ 9. boring _______________________ 10. wicked _______________________ 11. curious _______________________ 12. rich _______________________ 13. terrible _______________________ 14. angry _______________________ 15. ugly _______________________ 2. dreadful dear furious evil unhappy unattractive witty inquisitive wealthy reserved obstinate well-mannered industrious uninteresting thrilling

Write down a synonym for each of the words on the left. 1. funny 2. angry 3. glad 4. dull 5. optimistic 6. handsome 7. impolite 8. nice 9. easy 10. intelligent 11. awful 12. quiet 13. cheap 14. strange _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ hopeful furious clever simple terrible amusing huge marvellous inexpensive peculiar good-looking pleasant rude boring

15. very big 16. wonderful

_______________________ _______________________

silent happy

25

3. Write down a synonym for each of the words on the left. 1. giddy ____________________________ 2. chatty ____________________________ 3. stingy ____________________________ 4. intentional ____________________________ 5. hopeless ____________________________ 6. absurd ____________________________ 7. mad ____________________________ 8. pensive ____________________________ 9 immature ____________________________ 10. reliable ____________________________ 11. disgraceful ____________________________ 12. weird ____________________________ 13. amiable _____________________________ 14. famished _____________________________ 15. conscious _____________________________ insane dependable likeable aware childish deliberate disgusting dizzy mean really hungry ridiculous talkative thoughtful pathetic peculiar

3. Write down a synonym for each of the words on the left. 1. odd ______________________________ good-looking 2. cheeky ______________________________ pleasant 3. enormous ______________________________ conceited 4. hilarious _______________________________ terrible 5. bashful _______________________________ peculiar 6. enjoyable _______________________________ huge 7. ample _______________________________ stubborn 8. vital _______________________________ shy 9. attractive _______________________________ enthusiastic 10.unbelievable ______________________________ genuine 11. big-headed _______________________________ rude 12. keen _______________________________ sufficient 13. authentic _______________________________ incredible 14. obstinate _______________________________ essential 15. appalling _______________________________ very funny 4. Write down a synonym for each of the words on the left. 1. Annoyed _____________________________ 2. Peculiar _____________________________ 3. Impolite _____________________________ 4. Unbelievable _____________________________ 5. Hard-working _____________________________ 6. wealthy ______________________________ 7. enormous ______________________________ huge affluent industrious obstinate irritated odd incredible

8. stubborn 9. reliable 10. thrilling

______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________

dependable exciting rude

26

VERBS
1. Write down a synonym for each of the words on the left. 1. talk 2. love 3. hate 4. fall 5. phone 6. swim 7. leave 8. let 9. ask 10. cry 11. assist 12. get 13. need 14. understand 15. repair ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ depart help adore mend receive allow comprehend ring loathe require weep speak inquire stumble bathe

2. Write down a synonym for each of the words on the left.

1. detest 2. inform 3. enter 4. brag 5. purchase 6. accomplish 7. moan 8. vanish 9. spoil 10. put off 11. recollect 12. scare 13. trip 14. alter 15. occur

_________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________

go in disappear buy loathe stumble achieve change remember postpone frighten ruin happen/ take place notify complain boast

27 3. Complete the sentences with a synonym of the verbs in brackets in the same form or tense. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Being a gentleman, I allowed the women to ( go in) _______________________ first. They were all watching the U.F.O. when it suddenly (disappeared) _________________. This is something I (bought) ___________________ from an antique dealer in Chelsea. I love watching football, but my wife (loathes) ________________________ it. He (stumbled) ______________________ and fell as she was leaving the church. You wont (achieve) _________________________ anything if you dont work harder. The manuscript is basically good but there are still parts of it that need to be (changed) ______________________________. h. I couldnt (remember) _____________________________ where I had first met her. i. The match has been (postponed) __________________________ until next week. j. Alfred Hitchcocks films really (frighten) _________________________ me; especially the one he made about a lot of birds attacking people. k. Bad weather completely (ruined) ___________________________ the Garden Party. l. I dont like the new secretary very much; shes always (complaining) ____________________ about something or other. m. Can you tell me in your own words exactly what (happened) ____________________? n. Would you please (notify) _________________________ me the moment Miss Baker (gets back) ________________________________? o. I cant stand Doreen. Shes always (boasting) ________________________ about the places shes been to. 4.Complete the sentences with a synonym of the adjectives in brackets. 1. Theres only one way of describing Hitler. He was completely (insane)___________________. 2. Our new neighbours are very (talkative) __________________________, arent they? 3. I wish youd grow up! Youre so (childish) _____________________________. 4. A good friend is someone who is kind, considerate and totally (dependable) ________________. 5. Our new neighbour isnt too bad at all. In fact shes quite (likeable) _______________________. 6. He was one of the most (good-looking) __________________________ men she had ever seen. 7. Have you seen Janes house? Its really (enormous) ______________________. 8. He wont take my advice. Hes so (stubborn) ______________________. 9. I always get very (dizzy) _______________________ when I stand on the top of high buildings. 10. We had a really (pleasant) _______________________ time in Brighton last week. 11.You must read this story. Its quite (incredible) _____________________________. 12. Hard work and ambition are (essential) _______________________ if you want to get on in life. 13. I was always very (shy) _______________________ as a child and hated going to parties or meeting new people. 14. It looked like ( a genuine) an __________________________ Picasso, but it was a copy. 15. You are (conscious) ___________________________ of the fact that hes married, arent you? 16. My son loves school. In fact in some ways hes too (enthusiastic) _____________________. I mean, its the only thing he talks about. 17. I could eat a horse! Im (really hungry) _____________________________!

18. David is always telling people how good he is at everything. Hes so (conceited) _____________________________. 28 19. Theres something very (peculiar) ___________________________ about Mr Browns behaviour today. Havent you noticed? 20. I didnt mean to break it. It wasnt (deliberate) _____________________________. 21. Take those trousers off! You look (ridiculous) _________________________ in them! 22. Your behaviour last night was absolutely ( disgusting)__________________________. 23. The play last night was (terrible) _______________________ . 24. I think she is going to have a lot of problems with her children. Theyre so ( rude ) ________________________ to everyone.

B. OPPOSITES
1. Write down the opposite of the following adjective on the left. Choose from the words on the right. 1. good ___________________________ closed 2. fat ___________________________ new 3. big ___________________________ poor 4. tall ___________________________ bad 5. full ___________________________ dry 6. young ___________________________ show 7. open ___________________________ short 8. wet ___________________________ thin 9. hot ___________________________ low 10. old ___________________________ cold 11. happy ___________________________ empty 12. fast ___________________________ soft 13. high ___________________________ small 14. rich ___________________________ sad 15. hard ___________________________ old 16. right ___________________________ thin 17. strong ___________________________ unkind 18. dead ___________________________ expensive 19. early ___________________________ unfriendly 20. thick ___________________________ awake 21. wide ___________________________ stupid 22. male ___________________________ wrong 23. kind ___________________________ late 24. clever ___________________________ difficult 25. clean ___________________________ narrow 26. cheap ___________________________ noisy 27. easy ___________________________ weak 28. friendly _________________________ dirty 29. quiet __________________________ alive 30. asleep __________________________ female

29 2. Write down the opposite of the following words on the left. Choose from the words on the right. 1. behind ________________________ everybody 2. single ________________________ deep 3. bottom ________________________ often 4. country ________________________ married 5. last ________________________ never 6. future ________________________ better 7. shallow ________________________ heavy 8. always ________________________ in front of 9. far ________________________ first 10. unfurnished _____________________ before 11. hardly ever _____________________ near 12. light _____________________ child 13. after _____________________ top 14. nobody _____________________ past 15. worse _____________________ furnished 16. adult _____________________ town 17. generous _____________________ transparent 18. permanent _____________________ scarce 19. sharp _____________________ compulsory 20. modest _____________________ tiny 21. deliberate _____________________ temporary 22. opaque _____________________ mean 23. plentiful _____________________ conceited 24. voluntary _____________________ blunt 25. gigantic _____________________ accidental

30

2. ADJETIVES + PREPOSITION
1. Nice/kind/good/generous/mean/stupid/silly/intelligent/clever/sensible/(im)polite/rude/ unreasonable OF. Thank you. It was very kind of you to help me. Nice/kind/good/generous/mean/(im)polite/rude/(un)pleasant/(un)friendly/cruel TO. Why were you so rude to Ann? 2. Angry/ annoyed/ furious ABOUT something. WITH someone FOR doing something. I was angry about the noise you made. They were furious with me for not inviting them to the party. 3. Delighted/ pleased/ satisfied/ disappointed WITH. I was delighted with the present you gave me. 4. Bored/ fed up WITH. You get bored with doing the same every day. Everybody was surprised at/by the news.

5. Surprised/ shocked/ amazed/ astonished AT/ BY. 6. Excited/ worried/ upset ABOUT.

Ann is upset about not being invited to the party. Im terrified of dogs.

7. Afraid/ frightened/ terrified/ scared OF. 8. Proud/ ashamed OF.

Im not shamed of what I did. He is always jealous of other people. I wasnt aware of the fact that he was married. Im not very good at repairing things.

9.Jealous/ envious/ suspicious OF. 10. Aware/ conscious OF.

11. Good/ bad/ excellent/ brilliant/ hopeless AT. 12. Married/ engaged TO. 13. Sorry ABOUT something. FOR doing something. 14. To feel sorry FOR. 15. Impressed BY/ WITH.

Linda is married to an American. (not with an American). Im sorry about the noise last night. Im sorry for shouting at you yesterday. Aunque es ms usual decir Im sorry I shouted at you yesterday.

I feel sorry for Tom. I wasnt very impressed by/ with the film.

16. Famous FOR.

The city of Florence is famous for its arts treasures. 31

17. Responsible FOR. You are responsible for all this disaster. 18. Different FROM/ TO. The film was quite different from/to what I expected. 19. Interested IN. Are you interested in art? 20. Capable/ incapable OF. Im sure you are capable of passing the examination. 21. Full OF. 22. Short OF. 23. Tired OF. 24. Similar TO. The writing was full of mistakes. Im a bit short of Money. Come on, lets go! Im tired of waiting. Your hat is similar to mine. The city centre was crowded with tourists.

25. Crowded WITH.

ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITION _______________ Practice 1. Complete with the right preposition. 1. I dont feel sorry ______________________ him. All his problems are his own fault. 2. I cant stop to talk to you now. Im a bit short __________________ time. 3. The editor is responsible ___________________ what appears in the newspaper. 4. This part of town is lively at night. Its always crowded __________________ people. 5. Im not interested ____________________ football. 6. Travelling is great at first but you get tired __________________ it after a while. 7. Im sorry ____________________ the smell in this room. 8. Man is now capable _________________ destroying the world with nuclear weapons. 9. Britain isnt famous _________________ its food. 10. Our house is similar _________________ theirs. I think ours is a bit larger. 11. Its very nice _________________ you to let me use your car. Thank you very much. 12. Why do you always get so annoyed ________________ little things? 13. Mr Davis spends a lot of time gardening. His garden is very well-kept and hes very proud _________________ it. 14. I had never seen so many people before. I was ashtonished __________________ the crowds. 15. Bill has been doing the same job for years. Hes bored ________________ it. 16. Did you know that Linda is engaged ______________ a friend of mine? 17. I was disappointed _________________ the film about this book. 18. These days everybody is aware _________________ the dangers of smoking. 19. Are you still upset ________________ what I said to you yesterday? 20. We come from the same town but my accent is different __________________ his. 21. In the cupboard I found a box full _______________ old letters. 22. I felt sorry _______________ the children when we went on holiday. It rained every day. 23. I wasnt very impressed _________________ the service in the restaurant. 24. I was surprised ______________ the way he behaved. 25. Im hopeless _______________ repairing things. 26. Why are you so rude ________________ your parents? Cant you be nice _____________ them? 27. We enjoyed our holiday but we were disappointed ______________ the hotel.

28. She doesnt often go out at night. Shes afraid ______________ the dark. 29. It wasnt very polite ______________ him to leave without saying thank you. 30. She is very good ______________ languages. She speaks ten.

32

3. FALSE FRIENDS
Se denominan as las palabras que, aunque se parezcan a otras en castellano, tienen un significado completamente distinto en ingls. En la siguiente lista las palabras espaolas aparecen en cursiva. Palabra Actual Actual Significado (ingls/castellano) _________________ real _________________ present, current

Actually __________________ en realidad, en efecto Actualmente ______________ nowadays, at present, at the moment, these days, today Advise _________________ aconsejar Avisar _________________ warn Advice _________________ consejo Aviso _________________ warn, notice Argument _______________ discusin, debate, disputa Argumento ______________ plot (de una novela), topic, matter, issue Assist __________________ ayudar, auxiliar Asistir _________________ attend Attend ________________ asistir a, ir a Atender _______________ pay attention, take care of, look after Avocado _______________ aguacate Abogado _______________ lawyer Career _______________ carrera (desarrollo de una profesin), aos de ejercicio. Carrera ______________ race (coches, caballos), University studies (carrera universitaria) Carpet _______________ alfombra, moqueta Carpeta _______________ folder Casual _______________ informal, desenfadado Casual _______________ accidental Conductor ____________ cobrador/revisor de autobs, director de orquestra Conductor ____________ driver

Discussion __________ Discusin __________ Disgust _____________ Disgusto _____________ Educated ____________ Educado ____________ Embarrassed _________ Embarazada _________ Eventually __________ Eventualmente ________ Exit _______________ xito _______________

discusin (intercambio de ideas), debate. argument repugnancia, asco annoyance, sorrow culto polite (corts), trained (preparado) avergonzado, desconcertado pregnant finalmente, en definitiva temporarily, by chance salida success 33

Firm _______________ empresa Firma _______________ signatura Idiom _______________ expresin idiomtica, modismo Idioma ______________ language In front _____________ delante Enfrente ____________ opposite Large _______________ grande Largo _______________ long Library _____________ biblioteca Librera _____________ bookshop Matters _____________ asuntos Materias, asignaturas __ subjects Notes ______________ Notas, calificaciones __ notas, apuntes marks

Notice _____________ aviso, anuncio Noticia _____________ news Parents _____________ padres Parientes ___________ relatives Presume ___________ suponer Presumir __________ be conceited (ser presumido) Pretend __________ fingir Pretender _________ intend, try, want, seek

Quiet ____________ Quieto ___________ Realise ___________ Realizar __________ Remove __________ Remover _________ Sensible _________ Sensible _________ Signature _________ Asignatura ________ Suburb ___________ Suburbio _________ Succeed _________ Suceder _________ Success _________ Suceso _________ Sympathetic _____ Simptico _______ Sympathy ______ Simpata _______ Vase __________ Vaso __________

callado still darse cuenta do, make quitar stir sensato sensitive firma subject barrio residencial en las afueras (no pobre) slum tener xito happen, occur xito event, happening compasivo, comprensivo nice, friendly compasin, psame affection, kindness jarrn, florero glass 34

1. Choose the right words in brackets. 1. Our new neighbours invited us in for a cup of tea this morning. I must say they seem a very ( nice/ sympathetic) couple. 2. The question of equality between the sexes is very ( actual/ current ) nowadays. 3. How many ( idioms/ languages) can you speak? 4. Have you heard the ( notice/ news) today? 5. Crayon library is ( opposite/ in front of ) Franciscanos school. 6. A ( director/ conductor) is someone who conducts an orquestra.

7. The (plot/ argument) of the film was very interesting but I didnt like the way it was directed. 8. Can you bring the (vase/ glass), please? Im going to drink some water. 9. What ( happened/succeeded) when you talked to your friend about it? 35 10. ( Actually/ At present ) there are a lot of people without jobs. 11. I went to the meeting last Monday. Did you (go/assist)? 12. Ive forgotten my (carpet/folder) at home. Ill have to come back. 13. That boy was not ( polite/ educated ). He was very rude to us. 14. Do you know how to ( realize/ make ) a cake? 15. Im sure this year Ill pass the course because so far Im having good ( marks/ notes) at the different ( matters/ subjects ). 16. He didnt ( intend/ pretend ) to go on holiday in June but his boss made him do it. 17. Mary is a very ( sensitive /sensible) girl. Everything affects her. 18. They are ( educated/ polite) people. They know about everything. 19. I know the ( conductor/ driver ) of this bus. 20. Why did you go to see that horrible film? Nobody ( advised/ warned) us it was a bad film. 21. When we were driving, we saw a terrible accident. We stopped and ( attended/ assisted) the people because nobody had ( advised/ warned ) the police. 22. She was very happy when the doctor told her she was ( embarrassed/ pregnant ). 23. Do you have to study a lot of ( subjects/ matters ) at school? 24. It was an interesting ( career/ race). The car in the last position finally won it. 25. It was (sensible/ sensitive) to evacuate the building.

36

4. CONJUNCIONES Y CONECTORES DE ORACIONES

CONJUNCIONES
1. Conjunciones coordinantes: AND, OR, BUT. 2. Conjunciones subordinantes: a. Temporales: AFTER ( despus de que ). We went out after the rain had stopped. ( Salimos despus de que la lluvia parase). BEFORE ( antes de que ). Before he started to sing, everybody shouted at him. ( Antes de que empezara a cantar, todos le gritaron). AS LONG AS ( tanto tiempo como) Stay as long as you like. ( Qudate el tiempo que quieras.) TILL, UNTIL ( hasta que). We wont go away until you return. No nos iremos hasta que regreses. WHEN (Cuando). WHILE (Mientras). I was having a shower while you were reading the paper. Estuve duchndome mientras leas el peridico.

AS ( Cuando, mientras, a medida que). WHENEVER ( Siempre que ). Whenever you tell me the story, I cry. ( Siempre que me cuentas la historia, lloro). AS SOON AS ( en cuanto, tan pronto como). Ill phone you as soon as I can. ( Te telefonear en cuanto pueda). SINCE ( desde que). I havent gone to the theatre since I last saw you.

( No he ido al teatro desde que te v por ltima vez).

37 BY THE TIME ( para cuando ) I intend to have travelled around the world by the time I am 30. ( Tengo la intencin de haber viajado por todo el mundo para cuando tenga 30 aos) THE MOMENT THAT, THE MINUTE THAT, THE INSTANT THAT (en el momento en que, en el minuto en que, en el instante en que ). Ill phone you the moment/minute/instant that he comes back. (Te telefonear en el momento/minuto/instante en que l regrese). b. De lugar: WHERE ( donde) WHEREVER ( dondequiera que) Ill follow you wherever you go. ( Te seguir dondequiera que vayas). c. Causales: BECAUSE ( porque) SINCE ( ya que, puesto que) I want you to go to bed, since its time to do it. ( Quiero que te acuestes, ya que (puesto que) es hora de hacerlo. AS ( ya que, como) He left early as he had to be home by 10. ( Se march temprano ya que tena que estar en casa a las 10 ). As he had to be home by 10, he left early. ( Como tena que estar en casa a las 10, se march temprano). d. Finales: IN ORDER THAT ( para ) Ill show you how to do it in order that I can teach you better. (Te demostrar cmo hacerlo para poder ensearte mejor). SO THAT ( para que) We told him the truth so that he wouldnt discover it by himself. (Le contamos la verdad para que l no lo descubriera por s mismo) e. Consecutivas: SO ( as que )

So I could have gone./ As que podra haber ido. SO + adjetivo o adverbio + THAT ( tan que) 38 He is so intelligent that he can speak ten languages. (Es tan inteligente que sabe hablar diez idiomas ). SUCH + ( A/AN) + adjetivo + nombre + THAT ( tan que) He is such an intelligent man that he can speak ten languages. (Es tan inteligente que sabe hablar diez idiomas ) f. Concesivas: ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, (Aunque ).EVEN THOUGH ( Aunque, an cuando) Although I didnt want to go, I finally accepted. Though I didnt want to go, I finally accepted. Even though I didnt want to go, I finally accepted. ( Aunque no quera ir, al fin acept ). g. Modales: AS ( Como). As I told you, Im studying at university this year. Como te dije, Estoy estudiando en la universidad este ao. AS IF, AS THOUGH. ( Como si ) Why are you looking at me as if ( though ) you have seen a ghost? ( Por qu me miras como si hubieras visto un fantasma ?) h. Condicionales: IF ( si ) If you had told me the truth, it would have been better. ( Si me hubieras dicho la verdad, habra sido mejor). UNLESS ( si no, a no ser que, a menos que ). You wont go out unless you study. ( No saldrs a menos que estudies ). PROVIDED THAT/ PROVIDING THAT ( con tal de que/ a condicin de que ) Providing / provided that you get good marks, I will buy you the car. ( Te comprar el coche a condicin de que saques buenas notas ). AS LONG AS ( con tal que ) Ill buy you the car as long as you get good marks CONECTORES Y OTRAS EXPRESIONES TILES BESIDES ( adverbio ) ( adems, encima, para colmo, por si fuera poco ) BESIDES THAT ( preposicin ) ( aparte / adems de eso )

FURTHERMORE ( adverbio ) (adems ) MOREOVER ( adverbio ) ( adems ) IN ADDITION ( adems, por aadidura ) / IN ADDITION TO ( adems de ) APART FROM THAT ( por lo dems) 39 AS WELL AS ( adems de, as como tambin ) AS WELL / TOO / ALSO ( Tambin) ( As well y too en posicin final ) ( Also en posicin intermedia ) BOTH AND ( tanto como ) NOT ONLY BUT ALSO ( no solo sino tambin ) EITHER OR ( o o ) NEITHER NOR ( ni ni ) WHETHER OR ( si o ) LIKEWISE ( asimismo, del mismo modo) OTHERWISE ( de otra manera, de otro modo, si no, aparte de eso ) . The dress is a little long, but otherwise it fits all right ( El vestido es un poco largo, pero aparte de eso le queda bien ). You must think otherwise ( Debes pensar de otro modo ) OR ELSE ( si no, de otro modo ) Wed better hurry, or else well be late. ( Mejor que nos demos prisa, si no, vamos a llegar tarde ). ON THE CONTRARY ( al contrario, por el contrario ) HOWEVER (sin embargo) ( se usa a principio de oracin ) I didnt tell him the truth; however he discovered it. ( No le cont la verdad; sin embargo la descubri. Conjuncin ( sin embargo, no obstante, con todo ) ( se usa a principio de oracin ) I thought we didnt have anything to eat; still we found some bread. ( Pensaba que no tenamos nada para comer; sin embargo encontramos pan) Adverbio ( todava, an ) ( se usa en posicin media ) I still love him ( todava le quiero ) YET Conjuncin ( sin embargo, pero, y eso que ) ( se usa a principio de oracin)

STILL

Its a simple yet effective solution. ( Es una solucin sencilla pero efectiva) Theyve done it and yet I told them to wait. ( Lo han hecho y sin embargo/ eso que les dije que esperaran). Adverbio ( todava, an : frases negativas) ( se coloca al final de la oracin ). Mary hasnt arrived yet. ( Mara todava no ha llegado). ( ya: frases interrogativas) Has the teacher come yet? ( Ha llegado ya el profesor?) Ocasionalmente puede significar todava en frases interrogativas cuando se quiere dar nfasis o para expresar sorpresa. Hasnt she gone yet? ( Todava no se ha ido ? THOUGH Adverbio ( sin embargo) Se coloca al final de la oracin. We had to queue for an hour. It was worth it, though. ( Tuvimos que hacer cola durante una hora. Sin embargo vali la pena). 40

INDEED

( De hecho, realmente ) Para introducir informacin adicional ) Many of the students, indeed 60%, are from overseas. Muchos de los estudiantes, de hecho alrededor del 60%, son extranjeros.

WHEREAS ( Mientras que ) NEVERTHELESS ( No obstante ) DESPITE, IN SPITE OF ( A pesar de ) CONSEQUENTLY ( En consecuencia) THEREFORE ( Por lo tanto, por consiguiente) AS A RESULT ( Como resultado ) BECAUSE ( Porque) FOR THIS REASON ( Por esta razn ) DUE TO ( Debido a ) + Noun or pronoun The game was cancelled due to bad weather.

( El juego se cancel debido al mal tiempo). DUE TO ( THE FACT THAT) (debido a que ) + sentence El juego se cancel debido a que estaba lloviendo. (The game was cancelled due to the fact that it was raining) 41

REGARDING, AS REGARDS, AS FOR, AS FAR AS IS CONCERNED ), WITH REGARD TO, IN REGARD TO ( En cuanto a, por lo que se refiere a ) Regarding the project, I dont think it will be good for the town. As regards the project, I dont think it will be good for the town. As for the project, I dont think it will be good for the town. As far as the project is concerned, I dont think it will be good for the town. As far as the projects are concerned, I dont think theyt will be good for the town. With regard to the project, I dont think it will be good for the town. In regard to the project, I dont think it will be good for the town. IN THIS REGARD ( Con respecto a esto ) IN FACT, ACTUALLY, AS A MATTER OF FACT, REALLY. (De hecho, en realidad) TO BEGIN WITH/ TO START WITH ( Para empezar ) To begin with,I want to give an exact account of what happened. ( Para empezar, quiero dar un relato exacto de lo que sucedi). FIRSTLY / IN THE FIRST PLACE, FOR ONE THING ( En primer lugar) FIRST OF ALL ( Lo primero de todo) AT FIRST SIGHT ( A primera vista) SECONDLY/ IN THE SECOND PLACE. ( En segundo lugar) FINALLY/ LASTLY ( Finalmente, por ultimo) IN CONCLUSION ( En conclusin) IN MY OPINION/ IN MY VIEW ( En mi opinin) FROM MY POINT OF VIEW ( Desde mi punto de vista) PERSONALLY ( Personalmente) AS I SEE IT ( Segn mi modo de entenderlo). AS FAR AS I AM CONCERNED ( Por lo que a m respecta) AS FAR AS I KNOW ( Que yo sepa) ON THE ONE HAND ON THE OTHER HAND ( Por un lado/ parte por otro lado/parte). THAT IS / THAT IS TO SAY ( Es decir) IN OTHER WORDS ( En otras palabras) IN THE SAME WAY ( De la misma forma)

TO SOME EXTEND/ TO A CERTAIN EXTEND/UP TO A POINT ( Hasta cierto punto, en cierto modo) MORE OR LESS ( Ms o menos) ANYWAY ( De cualquier manera) / IN ANY CASE ( En cualquier caso) ON THE WHOLE/ IN GENERAL ( En general) BASICALLY ( Bsicamente) / ESSENTIALLY ( Esencialmente) / IN ESSENCE ( En esencia) ACCORDING TO ( Segn) According to the doctor, Ill improve in a few days. ( Segn el doctor, mejorar en unos dias). AFTER ALL ( Despus de todo) IN CASE ( Por si ) IN ORDER TO ( Para) ABOVE ALL ( Sobre todo) IN SHORT ( En resumen) TO SUM UP ( Resumiendo) 42

43

EXPRESIONES TILES Translate. 1. Estoy de acuerdo con lo que ha dicho. Hasta cierto punto tiene razn. _____________________________________________________________________________. 2. Desde mi punto de vista los idiomas deben aprenderse desde que se nace. _____________________________________________________________________________. 3. En primer lugar, no creo que se hayan casado por amor. De otra manera lo habran demostrado. _____________________________________________________________________________. 4. No te dejar salir hasta que me digas la verdad. _____________________________________________________________________________. 5. Segn mi modo de entenderlo, eso es una grave equivocacin. _____________________________________________________________________________. 6. No vine antes a causa de la lluvia. _____________________________________________________________________________. 7. De cualquier modo regresar en cuanto pueda. _____________________________________________________________________________. 8. Por lo que se, los precios subirn todava ms. _____________________________________________________________________________. 9. No he estado en la biblioteca todava. Sin embargo, he visitado el comedor. _____________________________________________________________________________. 10. Segn el doctor, mejorar si tomo estos comprimidos. _____________________________________________________________________________. 11. En realidad, no dije lo que pensaba. _____________________________________________________________________________. 12. Para empezar, l no est haciendo un trabajo muy bueno. _____________________________________________________________________________.

13. La verdad es que no llegaron a tiempo. Por tanto, se perdieron el principio de la pelcula. _____________________________________________________________________________. 14. Me quedar contigo hasta que haya una habitacin libre. _____________________________________________________________________________. 44 15. Aunque el asesinato de ese hombre fue la causa inmediata, las verdaderas razones fueron mucho ms complicadas. ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________. 16. De hecho, no pudimos regresar a tiempo. _____________________________________________________________________________. 17. Haba muchos cuadros en la exposicin. No me gustaron, sin embargo. _____________________________________________________________________________. 18. Ni Pedro ni Juan trabajan en la actualidad. _____________________________________________________________________________. 19. Por lo que se refiere a los asuntos econmicos, creo que no se van a resolver. _____________________________________________________________________________. 20. Por una parte el autor muestra la pobreza del pas, pero por otro lado ensea sus maravillosos monumentos. __________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________.

SINNIMOS y GRAMTICA DE LA 1 EVALUACIN EN GENERAL Translate 1. Su hermano ( de l ) se le parece a su padre, que es bajo y delgado. ____________________________________________________________________________________. 2. El piano sonaba como si estuviera desafinado ____________________________________________________________________________________. 3. Ola como si alguien estuviera cocinando. ____________________________________________________________________________________. 4. James es un chico muy maleducado y adems muy engredo. ____________________________________________________________________________________. 5. Siento pena por aquellos nios.

____________________________________________________________________________________. 6. Quin es el responsable de todo este lo ? ____________________________________________________________________________________. 7. Las nubes se desvanecieron de repente. ___________________________________________________. 45 8. Mara est casada con Jorge. ___________________________________________________________. 9. Ayer me pas algo muy extrao. _________________________________________________________. 10. Un amigo tiene que ser alguien de confianza, educado y en absoluto engredo. ___________________________________________________________________________________. 11. Es muy amable por tu parte dejarme usar tu coche. ___________________________________________________________________________________. 12. Estoy encantado con la novela que me prestaste. Me gust mucho. ___________________________________________________________________________________. 13. Estos productos son muy caros. Necesito encontrar algo ms barato. ___________________________________________________________________________________. 14. Ojal no hubieras bebido tanto. Ahora no puedes conducir ! ___________________________________________________________________________________. 15. Haca tanto fro que tuvimos que encender la calefaccin. ___________________________________________________________________________________. 16. Nos levantamos temprano para no llegar tarde. ___________________________________________________________________________________. 17. Ojal hubieras venido a la fiesta ______________________________________________________. 18. Par el coche para descansar un rato. Estaba bastante cansado. ___________________________________________________________________________________. 19. A pesar de que haba estudiado mucho, no aprob el examen. ___________________________________________________________________________________. 20. La calle era tan ancha que todas las cafeteras tenan sillas y mesas fuera. ___________________________________________________________________________________.

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REWRITING Rewrite the sentences with the beginning given. 1. It isnt necessary for you to go shopping. You ________________________________________________________________________. 2. We were going to buy a flat, but he didnt have enough money. If __________________________________________________________________________. 3. I havent eaten in a restaurant for three months. The last time _________________________________________________________________. 4. Everyone has replied to the invitation except Robin. The only _____________________________________________________________________. 5. If he doesnt pay the rent by Friday, Im going to be angry. Unless _______________________________________________________________________. 6. I came to live here five years ago. I have ________________________________________________________________________. 7. In spite of her rudeness, I still love him. Even though ___________________________________________________________________. 8. Even though he was tired, he went on working. Despite _______________________________________________________________________. 9. Henry is taller than John. John isnt ______________________________________________________________________. 10. He fell off his horse at the last fence, so he didnt win the race. If ____________________________________________________________________________. 11. Nothing important happened, so I didnt ring you. If anything important had _________________________________________________________. 12. He kept quiet because he didnt want to be heard. He kept quiet so that _____________________________________________________________.

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48

1. Link each of the words or expressions listed below with one word or expression in the column (as numbered in the text) [1 mark]. Please copy the correct pair of words on your answer sheet, e.g. common and ... Frontier award (1) and border (2) and profit (3) and sale (4) and issue (5) and 2. Reading comprehension 2.1. Choose the best option [0.75 marks]. Please copy the complete correct option on your answer sheet. About 54% of the ticket sales for Hollywood studios come from the United States. About 54% of all movies are produced in Hollywood studios. About 45% of the ticket sales for Hollywood studios now come from outside the United States About 54% of the ticket sales for Hollywood studios come mainly from Europe and Asia. 2.2. Choose the best option [0.75 marks]. Please copy the complete correct option on your answer sheet. Hollywood is not interested in looking outside America's borders for new actors and actresses. Hollywood has rarely looked outside the US for new stars and new markets. Hollywood is more interested than ever before in looking outside the US for stars and profit. Hollywood has never been interested in looking outside the US for new talent and new markets. 3. Complete the sentences using information from the text [2 marks]. It is important that phrases from the text are not reproduced literally, unless this is unavoidable. a) Hollywood star Javier Bardem was b) Hollywood has lost market share because c) Illegally copied movies are d) More than eighteen billion dollars 4. Complete with one or more adequate words [1.5 marks]. Do not copy the complete text on your sheet, only the letter (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) followed by the word or words that you find suitable for the gap. It is important that phrases from the text are not reproduced literally. Foreign markets may also influence how people get their movies. Different nations (a) different levels of technology.Efforts to settle on (b) next-generation DVD got a lot of attention recently. Sony's Blu-ray technology for high-definition televisions won the competition with Toshiba's HD DVD format. Yet DVD sales have dropped (c) recent years. This may be a sign that people (d) increasingly getting their movies off the Internet. The Internet is another front in Hollywood's war on piracy. But more (e) that, it presents complex business questions for (f) industry now built mostly on DVD and ticket sales. 5. From the information in the text, what are Hollywoods main problems? (25-50 words) [2 marks] You are expected to draw information from the text, but please use your own words. 6. Which do you think are the reasons for copying movies illegally? (25-50 words) [2 marks]. Express your own ideas by using your own words. selling prize matter benefit

49

HOLLYWOOD LOOKS OVERSEAS FOR TALENT AND PROFIT

Synonyms Supporting _______________ secondary Increasingly ______________ more and more Look for _________________ try to find About ___________________ approximately, around, more or less Each ____________________ every As ______________________ because, since Develop _________________ make something bigger and more successful, expand For example ______________ for instance Today ___________________ nowadays, these days, now, currently, at present, at the moment, at the present time Movies __________________ films Major __________________ very important, primordial, leading chief, principal, main More than ________________ over Worldwide _______________ all over the world, around the world Released ________________ launched Release (noun) ____________ announcement Aim ___________________ aspire, attempt, intend, try

50

1. Link each of the words or expressions listed below with one word or expression in the column (as numbered in the text) [1 mark]. Please copy the correct pair of words on your answer sheet, e.g. common and ... compassion tradition (1) and mercy (2) and relatives (3) and blossoms (4) and tie (5) and 2. Reading comprehension 2.1. Choose the best option [0.75 marks]. Please copy the complete correct option on your answer sheet. Martenitsi are worn from March 1 until the end of spring. Martenitsa is a very popular Ukrainian tradition. The martenitsa symbolises new life, conception, fertility and spring. The colours of the martenitsa are interpreted as symbols of death and evil. 2.2. Choose the best option [0.75 marks]. Please copy the complete correct option on your answer sheet. The name Baba Marta is related to an old lady. People wearing martenitsi ask Baba Marta for wealth and money. Only Bulgarians exchange and wear martenitsi. People always buy martenitsi for themselves. 3. Complete the sentences using information from the text [2 marks]. It is important that phrases from the text are not reproduced literally, unless this is unavoidable. a) In Bulgarian folklore the name Baba Marta b) People believe that wearing c) Martenitsi are always given as d) The colours of the martenitsa are interpreted 4. Complete with one or more adequate words [1.5 marks]. Do not copy the complete text on your sheet, only the letter (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) followed by the word or words that you find suitable for the gap. It is important that phrases from the text are not reproduced literally. The martenitsa is also (a) stylized symbol of Mother Nature. At that early-spring/late-winter time of the year, Nature seems (b) of hopes and expectations. The white symbolizes the purity (c) the melting white snow and the red symbolizes the setting of the sun which becomes more and (d) intense as spring progresses. These two natural resources (e) the source of life. They are also associated (f) the male and female beginnings. 5. From the information in the text, is martenitsa a religious tradition? (25-50 words) [2 marks] You are expected to draw information from the text, but please use your own words. 6. Do you know any old pagan Spanish tradition? (25-50 words) [2 marks]. Express your own ideas by using your own words. family fasten flowers custom

51

ABOUT MARTENITSA
Synonyms Until _____________till Holiday ___________festivity, festival, public holiday ( A holiday is a day when people do not go to work or school because of a religious or national festival). Welcoming ________ receiving Pagan _____________ popular Remains ___________continues Almost ____________ nearly Unchanged _________ intact, unaltered Today _____________ these days, nowadays, at the moment, currently, at present,now, at the Common ___________general, popular, widespread (generalizada) Wear ______________ put on More than __________ over Also _______________ too ( final de oracin) Foreigners __________ foreign people Exchange ___________interchange To take off __________ remove For example _________ for instance Pick up ____________ gather, (recoger, coger), grasp (agarrar) Popular ____________accepted, famous Tradition ___________ custom Give away __________ give something free

present time

Vocabulary related to the text Charm/ amulet _______________amuleto Saint Johns night Bonfire _____________________ hoguera Purify ______________________ purificar Spell _______________________ hechizo Enchanted ___________________ encantado Carnival Wear/ put on a costume _________ ponerse un disfraz Dress up / disguise_____________ disfrazarse Parade _______________________ desfile Float ________________________ carroza Valentines Day Cards, presents, flowers, roses, chocolates, jewellery, poems, romantic, humorous, parents, relatives, friends, friendship, lovers, anonymous, to sign. Ancient ______________________ antiguo The festival of San Fermn The running of the bulls __________ el encierro Folkloric events ________________ acontecimientos folclricos

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BULLFIGHTING IN CATALONIA
Synonyms Looks like _______________ seems Ban ____________________ prohibit Major ___________________ important, primordial, leading, chief (principal, main) Outlaw ___________________illegalise Completely _______________ totally, entirely, fully, wholly Across the region __________from one side of the region to the other However _________________ yet, still, nevertheless, though (final de oracin o posicin intermedia). Since ____________________because/ as Surrounding _______________ around Abuse ____________________ mistreat, misuse In favour _________________ for Rivalry ___________________ conflict, antagonism Including _________________ as well as, together with Die out __________________ disappear, vanish decline, decay Dates back ________________ starts The early 1990s ____________ the beginnings of the nineties Hosted ___________________ organised More than _________________ over Even though _______________ although, though Proper ___________________ really Actually __________________ in fact, as a matter of fact, indeed, really, truly

55

56

1. Link each
of the

words/expressions below with a word/expression in the column (as numbered in the text). Copy the correct pair of words on your answer sheet. [1 mark] stand out (1) display and (2) struggle and (3) sibling and (4) gift and (5) excel and 2. Reading comprehension 2.1. Choose the best option. Copy the complete correct option on your answer sheet. [0.75 marks]. According to the text, a) children who are born second usually have problems to find their place in their families and in the world. b) in large families, the youngest siblings do not have difficulties to find their place in the family or in brother or sister show natural ability fight

the world. c) in families with three or more children, the child born in the middle can have problems to find his/her place in the family. d) in large families, first-borns have the most difficulties to find their place in the family. 2.2. Choose the best option. Copy the complete correct option on your answer sheet. [0.75 marks]. To help children develop their own identity, parents a) should allow them to decide what the family watches on TV or what they eat at home. b) should make it clear that they do not expect the younger children to be like their older siblings. c) should encourage the oldest children to transmit their younger siblings their gifts and talents. d) should encourage the youngest children to take their oldest sibling(s) as an example to follow. 3. Complete the sentences using information from the text. Do not reproduce phrases from the text literally, unless this is unavoidable. [2 marks] a) Oldest or youngest children in a family b) Parents can do c) Children who can shine d) Above all, try not 4. Complete each gap with one or more adequate words. Do not copy the complete text on your sheet, only letters (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f) followed by the word(s) that you find suitable for the gap. [1.5 marks] Praise your middle child ___ (a) the things she does well. Look for the things that make her different ___ (b) her brothers and sisters and encourage her in those areas. Spend at least an ___ (c) a week with each of your children. Take that child to the park or to a movie: the activity you choose ___ (d) matter as much as the fact that you are spending one-to-one time with that ___ (e). Finally, dont confront children with each other in races, sports ___ (f) other games that encourage competitiveness. 5. Why do middle children have more difficulties to find their place in the family? You are expected to draw information from the text, but please use your own words. (25-50 words) [2 marks] 6. Explain the advantages of being an only-child or the oldest child in the family. Express your own ideas and use your own words. (25-50 words) [2 marks]

57 THE MIDDLE-CHILD SYNDROME

Synonyms Shown ___________________ proved, revealed ( to reveal) As well as ________________ in addition to, and also Moms and dads ____________ fathers and mothers Develop _________________ acquire, make something stronger. To help their child develop a powerful sense of identity. To help their child make his sense of identity stronger. For example _______________ For instance Allow ____________________ permit, enable. Also _____________________ besides, moreover, furthermore, on top of that, too, in addition. Gifts _____________________ qualities. Opportunities _______________ possibilities. Likely _____________________ possible. Unique ____________________ matchless.

To encourage _______________ to animate, console, comfort. Likewise __________________ In the same way, furthermore, moreover, besides, too, also. Stress (verb) _______________ lay emphasis upon, emphasize.

Vocabulary related to the topic adoration affection agitation amusement anger anguish annoyance anxiety bitterness contempt dislike disappointment envy adoracin afecto agitacin diversin clera, ira angustia molestia ansiedad amargura desprecio aversin desilusin envidia excitement fondness frustration gaiety grief happiness hate homesickness hope hopelessness hostility entusiasmo cario frustracin alegra pena felicidad odio nostalgia esperanza desesperacin hostilidad

First-born Succession Eldest child Heir Heiress To inherit

Primognito Sucesin Hijo mayor Heredero Heredera Heredar

The baby of the family Satisfied Feeling Bored ; Weary Selfish ; Egoistic Individualistic

El benjamn/la benjamina Satisfecho Sentimiento Aburrido Egosta Individualistic

58 PRUEBAS DE ACCESO A LA UNIVERSIDAD BIODIVERSITY AND ITS THREATS The fragile balance of plants and animals that share (1) the earth took millions of years to develop. Some life-forms have persisted in nearly (2) their original state, surviving episodes of mass extinction. Some, like ourselves, are relative outcomers. The ones that have perished (3) will not return. Neither will the thousands of species that are disappearing each year due in large part to such human influences as habitat destruction, introduction of invasive species, and overharvesting *. If we continue reducing Earths biodiversityat this rate, the consequences will be profound. The web of life connects (4) the smallest bacterium to the whale. When we put that web in peril, we become agents of calamity. Since the development of agriculture some 12,000 years ago, the human population has grown exponentially. So has Homo Sapiens use of the Earths resources. Today humans consume or directly use nearly half the lands biological production and more than half of all available fresh water.

Humans have long had insatiable appetites and the technology to satisfy them. At present the greatest threat to Earths biodiversity is habitat loss and degradation stemming from ** such activities as commercial logging *** and fishing. Both (5) are destroying environments and stripping **** them of key species. Other threats include pollution and invasive human-introduced species. Loss of habitat not only threatens individual species but also brings more widespread ecological consequences. In China, for instance, protecting the highland ***** habitat of the panda benefits humans living at lower elevations: recent floods of unprecedented scale have been attributed to deforested uplands ******. * overharvesting: (here) the abuse of agriculture. ** stemming from: due to. *** logging: work of cutting down forest trees for timber. **** strip of: deprive of, take away from. ***** highlands, uplands: (here) mountainous regions.

Read the preceding text and answer the following questions as specified. 1. Link each of the words or expressions listed below with one word or expression in the column ( as numbered in the text) (1mark). almost share(1) and nearly (2) and perish (3) and connect (4) and both (5) and die have or use in common the two link

59 2. Reading comprehension. 2.1. Choose the best option (0.75 marks). Please copy the complete correct option on your answer shhet. It would be a good idea to protect the highlands where the panda lives, because this would avoid floods which are dangerous for humans. In China, the highland panda lives at lower elevations. It would be a good idea to protect pandas instead of humans. Recent floods of unprecedented scale have benefited humans living at lower elevations.

2.2. Choose the best option. (0.75 marks). Please copy the complete correct option on your answer sheet. The main cause of habitat loss is commercial logging. Habitat loss and degradation are causes of biodiversity. Habitat loss is the main consequence of degradation.

Habitat loss and degradation can affect Earths biodiversity a great deal. They are threats to it.

3. Complete the sentences using information from the text (2 marks). It is important that phrases from the text are not reproduced literally, unless this is unavoidable. a. Biodiversity _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________. b. When a species disappears __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________. c. Humans _________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ . d. Habitat loss and degradation _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ . 4. Complete with one or more adequate words (1.5 marks). Do not copy the complete text on your answer sheet., only the letter-(a),(b),(c),(d),(e),(f)- followed by the word or words that you find suitable for the gap. It is important that phrases from the text are not reproduced literally. Since the Swedish botanist Linnaeus (a) _____________________ in the mid 1700s his Systema Naturae, a system (b) ______________________ classifying living things, taxonomists (c)_____________________ between 1.5 million (d) _____________________ 1.75 million species, some 4,500 of them mammals. (e) _____________________ more species have yet to be named and described (f) ________________________. 5. Which is the principal factor involved in the disappearance of biological species nowadays? (25-50 words) (2 marks). You are expected to draw information from the text, but please use your own words. 6. From your point of view, what should be done to preserve biodiversity? (25-50 words) (2 marks). Express your own ideas by using your own words. 60 Synonyms BIODIVERSITY. -Develop: evolve. -Persisted: continue, go on. -Nearly: almost -Perished: died, extinguished -Return: come back. -Disappear:vanish -Each year: every year -Due to: because of. -In large part: partly. -Such as: like -Continue: go on -Reducing: decreasing - Profound: important, serious, severe. - Connects: links - Peril: danger -Calamity: disaster -Development: evolution -Some (L.8): approximately, about, more or less -Grown: increased. -Today: these days, at present, nowadays -More than: over -Long: for a long time. -Both. And: not only.but also -Widespread: generalised

-Consequences: effects, results. Vocabulary related to the topic

-For instance: for example

Acid rain _________________ Lluvia cida Carbon dioxide ___________ Dixido de carbono Chemicals _______________ Productos qumicos Climate change ___________ Cambio climtico Conservation _____________ Conservacin Deforestation _____________ Deforestacin Eco-friendly _____________ Que no daa el medio ambiente Ecologist ________________ Ecologista Ecosystem _______________ Ecosistema Endangered species ________ Especies en peligro Environment- environmental _ Medio ambiente - medioambiental Environmentalist __________ Ecologista Environmentally friendly ____ Que no daa el medio ambiente Extinction _______________ Extincin Global warming __________ Calentamiento global, terrestre Greenhouse effect _________ Efecto invernadero Noise pollution ___________ Contaminacin acstica Nuclear radiation __________ Radiacin nuclear Ozone layer ______________ Capa de ozono Pollution/ pollute/ polluting __ Contaminacin, contaminar/ contaminante Radioactive substance/ waste _ Sustancia / residuos radioactivos Recycle, reuse, reduce ______ Reforestation _____________ Reforestacin Sewage __________________ Aguas residuales Sewage works _____________ Depuradora Solar energy Toxic waste _______________ Residuos txicos Waste separation ___________ Separacin de resduos Waste disposal _____________ Eliminacin de resduos Wind power _______________ Energa elica To become extinct __________ Extinguirse To conserve / preserve / protect _ Conservar, mantener en buen estado, proteger 61

PRUEBAS DE ACCESO A LA UNIVERSIDAD DR. ATKINS DIET Dr. Robert Atkins died on April 17, 2003. He had suffered a severe head injury on April 8 after falling on an icy sidewalk (1) while walking to work. He was 72. Atkins first advocated his heterodox weight-loss plan -- which emphasizes meat, eggs and cheese and discourages bread, rice and fruit in his 1972 book, Dr. Atkins Diet Revolution . Its publication came at a time when the medical establishment was encouraging (2) a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. Most doctors argued that Atkins diet could affect kidney function, raise (3) cholesterol levels and deprive the dieter of important nutrients. Despite (4) this, his book sold 15 million copies, and millions of people tried the diet. Atkins philosophy enjoyed a resurgence in the 1990`s with Dr. Atkins` New Diet Revolution , which sold more than 10 million copies worldwide. This year, his approach received some support from half-dozen studies, which showed that people on the Atkins diet lost weight without endangering their health, and that their overall cholesterol levels changed for the better. Still, many of the

researchers were reluctant to recommend the Atkins diet, saying a large new study now in progress could settle (5) persistent questions of its long-term effects. Read the preceding text and answer the following questions as specified. 1. Link each of the words or expressions listed below with one word or expression in the column ( as numbered in the text) (1mark). (here) increase sidewalk (1) and encourage (2) and raise (3) and despite (4) and settle (5) and in spite of (here) resolve (here) stimulate, support pavement

2. Reading comprehension. 2.1 Choose the best option (0.75 marks). Please copy the complete correct option on your answer shhet. Dr Atkins died on April 17, 2003. He had suffered a severe offense from a sidewalk. Dr Atkins died on April 17, 2003, nine days after he had a serious accident. Dr Atkins died on April 17, 2003. When he died he was walking to work. Dr Atkins died the day he fell on an icy sidewalk while walking to work.

2.2 Choose the best option. (0.75 marks). Please copy the complete correct option on your answer sheet. Atkins first publication was not very successful. Atkins first publication was very successful. Doctors liked Atkins first book. His diet was medically correct. Doctors recommended Atkins first book.

62

3. Complete the sentences using information from the text (2 marks). It is important that phrases from the text are not reproduced literally, unless this is unavoidable. e. f. g. h. The medical establishment________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________. According to Atkins ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________. Dr Atkins books _______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________. The authors of the recent studies ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________.

4.

Complete with one or more adequate words (1.5 marks). Do not copy the complete text on your answer sheet., only the letter-(a),(b),(c),(d),(e),(f)- followed by the word or words that you find suitable for the gap. It is important that phrases from the text are not reproduced literally. _______________ (a) 1973, the American Medical Association said that Atkins diet _____________ (b) very healthy and Congress ordered Atkins to _________________ (c) to the Senate to ____________(d) his diet. To Atkins, the key dietary problem in obesity was carbohydrates. He ______________ (e) carbohydrates make some people produce too much insulin, which in turn causes them to ___________(f).

5.

What did Dr Atkins diet consist of and how was it received by doctors and by ordinary people ? (25-50 words) (2 marks). You are expected to draw information from the text, but please use your own words.

6.

If you were overweight, would you go on a diet? What would you do? (25-50 words) (2 marks). Express your own ideas by using your own words.

63

DR. ATKINS DIET

Synonyms Severe ______________ serious, important First ________________ for the first time Advocated ___________ defended Emphasizes __________ gives importance to Discourages _________ gives less importance to Publication __________ release

Time _______________ moment Establishment ________ institute, institution, association Most _______________ the majority of Affect ______________ alter, change Deprive _____________ take something away from someone Despite _____________ in spite of Resurgence __________ revival Worldwide __________ all over the world, around the world Approach ___________ method Support _____________ approval Showed _____________ manifested, evidenced Endangering _________ putting in danger Overall _____________ total, global Changed for the better _ improved Still ________________ yet, nevertheless, however, though ( final de oracin y posicin intermedia) Many ______________ a lot of Reluctant ____________ unwilling ( poco dispuesto a ) Recommend __________ advise, counsel, suggest Large _______________ big Persistent ____________ constant, continuous Effects ______________ consequences, results

Vocabulary related to the topic Eating disorders Anorexia Health problems

64

TIEMPOS VERBALES: EL PRESENTE Y EL PASADO

(TENSES : THE PRESENT AND THE PAST) THE PRESENT Present Simple Forma Equivale al presente de indicativo espaol. Tiene la misma forma que el infinitivo para todas las personas, excepto para la tercera persona

del singular, que aade generalmente s. Afirmativa I/You/We/They He /She/It speak. speaks. Negativa I/You/We/They He/She/It dont speak. doesnt speak.

Interrogativa Do I/you/we/they speak? Does he/she/it speak? Interrogativa negativa Why dont you give up smoking? Why do you not give up smoking?

Respuestas cortas Yes, I/you/we/they do. Yes, he/she/it does. No, I/you/we/they dont. No, he/she/it doesnt.

No olvidemos que dont y doesnt son las contracciones de do not y does not respectivamente. Reglas de ortografa para el present simple a. Los verbos aaden s a la tercera persona del singular. b. Los verbos do y go aaden es. c. Los verbos acabados en -ss.-sh,-ch,-x,-z aaden es. find.finds do......... does kiss........kisses brush.....brushes catch....catches mix........mixes buzz.......buzzes ( zumbar)

d. Los verbos acabados en consonante + y cambian la y por i y aaden es. drydries.

Uso a. Para hablar de acciones habituales ( estilos de vida, hbitos, rutina diaria). Vivianne takes her children to school every day. Los adverbios de frecuencia acompaan a menudo al present simple en este caso y se colocan delante del verbo (usually, normally, generally, often, always, seldom, rarely, never, ever, hardly ever, sometimes, occasionally). . Si se trata de las frases adverbiales every day, now and then y very often, stas se colocan al final de la oracin. Tambin se colocan al final de la oracin once, twice, three timesa week/month/year, again. They go to the cinema twice a month.

b. Para hablar de hechos o verdades generales. The moon turns around the earth. c. Para hablar de situaciones permanentes. My father works as a waiter in a hotel. d. Para hablar de acciones futuras relacionadas con horarios de medios de transporte y del cine, radio o televisin. My train leaves at 5.30. / The film starts at 10.00 pm.

e. Como presente histrico para hablar de hechos acontecidos en el pasado. Columbus discovers America in 1492. f. En expresiones como How do you spell it? What does it mean ?` Where do you come from ?`. g. En las oraciones subordinadas condicionales del primer tipo. If you drink too much, youll have a headache later. h. En las oraciones subordinadas temporales, en cuyo caso se traduce por presente de subjuntivo. Ill give you a ring when I get home. Te dare un toque por telfono cuando llegue a casa).

Present Continuous Equivale en espaol a la perfrasis estar (conjugado en presente de indicativo) + gerundio del verbo que se conjuga. Forma Se forma con el presente simple del verbo TO BE + el verbo principal en gerundio. AFIRMATIVA I am writing You/We/They are writing He/She is writing NEGATIVA Im not writing You/We/They arent writing He/She isnt writing

INTERROGATIVA Am I writing? Are you/we/they writing? Is he/she writing? Recurdese que podemos contraer las formas del verbo TO BE: Im, youre, hes,etc. y en negativa exceptuando am not: isnt y arent. Reglas de ortografa para la forma en ing (gerundio) a) Aadimos el sufijo ing al infinitivo del verbo. meet meeting b) Los verbos terminados en consonante + -e omiten la e final delante de ing. behave.behaving / write..writing Excepciones: be.being / dyedyeing c) Los verbos monosilbicos acabados en vocal corta + consonante, excepto X y W, duplican la Consonante fina delante de ing. knit..knitting / swim.. swimming

Si la vocal es doble, no hay duplicacin: eateating. / shout shouting d) Los verbos de dos o tres slabas que acaban en consonante + vocal + consonante duplican la la consonante final si el acento recae en la ltima slaba. Occur..occurring Los que renen estas caractersticas pero llevan el acento en la primera slaba, no duplican la consonante: suffer suffering. d) Los verbos acabados en ie cambian stas por y delante de ing. lie ..lying e) Los verbos acabados en vocal seguida de l duplican sta y aaden ing en ingls britnico pero no en ingls americano. Travel travelling. Uso 1) Para acciones en proceso de realizacin. Es decir, para acciones que ocurren en el momento de hablar.

Shes watering the plants now. . 2) Para acciones que estn ocurriendo temporalmente, no necesariamente en el momento de hablar. Tony isnt playing tennis this year / Im learning French at the moment. 3) Para indicar repeticin constante de una accin, generalmente con tono de molestia por parte del hablante. En este caso suele emplearse con el adverbio always (tambn constantly), que se colocan delante del verbo en gerundio. Hes always talking about himself. 4) Para planes futuros que han sido confirmados. Hes having dinner with us tonight.

NOTA El present continuous no se utiliza con los siguientes verbos. Son verbos conectados con los sentidos, el pensamiento, el deseo, la apariencia y la posesin: HEAR NOTICE RECOGNISE WANT NEED PREFER LIKE DISLIKE LOVE HATE SEEM BELONG KNOW MEAN SUPPOSE UNDERSTAND REALISE BELIEVE FEEL FORGET CARE WISH CONSIST CONTAIN MATTER REFUSE APPEAR REMEMBER * THINK* HAVE*.

* REMEMBER ________________ No se usa en tiempo contnuo cuando significa Tener algn recuerdo de algo Do you remember our schooldays? Se usa en tiempo contnuo cuando se refiere a que los recuerdos estn pasado por tu mente en un momento determinado. Are you remembering what happened yesterday? * THINK _________________ No se usa en tiempo contnuo cuando significa creer o tener opinin de algo. What do you think of this T-shirt? S se usa en tiempo contnuo cuando significa pensar

Im thinking about going or not. * HAVE __________________ No se usa en tiempo contnuo cuando significa tener o poseer. I have got a car. Se usa en tiempo contnuo cuando significa tomar. Im having a glass of orange juice for breakfast

THE PAST Past Simple Equivale por lo general en espaol al pretrito perfecto simple de indicativo o al imperfecto de subjuntivo. Forma Afirmativa. Sujeto + verbo en infinitivo sin to terminado en ed + complementos. She worked until 8 oclock last Tuesday. Si el verbo es irregular, se tiene que usar la forma de cada uno, que corresponde a la columna de los verbos irregulares. She lent me some money that I needed. Negativa. Sujeto + DID + NOT ( DIDNT) + verbo en infinitivo sin TO + complementos. She did not work until 8 oclock last Tuesday. She did not lend me any money. Interrogativa. DID + Sujeto + verbo en infinitivo sin TO + complementos. Did she work until 8 oclock last Tuesday? Did she lend me any money? Interrogativa negativa. DIDNT + sujeto + verbo en infinitivo sin TO + complementos. Didnt she work until 8 oclock last Tuesday? Didnt she lend me any money? Reglas de ortografa para la ed del pasado o participio de pasado de los verbos regulares 1. Los verbos acabados en e, omiten esta vocal delante de ed.

shave shaved

live lived

2. Los verbos monosilbicos acabados en vocal breve + consonante simple duplican la consonante final delante de ed. rub rubbed stop - stopped

3.Los verbos acabados en consonante + y cambian la y por i y aaden ed: study studied. hurry hurried . 4. Los verbos de dos o ms slabas acabados en vocal breve + consonante simple duplican la consonante final si el acento cae en la ltima slaba. refer referred. 5. En el ingls britnico, una l final detrs de una vocal corta siempre se duplica, pero esto no ocurre en el ingls americano. travel travelled. Uso 1. Acciones pasadas que tuvieron lugar en un momento determinado que se especifica a travs de expresiones de tiempo pasado como yesterday, the day before yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year, two years ago, etc. We went to bed early last night. 2.Con la conjuncin WHEN cuando una accin pasada ocurri despus de otra. When Tom arrived, we had dinner. Past Continuous Equivale en espaol a la perfrasis estar + gerundio en pretrito perfecto simple o pretrito imperfecto ( estuve leyendo / estaba leyendo). Forma Igual que el present continuous, pero con el verbo TO BE en Past Simple. Uso 1. Describir una actividad que estaba ocurriendo en un momento especfico del pasado. At six oclock I was working in the garden. 2. Una accin pasada que se estaba desarrollando cuando fue interrumpida por otra. They arrived while we were cooking.

3. Dos acciones que se estaban desarrollando de manera simultnea en el pasado. I was dusting the chairs while my sister was doing the ironing. Present Perfect Simple Equivale en espaol al pretrito perfecto compuesto. Forma Afirmativa . Sujeto + present simple de TO HAVE ( 3 persona HAS) + participio de pasado + compl. I have walked for two hours. Contracciones: ve / s. Negativa. Igual que la afirmativa aadiendo el adverbio de negacin NOT detrs de TO HAVE. Pueden contraerse las formas. HAVENT / HASNT I have not walked for two hours. Interrogativa. Igual que la afirmativa invirtiendo el orden sujeto-verbo TO HAVE. Have you walked for two hours? 12Uso 1. Acciones pasadas que tienen alguna repercusin en el presente. Oh, dear. I ve forgotten his name. 2. Acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado sin especificar el momento en que sucedieron. Ive met your mother in the supermarket. 3. Con los adverbios before, once, twice, several times, que se colocan al final de la oracin. Ive only been twice. 4. Con el adverbio just, para indicar acciones que se acaban de realizar. Se traduce por la perfrasis Acabar de + infinitivo en presente de indicativo. Weve just come back from London.

5. Con los siguientes adverbios:

- EVER. Se coloca delante del participio. Frases interrogativas (alguna vez) Have you ever been to England? Frases afirmativas (jams) Its the worst book I have ever read. - NEVER. Se coloca delante del participio en frases afirmativas. I have never been to Egypt, but Id like to. - YET. Se coloca al final de oracin. Frases interrogativas (ya). Have you learned the verbs yet? Frases negativas (todava) He hasnt got up yet. - STILL. Se coloca justo detrs del sujeto. Frases negativas ( todava). Se usa para dar nfasis. I still havent found my keys! - ALREADY. Se coloca delante del participio. Frases afirmativas. ( ya ) Ive already done the washing up. - Con expresiones de tiempo que indican un periodo de tiempo que en el momento de hablar todava no se ha completado: today, this week, this month, this year, this morning, etc. I havent done much today. 6.Con las preposiciones FOR y SINCE. Indica en este caso acciones que empezaron en el pasado y continan en el presente. Se puede traducir por un presente de indicativo. FOR significa durante y acompaa a periodos de tiempo: for a week, for two months, for a fornight, for five years, etc. SINCE significa desde y acompaa a momentos determinados: since last night, since yesterday, since 1999, since I was born, since I saw you, etc. How long have you lived in Cartagena? I have lived in Cartagena for eleven years. I have lived in Cartagena since I was six.

Present Perfect Continuous Se traduce literalmente. Forma Afirmativa. Sujeto + HAVE BEEN ( 3 persona del singular del present simple: HAS BEEN) + Gerundio

He has been running this morning. Negativa. Igual, aadiendo el adverbio NOT detrs del verbo TO HAVE. He has not been running this morning. Interrogativa. Igual que la afirmativa, pero invirtiendo el orden sujeto-verbo TO HAVE. Has he been running this morning? Uso 1. Para expresar durante cunto tiempo ha estado sucediendo una accin. Suele ir acompaado en este caso de FOR y SINCE. Weve been studying since 9 oclock. En este caso se suele traducir por la perfrasis llevar + gerundio en presente de indicativo. 2. Acciones que empezaron en el pasado y que pueden haber acabado recientemente. Youve been sleeping all morning. Past Perfect Equivale en espaol al Pretrito Pluscuamperfecto. Forma Afirmativa. Sujeto + HAD + PARTICIPIO + Complementos. We had listened to the song. Contraccin: d Negativa. Aadiendo NOT detrs de HAD. We had not listened to the song. ( we hadnt listened to the song) Interrogativa. Invirtiendo el orden sujeto-HAD. Had we listened to the song? Uso 1. Indica una accin pasada anterior a otra pasada. She had had breakfast when I saw her. 2. Con JUST y se traduce por acabar de + infinitivo en pretrito imperfecto de indicativo.

I had just gone out.

Past Perfect Continuous Es el pasado del Present Perfect Continuous. Lo usamos para decir durante cunto tiempo haba estado sucediendo algo antes de que otra cosa sucediera. Ken had been smoking for 30 years when he finally gave it up. Cuando se usa con FOR o SINCE se traduce por la perfrasis llevar + gerundio en pretrito imperfecto.

TENSES Practice
THE PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT SIMPLE / PRESENT CONTINUOUS 1. Put the verb into the correct tense. 1. Listen! Can you hear all those people next door? They (shout) __________________________ at each other again. 2. I want to lose wait. I (not eat) ________________________ anything today. 3. Why you ( look ) _____________________________________ at me like that? 4. How many cigarettes you (smoke) ____________________________________? 5. The swimming bath ( open ) ______________________ at 9.00 and ( close ) ______________ at 10.30 every day. 6. You ( make) ________________________ a lot of noise. Can you be a bit quieter? 7. ( In the cinema ) Its a good film, isnt it? You ( enjoy ) ________________________________it? 8. Where your father ( come ) _______________________________________ from? He ( come ) _____________________________ from Scotland. 9. I ( play ) ______________________________ the piano, but I (not play) ___________________ very well. 10. If you need money, why you (not get) __________________________________ a job? 11. I have a car but I (not use) ________________________________ it very often. 12. I (not work) ________________________________ this week. Im on holiday. 13. Please, be quiet. I ( try ) _________________________________ to concentrate. 14. I ( not wear) _________________________ my hat today because its very warm. 15. What you (do) _______________________________? Im engineer.

THE PAST TENSE

1. Put the correct tense of the verb. Use the PAST SIMPLE or CONTINUOUS. 1. I lit the fire at 6.00 and it ( burn ) ___________________________ brightly when Tom (come) ________________________ in at 7.00. 2.He (not allow) _________________ us to go out as a strong wind (blow) __________________. 3.He was very polite. Whenever his wife entered the room, he (stand) _____________________up. 4. I (watch) _______________________ TV when the phone (ring) _______________________. I (turn) _____________________ the sound and ( go) ____________________ to answer it. 5. She ( clean) ____________________ her gun when it accidentally (go) _________________off and (kill) _________________________ her.

2. Use the PAST SIMPLE or PRESENT PERFECT. 1. I (not see) _______________________ your aunt recently. No, she (not be) _________________________ in her house since she (buy) _______________________ her colour TV. 2. I just (remember) ______________________________ that I (not pay) _____________________ the rent yet. 3. This is my house. How long you (live) ________________________ there? I (live) ________________________ here since 1970. 4. You (be) _____________________________ here before? Yes, I (spend) ____________________________ my holidays here last year. 3. Use the PAST SIMPLE or the PAST PERFECT. 1. He (keep) ______________________ at her, wondering where he (see) _____________________ her before. 2. I (think) _______________________ my train (leave) _________________________ at 14.33 and (be) ___________________ very disappointed when I (arrive) ____________________ at the station at 14.30 and (learn) _____________________ that it just (leave) ___________________. 3. It (be) ____________________ 6 p.m and Jack was tired because he (work) _________________ hard all day.

PREFIJOS
1. UNConvierte un adjetivo en su opuesto. Able __________ Unable.

2. OVER- Se traduce por Sobre o Ms.

Charge ________________ Overcharge.

SUFIJOS
1. FUL 2. LESS 3. Y Sirve para convertir un nombre abstracto en un adjetivo. Beauty _______ Beautiful Convierte un nombre en un adjetivo. Significa sin o menos. Care _______ Careless Sirve para convertir un nombre incontable en un adjetivo con el significado de parecido a o cubierto de. Hair ______________ Hairy.

4. NESS Convierte un adjetivo en un nombre. Mad _____________ Mandness. 5. ISH Sirve para transformar un nombre o adjetivo en adjetivos. Scotland __________________ Scottish Child ____________________ Childish Yellow ___________________ Yellowish 6. ABLE 7. SHIP Convierte un verbo en un adjetivo. Convierte un nombre en otro abstracto. Fellow ____________________ Fellowship Dictator ___________________ Dictatorship 8. HOOD Convierte un nombre en otro abstracto. Child _____________________ Childhood Brother ___________________ Brotherhood Wash ________________ Washable

Prof Lourdes Cerezo Coordinadora PAU Lengua Extranjera: Ingls Dpto. Filologa Inglesa - Facultad de Letras Campus La Merced - Murcia 30071 T. +34 868 888 797 / lourdesc@um.es / http://webs.um.es/lourdesc

PAU 2011
Materia: Lengua Extranjera: Ingls Para la realizacin de los ejercicios de la prueba de ingls, se recomienda: 1. Leer el texto, ntegramente.

2. Leer el encabezado de los ejercicios, tambin ntegramente, para averiguar exactamente qu se pide en cada uno de ellos. Aunque se supone que ya sabis qu pide cada ejercicio, pues habis practicado durante el curso, es recomendable leer las instrucciones siempre. 3. Realizar los ejercicios en el mismo orden en que aparecen en el examen contribuir a una mejor comprensin del texto. Hay que tener en cuenta que sin una adecuada comprensin del texto es muy difcil realizar la mayor parte de los ejercicios correctamente. As pues, aunque respetar el orden de los ejercicios propuestos no es obligatorio, s es altamente recomendable. 4. Para el Ejercicio 1, es recomendable que apliquis vuestros conocimientos lxicos y gramaticales. Por ejemplo, para averiguar el significado de una determinada palabra, es aconsejable prestar atencin a la propia forma de la palabra. A veces, la palabra en cuestin puede parecerse a alguna palabra de nuestra lengua materna, y de esa manera puede averiguarse su significado, aunque sea slo de manera aproximada. En este sentido, sin embargo, hay que tener cuidado con los false friends ya que, como su nombre indica, son falsos amigos y pueden jugar una mala pasada. Esto, sin embargo, no tiene por qu ocurrir en el examen, o en el menor de los casos. Otra estrategia es tener en cuenta la categora gramatical (nombre, adjetivo, verbo, etc.) de las palabras propuestas y de sus sinnimos. Por lo general, suele haber correspondencia de clase gramatical entre las palabras del texto y los equivalentes propuestos (excepto, a veces, en el caso de los adverbios, cuyo sinnimo puede ser una expresin preposicional o de otro tipo, como, por ejemplo, en legally: in accordance with the law, respecting the law, etc.). Debis tener en cuenta que las palabras de la columna estn en el mismo orden en que aparecen en el texto, lo que tambin os ayudar a localizar el sinnimo adecuado de entre las palabras/expresiones propuestas. Una vez realizado este ejercicio, podris utilizar los sinnimos en los ejercicios de comprensin y expresin escrita en los que se os indica que no debis reproducir el texto literalmente. Si realizaseis antes los ejercicios de comprensin no podrais serviros de la ayuda que proporcionan los sinnimos presentados en este ejercicio.
Prof Lourdes Cerezo Coordinadora PAU Lengua Extranjera: Ingls Dpto. Filologa Inglesa - Facultad de Letras Campus La Merced - Murcia 30071

T. +34 868 888 797 / lourdesc@um.es / http://webs.um.es/lourdesc

5. Para el Ejercicio 2, es aconsejable releer el texto para decidir cul de las cuatro opciones propuestas en cada parte (2.1 y 2.2) es la ms adecuada. Una vez hayis decidido cul es la respuesta ms adecuada, es necesario copiarla por completo en el cuadernillo. nicamente hay que copiar la respuesta correcta en cada caso (2.1 y 2.2). Por supuesto, lo mejor para seleccionar la respuesta correcta es haber comprendido el texto. Adems, debis leer detenidamente cada una de las opciones presentadas y fijaros, por ejemplo, si alguna de ellas contiene informacin que no se ha dado en el texto, lo que os ayudar a detectar las opciones incorrectas. Si hubiere diferencia en la extensin de cada una de las respuestas propuestas, no debis dejaros llevar por criterios aleatorios como la opcin ms larga es la correcta, o la opcin ms breve es incorrecta, etc. 6. En el Ejercicio 3, recordad que las oraciones deben ser completadas con informacin del texto pero con vuestras propias palabras, en la medida en que esto sea posible. No se trata de no repetir ninguna palabra del texto en vuestra respuesta, sino de proponer una oracin en la que queden patentes vuestros propios recursos lingsticos. En este ejercicio, conviene localizar la parte del texto a la que se refiere el comienzo de cada oracin propuesta (a-d), comprender bien esa parte y pensar en la mejor manera de completar la oracin en un ingls lo ms correcto posible, desde el punto de vista lxicogramatical, sin contradecir la informacin del texto. Habis de recordar que el ejercicio pide completar cada opcin formando una oracin completa. Una oracin no es tal si no se incluye un verbo. Las oraciones sin verbo no se contarn como tales, por lo que obtendrais 0 puntos en cada respuesta de este tipo. 7. Ejercicio 4: Se trata de completar cada uno de los huecos del texto con la palabra correcta o, al menos, una palabra adecuada. Se entiende por palabra correcta la palabra que originalmente ocupaba el lugar del hueco antes de su manipulacin para la elaboracin del ejercicio. Se entiende por palabra adecuada cualquier otra palabra que, no siendo la que originalmente contena el texto en ese hueco, puede utilizarse para completarlo por ser semntica y estructuralmente compatible con la palabra correcta. Tanto la palabra correcta como cualquier otra palabra compatible o adecuada sern aceptadas en el proceso

de correccin y evaluacin del examen. Para la realizacin de este ejercicio es recomendable, en primer lugar, leer el fragmento completo. Seguidamente, releer oracin por oracin, detenindose especialmente en aqullas oraciones que contengan un hueco para completar. En stas, habis de prestar especial atencin a las palabras que preceden y siguen al hueco, y determinar con cules de esas palabras est ms directamente relacionado el hueco, en cuanto al significado y, muy especialmente, en lo que a la sintaxis se refiere. Ejemplo:

Prof Lourdes Cerezo Coordinadora PAU Lengua Extranjera: Ingls Dpto. Filologa Inglesa - Facultad de Letras Campus La Merced - Murcia 30071 T. +34 868 888 797 / lourdesc@um.es / http://webs.um.es/lourdesc

Environmental Concerns Earth is the only (0) ... we know of in the universe that can support human life. (1) ..., human activities are making the planet less fit to live on. As the western world (2) ... on consuming twothirds of the world's resources while half of the world's population do so (3) ... to stay alive we are rapidly destroying the (4) ... resource we have by which all people can survive and prosper. Everywhere fertile soil is (5) ... built on or washed into the sea En el hueco 0, la palabra que habis de proporcionar va ligada, por as decirlo, a la palabra anterior, only. La respuesta correcta es place. Una respuesta adecuada puede ser tambin planet. En el segundo hueco, separado del resto de la oracin por un signo de puntuacin (,), la palabra que lo completa tiene cierta independencia de lo que sigue en el texto (debido a la coma), por lo que hay que pensar qu tipo de palabra, gramaticalmente hablando, encajara en ese hueco (sustantivo, preposicin, conjuncin, etc.). En este caso, la opcin correcta es However, etc. 8. Ejercicio 5: En este ejercicio, la redaccin est basada en la comprensin del texto. Es decir, hay que responder a la pregunta formulada con informacin del texto, pero utilizando vuestras propias palabras. En cierto modo, este ejercicio es una variante ms libre del Ejercicio 3, con la diferencia de que la extensin de vuestra respuesta tambin debe ser mayor (entre 25 y 50 palabras). 9. Ejercicio 6. En este caso, la redaccin es totalmente libre: habis de responder a la

pregunta formulada con la informacin que consideris oportuna, sin tener en ningn caso que relacionar vuestra respuesta con la informacin del texto. De hecho, se valora especialmente en la correccin de este ejercicio que os alejis del texto lo mximo posible y proporcionis una respuesta lo ms personalizada posible. 10. Finalmente, para cualquier ejercicio que requiera produccin lingstica, es preciso recordar que una prueba de acceso a la universidad es una situacin relativamente formal, por lo que no es conveniente utilizar expresiones lingsticas pertenecientes al registro (demasiado) informal, coloquial o familiar. Por ejemplo, no utilizar gonna, sino going to, no abusar de las contracciones, etc.