Aeroacoustics Modeling: Sandeep Sovani, PH.D

1
Aeroacoustics Modeling
By:
Sandeep Sovani, Ph.D.
Senior Consulting Engineer
Fluent Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
March 18th, 2005
Presented at Fluent Lunch and Learn seminar series
St. Johns Conference Center, Plymouth, MI
2
Welcome!
Fluent Inc.s LunchNLearn Seminar Series
z Topical seminars on leading edge CFD applications
z Held frequently
Aeroacoustics Modeling March 18, 2005
FloWizard April 22, 2005
Unsteady Flow Modeling April 29, 2005
Multiphase Modeling May 20, 2005
z Purpose
Inform the FLUENT community about the subject
fDiscuss basics, physics, theory, modeling techniques,
fTools available in FLUENT to model the subject
fExamples
3
Outline
Aeroacoustics Basics
Simulation Methods
z Computational Aeroacoustics (CAA)
z Segregated Source-Propagation Methods (SSPM)
Fundamentals
Variational Methods
Boundary Element Methods
Integral Methods
z Stochastic Noise Generation and Radiation (SNGR)
Summary
Bibliography
Simulation Guide
4
Basics: Acoustics
Definitions
z Acoustics = The scientific study of sound
[1]
z Sound = Pressure waves radiating in any material medium
History
z Sound was recognized to be a wave phenomenon over 2000
years ago!
[2]
Chrysippus (Greek philosoper, 240 BC)
Vetruvius (Roman architect and engineer, 25 BC)
Sound has essential characteristics of waves
z It has a source
Oscillatory disturbance
z It propagates in a medium
Transports energy without transporting matter
5
Basics: Acoustics
Source, Medium, Propagation, Receiver
Source
Medium
Wave Propagation
Source
Medium
Wave Propagation
Receiver
6
Basics: Acoustics
Acoustics is sub-classified based on
[2]
z Source
Aeroacoustics
Vibroacoustics
Etc.
z Medium
Hydroacoustics
Seismology
Etc.
z Etc
7
Basics: Aeroacoustics
Aeroacoustics
z Sub-area of acoustics where the source of sound is fluid flow
Characteristics
z No moving boundaries
such as electric speakers, vibrating strings, or vocal chords
z Unsteady fluid flow always produces pressure oscillations
therefore is inherently a source of sound
Examples
z Whistles
z HVAC vent noise
z Automotive wind noise
8
Basics: Aeroacoustics
Sound
Flow
Acoustic Medium
Receiver
Source
Source Transient pressure variation caused by the flow
Sound Pressure waves propagating in the acoustic medium
9
Basics: Characteristics of Sound
Sound waves have several key attributes
z Compressible phenomenon
z Wave amplitude is very small
z Sound waves carry only a tiny fraction of the energy contained
in the mean flow
E.g. Acoustic energy generated by Boeing 747 during take-off is
not enough to boil an egg!
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02
Pressure (Pascal)
S
P
L

(
d
B
)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
ref
rms
p
p'
20log SPL
10
2 5
/ 10 2 m N p
ref

=
1atm = 1E+5 Pa
10
Outline
Simulation Methods
Fundamentals
Variational Methods
Integral Methods
Summary
Bibliography
Simulation Guide
11
Outputs typically desired from a aeroacoustics study
z Source Strengths
Source Ranking
z Frequency Spectrum
At observer
z Directivity
Simulation: Objectives
12
Simulation: Aspects
To obtain the desired outputs two aspects need to
be simulated
z Sound source
Provides source characteristics and rankings
z Sound propagation
Propagation of sound from the source to the receiver
fRequires input of source characteristics
fProvides
Sound spectrum and receiver
Sound directivity
Aeroacoustics simulation essentially involves
computing these two aspects
13
Simulation: Approaches
There are 3 primary simulation approaches
Sometimes referred to as Direct Noise Computation (DNC)
Sound sources and propagation solved in a single
comprehensive model
Sound source and propagation solved separately via two
separate computations
f Integral Methods
f Boundary Element Methods
f Variational Methods
We will discuss each of these methods in detail
z Theory
z Applicability
z Advantages/Disadvantages
z Examples
14
Outline
Simulation Methods
Fundamentals
Variational Methods
Integral Methods
Summary
Bibliography
Simulation Guide
15
CAA: Theory
CAA = Computational AeroAcoustics
CAA :: Aeroacoustics
DNS :: Turbulence
z Direct simulation; no models involved
Premise
z Fluid flow at sound source and sound propagation, both
are fluid phenomena
Therefore both are governed by Navier-Stokes equations
z Solve transient N-S equations to calculate both
Sound generation
Propagation
fDomain spans from sources to receivers
z Most straightforward in terms of both implementation
and usage
A comprehensive CFD code such as FLUENT solves the
Navier-Stokes equations
Simply conduct a transient CFD solution and measure
static pressure at mike as function of time
16
CAA: Theory
Sound Source
Receiver
p(t)
Propagation
Computational Domain
17
Practical problems in using CAA
1] Frequency range (20 Hz ~ 20,000 Hz)
z Acoustic timescales are often orders of magnitude
greater than turbulence timescales
z Simulation needs to be run for long real time with a
small timesteps, i.e. for large no. of timesteps
2] Radiation to Far Field
z Domain needs to extend from source to receiver
z Large mesh sizes for far-field sound problems
e.g. aircraft noise heard on the ground
CAA: Applicability
18
3] Acoustic Pressure Magnitude
z Magnitude of the acoustic pressure is much less than
the hydrodynamic pressure
z Necessitates use of very high order discretization
schemes to propagate sound over long distances
Still then, can only propagate sound over limited distance
CAA: Applicability
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02
Pressure (Pascal)
S
P
L

(
d
B
)
p
atm
~ 1E+5 Pa
19
CAA: Applicability
CAA is practically applicable only to cases
where these 3 obstacles are relatively minor
z Frequency range
Lower the better
z Distance between source(s) and receiver(s)
Smaller the better
z Sound pressure
Larger the better
20
CAA: Applicability
Region of practical applicability
Quantitative expressions for the bounding lines of the region of
practical applicability are still a open matter for research
Distance Between Source and Receiver
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Increasing Sound Pressure
21
CAA: Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantages
z Simple to implement
Single simulation solves sound generation as well as
propagation
z Can account for flow-sound coupling
Cases where sound has backward effect on flow
Disadvantages
z Limited applicability
As discussed on previous slides
z Computationally expensive
Large meshes
Long transient computations
z Mesh needs to be carefully prepared to capture
sources properly
22
Gaussian pulse initialized, = 1m; Mesh size x = 0.2m, 2/x = 10
Coupled explicit solver, CFL=0.75; Inviscid, 2
nd
order upwind
Pressure outlet BC with NRBC
Pulse leaves domain with no
reflection
Standard pressure outlet BC
Pulse reflects as expansion
wave at open boundary
CAA: Example1: 1D-Pressure Pulse
Courtesy: Dr. Thomas Scheidegger
23
Circular piston in infinite wall
r =0.1m, 2D axisymmetric
Domain size 2m, x=0.005m, 160,000 grid points
Vibration frequency f =3000Hz, amplitude 0.5mm
=0.11m, /x=22, Coupled explicit solver, CFL=0.75
Inviscid, 2
nd
-order upwind discretization
Analytical solution for
first minimum in directivity:
sin
1
= 3.83/kr kr >> 1
CAA: Example2: Circular Piston
MDM mesh
motion
Courtesy: Dr. Thomas
Scheidegger
24
CAA: Example2: Circular Piston
Courtesy: Dr. Thomas Scheidegger
25
/x=44
kr = 2.72
1
80.7
o
160,000 grid points
Marginally resolved
propagation
/x=11
160,000
grid points
Acoustic beaming
for higher frequencies
correctly predicted
Analytical solution for
first minimum in directivity:
sin
1
= 3.83/kr kr >> 1
f =1500Hz
/x=22
kr = 5.43
1
44.8
o
160,000 grid points
f =3000Hz
/x=22
kr = 10.86
1
20.7
o
640,000 grid points
f =6000Hz
Courtesy: Dr. Thomas
Scheidegger
26
CAA: Example3: Side Window Buffeting
Buffeting
z Loud throbbing sound/pulsation felt inside a car cabin
when the window(s) or sunroof are open
z Also known as wind-throb
Example
z Aimed at predicting sound pressure spectrum at
drivers and passengers ears when side window is
open
z Parametric studies
Effect of position inside the cabin
Different window openings
Different mirror designs
27
References:
z Passenger Car:
Hendriana, D., Sovani, S.D., and Scheimann, M. On
simulating passenger car side window buffeting, SAE
International Paper 2003-01-1316 (2003)
[3]
z SUV:
An, C.-F., Alaie, S.M., Sovani, S.D., Scislowicz M.,
Singh, K., Side window buffeting characteristics of a
SUV, Vehicle Aerodynamics, Vol. SP1874, pp. 43 - 53,
SAE International Paper 2004-01-0230 (2004)
[4]
28
The figure that originally appeared on this page has been removed.
See Figures 1 and 2 from SAE paper 2003-01-1316
Courtesy: DaimlerChrysler Corp.
29
See Figure 4 from SAE paper 2003-01-1316
30
See Figure 3 and Tables 2,3 from SAE paper 2003-01-1316
31
Pressure Variation
z 60 mph, 5 degree yaw
32
Velocity Magnitude Variation
33
SPL spectrum at drivers ear
34
Effect of Position in the Cabin
35
Effect of Exhauster and Slightly Opening the Rear Window
36
Difference
between two
mirror housing
designs
See Figures 7 and 15 from SAE paper 2003-01-1316
37
Difference between two mirror housing designs
See Figures 18 from SAE paper 2003-01-1316
38
CAA: Example4: Side View Mirror
Sound radiated from a generic automotive side-view mirror
[14]
z SVMs are strong contributors to wind noise
z Bluff bodies prominently protruding from vehicle surface
Produce highly turbulent, transient wakes that are sources of
sound (unsteady pressure variation)
39
Generic Side View Mirror
z Half cylinder (0.2m dia. and height), topped with a
quarter sphere
z Mounted on a flat plate
z Experimental flow/sound measurements reported in literature
Hold et al. (AIAA-99-1896)
[5]
and Seigert et al. (AIAA-99-1895)
[6]
40
Boundary Conditions
z Inlet velocity = 200 km/hr
z Re = 7 10
5
Velocity
Inlet
Pressure Far-Field
Symmetry
Walls
41
Inlet
Mirror
Mesh
z All hex mesh, 1.4 million cells
42
Solution Settings:
z CFD code: Fluent 6.1
Finite Volume Method based
Navier-Stokes Solver
z Solver: Segregated Implicit
z Turbulence Model: LES
Smagorinsky-Lilly sub-grid scale model
z Discretization schemes:
Time: 2
nd
order implicit
Momentum: 2
nd
order upwind
Pressure-Velocity Coupling: SIMPLE
Transient Solution:
z Timestep size: 60 microsecond
z Total timesteps: 2100
z Run time: 4.75 days
z Hardware: 2 processors, Intel P4,
2.2 GHz, RedHat Linux
43
Flow Velocity and Pressure
z Velocity magnitude on horizontal plane
z Static pressure on vertical plane
44
Microphone Locations
Side View
Top View
Pt 101
45
Sound Pressure Spectrum
[14]
Reference for
Experimental Data:
Hold et al. (AIAA-99-
1896)
[5]
and Seigert
et al. (AIAA-99-
1895)
[6]
10
30
50
70
90
110
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Frequency (Hz)
S
P
L

(
d
B
)
Experimental
CFD - CAA
CFD - AA
Point 101
46
Inlet
Throttle
Body
Throttle
Plate
Sidebranch
Cavity
Intake
Manifold
Outlet
Inclined
Face
Automotive air intake manifolds can produce loud whistles
(tonal noise)
In this example we study such whistle production with CAA
[7]
CAA: Example5: Air Intake Whistle
47
Two cases were studied
z Baseline (Produced Strong
Whistle)
z Modified (Attenuated Whistle)
Simulation were carried in two
stages
z 2D (Along centerline cut of the
geometry)
z 3D (Work in progress)
Airflow
=43
Baseline
=43
Airflow
Modified
48
43
418000 2D Quad Cells,
4k- RNG Turbulent Model
4Unsteady Simulation
4Coupled Solver
42
nd
Order Upwind
4Time Step = 2.5e-05s
4Run Time = 0.04s
4Ideal Gas Law
4Double Precision
Solver
High Mesh
Density
Inlet
(101325 Pa)
Throttle
Plate
Sump
Zip Tube
Outlet
92325Pa
P = 9kPa
Monitor
Point A
49
Velocity Magnitude in Modified Geometry
Ref: SAE Paper 2005-01-2364 Kannan et al.
Computational Aeroacoustics Simulation of Whistle
Noise in An Automotive Air-Intake System
50
Baseline Design
z Sound spectrum measured at sump bottom
Experimental - 3D
159dB @
2125Hz
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Frequency (Hz)
S
P
L

(
d
B
)
Computational - 2D
153dB @
1710 Hz
51
Modified Design
z Sound spectrum measured at sump bottom
Experimental - 3D
Computational - 2D
137dB @
2125Hz
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Frequency (Hz)
S
P
L

(
d
B
)
150 dB @
1710 Hz
52
Difference between CFD and experimentally measured
spectra
z Primarily due to strong 3D effects in experiments
In reality flow passes around the sides of the throttle plates
Side flow affects the shear layer on the sump
z Present CFD simulations are only 2D
All air flow has to pass above or below the throttle plate
Impingement length is different, therefore Strouhal number (St
= fL/U) is different
Excitation happens at fixed St, so greater L in 2D causes peak
to occur at lower f
3D CFD simulations are in progress
z Show great improvement in accuracy
Sample results seen in FLUENT6 for Acoustics Modeling
[8]
z Results to be presented in Fluent CFD Summit 2005 to be
held in Dearborn, MI, June7-9 2005
53
CAA: Examples Overview
Distance Between Source and Receiver
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Increasing Sound Pressure
Air-Intake Whistle
Side Window Buffeting
54
Outline
Simulation Methods
Fundamentals
Variational Methods
Integral Methods
Summary
Bibliography
Simulation Guide
55
SSPM: Theory
Segregated Source-Propagation Methods
z Sound generation and propagation are independent phenomena
in most cases
They happen at vastly different scales
f Flow pressure ~ 1 kPa; Acoustics pressure ~ 1 mPa
f Turbulence length scales ~ 1m; Acoustic wavelengths ~1m
f Turbulence time scales ~ 1 s; Acoustic timescales ~ 1ms
z Problem domain can be thought to be composed of
two layers
Flow field
fGoverns sound generation
fNavier-Stokes equations
Acoustic field
fGoverns sound propagation
fWave equation
z Advantages
Reduced computational effort
Expanded applicability to a wide variety of problems
56
Derivation of the Wave Equation
z Linearized Continuity Equation (For fluctuations)
z Linearized Momentum Equation
(No convection, no body forces, no viscous stresses)
z Eliminate
z Use isentropic relation for speed of sound
z Wave Equation
0
' '
=
i
i
x
u
t

' '
2
c p =
s
p
c |
.
|
\
|
2
0
' '
2
2
2
2
2
=
i
x
p
c
t
p
i o
u'
0
' '
2
2
2
2
=
i
x
p
t
0
' '
0
=
i
i
x
p
t
u
SSPM: Theory
57
Connection between the
two segregated parts of
the problem: source and
propagation
z Sir James Lighthill provided
the mathematical foundation
for connecting the source
and propagation parts
z Famous Lighthills Acoustic
Analogy
[9]
SSPM: Theory
58
Lighthills Acoustic Analogy
[9]
z Continuity Equation
z Momentum Equation
(Convection included, but no viscous stresses)
In a conservative form
z Eliminate
0 ) ( =
i
i
u
x t

i j
i
j
i
x
p
x
u
u
t
u
i j
j i
i
x
p
x
u u
t
u
i i j i
j i
x x
p
x x
u u
t
2
2
2
2
) (
SSPM: Theory
i
u
59
Lighthills Acoustic Analogy (continued)
z The previous equation can be cast in the form of a wave
equation in an undisturbed medium at rest by subtracting
from both sides:
z This gives Lighthills Equation
Where
This is referred to as Lighthills tensor
For nearly isentropic flows:
SSPM: Theory
i i
o
x x
c

'
2
2

j i
ij
i i
x x
T
x x
c
t
2
2
2
0
2
2
' '
ij o j i ij
c p u u T ) (
2
+ =
j i o ij
u u T
60
Lighthills Acoustic Analogy (continued)
z Lighthills equation can be thought of as a wave equation with
a source term
Wave Equation
Lighthills Equation
z Lighthills tensor representing the sound source can be
calculated by solving Navier-Stokes equations using CFD
0
' '
2
2
0
2
2
=

i i
x x
p
c
t
p
SSPM: Theory
j i
ij
i i
x x
T
x x
c
t
2
2
2
0
2
2
' '
Propagation Source
61
Computing Propagation
z Once CFD provides sound source information the problem
reduces to solving for sound propagation
z Several methods exist for this with varying level of
simplification
Rigorous Lighthill equation solution
f Finite Difference Methods
f Variational Methods (Finite Element)
[10]
Integral Methods
f Kirchoffs Method
[11]
f Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings Method
[12]
z Discussion on development of most of these methods is
beyond the scope of this presentation.
See references for more information
SSPM: Theory
62
FLUENT provides features to compute sound propagation
using several of these methods
z Variational Methods (Finite Element Method)
ACTRAN-LA is a third party Lighthills equation solver code
developed by Free Field Technologies
f Fluent has an interface to export Lighthills tensor and other variables
to ACTRAN
z Boundary Element Method
SYSNOISE is a third party BEM code developed by LMS
International
f Fluent has an interface to export surface pressure fluctuation to
SYSNOISE
Being a Boundary Element code SYSNOISE needs only the
pressure fluctuation on the boundaries
z Integral Methods
FLUENT has an inbuilt sound propagation module based on the
Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings (FWH) Method
[12]
f Part of the standard FLUENT package, no add-on components
required
SSPM: Implementation
63
SSPM Implementation follows these steps for each method
z Perform well resolved transient simulation of flow in and
around the sound source regions
Save required data (such as Lighthills tensor, or time-varying
surface pressure) on source regions
z Read saved data into the sound propagation solver (ACTRAN,
SYSNOISE, or FLUENTs inbuilt FWH module)
Perform sound propagation computation
z Post-process acoustic results
Sound spectra, Directivity
SSPM: Implementation
Source
Receiver
p(t)
CFD Domain
Sound
Propagation
64
Outline
Simulation Methods
Fundamentals
Variational Methods
Integral Methods
Summary
Bibliography
Simulation Guide
65
FLUENTs FWH module
z The most general Acoustic Analogy-based integral
formulation today is the Ffowcs-Williams Hawkings
(FW-H) method[13]
Allows
fMoving surfaces
fPermeable surfaces
Lighthill-Curles integral is a subset of the FW-H
formulation
z Essentially an integral method
Store time-varying pressure at all points on the identified
source surfaces during a transient CFD simulation
After transient CFD simulation is completed, an automatic
one-click routine provides sound pressure signal at
predefined receiver locations
SSPM: FWH Method
66
SSPM: FWH Method
Benefits
z Less computation expense
Small CFD Domain
fonly covering source area
Ideal for far-field applications
Disadvantages
z Cannot account for backward effect of sound on flow
z Cannot account for reflections
z Needs straight line of sight from source to receiver
67
Fluent 6.2 implements the FW-H integral method
in its most general form
z Allowable source surfaces
Walls (impermeable)
Permeable source surfaces (interiors, inlets, outlets,
sliding interface)
fCan be used to account for quadrupole sources by wrapping
an interior source surface around a quadrupole volume
source
Moving/rotating source surfaces
z Special addition
steady state fan noise (Gutin noise)
z Multiple source surfaces and multiple receivers allowed
SSPM: FWH Method
68
Fluent6.2 FWH Implementation
z Time-domain implementation
Forward-time formulation
f allows for on the fly simultaneous noise calculations
z Usable with segregated and coupled implicit solvers
z Compressible or incompressible source data
z 3D and 2D planar implementation
FW-H not available for axisymmetric solver
Targeted applications
z External aerodynamic noise
Side view mirrors, Louvers, .
Landing gear, high-lift devices,
z Fan/rotor noise
z Jet noise
SSPM: FWH Method
69
10
30
50
70
90
110
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Frequency (Hz)
S
P
L

(
d
B
)
Experimental
CFD - CAA
CFD - AA
Point 101
[14]
Source Surfaces
SSPM: FWH Method: Example 1
70
Landing gear scale model
M=0.2, Re
D
=1.23x10
6
Segregated solver, incompressible
LES, Smagorinsky, C
s
=0.1
2
nd
-order in time, t=2.5x10
-6
s
Bounded central-differencing in space
Mesh:
5.3M cells
173,000 surfaces tri-elements, s=0.0135D
6 prism layers, h
1
=1.6x10
-3
D
Run time:
3min 40s per time step, 4 nodes
9950 time steps for flow to pass through
domain (18D), 25 days run time
FW-H analysis:
Source data extraction after one flow pass
Source data sampled during 0.9 flow
passes
71
Cells are
clustered in
wake and
near landing
gear
72
Vortical structures, (
2
- S
ji
S
ij
)/2 = (u
0
/D)
2
73
p(t)
receivers 1, 3
93.4 dB
98.3 dB 92.9 dB
96.8 dB
Receiver
OASP
SPL receivers 1, 3
92.3 dB
74
Automotive A-pillar Rain Gutter
[15]
z Air speed = 22.35 m/s
z Reynolds number of 40,000

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I
J
K
L

Flow
Microphone
75
Rain gutter: Flow structure
Static pressure
contours
Vorticity Iso-surface
colored by velocity mag.
Static pressure
contours
Rain gutter
76
Rain gutter: Flow structure
Rain gutter
Contours of Velocity Magnitude
on the symmetry plane
77
Rain Gutter: Surface pressure fluctuation
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 500 1000 1500 2000
x (m)
S
P
L

(
d
B
)
Experiment (Kumarasamy and Karbon)
Fluent (LES Central Differencing)
Kumarasamy and Karbon CFD
Rain Gutter
LES
Central Differencing
Run 2
Model A
Timestep size = 8E-5 sec
POINT -5; 0.05 m upstream of
the raingutter's vertical side
CFD spectrum is average of
5 samples. Each sample was
measured for 0.1 sec.
Surface Pressure Spectrum
(Upstream Microphone)
Reference:
Kumarasamy S. and
Karbon K., Aeroacoustics
of an Automobile A-Pillar
Rain Gutter:
Computational and
Experimental Study, SAE
Paper 1999-01-1128,
(1999)
[16]
78
Rain Gutter: Sound at far-field microphone
Reference:
Kumarasamy S. and
Karbon K., Aeroacoustics
of an Automobile A-Pillar
Rain Gutter:
Computational and
Experimental Study, SAE
Paper 1999-01-1128,
(1999)
[16]
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Frequency (Hz)
S
P
L

(
d
B
)
Experiment (Kumarasamy and Karbon)
Fluent (LES - Central Differencing)
Kumarasamy and Karbon - CFD
Rain Gutter
LES
Central Differencing
Run 2
Model A
Timestep size = 8E-5 sec
Far-field microphone location
CFD spectrum is average of
5 samples. Each sample was
measured for 0.058 sec.
79
Outline
Simulation Methods
Fundamentals
Variational Methods
Integral Methods
Summary
Bibliography
Simulation Guide
80
Rationale
z Unsteady simulations (LES and DES) are time-consuming
z Steady RANS results contain a fair amount of useful
information
mean velocity components,
mean pressure,
turbulent kinetic energy,
rate of dissipation, etc.
z This information can be used to shed some light on
broadband (turbulence) noise
z Cant avoid approximation
z Yet potentially very useful to:
screen noisier designs
Identify the primary source of the noise
SNGR
81
FLUENT6.2s Offering:
Broadband Noise Source Models
Source terms in the acoustic
equations
z Lilleys equation
z Linearized Euler equation (LEE)
Proudmans formula for turbulence
noise
[17]
Turbulent boundary layer noise
model
[17]
Jet noise source models
z Ribner
z Goldstein
All these models require steady
RANS results only.
SNGR
82
Steady RANS results used to synthesize turbulent
velocity fields with the stochastic noise generation and
radiation (SNGR) method.
FLUENT reports the r.m.s. values of the source terms.
z Self-noise sources
z Shear-noise sources
.
Iso-surface of
Lilleys acoustic
source (total)
strength
SNGR
BB Model 1: Lilleys Acoustic Sources
83
Source terms in LEE (Linearized Euler Equation)
z Steady RANS (k-, k-, RSM) results are used to synthesize
turbulent velocity fields with the SNGR method.
z FLUENT reports r.m.s. values of the source terms in the
individual coordinate directions.
Self-noise source
Shear-noise source
.
43 42 1 4 4 3 4 4 2 1
noise Self noise Shear
= +
j
ti
tj
j
i
tj
j
ti
j
j
ai
j
ai
x
u
u
x
U
u
x
u
U
x
u
U
t
u
BB Model 2: LEE Source Terms
SNGR
84
Originally derived by Proudman (1952) for noise due to
isotropic turbulence (quadrupole sources)
Recently re-derived (Lilley, 1993) and confirmed using
DNS (Sarkar and Hussaini, 1993)
Simple yet very useful to determine the local contribution
to the total acoustic power.
Developed by Fluent Inc.
z Based on Lighthill-Curle formulation
BB Model 3: Proudman Acoustic Power
BB Model 4: Boundary Layer Noise
SNGR
85
SNGR: Example
Broadband noise source models are practically
useful for
z Determine prominent noise generating regions in a flow
domain
z Determine noise rankings of different variations of a
design
Current example demonstrates how the BB
models can be used to determine noise rankings
amongst several ducts
[17]
Acknowledgements: Study conducted in collaboration with
Delphi Thermal and Interior Systems
86
SNGR: Example
Generic HVAC duct
z Baseline design
z Three additional design variation
z Aim: determine noise ranking with BB models and
compare with experimentally determined noise
rankings
See SAE paper 2005-01-2495 On Predicting the Aeroacoustic
Performance of Ducts with Broadband Noise Source Models.
87
SNGR: Example
Design Variations
Baseline: Design 1
Design 3
The figures that originally appeared on this page have been
removed.
Design 2
Design 4
88
SNGR: Example
Mesh
89
SNGR: Example
Solver Settings and Boundary Conditions
Steady state,
Segregated
Implicit
Double Precision
RNG k-e
2
nd
order
2
nd
order upwind
SIMPLEC
Air (incompressible)
Solver
Precision
Turbulence Model
Pressure discretization
Momentum
discretization
Pressure-velocity
coupling
Fluid
Setting Function
7.507 m/s
(=300 cfm)
0 Pa (gage)
Constant Velocity
Interior
No slip wall
Constant
Pressure
No slip wall
Duct Inlet
Duct Outlet
Duct boundaries
Plenum Outlet
Plenum
boundaries
Value Boundary
Condition
Boundary
90
SNGR: Example
Flow Structure: Contours of velocity magnitude
91
SNGR: Example
Acoustic power generated inside the duct as estimated
from the BB models
z (1) Proudman Formula (Representative of quadrupole
contribution)
z (2) Turbulent Boundary Layer Noise (Representative of
dipole contribution)
Design4
Design3
Design2
Design1
Dipole Source Power
Surface Integral of
Surface Acoustic
Power
Quadrapole Source Power
Volume Integral Volumetric
Acoustic Power
Design
The data that originally appeared on this page
has been removed.
See SAE paper 2005-01-2495 On Predicting
the Aeroacoustic Performance of Ducts with
Broadband Noise Source Models.
92
SNGR: Example
Experimental Measurements
z Sound spectrum measured at a point 1 m directly
downstream of the ducts outlet
Acknowledgements: Study conducted in collaboration with
Delphi Thermal and Interior Systems
93
Outline
Simulation Methods
Fundamentals
Variational Methods
Integral Methods
Summary
Bibliography
Simulation Guide
94
Summary
FLUENT offers a fully integrated, comprehensive aero-
acoustics capability.
1. Direct CAA using transient flow solvers
2. FW-H integral method most general acoustic analogy
based method
3. Suite of broadband noise source models
4. Source data export in an universal format to 3
rd
party
codes (ACTRAN, SYSNOISE)
z Spectral analysis utility (FFT)
z All these can be done within FLUENT
No add on modules necessary
We are committed to offering best-in-class aero-
acoustics capability fully integrated to CFD.
95
Outline
Simulation Methods
Fundamentals
Variational Methods
Integral Methods
Summary
Bibliography
Simulation Guide
96
Bibliography
1. Oxford English Dictionary
2. Pierce AD, Acoustics: An introduction to its physical principles and
applications, Acoustical Society of America, Woodbury, NY (1994)
3. Hendriana, D., Sovani, S.D., and Scheimann, M., On simulating
passenger car side window buffeting, SAE International Paper 2003-01-
1316 (2003)
4. An, C.-F., Alaie, S.M., Sovani, S.D., Scislowicz M., Singh, K., Side
window buffeting characteristics of a SUV, Vehicle Aerodynamics, Vol.
SP1874, pp. 43 - 53, SAE International Paper 2004-01-0230 (2004)
5. Hold R., Brenneis A. Eberle A., Schwarz V., and Siegert R., Numerical
simulation of aeroacoustic sound generated by generic bodies placed on
a plate: Part I Prediction of aeroacoustic sources, AIAA Paper no. 99-
1896, 5th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Seattle WA, May 10
12 (1999)
6. Siegert R., Schwarz V., and Reichenberger J., Numerical simulation of
aeroacoustic sound generated by generic bodies placed on a plate: Part II
Prediction of radiated sound pressure, AIAA Paper no. 99-1895, 5th
AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Seattle WA, May 10 12 (1999)
97
Bibliography
7. Kannan V., Sovani S.D., Greeley, D., and Khondge A., Computational
Aeroacoustics Simulation of Whistle Noise in an Automotive Air-Intake
System, SAE International Paper No. 2005-01-2364 (2005)
8. Fluent Inc., Brochure FLUENT6 for Acoustics Modeling, Lebanon, NH
(2005)
9. Lighthill M. J., On Sound Generated Aerodynamically, I. General Theory,
Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A211, page 564, (1952).
10. Caro S., Ploumhans P. and Gallez X., Implementation of Lighthills
acoustic analogy in a finite/infinite elements framework, 10
th
AIAA/CEAS
Aeroacoustics Conference, AIAA Paper number 2004-2891 (2004)
11. Lyrintzis A.S., Surface integral methods in computational aeroacoustics
From the (CFD) near-field to the (Acoustic) far-field, International Journal
of Aeroacoustics, vol. 2, pp. 95-128, (2003)
12. Kim S.-E., Dai Y., Koutsavdis E., Sovani S., Kadam N., Ravuri K.M.R., A
versatile implementation of acoustic analogy based noise prediction
method in a general-purpose CFD code, AIAA paper 2003-3202 (2003)
98
Bibliography
13. Ffowcs Williams, J.E. and Hawkins, D.L., Sound generation by
turbulence and surfaces in arbitrary motion, Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London A, vol. 264, pp. 321-342 (1969)
14. Lokhande B.S., Sovani S.D., Xu J., Computational Aeroacoustic Analysis
of a Generic Side View Mirror, SAE Paper 2003-01-1698 (2003)
15. Sovani S.D. and Chen K.-H., Aeroacoustics of an "Automobile" A-Pillar
"Rain Gutter": A Numerical Study with the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings
Method, SAE Paper 2005-01-2492 (2005)
16. Kumarasamy S. and Karbon K., Aeroacoustics of an Automobile A-Pillar
Rain Gutter: Computational and Experimental Study, SAE Paper 1999-
01-1128, (1999)
17. Khondge A.D., Sovani S.D., Kim S.-E., Farag A.A., and Guzy S.C., On
Predicting the Aeroacoustic Performance of Ducts with Broadband Noise
Source Models, SAE Paper 2005-01-2495 (2005)
99
Outline
Simulation Methods
Fundamentals
Variational Methods
Integral Methods
Summary
Bibliography
Simulation Guide
z CAA
z FWH Method
100
Mesh:
z Mesh needs to be carefully prepared
z In source region
Mesh edge length =
length scale of turbulent eddies
whose timescale is 1/(max frequency)
z In transmission region
Mesh edge length =
{shortest sound wavelength of interest}/10
5
Source Region
Receiver
p(t)
Transmission
Region
Simulation Guide: CAA
101
Solution:
z Transient; Compressible
Time step = 1/(max frequency)/10
Run simulation for
total real time = (1/(min frequency))*10
z LES preferred, but not necessary
z Monitor static pressure at microphone location
Pressure vs. Time signal
Take FFT to get SPL spectrum
Simulation Guide: CAA
102
Outline
Simulation Methods
Fundamentals
Variational Methods
Integral Methods
Summary
Bibliography
Simulation Guide
z CAA
z FWH Method
103
Mesh:
z Required only in source region
z Needs to be carefully prepared
Mesh edge length =
length scale of turbulent eddies
whose timescale is 1/(max frequency)
z Wall source surfaces
Include all walls that will experience transient
pressure fluctuation
z Interior source surfaces
need to enclose dominant sources and important scattering
surfaces
Quadrupole sources inside permeable source surfaces are
accounted for
Acoustic pressure field needs to be resolved accurately within
the region enclosed by interior source surfaces
5
Simulation Guide: FWH Method
104
Mesh
z Interior source surfaces need to completely enclose
dominant sources and important scattering surfaces
wall source
surface
Interior source surfaces
interior source surface
Duct
105
Simulation Procedure
STEP1: Processing
1(A) Setup Fluent case;
Activate FW-H acoustics model
Select Export Acoustic Source Data option
Select source surfaces from available Fluent zones in
Acoustic Sources panel
Specify write frequency
1(B) Run transient simulation
Acoustics source data written in
.index file and
.asd files
106
Simulation Procedure
STEP2: Post-Processing
2(A) Specify receiver locations in Acoustic
Receivers panel
2(B) Read .index and .asd files
Compute/write acoustic signals
pressure vs. time at each receiver
2(C) Use FFT tool
transform acoustic signal to frequency spectrum
PSD vs. frequency
107
1(A) Setup FWH Model
Define Models Acoustics
z Select source data export or simultaneous FW-H calculation
z Set model parameters
Far-field density
Far-field speed of sound
z Set references values for SPL calculation
108
1(A) Setup FWH Model
Define Models Acoustics Sources
z Select all source surfaces
On the fly FW-H calculation requires consistent surface selection at
all time steps
If source data is exported, redundant surfaces may be selected
Allows identification of contributions
from different sources
z For permeable (interior) surfaces,
Fluent requires the specification
of the inner cell zone
z Select write frequency for source
data export
Source data does not need to be
exported every time step
fwh3
109
1(B) Solution
z Transient
Time step = 1/(max frequency)/10
Run simulation for
total real time = (1/(min frequency))*10
z LES preferred, but not necessary
110
2(A) Set receivers
Define Models Acoustics Receivers
zSpecify receiver locations
Each receiver generates a signal (.ard) file
Receiver location can be inside or outside the CFD
domain
111
2(B) Compute sound from saved source data
Solve Acoustic Signals
Load .index file
automatically updates the available source data list
Select the source data (.asd files) to be processed
can use subset (in time) of source data
Choose the source zones
(i.e source surfaces) to be
used
Compute/Write calculates
acoustic signal for the
selected receivers and
writes out the receiver
(.ard) files
.
112
0
c y x t
i i
+ =
i
y x
Raw receiver signal Auto-pruned signal
Receiver signal is calculated forward in time
z All sources radiate at emission time
z Signals from different sources arrive at the receiver at different
times , depending on the source-receiver
distance
z Tails of assembled receiver signal are automatically trimmed
where signal is incomplete (pruning)
Auto-pruning control in TUI
/define/models/acoustics/auto-prune
113
2(C) Convert sound signal to spectrum
Plot FFT
General FFT utility
z Process receiver data directly
or read any Fluent xy-file
z Y-axis functions:
Power Spectral Density (PSD),
Sound Pressure Level (SPL),
A-, B-, C-Weighted
z X-axis functions:
Frequency,
Strouhal Number,
Fourier Mode,
Octave,
1/3-Octave Band
114
Plot FFT Plot/Modify Input Signal
Allows modification of signal before
subsequent FFT analysis
z Subtract mean value
z Clip to range
z Windowing options
Hamming
Hanning
Barlett
Blackman
Reports signal statistics
z min/max, mean, variance
Plot/Write acoustic signal
115
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