Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Ti liu v a ch IP
Ngi tng hp: Nng Dng Hng Lp 9LTCD-IT11 Trng H KD&CN H Ni Kha hc: 2012 2014

Cu trc IP
Gii thiu chung: Nh chng ta bit Internet l mt mng my tnh ton cu , do hng nghn mng my tnh t khp mi ni ni li to nn. Khc vi cch t chc theo cc cp: ni ht, lin tnh, quc t ca mt mng vin thng nh mng thoi chng hn, mng Internet t chc ch c mt cp, cc mng my tnh d nh, d to khi ni vo Internet u bnh ng vi nhau. Do cch t chc nh vy nn trn Internet c cu trc a ch, cch nh a ch c bit, trong khi cch nh a ch

i vi mng vin thng li n gin hn nhiu. i vi mng vin thng nh mng thoi chng hn, khch hng cc vng khc nhau hon ton c th c cng s in thoi, phn bit vi nhau bng m vng, m tnh hay m quc t. i vi mng Internet , do cch t chc ch c mt cp nn mi mt khch hng hay mt my ch ( Host ) hoc Router u c mt a ch internet duy nht m khng c php trng vi bt k ai. Do vy m a ch trn Internet thc s l mt ti nguyn. Hng chc triu my ch trn hng trm nghn mng. a ch khng c trng nhau cn phi c cu trc a ch c bit qun l thng nht v mt T chc ca Internet gi l Trung tm thng tin mng Internet - Network Information Center ( NIC ) ch tr phn phi, NIC ch phn a ch mng ( Net ID ) cn a ch my ch trn mng ( Host ID ) do cc T chc qun l Internet ca tng quc gia mt t phn phi. (Trong thc t c th nh tuyn (routing ) trn mng Internet ngoi a ch IP cn cn n tn ring ca cc my ch (Host) - Domain Name ). Cc phn tip theo chng ta hy nghin cu cu trc c bit ca a ch Internet. a/ Thnh phn v hnh dng ca a ch IP: a ch IP ang c s dng hin ti (IPv4) c 32 bit chia thnh 4 Octet ( mi Octet c 8 bit, tng ng 1 byte ) cch m u t tri qua phi bt 1 cho n bt 32, cc Octet tch bit nhau bng du chm (.), bao gm c 3 thnh phn chnh.

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Bit 1............................................................................ 32

Bit nhn dng lp ( Class bit ) a ch ca mng ( Net ID ) a ch ca my ch ( Host ID )

Ghi ch: Tn l a ch my ch nhng thc t khng ch c my ch m tt c cc my con (Workstation), cc cng truy nhp v.v..u cn c a ch. Bit nhn dng lp (Class bit) phn bit a ch lp no. 1/ - a ch Internet biu hin dng bit nh phn: x y x y x y x y. x y x y x y x y. x y x y x y x y. x y x y x y x y x, y = 0 hoc 1. V d: 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0. Octet 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1. Octet 2 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0. Octet 3 11100000 Octet 4

bit nh phn

2/ - a ch Internet biu hin dng thp phn: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx x l s thp phn t 0 n 9 V d: 146. 123. 110. 224

Dng vit y ca a ch IP l 3 con s trong tng Octet. V d: a ch IP thng thy trn thc t c th l 53.143.10.2 nhng dng y l 053.143.010.002. b / Cc lp a ch IP a ch IP chia ra 5 lp A,B,C, D, E. Hin ti dng ht lp A,B v gn ht lp C, cn lp D v E T chc internet ang dnh cho mc ch khc khng phn, nn chng ta ch nghin cu 3 lp u.

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Qua cu trc cc lp a ch IP chng ta c nhn xt sau:

Bit nhn dng l nhng bit u tin - ca lp A l 0, ca lp B l 10, ca lp C l 110. Lp D c 4 bit u tin nhn dng l 1110, cn lp E c 5 bt u tin nhn dng l 11110. a ch lp A: a ch mng t v a ch my ch trn tng mng nhiu. a ch lp B: a ch mng va phi v a ch my ch trn tng mng va phi. a ch lp C: a ch mng nhiu, a ch my ch trn tng mng t.

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Nh vy nu chng ta thy 1 a ch IP c 4 nhm s cch nhau bng du chm, nu thy nhm s th nht nh hn 126 bit a ch ny lp A, nm trong khong 128 n 191 bit a ch ny lp B v t 192 n 223 bit a ch ny lp C. Ghi nh: a ch thc t khng phn trong trng hp tt c cc bit trong mt hay nhiu Octet s dng cho a ch mng hay a ch my ch u bng 0 hay u bng 1. iu ny ng cho tt c cc lp a ch. I - a ch lp A: Tng qut chung:

Bit th nht l bit nhn dng lp A = 0. 7 bit cn li trong Octet th nht dnh cho a ch mng. 3 Octet cn li c 24 bit dnh cho a ch ca my Ch.

- net id: 126 mng - host id:16.777.214 my ch trn mt mng

a/ a ch mng (Net ID) 1/ Kh nng phn a ch Khi m s bit chng ta m t tri qua phi, nhng khi tnh gi tr thp phn 2n ca bit li tnh t phi qua tri, bt u t bit 0. Octet th nht dnh cho a ch mng, bit 7 = 0 l bit nhn dng lp A. 7 bit cn li t bit 0 n bit 6 dnh cho a ch mng ( 2 7 ) = 128. Nhng trn thc t a ch khi tt c cc bit bng 0 hoc bng 1 u khng phn cho mng. Khi gi tr cc bit u bng 0, gi tr thp phn 0 l khng c ngha, cn a ch l 127 khi cc bit u bng 1 dng thng bo ni b, nn trn thc t cn li 126 mng.

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Cch tnh a ch mng lp A. S th t Bit (n)- tnh t phi qua tri: 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Gi tr nh phn (0 hay 1) ca Bit: x x x x x x x Gi tr thp phn tng ng khi gi tr bit = 1 s l 2 n Gi tr thp phn tng ng khi gi tr bit = 0 khng tnh. Gi tr thp phn ln nht khi gi tr ca 7 bit u bng 1 l 127. Xin xem bng tnh trn vn gi tr ca tt c cc Bit Nh vy kh nng phn a ch ca lp A cho 126 mng 2/ Biu hiu a ch trn thc t: T 001 n 126 B / a ch ca cc my ch trn mt mng 1/ Kh nng phn a ch Ba Octet sau gm 24 bit c tnh t bit 0 n bit 23 dnh cho a ch my ch trn tng mng.

Vi cch tnh nh trn, c tng s my ch trn mt mng ta c.

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

a ch khi cc bit u bng 0 hay bng 1 b ra. Trn thc t cn li 224-2 = 16 777 214 Nh vy kh nng phn a ch cho 16 777 214 my ch. 2/ Biu hin a ch trn thc t Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Tng qut li ti a ch ca mt mng, khi ln lt thay i cc gi tr ca cc Octet 2, 3, 4.ta s c 16 777 216 kh nng thay i m cc con s khng trng lp nhau ( Combinations ) c nghi l 16 777 216 a ch ca my ch trn mng, nhng thc t phn ch l (256 x 256 x 256) - 2 =16 777 214 Biu hin trn thc t l ba s thp phn trong 3 Octet cch nhau du. T 000. 000. 0001 n 255. 255. 254 Kt lun: a ch lp A c th phn cho 126 mng v mi mt mng c 16 777 214 my ch. Ni cch khc a ch thc t s t 001.000.000.001 n 126.255.255.254 V d: Mt a ch y ca lp A: 124. 234. 200. 254. Trong : a ch mng: 124 a ch my ch: 234.200.254 II - a ch lp B: Tng qut chung:

2 bit u tin nhn dng lp B l 1 v 0. 14 bit cn li trong 2 Octet u tin dnh cho a ch mng. 2 Octet cn li gm 16 bit dnh cho a ch my Ch.

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

- net id: 16.382 mng -host id: 65.534 my ch trn mt mng a/ a ch mng 1/ Kh nng phn a ch Octet 1 Octet 2

Hai Octet u tin c 16 bit phn cho a ch mng, 2 bit ( bit 1 v bit 2 ) k t tri sang c gi tr ln lt l 1 v 0 dng nhn dng a ch lp B. Nh vy cn li 14 bit cho Net ID a ch mng.

Theo cch tnh nh ca a ch mng Lp A ta c

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Tng t nh a ch Lp A, cc bit u bng 0 v cc bit u bng 1 c b ra, nn thc t gi tr thp phn ch t 1 n 16 382 c ngha phn c cho 16 382 mng. 2/ Biu hin trn thc t. Biu hin a ch trn thc t th hin s thp phn trong 2 Octet cch nhau bng du chm (. ). Cch tnh s thp phn cho tng Octet mt.

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a ch mng ca Lp A t 001 n 126. ( khng phn 127 ). Nh vy a ch mng ca Lp B Octet th nht s t 128 cho n 191. Nh vy gi tr thp phn ca Octet 1 t 128 n 191. Octet 2

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Nh vy gi tr thp phn ca Octet 2 t 001 n 254. Nh vy: a ch mng lp B biu hin trn thc t gm 2 Octet t 128.001 cho n 191. 254 c ngha phn c cho 16 382 mng ( 214 - 2 ). b / a ch cc my ch trn mt mng 1 / Kh nng phn a ch Octet 3 v 4 gm 16 bit dnh cho a ch ca cc my ch trn tng mng.

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

a ch ca cc bit bng 0 v bng 1 b ra, Kh nng thc t cn li 65534 a ch ( 216 - 2) phn cho cc my ch trn mt mng. 2/ Biu hin a ch trn thc t Octet 3

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Biu hin a ch my ch trn thc t ca Lp B l t 000. 001 n 255. 254 Kt lun: a ch Lp B c th phn cho 16 382 mng v mi mng c n 65 534 my ch. Ni cch khc a ch phn trong thc t s t 128. 001. 000. 001 n 191. 254. 255. 254 V d: Mt a ch y ca lp B l 130.130.130.130. Trong : a ch mng: 130.130 a ch my ch: 130.130 III - a ch Lp C: Tng qut chung:

3 bit u tin nhn dng lp C l 1,1,0. 21 bit cn li trong 3 Octet u dnh cho a ch mng. Octet cui cng c 8 bit dnh cho a ch my ch.

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

- net id: 2.097.150 mng - host id: 254 mych/1 mng a / a ch mng 1/ Kh nng phn a ch 21 bit cn li ca 3 Octet u dnh cho a ch mng

Cc bit u bng 0 hay bng 1 khng phn, nn kh nng phn a ch cho mng lp C l 2 097 150 hoc bng 221 - 2. 2/ Biu hin trn thc t Octet 1

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Octet 2

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Octet 3

Kt lun: a ch dnh cho mng ca lp C c kh nng phn cho 2097150 mng, ni cch khc trn thc t s t 192. 000. 001 n 223. 255. 254

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b / a ch my ch trn tng mng 1/ Kh nng phn a ch Octet 4 c 8 bit phn a ch cho cc my ch trn mt mng. Octet 4

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Nh vy kh nng cho my ch trn tng mng ca a ch lp C l 254 hay 28 - 2. 2/ Biu hin trn thc t: T 001 n 254. Kt lun: a ch lp C c th phn cho 2 097 150 mng v mi mt mng c 254 my ch. Ni cch khc s t 192. 000. 001. 001 n 223. 255. 254.254 V d mt a ch Internet lp C y : 198. 010. 122. 230. Trong : a ch mng: 198.010.122 a ch my ch: 230 V d: Trung tm thng tin mng Internet vng Chu - Thi bnh dng ( APNIC ) phn cho VDC 8 a ch ca lp C c th phn cho 8 mng t 203.162.0.0 cho n 203.162.7.0. Nhm s th nht l 203 cho bit y l nhng khi a ch lp C.

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP
a ch y ca mt khi a ch 203.162.0.0 phi l 203.162.000.000, chng ta c s dng trn vn octet cui cng c ngha l c 254 a ch my ch v u cui trn mt mng. V d mng 203.162.0 s c a ch u cui t 203.162.0.000 n 203.162.0. 255. Nh vy tng cng VDC c 8x254=2032 a ch l thuyt phn cho cc my ch v u cui trn 8 mng 203.162.0 ; 203.162.1;.....203.162.7 v.v.. Nh vy a ch mng l c nh, chng ta ch c quyn phn a ch cho my ch trn mng . IV - a ch mng con ca Internet (IP subnetting): a/ Nguyn nhn Nh nu trn a ch trn Internet thc s l mt ti nguyn, mt mng khi gia nhp Internet c Trung tm thng tin mng Internet ( NIC) phn cho mt s a ch va dng vi yu cu lc , sau ny nu mng pht trin thm li phi xin NIC thm, l iu khng thun tin cho cc nh khai thc mng. Hn na cc lp a ch ca Internet khng phi hon ton ph hp vi yu cu thc t, a ch lp B chng hn, mi mt a ch mng c th cp cho 65534 my ch, Thc t c mng nh ch c vi chc my ch th s lng ph rt nhiu a ch cn li m khng ai dng c . khc phc vn ny v tn dng ti a a ch c NIC phn, bt u t nm 1985 ngi ta ngh n a ch mng con. Nh vy phn a ch mng con l m rng a ch cho nhiu mng trn c s mt a ch mng m NIC phn cho, ph hp vi s lng thc t my ch c trn tng mng. b/ Phng php phn chia a ch mng con Trc khi nghin cu phn ny chng ta cn phi hiu qua mt s khi nim lin quan ti vic phn a ch cc mng con. 1/ - Default Mask: (Gi tr trn a ch mng) c nh ngha trc cho tng lp a ch A,B,C. Thc cht l gi tr thp phn cao nht (khi tt c 8 bit u bng 1) trong cc Octet dnh cho a ch mng - Net ID. Default Mask: Lp A 255.0.0.0 Lp B 255.255.0.0 Lp C 255.255.255.0 2/ - Subnet Mask: ( gi tr trn ca tng mng con) Subnet Mask l kt hp ca Default Mask vi gi tr thp phn cao nht ca cc bit ly t cc Octet ca a ch my ch sang phn a ch mng to a ch mng con. Subnet Mask bao gi cng i km vi a ch mng tiu chun cho ngi c bit a ch

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mng tiu chun ny dng c cho 254 my ch hay chia ra thnh cc mng con. Mt khc n cn gip Router trong vic nh tuyn cuc gi. Nguyn tc chung: Ly bt mt s bit ca phn a ch my ch to a ch mng con. Ly i bao nhiu bit ph thuc vo s mng con cn thit (Subnet mask) m nh khai thc mng quyt nh s to ra. V a ch lp A v B u ht, hn na hin ti mng Internet ca Tng cng ty do VDC qun l ang c phn 8 a ch mng lp C nn chng ta s nghin cu k phn chia a ch mng con lp C. a/ a ch mng con ca a ch lp C Class c:

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

a ch lp C c 3 octet cho a ch mng v 1 octet cui cho a ch my ch v vy ch c 8 bit l thuyt to mng con, thc t nu dng 1 bit m mng con v 7 bit cho a ch my ch th vn ch l mt mng v ngc li 7 bit cho mng v 1 bit cho a ch my ch th mt mng ch c mt my, nh vy khng logic, t nht phi dng 2 bit m rng a ch v 2 bit cho a ch my ch trn tng mng. Do vy trn thc t ch dng nh bng sau. Default Mask ca lp C : 255.255.255.0

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Nh vy mt a ch mng lp C ch c 5 trng hp la chn trn (Hay 5 Subnet Mask khc nhau), tu tng trng hp c th quyt nh s mng con. 1/ Trng hp 1 - Hai mng con Subnet Mask 255.255.255.192. T mt a ch tiu chun to c a ch cho hai mng con, mi mt mng c 62 my ch. S dng hai bit (bit 7 v 6) ca phn a ch my ch to mng con. Nh vy cn li 6 bit phn cho my ch. a/ Tnh a ch mng

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a ch ca mng l gi tr ca bit 7 v 6 ln lt bng 0 v 1. Trong trng hp chia a ch mng con khng bao gi c dng a ch khi cc bit u bng 0 hay bng 1. Do vy trng hp 2 mng con ni trn, a ch mng con s l: Mng con 1: a ch mng xxx.xxx.xxx.64 Mng con 2: a ch mng xxx.xxx.xxx.128 b/ Tnh a ch cho my ch cho mng con 1 Chng ta ch cn 6 bit cho a ch my ch trn tng mng.

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Mi mng cn li 62 a ch cho my ch. Mng 1: T xxx.xxx.xxx. 065 n xxx.xxx.xxx.126 c/ Tnh a ch cho my ch cho mng con 2 Tng t nh cch tnh trn ta c

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Mng 2: a ch my ch trn mng 2. T xxx.xxx.xxx.129 n xxx.xxx.xxx.190. Tng qut li:

a/ Mng con th nht * / a ch mng con: xxx.xxx.xxx.064 * / a ch cc my ch trn mng con ny t. xxx.xxx.xxx. 065 xxx.xxx.xxx. 066 xxx.xxx.xxx. 067 ..............

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP
n xxx.xxx.xxx. 126 b/ Mng con th 2 */ a ch mng con: xxx.xxx.xxx. 128 */ a ch cc my ch trn mng con ny t. xxx.xxx.xxx. 129 xxx.xxx.xxx. 130 ............. n xxx.xxx.xxx. 190 a ch my ch t 1 n 62 v t 193 n 254 v 127 ; 191 b mt, ngha l mt 130 a ch. V d: a ch tiu chun lp C l 196. 200. 123 Subnetmask 255.255.255.192 T a ch ny ta c 2 mng con l: * Mng 1: a ch mng 196.200.123.064 a ch My ch trn mng ny. T 196.200.123.065 n 196. 200. 123. 126. * Mng 2: a ch mng 196.200.123.128 a ch my ch trn mng ny. T 196.200.123.129 n 196.200.123. 190 2/ Trng hp 2 - Su mng con Subnetmask: 255.255.255.224. To c 6 mng con, mi mng con c 30 my ch a/ Tnh a ch Mng con Trng hp ny s dng 3 bit ( bit 7,6,5) ca a ch my ch (Octet 4) b sung cho a ch mng tiu chun to mng con.

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

B trng hp cc bit u bng 0 hay 1, chng ta cn li a ch ca 6 mng con sau. xxx.xxx.xxx.32 ; Mng con 1 xxx.xxx.xxx.64 ; Mng con 2 xxx.xxx.xxx.96 ; Mng con 3 xxx.xxx.xxx.128 ; Mng con 4 xxx.xxx.xxx.160 ; Mng con 5 xxx.xxx.xxx.192 ; Mng con 6 b / Tnh a ch my ch cho mng con 1

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Nh vy a ch my ch ca mng con 1 s t 33 n 62. Tng t nh cch tnh nu trn chng ta c th tnh c cho tt c cc trng hp cn li (xem bng 1) v c tng hp li nh sau. 1/ Trng hp 1: Subnetmask 255.255.255.192

2 mng con. 62 my ch mi mng.

2/ Trng hp 2: Subnetmask 255.255.255.224

6 mng con. 30 my ch mi mng.

3/ Trng hp 3: Subnetmask 255.255.255.240

14 mng con. 14 my ch mi mng

4/ Trng hp 4: Subnetmask 255.255.255.248

30 mng con. 6 my ch mi mng.

5/ Trng hp 5: Subnetmask 255.255.255.252.

62 mng con.

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2 my ch mi mng.

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Xem bng tnh a ch cho cc trng hp trn V d: a ch mng lp C m NIC phn cho VDC l 203.162.4.0. Trn a ch ny phn ra 2 mng con th a ch s l. Mng 1: a ch mng 203.162.4.64. a ch my ch trn mng t 203.162.4.65 n 203.162.4.126 Mng 2: a ch mng 203.162.4.128. a ch my ch trn mng t 203.162.4.129 n 203.162.4.190 b/ a ch mng con t a ch lp B Default Mask ca lp B l 255.255.0.0 Class B:

Net ID - Khi phn a ch mng con s dng Octet 3 a ch lp B c 2 Octet th 3 v th 4 dnh cho a ch my ch nn v nguyn l c th ly c c 16 bit to a ch mng . Nu t mt a ch mng c NIC phn chng ta nh m rng ln 254 mng v mi mng s c 254 my ch. Trng hp ny s ly ht 8 bit ca octet th 3 b sung vo a ch mng v ch cn li 8 bit thc t cho a ch my ch, theo cch tnh s thp phn 2n gi tr ca 8 bit nh nu phn lp C, chng ta s c:

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Bng phn chia a ch mng con lp B a ch lp B v l thuyt c 2 octet u cho a ch mng, khi chia mng con theo phng php s dng tt c 8 bit trong 3 octet cho a ch mng, trn thc tng ng vi lp C, nh vy v a ch NIC phn l lp B nhng cch t chc a ch li lp C ( Xem Bng ph lc phn a ch mng con lp B ). Trong bng ny cn ch ct 6 - khong cch a ch gia 2 mng con gii thiu cho chng ta cch tnh a ch cc mng con, a ch cc my ch trn tng mng lin quan ti ct 7,8,9,10. V d: Trng hp Subnetmask 255.255.240.0 l r nht. Chia c 14 mng con, mi mng con c 4094 my ch, khong cch a ch gia hai mng con l 16.0 c ngha.

Mng con 1 c a ch l xxx.yyy.16.0 ; Mng con 2 s c a ch l xxx.yyy.16.0 + 16.0 = xxx.yyy.32.0 c tip tc nh vy ta s tnh c a ch ca tng mng con v mng con 14 l xxx.yyy. 224.0.

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a ch my ch u tin trn mng con 1 l xxx.yyy.16.1 ; a ch my ch u tin trn mng con 2 s l xxx.yyy.16.1 + 16.0 = xxx.yyy.32.1. Tip tc nh vy ta s tnh a ch c my ch u tin ca mng con 14 l xxx.yyy.224.1 v.v.. Tng t chng ta bit c a ch cui cng ca cc my ch trn mt mng con.

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Theo hng dn ny chng ta s tm c cc trng hp khc. Tm li chia a ch mng con cng phi theo mt quy lut nht nh ngoi mun ca chng ta, khi chia mng con cng b mt kh nhiu a ch, mt t hay nhiu tu thuc vo cc trng hp c th. Bng phn chia a ch mng con lp B:

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Subnet mask v cch chia

bi Cu trc IP ta bit s qua v khi nim v cu trc ca IPv4. Bi ny mnh s trnh by r v cch chia Subnetmask Subnet l g?: Hiu n gin vy. Khi ta chia mt Network ra thnh nhiu Network nh hn th cc Network nh ny c gi l Subnet. V sao cn phi chia Subnet mask? Nh ta bit mng Internet s dng a ch IPv4 32 bit v phn chia ra cc lp A,B,C,D , tuy nhin, vi mt h thng a ch nh vy vic qun l vn rt kh khn . Nu nh mt mng c

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cp mt a ch lp A th c ngha n c th cha ti 16*1.048.576 a ch ( my tnh ) .Vi s lng my tnh ln nh vy rt t cng ty hoc t chc dng ht c iu gy lng ph a ch IP. trnh tnh trng cc nh nghin cu a ra mt phng php l s dng mt n mng con ( Subnet mask ) phn chia mng ra thnh nhng mng con gi l Subnet. Subnet mask l mt con s 32 bit bao gm n bit 1 ( thng l cc bit cao nht ) dng nh a ch mng con v m bit 0 dng nh a ch my trong mng con vi n+m=32 . Subnet mask phi c cu hnh cho mi my tnh trong mng v phi c nh ngha cho mi giao din Router. Nh vy, ta phi dng cng mt Subnet mask cho ton b mng vt l cng chung mt a ch Internet. Trong thc t, d dng cho hot ng qun l cc my trong mng, thng chia nh cc mng ln trong cc lp mng (A, B, C) thnh cc mng nh hn. Qu trnh ny c thc hin bng cch ly mt s bit phn nh danh host s dng cho vic nh a ch mng. Tu theo cch s dng ca ngi qun tr mng ( s subnet v s host trn mi subnet ) m s lng bit ly phn host nhiu hay t. tch bit gia a ch mng v a ch host ngi ta dng netmask. tch bit gia Subnet address v a ch host ngi ta dng Subnet mask. Theo quy c, cc a ch IP c chia ra lm ba lp nh sau: Class Subnet mask trong dng nh phn Subnet mask Lp A 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0 Lp B 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0 Lp C 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0 Nh ta bit, lp A s dng 1 octet u tin lm Network ID. S dng 8 bit u c set gi tr thnh 1, v 24 bit sau set gi tr 0 => c Subnet Mask 255.0.0.0. Tng t vi cc lp kia. V d IP: 192.168.1.0/24 y l a ch thuc lp C. V con s 24 c ngha l ta s dng 24 bit cho phn Network ID, v cn li 8 bit cho Host ID. Chia Subnet Mask nh th no? y, mnh s trnh by cch ngn gn gip bn c th tnh nhm c. Ly v d c th nh sau: Cng ty thu mt ng IP l 192.168.1.0. By gi ng gim c yu cu phn lm chia lm 3 mng con cho ba phng ban trong cng ty. Hy thc hin vic chia subnet ny. Trc ht ta phn tch cu trc ca a ch: 192.168.1.0 nh sau: + a ch NetMask: 255.255.255.0 + Network ID: 11111111.11111111.11111111 + HostID: 00000000 Trong v d ny ta cn chia lm 3 mng con (3 subnet) nn ta cn s dng 2 bit phn Host ID thm vo Network ID. Lm sao bit c s bit cn mn thm? Ta c cng thc : 2^n>=m (vi m l s subnet cn chia, n l s bit cn mn). y 2^2>=3. Sau khi mn 2 bit, ta c cu trc mi dng nh phn l (bit mn ta set gi tr bng 1 nh): + a ch NetMask:: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 + Network ID: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

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+ Host ID: 000000 => dng thp phn l: 255.255.255.192

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

a ch IP mi lc ny l: 192.168.1.0/26 (con s 26 l 24 + 2 bits mn). Ta xc nh "bc nhy" cho cc subnet: Bc nhy k=256-192=64 => Ta c cc mng con sau: Ip: 192.168.1.0 Netmask: 255.255.255.192 Ip: 192.168.1.64 Netmask: 255.255.255.192 Ip: 192.168.1.128 Netmask: 255.255.255.192 Ip: 192.168.1.192 Netmask: 255.255.255.192 Nh vy s my trn mi mng bng bao nhiu? S bits ca Host ID cn li sau khi b Network ID mn: x = 32-26 = 6 => S my trn mi mng: 2^n-2 = 2^6-2 = 62 my

Cc vn lin quan ti vic chia mng con cc bn c th hi p / chia s ti din n vi link sau http://kythuatmang.vn/forums/6-MANG-CAN-BAN.html

Cch chia Subnet nhanh

Do trc mnh c vit bi Subnet mask v cch chia c trnh by v cch chia Subnet cn bn. Cch tnh v nh phng ph chia Subnet c nhiu cch, bi ny trnh by cch tnh rt nhanh, tham kho nh . VIA t blog ca Anh L Cng. Khi tnh ton IP, chia subnet th chng ta thng p dng cng thc tnh ton. Cng thc tnh l 2^n v 2^h - 2 ( 2^m -2 ),

tnh tng s subnet c c sau khi chia ta dng cng thc 2^n, trong n l s bit mn chia subnet trong octet (mn lm network id). tnh tng s host/subnet ta dng cng thc 2^h-2, trong h l tng s bit cn li dng lm host sau khi mn . Ta phi tr 2 v cn b a ch subnet id v broadcast.

Ni s s qua cch tnh truyn thng nh vy thi, gi chng ta tm hiu cch nhm nhanh bng cch m lng tay nh! PHNG PHP CHIA SUBNET BNG CCH M LNG NGN TAY u tin cc bn xe bn tay tri ra v m theo hnh:

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Cc bn bn tay chng ta c tt c 14 lng tay, mi lng tay tng trng cho 1 bit nh! ^^ m 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384. m i m li cho thuc i nh cc bn. - tnh tng s lng Subnet id c c sau khi chia, ta m s bit mn lm subnet id trong octet l ra. Mn 3 bit th m 2 4 8, mn 4 bit th m 2 4 8 16, gi tr ca bit m sau cng chnh l tng s subnet id sau khi c chia ra. V d: 10.10.0.0 /13 ---> mn 5 bit ---> m 2 4 8 16 32. Vy mng ny c 32 subnet. - tnh bc nhy trong mi subnet id. Ta m s bit cn li dng lm host trong ring octet . Gi tr ca bit c m sau cng cng l gi tr ca bc nhy trong octet . V d: 172.35.0.0/19. Tc l a ch lp B s mn 3 bit octet th 3 lm subnet id. Dng phng php m ta c 2 4 8, 3 bit mn ri, vy tng s subnet id l 8. Ta bit trong octet th 3 sau khi cho mn 3 bit lm net id th cn li 5 bit lm host, vy ta m 2 4 8 16 32, 5 bit ri, gi tr l 32, v cng chnh l bc nhy ca subnet id., th xem no: -172.35.0.0/19

33

-172.35.32.0/19 -172.35.64.0/19 -172.35.96.0/19 -172.35.128.0/19 -172.35.160.0/19 -172.35.192.0/19 -172.35.224.0/19

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Ta c tng cng 8 subnet id, vi bc nhy l 32. - tnh a ch broadcast ca mt subnet id ta ly subnet id k tip gim 1. V d, tnh broadcast ca subnet id 172.35.64.0/19, ta ly subnet id k tip l 172.35.96.0/19 gim 1 == 172.35.95.255/19 y chnh l broadcast ca subnet id 172.35.64.0 - tnh s host trong mt subnet, ta m ton b s bit host cn li trong subnet v ly gi tr bit sau cng -2, Lu l khng phn bit octet. Nhc li, ta ly gi tr ca bit c m sau cng - 2 ta c s host trong subnet id c th xi. Trong v d subnet 172.35.64.0/19, ta nhn bit ton b s bit dng lm host cn li l 13. Ta m 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192, 13 bit ri, ok, s host trong mng s l 8192 -2 = 8190. V sao -2, v ta phi tr b a ch subnet id v broadcast. Hay n gin hn c th nhn thy l s host c th xi c trong dy: 172.35.64.1/19 ----> 172.35.95.254/19 V ng thi n cng lt gia 2 subnet id v broadcast. Lu : Phng php m t 2 khng c dng tnh tng s gi tr ca 1 octet chy t 0>255. Hay ni cch khc l khng c dng tnh tng gi tr ca 1 dy bit nh 10101101. tnh tng s gi tr ca dy trn ta phi m t 1, cng cc gi tr c bit 1 vi nhau. Ngoi ra, yu cu cc bn cn nh v thuc: 1xxxxxxx =128 11xxxxxx =192 111xxxxx =224 1111xxxx =240

34

11111xxx =248 111111xx =252 1111111x =254 11111111 =255 v 2^0 = 1 2^1 = 2 2^2 = 4 2^3 = 8 2^4 = 16 2^5 = 32 2^6 = 64 2^7 = 128 2^8 = 256

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Cc bn cng c th dng bn tay phi ghi nh cc gi tr trn , dng nhm nhanh subnet mask ca mng.

35

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Mn 1 bit : 128 Mn 2 bit : 192 Mn 3 bit : 224 Mn 4 bit : 240 Mn 5 bit : 248 Mn 6 bit : 252 Mn 7 bit : 254 Mn 8 bit : 255 V d : 10.10.0.0 /13 --mn 5 bit ---> S/M: 255.248.0.0 155.55.3.32 /28 -- mn 12 bit = 8 +4 ----> S/M: 255.255.255.240 Nu cc bn nhun nhuyn cch tnh ny, ti tin rng cc bn s tnh ton, chia subnet rt nhanh!!

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Subnet Masks

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Khi ta chia mt Network ra thnh nhiu Network nh hn, cc Network nh ny c gi l Subnet. Theo quy c, cc a ch IP c chia ra lm ba Class (lp) nh sau: Address Class Subnet mask trong dng nh phn Subnet mask Class A 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0 Class B 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0 Class C 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0 Subnet Mask ca Class A bng 255.0.0.0 c ngha rng ta dng 8 bits, tnh t tri qua phi (cc bits c set thnh 1), ca a ch IP phn bit cc NetworkID ca Class A. Trong khi , cc bits cn st li (trong trng hp Class A l 24 bits uc reset thnh 0) c dng biu din computers, gi l HostID. Nu bn cha quen cch dng s nh phn hy c qua bi H thng s nh phn. Subnetting Hy xt n mt a ch IP class B, 139.12.0.0, vi subnet mask l 255.255.0.0 (c th vit l: 139.12.0.0/16, y s 16 c ngha l 16 bits c dng cho NetworkID). Mt Network vi a ch th ny c th cha 65,534 nodes hay computers (65,534 = (2^16) 2 ) . y l mt con s qu ln, trn mng s c y broadcast traffic. Gi t chng ta chia ci Network ny ra lm bn Subnet. Cng vic s bao gm ba bc: 1) Xc nh ci Subnet mask 2) Lit k ID ca cc Subnet mi 3) Cho bit IP address range ca cc HostID trong mi Subnet Bc 1: Xc nh ci Subnet mask m cho n 4 trong h thng nh phn (cho 4 Subnet) ta cn 2 bits. Cng thc tng qut l: Y = 2^X m Y = con s Subnets (= 4) X = s bits cn thm (= 2) Do ci Subnet mask s cn 16 (bits trc y) +2 (bits mi) = 18 bits a ch IP mi s l 139.12.0.0/18 ( con s 18 thay v 16 nh trc y). Con s hosts ti a c trong mi Subnet s l: ((2^14) 2) = 16,382. V tng s cc hosts trong 4 Subnets l: 16382 * 4 = 65,528 hosts. Bc 2: Lit k ID ca cc Subnet mi Trong a ch IP mi (139.12.0.0/18) con s 18 ni n vic ta dng 18 bits, m t bn tri, ca 32 bit IP address biu din a ch IP ca mt Subnet. Subnet mask trong dng nh phn Subnet mask 11111111 11111111 11000000 00000000 255.255.192.0 Nh th NetworkID ca bn Subnets mi c l:

37

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP
Subnet Subnet ID trong dng nh phn Subnet ID 1 10001011.00001100.00000000.00000000 139.12.0.0/18 2 10001011.00001100.01000000.00000000 139.12.64.0/18 3 10001011.00001100.10000000.00000000 139.12.128.0/18 4 10001011.00001100.11000000.00000000 139.12.192.0/18 Bc 3: Cho bit IP address range ca cc HostID trong mi Subnet V Subnet ID dng ht 18 bits nn s bits cn li (32-18= 14) c dng cho HostID. Nh ci lut dng cho Host ID l tt c mi bits khng th u l 0 hay 1. Subnet HostID IP address trong dng nh phn HostID IP address Range 1 10001011.00001100.00000000.00000001 10001011.00001100.00111111.11111110 139.12.0.1/18 -139.12.63.254/18 2 10001011.00001100.01000000.00000001 10001011.00001100.01111111.11111110 139.12.64.1/18 -139.12.127.254/18 3 10001011.00001100.10000000.00000001 10001011.00001100.10111111.11111110 139.12.128.1/18 -139.12.191.254/18 4 10001011.00001100.11000000.00000001 10001011.00001100.11111111.11111110 139.12.192.0/18 139.12.255.254 Bn c thy trong mi Subnet, ci range ca HostID t con s nh nht (mu xanh) n con s ln nht u y ht nhau khng? By gi ta th t cho mnh mt bi tp vi cu hi: Bn c th dng Class B IP address cho mt mng gm 4000 computers c khng? Cu tr li l C. Ch cn lm mt bi ton nh. Gi t ci IP address l 192.168.1.1. Thay v bt u vi Subnet mask, trc ht chng ta tnh xem mnh cn bao nhiu bits cho 4000 hosts. Con s hosts ta c th c trong mt network c tnh bng cng thc: Y = (2^X 2) Nh ci lut dng cho Host ID l tt c mi bits khng th u l 0 hay 1. 4094 = (2^12 2) X = 12 , ta cn 12 bits cho HostIDs, do Subnet mask s chim 20 (=32-12) bits. Qu trnh tnh ton ni trn ny mang tn l Variable Length Subnet Mask(VLSM). Supernetting Gi t ta mng ca ta c 3 Subnets: Accounting: gm 200 hosts Finance : gm 400 hosts Marketing: gm 200 hosts Bn ha mng vi Internet v c Internet Service Provider (ISP) cho 4 Class C IP addresses

38

nh sau: 192.250.9.0/24 192.250.10.0/24 192.250.11.0/24 192.250.12.0/24 Bn c 3 segments v bn mun mi segment cha mt Network.

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

By gi bn lm sao? a ch IP trong Class C vi default subnet mask 24 cho ta con s Hosts ti a trong mi Network l [(2^X) 2] = (2^8) 2 = 254. Nh th segments Accounting v Marketing khng b tr ngi no c. Nhng ta thy Segment Finance cn thm 1 bit mi . Ta lm nh sau: Bc 1: Lit k Network IP addresses trong dng nh phn 192.250.9.0/24 11000000 11111010 00001001 00000000 (1) 192.250.10.0/24 11000000 11111010 00001010 00000000 (2) 192.250.11.0/24 11000000 11111010 00001011 00000000 (3) 192.250.12.0/24 11000000 11111010 00001100 00000000 (4) Bc 2: Nhn din network prefix notation 23 bits u (t tri qua phi) ca 2 network IP address (2) and (3) u ging nhau. Nu chng ta thu Subnet mask t 24 xung 23 cho (2) v (3) ta s c mt Subnet c th cung cp 508 hosts. IP address ca mi segment tr thnh: Accounting: gm 200 hosts: 192.250.9.0/24 Finance: gm 400 hosts: 192.250.10.0/23 Marketing: gm 200 hosts: 192.250.12.0/24 By gi IP address 192.250.11.0 tr thnh mt HostID tm thng trong Subnet 192.250.10.0/23. Qu trnh ta lm va qua bng cch bt s bits trong Subnet mask khi gom hai hay bn (v.v..) subnets li vi nhau tng con s HostID ti a trong mt Subnet, c gi l SUPERNETTING. Supernetting uc dng trong router b xung CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing v VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask). V lun lun nh rng trong internetwork, NETWORK ID phi l a ch c o (unique).

Phng php chia mng con (Subnet) theo VLSM

Qua qu trnh ging dy cc sinh vin, c bit mt s bn vn cn b ng vi cch chia a ch mng con theo VLSM, phng php ny s gip chng ta kim sot c s mng mi sinh ra, s mng dng, s mng d tha cn li, sau y ti s hng dn cc bn thc hin vic ny mt cch d dng bng v d minh ha. Trc ht, chng ta

39

phi hiu r cu trc ca a ch IP v4 v ngha ca mt s khi nim: v d cc lp a ch IP v4, Net_id, host_id, Subnet Mask, gii a ch kh dng, a ch mng, chia thnh tho, chng ta cn nm r mt s khi nim v cng thc sau y: - Bit, byte. - Khi nim v s nh phn, thp phn. - Php ton AND - Cc bin i t nh phn sang thp phn, t thp phn sang nh phn. - Cu trc a ch IP, gii hn ca cc lp IP - Khi nim v default mask, mask, subnet, subneting ....! - Cc a ch ring Lu : - a ch mng (subnet) : tt c cc bit dnh cho phn host bng 0 - a ch broadcast: tt c cc bit dnh cho phn host bng 1. - a ch u tin hp l: l a ch lin sau a ch mng (subnet) - a ch cui cng hp l: l a ch lin trc a ch broadcast => phi hiu r v phn bit khi nim n v m l g p dng cng thc cho ng Cng thc: + S subnet c to ra: 2^m (m: s bit mn ca phn Host ID) (Ch : ng l cng thc ny phi l 2^m 2 v phi loi tr i 2 mng u tin subnet zero v mng cui cng subnet broadcast, nhng vi cc dng Router hin nay ca Cisco h tr lnh Router(config)# ip subnet-zero do ta vn c th s dng 2 mng m khng phi loi tr b i) + S host / subnet: 2^n 2 (n: s bit cn li ca phn Host ID sau khi b mn m bit) + Subnet Mask mi = Subnet Mask c + m (l s bit va b mn) + a ch kh dng l cc a ch IP c th gn cho mi host, thit b (Lu : c nhiu cch hoc th thut tnh a ch mng con , nhng cch no cng phi da vo nn tng gc l s thay i cc bit mn sinh ra mng con mi, do tt nht chng ta nn tham kho theo phng php VLSM) V D MU 1: Cho gii a ch 172.35.0.0/16 , hy Subnet cp cho cc mng con : A: 320 host B: 115 host C: 80 host D: 30 host E: 2 host F: 2 host G: 2 host theo phng php VLSM? Hng dn gii mu: - Theo u bi cho a ch ban u l X: 172.35.0.0/16 => i ra h nh phn ta c: 10101100.00100011.00000000.00000000 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

40

(Phn gch chn chnh l phn bit host, vic chia t a ch trn thnh nhiu Subnet chnh l vic bin i hay gi l mn cc bit phn host_id chuyn thnh cc bit Net_id; Nhn vo s bit 1 ca a ch Subnet Mask ta s phn bit c danh gii: cc bit bn trn bit 1 chnh l Net_id, cc bit bn trn bit 0 l host_id) - B1: Theo VLSM th ta s phi chia X cho cc mng theo chiu gim dn, tc l chia cho mng c s host cao nht ri thp nht cui cng-> sp xp li ta c: +A: 320 +B:115 +C:80 +D:30 +E:2 +F:2 +G:2 - B2: +Thc hin chia X cho mng A u tin, p dng cng thc: 2^n - 2 320 => n=9 (chnh l s bit cn li cha b mn) => s bit mn l m= 32 (l tng s bit ca 1 a ch IP v4) 16 (s bit thuc phn Net_id ca a ch cho) 9 ( s bit cn li) = 7 => SM (Subnet Mask mi) = SM (Subnet Mask c) + m = 16 + 7 = 23 ( vit tt l /23) & s Subnet ( mng con ) c to ra l: 2^m = 27 = 128 vi SM thay i t /16 thnh /23 (cc bit trong khong ny ca X chuyn sang Octet th 3) nn ta c 101100.00100011.00000000.00000000 172.16. 0. 0 (bit mu en khng in m & b gch chn chnh l 7 bit va mn, vic sinh ra cc Subnet con chnh l da vo vic thay i v tr v gi tr t 0 thnh 1 ca nhng bit ny) Vy cc mng con c sinh ra t X l: Mng X1:10101100.00100011.00000000.00000000 -> 172.35.0.0/23 Mng X2:10101100.00100011.00000010.00000000 -> 172.35.2.0/23 Mng X3:10101100.00100011.00000100.00000000 -> 172.35.4.0/23 vn vn . Mng X127: 10101100.00100011.11111100.00000000 -> 172.35.252.0/23 Mng X128: 10101100.00100011.11111110.00000000 -> 172.35.254.0/23 (ch , ta thy ch cn tnh n mng th 3 tr i l ta c th tm c bc nhy gia 2 mng lin k l 2: ly octet tng ng ca mng sau tr octet mng trc) => ly mng con u tin X1: 172.35.0.0/23 cp cho mng A: 320 host + Tip theo, ly mng X2 (l a ch mng ln nht tip theo) chia cho mng B:115 host. Tng t trn, theo cng thc: 2^n - 2 115 => n=7 => m = 32-23-7 = 2 => SM (Subnet Mask mi) = SM (Subnet Mask c) + m = 23 +2 = 25 ( vit tt l /25) & s Subnet ( mng con ) c to ra l: 2m = 22 = 4 vi SM thay i t /23 thnh /25 (cc bit trong khong ny ca X2 lin quan n c Octet 3 v Octet th 4) nn ta c cc mng con mi sinh ra t X2: Mng X21:10101100.00100011.00000010.00000000 -> 172.35.2.0/25 Mng X22:10101100.00100011.00000010.10000000 -> 172.35.2.128/25 Mng X23:10101100.00100011.00000011.00000000 -> 172.35.3.0/25 Mng X24:10101100.00100011.00000011.10000000 -> 172.35.3.128/25 => ly mng X21: 172.35.2.0/25 cp cho mng B: 115 host + Tip theo, ta s dng mng con X22: 172.35.2.128/25 chia cho mng C: 80 host

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

41

Tng t trn, theo cng thc: 2^n - 2 80 => n=7 => m = 32-25-7 = 0 (Va p, khi gi tr m=0 iu ny chng t l mng ang chia ch c th cp va hoc tha mt s IP cho mng c s host ang yu cu, y l 115 host- ch : khi s dng VLSM th m s khng bao gi nhn gi tr m) => cp lun X22 cho mng C: 80 host + Lc ny cn phi dng n gii a ch X23 chia cho mng D: 30 host Tng t trn, theo cng thc: 2^n - 2 30 => n=5 => m = 32-25-5 = 2 => SM (Subnet Mask mi) = SM (Subnet Mask c) + m = 25 +2 = 27 ( vit tt l /27) & s Subnet ( mng con ) c to ra l: 2m = 22 = 4 vi SM thay i t /25 thnh /27 (cc bit trong khong ny ca X23 lin quan n Octet th 4) nn ta c cc mng con mi sinh ra t X23: Mng X231:10101100.00100011.00000011.00000000 -> 172.35.3.0/27 Mng X232:10101100.00100011.00000011.00100000 -> 172.35.3.32/27 Mng X233:10101100.00100011.00000011.01000000 -> 172.35.3.64/27 Mng X234:10101100.00100011.00000011.01100000 -> 172.35.3.96/27 => ly X231: 172.35.3.0/27 cp cho mng D: 30 host + Ly X232 chia cho cc mng E: 2 host, F: 2 host, G: 2 host Tng t trn, theo cng thc: 2^n - 2 2 => n=2 => m = 32-27-2 = 3 => SM (Subnet Mask mi) = SM (Subnet Mask c) + m = 27 +3 = 30 ( vit tt l /30) & s Subnet ( mng con ) c to ra l: 2^m = 23 = 8 vi SM thay i t /27 thnh /30 (cc bit trong khong ny ca X232 lin quan n Octet th 4) nn ta c cc mng con mi sinh ra t X232 l: Mng X2321:10101100.00100011.00000011.00100000 -> 172.35.3.32/30 Mng X2322:10101100.00100011.00000011.00100100 -> 172.35.3.36/30 Mng X2323:10101100.00100011.00000011.00101000 -> 172.35.3.40/30 vn vn . Mng X2327:10101100.00100011.00000011.00111000 -> 172.35.3.56/30 Mng X2328:10101100.00100011.00000011.00111100 -> 172.35.3.60/30 => ly mng Mng X2321: 172.35.3.32/30 cp cho mng E: 2 host => ly mng Mng X2322: 172.35.3.36/30 cp cho mng F: 2 host => ly mng Mng X2323: 172.35.3.40/30 cp cho mng G: 2 host KT LUN - Sau khi cp cc a ch mng con cho cc mng A, B, C, D, E, F, G s cn d cc mng cha c s dng ( ginh khi cn ta c th s dng cp pht hoc chia nh tip). Phng php VLSM ny s gip ta kim sot c phn a ch d tha cha c s dng. (C th vo kim tra xem kt qu c trng, ng hay khng) Xong ri !!!

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Bi tp chia mng con

42

C nhiu bn s mn Mng my tnh, nht l chia mng con. V th mnh s gip cc bn lm sao lm tt bi tp chia mng con, cng nh l cch chia mng con nhanh nht cc bn khng cn phi s n na. I/ Mt cht thng tin cn bit: A a ch IP Hin nay hu ht chng ta ang xi a ch IPv4 (IP version 4) v n sp ht. Cu trc ca mt a ch IPv4 c 32 bit (4bytes) chia lm 4 octec. N s c dng: xxxxxxxx.yyyyyyyy.zzzzzzzz.tttttttt (vi x y z t l bit 0 hoc 1). d dng hn trong vic hiu, ng ta thng c di dng s thp phn VD 192.168.4.2 thay v 11000000.10101000.00000100.00000010. a ch IP gm c 2 phn. Phn Net ID v Host ID. Chng ta ch quan tm n a ch lp A,B,C a ch mc nh lp A c octec u tin lm NET ID, 3 octet cn li lm Host ID a ch mc nh lp B c 2 octec u tin lm NET ID, 2 octet cn li lm Host ID a ch mc nh lp C c 3 octec u tin lm NET ID, 1 octet cn li lm Host ID Cch nhn bit a ch no thuc Lp A, lp B, hay lp C, ta da vo Octet u tin Gi s a ch IP c dng x.y.z.t Nu x t 1 n 126 -> a ch lp A Nu x t 128 n 191 -> da ch lp B Nu x t 192 -> 224 -> a ch lp C Ring 127.0.0.1 l a ch loop back. a ch ny chnh l a ch i din chi my chng ta (Vo menu Run g ping 127.0.0.1 th bit lin) B- Subnet Mask. C nhiu bn vn kh hnh dung c subnet mask l ci g. Theo mnh th Subnet Mask (mt n mng) l mt chui 32bit tng t nh a ch IP, c iu n gip cho my tnh bit, phn no l Net ID, phn no l Host ID bng cch bt cc bit Phn Net ID ln 1, v cc bit phn Host ID l 0. V d ta c m t a ch mng l 10.0.0.0 Khi ta c th bit c mng ny thuc lp A (Octec u tin < 126). Subnet Mask ca mng s l 255.0.0.0 (tc l 11111111.00000000.00000000.0000000)

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Khi vo su hn bi tp mnh s ni k hn v Subnet mask. Tm li cc bn c hiu Subnet Mask nh mt ci mt n, ch no cc bn che i (Bt bit 1 ln) th ch l Net ID, ch no cc bn khng che (Bt bit 0 ln) th ch l Host ID II/ Bi tp

43

1. Trong a ch IP, c 5 lp A, B, C, D, E. Lp B l lp c dy a ch: a. 192.0.0.0 ti 223.255.255.255 b. 240.0.0.0 ti 255.255.255.255 c. 128.0.0.0 ti 191.255.255.255 d. 224.0.0.0 ti 239.255.255.255 Lp B l lp m octet u tin nm khong t 128 n 191. Vy dy a ch ca lp ny s l p n C

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

2. Byte u tin ca mt a ch IP c dng: 11011011. Vy n thuc lp no: a. Lp A b. Lp B c. Lp C d. Lp D cc bn c th i nh phn sang thp phn bit n l lp my. Ring mnh th mnh da vo cc bit Octet u tin 0 l lp A, 10 l lp B, 110 l lp C, 1110 l lp D. 3 Subnet Mask no sau y l hp l: a. 0.255.255.255 b. 0.0.0.255 c. 255.0.0.255 d. 255.255.255.0 Subnet mask th cc bit 1 lun ng trc cc bit 0 => Cu ng l cu D

NAT v PAT
Network Address Translation: NAT l k thut thay i cc a ch mng (Network Address) trong mt gi tin (packet) gy nh hng trong qu trnh nh hng i ca packet cho mt mc ch c th. a ch mng y mun ni n a ch IP WAN (Internet Protocol) layer 3, ngoi ra cn c th thay i s port layer 4 theo m hnh phn lp OSI. Bn cnh a ch mng cn c phn bit a ch ngun (source) v a ch ch (destination). Ty theo mc ch dng NAT m ta thay i mt s hoc tt c cc loi a ch trn, trn cng mt packet. y l loi hnh NAT ph bin nht, ta cn hay gi l Des NAT, hay NAT Inbound. NAT theo kiu ny ch thay i a ch IP ch ca gi tin m khng ng n cc thnh phn khc. y cng l kiu c s dng mc nh trong cc ROUTER ( thit b nh tuyn ni chung ) theo cch sau: Khi client gi packet request i ti ROUTER, i s c dest IP l Virtual IP ca ROUTER (141.149.65.3), source IP l IP ca client (188.1.1.10). Do ROUTER i din cho tt c nhng server thc ng sau, nn IP ca ROUTER cng l a ch i din, client s ch lin h vi ROUTER m khng bit c a ch tht ca cc server l g ( trc khi bit VIP ca router n phi nh DNS server dch t tn min sang a ch IP ). a ch IP i din ca ROUTER cn l a ch IP o (Virtual IP - VIP) ROUTER s gi repquest i n server x l nn n thc hin thay dest IP trong i thnh IP ca server (10.10.10.20), source IP vn gi nguyn (188.1.1.10). Thao tc ny gi l Destination NAT ( dch chuyn IP ch ). Nh c dest IP l IP ca server nn request i s c nh tuyn tip n server x l.

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 Khi server tr li, packet reply s i qua li ROUTER. Ti y packet c un-NAT, ngha l thay li a ch IP ca server (lc ny tr thnh source IP) bng VIP ca ROUTER. Reverse NAT Trong c ch ca ROUTER, cc server tht ch c cp a ch IP private (v nhiu l do, trong c s hn ch v s lng IP public v tnh bo mt, ngoi tr mt s trng hp c bit cho server kt ni thng IP public), ngha l khng th i ra Internet c. ROUTER c publish ra Internet nhn request cho cc server bn trong, nn n thng c mt, hoc nhiu a ch IP public cc client kt ni t bn ngoi vo, v a ch ny cng l VIP. Khi client mun s dng dch v ca server bn trong, ROUTER thc hin vic chuyn i a ch dest IP t public sang private n c server, l kiu NAT ta xt trn. Trong trng hp ngc li, khi server bn trong mun khi to kt ni vi bn ngoi Internet, ROUTER phi thc hin vic chuyn a ch source IP ca packet i ra t private sang public c th lu thng trn Internet. Do cch hot ng nh vy nn kiu NAT ny cn c gi l SourceNAT, hay NAT outbound.

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Port-Address Translation (PAT) Hai trng hp trn ta xem xt hai kiu thay i a ch IP, trng hp th ba ny cn c gi l NAT port, ngha l s port TCP/UDP trong packet s b thay i ( y ta khng xt n cc protocol khc cng c dng port). PAT cng l mt phn tt yu trong cc chc nng

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chnh ca ROUTER. Cch hot ng ca n cng rt n gin: Khi ta lin kt (bind) port 80 ca VIP trn ROUTER n port 1000 trn server tht, load balancer s thc hin vic chuyn i v y ton b yu cu port 80 (dest port) n port 1000 trn server. Nhng li ch khi ta thc hin PAT: - Bo mt l ch li u tin m ta thy ngay. Bng cch khng m nhng cng mc nh trn server, ta c th gy kh khn hn cho vic tn cng c . Chng hn, ta c th chy mt Web server trn port 4000, v lin kt port 80 ca VIP trn ROUTER n port 4000 ca server tht. Lc by gi, k tn cng khng th khai thc trc tip ln port 80 ca server tht c, v n khng c m. - Kh nng co dn (scalability) PAT cho php ta chy cng mt ng dng trn nhiu port. Ty theo cch thit k ng dng, c th vic chy nhiu bn sao ca n s lm tng hiu sut phc v ln. Chng hn ta c th chy my ch web IIS trn cc port 80, 81, 82 ca mi server tht. Sau ch cn lin kt port 80 ca VIP vi mi port chy IIS ca server tht. Load balancer s phn b lu thng khng ch cho cc server m cn gia cc port trn tng server. - Kh nng qun tr (manageability) chng hn khi host nhiu website trn mt b cc server tht, ta c th ch cn dng mt VIP i din cho tt c cc domain ca cc website. Lc ny ROUTER s nhn tt c cc request n port 80 cng mt VIP. Web server ca ta c th chy mi domain trn mt port khc nhau, chng hn www.abc.com trn port 81, www.xyz.com trn port 82. ROUTER c th gi lu thng n port ph hp da trn domain trong URL ca mi HTTP request.

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

Full NAT Nh vy ta xt k thut NAT thay i ln lt a ch ch, a ch ngun, ri thay i port khi nh tuyn. Mi s thay i l mt loi hnh NAT c ng dng trong tng trng hp ring. Kt hp cc kiu thay i ny li, ta c mt kiu NAT khc phc tp hn l Full NAT. Kiu NAT ny c tn gi nh vy v n bao gm cc thay i sau y trn gi tin request: a ch IP ngun (source IP) a ch IP ch (dest IP) Port ngun (source port) Lu source port y l port ca client, cn dest port l port c request trn server, chng hn port 80 v d trn. Kiu NAT ny khc vi nhng kiu NAT trn ch, packet t server reply c th b qua ROUTER m i thng n client ngoi Internet. Vn ch a ch IP ca server vn l private IP, do ng nhin packet reply mang a ch source l IP ni b s chng bao gi n c client. Vy th bng cch no buc server phi tr li thng qua ROUTER c NAT a ch IP i ra Internet? Cch n gin nht l ta c th khai bo cho ROUTER l default gateway ca cc server. Nhng cch ny yu cu ROUTER phi cng subnet vi cc server (cng Layer 2 broadcast domain). Nu khng th nm cng subnet th sao? y l ch Full NAT khc bit FULL NAT c s dng.

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Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP
Khi c thit lp thc hin Full NAT, ROUTER s thay source IP ca tt c cc request packet bng mt a ch c khai bo trn ROUTER, xem nh l source IP, ri thay dest IP (lc ny ang l VIP) thnh IP ca server (10.10.10.20), trc khi gi n server . Source IP ny c th ging hoc khc VIP, ty vo tng sn phm ROUTER. Nh vy tng t nh proxy, lc ny server tht s xem ROUTER nh l client yu cu mnh, v khng quan tm n client thc s na. V th server s reply li cho ROUTER v ROUTER s i li dest IP thnh IP ca client thc s (188.1.1.100) gi i. Nh vy source port c thay i ch no? Mi ln thay i mt source IP ca client thnh source IP ca ROUTER, gi l mt session, th ROUTER thc hin lu li nhng thng tin ca client trong session bng cch i source port trong cng packet (lc ny ang l source port ca client). Source port lc ny c ngha nh l mt session ID khng hn khng km. Khi server reply v cho ROUTER, source port cng c gi tr v theo packet reply. Da vo source port ny, ROUTER xc nh c session ca client trong bng lu thay li source IP, source port ca client nh c. u im ca kiu NAT ny l cho php bn thc hin vic thay i a ch thng qua ROUTER trn mi topology mng. Nhc im l khng ly c cc thng tin v IP, port t pha client. Nhng ng dng nh Web c s dng thng tin t source IP ca client th khng nn dng m hnh ny. a s cc sn phm ROUTER u cung cp chc nng log v report source IP ca cc request. Enhanced NAT Nhng k thut NAT va trnh by trn u xoay quanh vic thay i a ch IP, cng nh port trong packet header. Tuy nhin c nhng protocol c bit cha thng tin a ch hay port nhng trong packet payload, cng cn phi c thay i cng vi packet header. iu ny i hi ROUTER phi hiu bit theo tng protocol c th. Khi nim enhanced NAT ni n kiu NAT phc tp c thc hin vi nhng hiu bit theo tng protocol c th lm cho nhng protocol hot ng c vi vic nh tuyn gi tin. Trong s cc protocol c bit , thng dng nht l cc protocol streaming media (v d RTSP - Real Time Streaming Protocol). y cng l cc protocol s dng cn bng ti ph bin nht, v chng cc k ngn ti nguyn mng v tnh ton khi phi phc v ng thi cho hng trm n hng ngn ngi s dng. Cc protocol streaming thng gm c hai kt ni, mt kt ni iu khin xy dng trn TCP v mt kt ni d liu da trn UDP. khi u, client khi to mt knh iu khin n mt well-known port trn server. Client v server s tho thun cc iu khon cho knh iu khin. S tho thun gm c IP ca server v s port ca server m client s gi d liu n trn kt ni d liu.

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Nu cc server c a ch IP private, ROUTER s thc hin Destination NAT cho kt ni iu khin. Nhng ng thi ROUTER cng phi xem cc thng tin tho thun v thay i mi thng tin v a ch IP hay port m server v client trao i sao cho client s gi d liu n VIP public ch khng phi IP private ca server (nhng thng tin ny nm trong payload ca packet). Hn na, dest port c chn trong qu trnh tho thun li khng bit trc c nn phi x l request ngay c khi port cha c lin kt n bt k server no. Tuy nhin, nhiu doanh nghip li c nhng chnh sch bo mt trn tng la lm cho nhng kt ni d liu trn nn tng UDP c th khng thnh cng. Do nhiu h thng streaming media cho php stream trn nn HTTP, ngha l ton b dng d liu s c gi i bng kt ni c thit lp bi giao tip HTTP. iu ny lm cho vic NAT tr nn nh nhng hn. Direct Server Return (DSR) Xt li 2 kiu NAT trn, ta xem hai cch x l cng vi cc u nhc im ca chng l gn default gateway hay dng k thut Full NAT p cc reply ca server khng phi i qua ROUTER. Nhng trng hp ta mun server tr li trc tip cho client m khng thng qua ROUTER th sao? y khng phi l cu hi v l, v trong trng hp nng lc x l ca ROUTER b gii hn, th vic tch dng lu thng reply i trc tip m khng qua ROUTER s gip ROUTER tp trung vo x l cc lu thng request hiu qu hn, trnh tc nghn, nng cao hiu sut. Nhng vi a ch IP private, cc server lm sao tr li trc tip qua Internet n client c? Ch vi mt cht ph php xoay quanh cc a ch IP l vn s c gii quyt: khi c thit lp thc hin DSR, ROUTER khng chuyn dest IP thnh IP ca server m vn gi nguyn l VIP (public IP). ROUTER ch i dest MAC thnh MAC ca server packet c th n c server. Nh vy gii hn ca DSR l ROUTER v cc server phi nm cng subnet. Vn cn li l lm sao khi server nhn request packet t ROUTER chuyn n s khng t chi, v dest IP khng phi l IP ca server, m l VIP! Mt cch n gin, ta cu hnh VIP l a ch ca loopback interface trn mi server. ROUTER dng cch ny v li dng nhng tnh cht th v sau y ca loopback interface: C th gn bt k a ch IP no, khng bt buc phi bt u bng 127. V loopback interface khng phi l mt thit b tht, n khng c a ch MAC, nn h thng s khng tr li cho cc request ARP. Do s khng c h thng bn ngoi no bit c a ch IP ca loop back interface. Tuy nhin, h thng vn nhn request n IP ca loop back interface v tr li nh l cc interface khc. Ta c th thit lp mt a ch IP public cho loop back interface trn Linux nh sau: ifconfig lo 141.149.65.3 netmask 255.255.255.0 up. Nh vy, bng mt cht th thut vi cc a ch, server tht khng cn a ch IP public vn c th nhn request v tr li trc tip cho client. DSR rt hu ch cho nhng ng dng tn bng thng nh FTP, streaming media, khi m kch

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

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thc packet reply l rt ln so vi kch thc packet request. K thut ny cng c ng dng cho nhng protocol i hi phc tp khi thc hin NAT hay khng c ROUTER h tr. Chng hn nhng giao thc streaming media nh trong phn Enhanced NAT c cp, th ta c th dng DSR thay v NAT. Ngi ta cng cn nhc DSR khi trin khai trn m hnh mng, khi m lu thng reply t server khng m bo l s i ng ch. Kt lun NAT trong ROUTER rt a dng, ty thuc vo tng tnh hung m ta p dng. Cng i su, ta cng thy ci hay trong vic x l thng tin ca cc packet, nhng i tng lun l gii quyt cc vn vt l th v nh th no. Nm vng cc k thut NAT gip ta c th trin khai cc h thng nh tuyn, cn bng ti mt cch an ton v hiu qu nht Ngun: Knh gii php VN

Ti liu tng hp v a ch IP

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