You are on page 1of 70

Vlad Georgian Mezei

Unit 1
Text 1

History of sports. Sports and Society

The development of sport throughout history can teach us a great deal about social changes, and about the nature of sport itself. There are many modern discoveries in France, Africa and Australia of cave art (e.g. Lascaux) from prehistory which provide evidence of ritual ceremonial behaviour. Some of these sources date from over 30,000 years ago, as established by carbon dating. Although there is scant direct evidence of sport from these sources, it is reasonable to extrapolate that there was some activity at these times resembling sport. There are artifacts and structures which suggest that Chinese people engaged in activities which meet our definition of sport as early as 4000 BC. Gymnastics appears to have been a popular sport in China's past. Monuments to the Pharaohs indicate that a range of sports were well developed and regulated several thousands of years ago, including swimming and fishing. Other sports included javelin throwing, high jump and wrestling. Ancient Persian sports such as the traditional Iranian martial art of Zurkhaneh had a close connection to the warfare skills. Among other sports which originate in Persia are Polo and jousting. A wide range of sports were already established at the time of the Ancient Greece. Wrestling, running, boxing, javelin, discus throwing, and chariot racing were prevalent. This suggests that the military culture of Greece was an influence on the development of its sports and vice versa. The Olympic Games were held every four years in Ancient Greece, at a small village in Pelopponisos called Olympia. Sport has been increasingly organised and regulated from the time of the Ancient Olympics up to the present century. Activities necessary for food and survival became regulated activities done for pleasure or competition on an increasing scale, e.g. hunting, fishing, horticulture. The Industrial Revolution and mass production brought increased leisure which allowed increases in spectator sports, less elitism in sports, and greater accessibility. These trends continued with the advent of mass media and global communication. Professionalism became prevalent, further adding to the increase in sport's popularity. (retrieved from www.wikipedia.org) Text 2 The origin of the ancient Olympic Games has been lost, although there are many legends surrounding its origins. One of these legends associates the first Games with the ancient Greek concept of ekeicheiria or Olympic Truce. The first recorded celebration of the Games in Olympia was in 776 BC, although this was certainly not the first time they were held. The Games were then mostly a local affair, and only one event was contested, the stadion race. From that moment on, the Games slowly became more important throughout ancient Greece, reaching their zenith in the sixth and fifth centuries BC. The Olympics were of fundamental religious importance, contests alternating with sacrifices and ceremonies honouring both Zeus (whose colossal statue stood at Olympia), and Pelops, divine hero and mythical king of Olympia famous for his legendary chariot race, in whose honor the games were held. The number of events increased to twenty, and the celebration was spread over several days. Winners of the events were broadly admired and were immortalised in poems and statues. The Games were held every four years, and the period between two celebrations became known as an Olympiad. The Greeks used Olympiads as one of their methods to count years. The most famous Olympic athlete lived in these times: The sixth century BC wrestler Milo of Croton is the only athlete in history to win a victory in six Olympics.

The Games gradually lost in importance as the Romans gained power in Greece. When Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, the Olympic Games were seen as a "pagan" festival threatening Christian hegemony, and in 393 the emperor Theodosius outlawed the Olympics, ending a thousand year period of Olympic Games. During the ancient times normally only young men competed. Performers were usually naked, not only as the weather was appropriate but also as the festival was meant to be, in part, a celebration of the achievements of the human body. Upon winning the games, the victor would get not only the prestige of being in first place but also a crown of olive leaves. During competition for some of the events, many of the participants would use oils to keep their skin smooth, as well as provide an appealing luster to anyone who saw them.(retrieved from www.wikipedia.org) Text 3 One way of thinking about sports place in society involves setting up a model identifying the main features of sport in the traditional or preindustrial world and placing it alongside one of modern or industrial society. Sport in the former is characterised by its periodic, unorganised and essentially local nature. There is no generally accepted way of playing nor any widely agreed set of rules. No controlling organisations exist. Sport is not a separate activity pursued for its own sake but closely bound up with the hierarchy, ritual and symbols of the wider social life. Sport in particular, in what was largely an agrarian society, was governed by the religious and seasonal rhythms of that society. It usually took place on the festivals associated with those rhythms. Sport in modern society, on the other hand, is almost everything which sport in earlier times was not. It is highly organised, structured and regulated. A regular programme of fixtures exists at every level of activity, local, regional, national, even international. Sport at the highest level is specialised, bureaucratised, and increasingly commercialised. The goal of the athlete, who for a period of his life does nothing else but prepare for and compete in his or her chosen sport, is victory. Sport has taken on an important role in education, the promotion of health and the making of profits. Sporting performance has contributed to the status of individuals, towns, institutions and countries. What had happened to sport in the change from agrarian to industrial society reflected those societal changes. A backward-looking, traditional, customary way of life had been replaced by a new order based on reason, individual striving and achievement. The transition from traditional to modern sport, so the argument goes, was one of the cultural expressions of a new scientific view of the world. (extracted from Sport in Britain, A Social History, Tony Mason)

READING COMPREHENSION I. Read the texts quickly and choose a title for each one of them: A. Sports and society B. History of sport C. The Ancient Olympic Games

II. Read the texts 1 and 2 carefully and choose the correct answer: Text 1 1. In which of the following countries javelin throwing was a well-known sport during ancient times? A. Persia, B. China, C. Egypt 2. Which of the following sports is not an Olympic sport nowadays? A. boxing B. running C. chariot racing 3. How does text 1 characterize the relationship between sports and the ancient Greek military culture? A. There was no connection between the two. B. They influenced each other. C. The military culture totally controlled the development of sports in ancient Greece. 4. Which of the following sports originates from activities pursued for survival? A. football B. shooting C. basketball Text 2 5. When were the ancient Olympic Games held for the first time? A. in 776 BC B. before 776 BC C. after 776 BC 6. What period of time is considered to have been the acme of the ancient Olympic Games? A. between the 6th and the 5th centuries BC B. between the 3rd and the 2nd centuries BC C. between the 1st and the 2nd centuries BC 7. What caused the end of the ancient Olympic Games? A. the rise of Christianity B. lack of financial funds C. the Greeks lost their interest in watching the games 8. When were the ancient Olympic Games declared illegal? A. in the 3rd century BC B. in the 3rd century AD C. in the 4th century AD 9. Besides honouring Zeus and Pelops the ancient Olympic Games represented: A. an opportunity to kill people in a fight without being punished. B. an opportunity to celebrate the beauty of the human body. C. an opportunity to warship the god of war. III. In the table below provide as many characteristics of sport as you can find in text 3: Sport in the traditional world Sport in the modern society

IV. Choose the variant that best reflects the meaning of the following words in the texts (look for the words written in bold): Text 1 1. scant means: A. sufficient, B. amazing, C. insufficient 2. leisure means: A. time spent in or free for relaxation or enjoyment, B. show business, C. TV programme 3. advent means: A. development, B. decadence, C. degeneracy Text 2 4. truce means: A. truth, B. an agreement between enemies to stop fighting for a certain time, C. competition 5. broadly means: A. scarcely, B. slightly, C. widely 6. to outlaw means: A. to ban, B. to permit, C. to implement 7. smooth means: A. soft, B. moist, C. soaked Text 3 8. to set up means: A. to create, B. to analyze, C. to describe 9. bound up with means: A. separated from, B. connected with, C. established by 10. fixture means A. repair, B. a sporting event which takes place on a particular date, C. a piece of equipment or furniture which is fixed on a position in a building or a vehicle VOCABULARY 1. Write the names of the sports illustrated in the first column of the table below, then put + where appropriate: SPORTS TEAM INDIVIDUAL COMBATIVE INDOOR OUTDOOR

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

2. Complete the following sentences with the words or phrases from the list below. captain, pitch, goal, referee, coach, footballer, kick-off, score, draw, fouls, league, soccer, fair, free kick, opponents 1. What Europeans call football, Americans call .. . 2. The instructor of the team is the .. . 3. When you play in a football team you are a .. . 4. The games take place on a .. . 5. The leader of the team is the .. . 6. The man in the .. is the goal-keeper. 7. The beginning of the match is the .. . 8. During the match each team tries to .. as many goals as possible. 9. When the teams have scored the same number of goals we say its a .. . 10. The players of the other team are the .. . 11. The man who enforces the rules during the game is the .. . 12. Playing correctly is called .. play. 13. Unfair moves are called .. . 14. When a player brakes the rules the other team may get a .. . 15. A federation of football clubs is called a football .. . 3. Look at the groups of four words below. Try to decide in which sport all four words would be used. Then try to add a word of your own to each group. In one or two cases, more than one sport may be associated with the four items. 1. table, net, racket, backhand, 2. court, baseline, serve, volley, 3. pool, butterfly, breaststroke, turn, 4. foil, epe, saber, hit, 5. course, hole, flag, clubs, 6. reins, fence, whip, winning post, 7. bow, arrow, target, bull, 8. boat, rope, ramp, tricks, 9. mat, horse, bars, beam, 10. table, pocket, cue, red, 11. track, pedals, handlebars, lap, 12. corner, goal-kick, striker, goalkeeper, 13. ring, ropes, corner, bell, 14. board, square, pawns, queen, 15. racket, shuttlecock, smash, lob, 16. rink, puck, stick, goal. 4. Match the clothes and accessories with the sportsmen/women you would expect to find wearing them. 1. helmet, thigh and shoulder pads, boots a. fencer 2. cap, goggles, trunks b. sprinter 3. shorts, gloves, gumshield c. boxer 4. shorts, vest, spikes d. American footballer 5. mask, breastplate, gym shoes e. swimmer

5. Read the following list of sports and create a crossword puzzle. It will contain five words across and five words down. Athletics Track and field athletics.

Jumping: Triple jump, Long jump, High jump, Pole vault Running: Sprints, Middle distance, Long distance, Relay races, Hurdling, Steeplechase Throwing: Discus, Hammer throw, Horseshoe, Javelin, Atlatl, Shot put Walking

Animal sports Sports in which animals play a role.


Bullfighting Camel racing Cockfighting Pigeon sport Equestrianism: Quarterhorse racing, Steeplechase, Equestrianism, Thoroughbred racing Harness racing, Polo, Buzkashi

Combat sports: Aikido, Ba Gua, Boxing, Brazilian jiu jitsu, Capoeira, Fencing, Hapkido, Iaido, Judo, Ju-jitsu, Karate, Kempo, Kendo, Kung-fu, Mixed martial arts,Muay Thai, Naginata-do, Pencak Silat, Sambo, Sumo, Taekwondo, Tai Chi Chuan, Tang Soo Do, Wing Chun, Wrestling, Wushu, Yal Gre Cycling: Bicycle polo, BMX racing, Cycloball, Cyclocross, Mountain bicycling, Mountain unicycling, Road bicycle racing, Track cycling, Triathlon, Unicycle trials Extreme Sports: Adventure racing, Base jumping, Bodyboarding, Bungee jumping, Kite Surfing, Indoor Surfing, Motocross, Paragliding, Parkour, Rock climbing, Skateboarding, Snowboarding, Wakeboarding, Surfing Gymnastics Gymnastic sports: Artistic gymnastics, Rhythmic gymnastics, Sports acrobatics, Sports aerobics, Trampolining Motorised sports Sports based on motorised transportation, also not really considered "sports" by the majority of people: Air Racing, Auto racing, Karting, Motorboat racing, Motorcycle racing Sports not in any of the other categories: American handball, Children playground sport, Combat robot, Dance sport, Disabled sports, Fives, Foosball, Footbag (hacky sack), Haggis Hurling, Jai-Alai, Keysport (La Llave), Modern pentathlon, Ringo, Tetherball, Triathlon

Outdoor sports Sports not based on a specific field: Aerobatics, Aeromodelling, Ballooning, Caving, Casting, Canyoning, Fell running, Flying disc, Geocaching, Gliding, Hang gliding, Mountaineering, Orienteering, Parachuting, Paragliding, Scuba diving, Skydiving, Sled-dog sports, Sport fishing, Surfing, Zorbing Power sports Sports mainly based on sheer power: Bodybuilding, Dwarf throwing, Powerlifting, Tug of war, Weightlifting, Zurkhaneh Racket sports Sports where players use rackets to hit a ball or other object:Badminton, Ball Badminton, Paddleball, Pington, Racquetball, Racquets, Racketlon, Real tennis, Soft tennis, Squash, Squash tennis, Stick, Table Tennis, Tennis, Tennis Polo, Xare Skating Sports in which skates are used: Artistic roller skating, Figure skating, Ice hockey, Inline speed skating, Rink hockey, Roller derby, Roller hockey, Roller skating, Inline skating, Roller speed skating, Short track speed skating, Speed skating, Synchronized skating Skiing / Snowsports Sports in which skis or snowboards are used: Alpine skiing (also known as Downhill skiing), Backcountry skiing (also known as Off Piste skiing), Biathlon, Cross country skiing (together with ski jumping and nordic combined also known as Nordic skiing), Firngleiten, Freestyle skiing, Grass skiing, Nordic combined, Roller skiing,Skibob, Ski flying, Skijoring, Ski jumping, Ski touring, Speed skiing, Telemark skiing, Snowboarding, Freestyle snowboarding, Extreme snowboarding Sleighing Sports that use sleighs: Bobsleigh, Land luge (also known as street luge and road luge), Luge, Skeleton, Wok Racing Sports Entertainment: Professional Wrestling Target sports Sports where the main objective is to hit a certain target: Archery, Kyudo, Atlatl, Billiard Sports, Billiards, Bar billiards, Carambole billiard, Pool, Snooker, Trick Shot Snooker, Bocce, Boccia, Bowling, Croquet, Curling, Darts, Golf, Disc golf, Speed golf, Golfcross, Horseshoe throwing, Laser Tag, Lawn bowls, Marbles, Pall mall, Pelota, Petanque, Shooting, Skittles, Trugo Team sports Sports that involve teams: Airsoft, American football, Australian rules football, Bandy, Baseball, Basketball, Beach Handball, Beach Soccer, Beach Rugby, Basque pelota, Broomball, Camogie, Canadian football, Canoe Polo, Cricket, Curling, Danball, Eton Wall Game, Faustball, Fistball, Floorball, Football (soccer), Futsal, Gaelic football, Goalball, Handball, Hit the Green

Thing, Field Hockey, Hornusser, Hurling, Ice Hockey, Kabaddi, Kickball, Korfball, Lacrosse, Mesoamerican ballgame, Netball, Paintball, Petanque, Polo, Roller Hockey, Rounders, Royal Shrovetide Football, Rugby League, Rugby Union, Scuffleball, Sepak Takraw, Shinty, Skittles, Softball, Speedball, Takraw, Tennis Polo, Tchoukball, Throwball, Ultimate, sometimes called "Ultimate Frisbee", Volleyball, Water polo Mind sports Sports that require little or no physical abilities: Bridge, Chess, Checkers (draughts), Poker, Go, Scrabble, Shogi, Dominoes Water sports: Swimming, Triathlon is usually a combination of swimming, cycling and running, Modern pentathlon includes epee fencing, pistol shooting, swimming, a show jumping course on horseback, and a cross-country run, Rescue swimming is swimming with the goal to rescue other swimmers or the practice thereof, Surf lifesaving is a competitive sport which evolved from the training activities of lifeguards at Australian surf beaches, Water polo is a team ball sport played in water, Synchronized swimming is a hybrid of swimming, gymnastics, and ballet, Fin swimming is swimming with fins, Water aerobics is aerobics in the water,Water gymnastics is gymnastics in the water ,Snorkeling is the practice of swimming at the surface (typically of the sea) being equipped with a mask and a short tube called a snorkel, Diving off springboards or off platforms, A water slide is a slide with water flowing down it, Synchronized diving Under water: Diving under water, Scuba diving is swimming under water using a (self contained) breathing apparatus, Free-diving is the aim to maximize the depth dived using no breathing apparatus, Apnea is the practice of not breathing for extended times, Underwater rugby is rugby played under water with a ball that has been rendered neutrally buoyant. Breathing is done through a snorkel, and tackling is only allowed if you have the ball or are tackling the one holding it, Underwater hockey is hockey played under water with short wooden curved sticks and a heavy puck. Players wear diving masks, snorkels, and fins, and must surface to breathe while team mates continue the game on the pool bottom, Underwater photography is photography done under water. Numerous contests locally and worldwide are arranged every year. The digital cameras have revolutionized how many divers participate in UW-photography. On the water: Boating is the use of boats, Bodyboarding is similar to surfing, but the board is smaller and the person lies down on the board, Canoeing, Canoe Polo is polo using a canoe, Dragon Boat Racing is a team paddling sport on water, Fishing is the recreation and sport of catching fish, Hydroplane racing, Jet sprint boat racing, Kayaking, Kite surfing on flat water using a kite for propulsion, Motor boating, Offshore powerboat racing, Outrigger Canoe racing, Parasailing where a person is towed behind a vehicle (usually a boat) while attached to a parachute, Rafting, Rowing propels a boat by means of oars, Sailing using the wind for propulsion, Surfing downhill on waves, Splash Padding games on zero depth Splash Pad, Tubing down a river or behind a boat, Wakeboarding is similar to water skiing, but using only one board attached to the feet, Wake skating is similar to wakeboarding, but the board is NOT attached to the feet, Water skiing is using skis to slide over the water while being pulled by a boat or other device, Windsurfing on flat water using wind for propulsion in combination with sails

6. A. Read the following sport and fitness metaphors. I scored an own goal when I told my boss it had only taken me a day to write the report. Now she wants me to write several a week. (made things worse rather than better) My boss always seems to be moving the goalposts, which makes it very difficult to know what he wants. (changing the rules) The new EU laws aim to provide a level playing field for all member states. (fair situation) Hes too young to be in the running for such a job. (seriously considered) The two main parties in the election are still neck and neck in the opinion polls. (level with each other and equally likely to win) Politicians often skate around a subject. (dont talk directly about it) The students all sailed through their exams. (passed very easily) B. Rewrite the following sentences using these metaphors. 1. Sarah passed her exams without any difficulty at all. 2. I wish hed get directly to the point. 3. Ive been told that they are seriously considering me for the job of supervisor. 4. Although he meant it as a compliment, Rick didnt improve his chances with Helen when he told her as if she had put on some weight. 5. The situation is hardly fair when 18-year-olds take the same exam as 15-year-olds. 6. Its hard to know what to do when the regulations seem to be constantly changing. 7. Read and translate into Romanian the following boxing metaphors.

not up to scratch -- subpar, not able to do the task at hand (in the old days of boxing, boxers started the round by stepping over a scratch made in the ring, but if a boxer could not do this to keep the round going, he/she was said to be "not up to scratch") saved by the bell -- rescued from defeat by dint of time running out, an unexpected turn of events, etc. on the ropes -- on the verge of being defeated throw in the towel -- to quit, give up in one's corner -- on someone's side, to help or cheer him on down for the count -- knocked out, defeated sucker punch -- hitting an opponent who is off his guard, unfairly taking advantage of a vulnerability hitting below the belt -- a grossly unfair attack (in everyday life, usually of a verbal nature) punch drunk -- dazed or incoherent (originally, from being repeatedly struck, can refer to dazes generally) pull one's punches -- to hold back, withhold full force or attack keep your guard up -- to remain alert, on the defensive

10

Unit 2

The Human Body

READING COMPREHENSION I Read the text and fill in the table with all the components of the human body you can find in the text The phrase human body is used to refer to the entire physical structure of a human being. It consists of systems, organs, tissues and cells. The harmonious relationships between the activity of all systems are vital to the proper functioning, coordination, maintenance, fueling, protection, development and reproduction of the human organism. The average height of an adult human is about 1.6 m. The size is largely determined by genes. The body type and body composition are influenced by postnatal factors such as diet and exercise. The head, neck, torso, arms and legs are the main segments of the human body. Some of the most important organs are located in the head. The brain is an organ of soft nervous tissue housed in the skull. It plays an essential role in the functioning of the organism working as a coordinating centre of sensation, intellectual and nervous activity. The eyes, ears, nose and mouth accomplish various sensory functions such as sight, hearing, smell and taste which allow the body to perceive external stimuli. The neck is the part of the body which connects the head to the torso. It supports the weight of the head and protects the twelve pairs of cranial nerves that travel from the brain down the rest of the body. The neck is highly flexible allowing the head to turn and flex in all directions. These movements are performed with the aid of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The central part of the human body extending from the neck to the lower limbs is called torso. It is divided into the thorax and the abdomen by the diaphragm. The torso contains the majority of vital organs. The thorax shelters the heart and lungs which are protected by the rib cage. The abdominal cavity comprises organs of the digestive, urinary and reproductive systems: the stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, adrenal glands and bladder. The pelvic region houses the reproductive organs. The arm is the part of the body that runs from the shoulder to the wrist. It has two segments: the upper arm which extends between the shoulder and the elbow and the forearm which extends from the elbow to the wrist. At the shoulder, the ball-and-socket joint formed by the top end of the humerus, and the scapula allows the arm to perform circular movements. At the elbow, the lower end of the humerus connects to the ulna and radius forming a hinge joint that permits back and forth movements. The combination between the fix ulna and the mobile radius enables the forearm to twist. Most of the movements of the arm are controlled by two opposing muscles the biceps and the triceps. The contraction of the biceps lifts the forearm and turns the palm of the hand upward. The triceps is responsible for the extension of the arm. The hands are prehensile, multi-fingered body parts attached to the forearms by the wrist. The human hand is made of a palm and five digits. The complex structure and articulation of the hands permit a very successful manipulation of the physical environment. They can carry out a wide array of activities ranging from the roughest to the finest. This is also made possible by the dense areas of nerve endings located in the hands. The four digits grouped together are known as fingers. Each one has a name which distinguishes it from the others: the index finger (pointer finger or forefinger), middle finger, ring finger and little finger (pinky). The bending and extension of the fingers are controlled by the flexor and extensor muscles in the forearm. The fifth digit attached to one of the sides of the palm is called the thumb. In humans and some other primates the thumb is opposable (can be brought opposite to the fingers). This feature is very important as it enables human to grasp things.

11

The legs are the lower limbs of the body extending from the hip to the ankle. They are used for supporting the body and for locomotion. Apart from standing, the legs allow humans to perform a grate variety of actions such as walking, jumping, running and kicking. The upper part of the leg is called the thigh. It is supported by the femur, the longest and strongest bone of the body. At the hip, the top end of the femur fits into a cavity of the hip bone forming a ball-andsocket joint which permits the leg to perform circular motions. At the knee, the femur connects with the tibia (shinbone) forming a hinge joint protected by the patella. The bony structure of the lower leg comprises the tibia and the fibula. The upper parts of these bones are joined below the knee joint. At the ankle, the tibia and the fibula connect to the talus (anklebone). They form a hinge joint. The movements of the thigh are mainly controlled by the following muscles: the gluteus maximus, the sartorius, the quadriceps and the hamstrings. The gluteus maximus extends and rotates the leg, the sartorius bends the leg at the hip and the knee, the quadriceps straighten the leg at the knee, the hamstrings bend the knee and rotate the leg from side to side. The gastrocnemius and the soleus are the major muscles of the lower leg. They are attached to the heel bone by the Achilles tendon, the strongest and thickest tendon of the body. The lower extremity of the leg below the ankle is known as foot. It is composed of twenty-six bones: seven tarsal bones which form the tarsal arch, five metatarsal bones which form the metatarsal arch and fourteen phalanges which form the toes. Both arches of the foot play a very important role in human locomotion. They maintain the stability of the body and absorb the pressure the pressure and the shocks produces in walking, running and jumping. The movements of the foot are controlled by the leg muscles. Head Neck Torso Arms Legs

12

VOCABULARY 1. Choose the correct answer. 1. The pupil is part of the .. . A. ear B. stomach C. eye D. hand 2. The sole is part of . A. hand, B. foot, C. eye, D. ear 3. The calf is part of the .. . A. leg, B. arm, C. chest, D. head 4. The wrist is part of the .. . A. hand, B. foot, C. eye, D. ear 5. The iris is part of the .. . A. hand, B. foot, C. eye, D. ear 6. The heel is part of the .. . A. hand, B. foot, C. eye, D. ear 7. The palm is part of the .. . A. hand, B. foot, C. eye, D. ear 8. The nipple is part of the .. . A. hand, B. foot, C. ear, D. breast 9. The thumb is part of the .. . A. hand, B. foot, C. ear, D. chest 10. The shin is part of the .. . A. arm, B. leg, C. head, D. breast 2. Match the following parts of the body with their definitions 1.kidney 2. lung 3. liver 4. heart 5. brain 6. intestine 7. appendix 8. tonsils 9. rib 10. stomach 11. jaw 12. throat a. organ in the head which controls thought and feelings b. long pipe leading from the stomach which takes waste matter from the body c. two small, fleshy organs in the throat d. baglike organ in which food is broken down for the use of the body e. one of twenty-four bones protecting the chest f. one of a pair of organs which separate waste liquid from the blood g. one of two bony parts of the face in which teeth are set h. large organ which cleans the blood i. one of a pair of breathing organs in the chest j. passage from the back of the mouth down inside the neck k. short organ of little use which leads off the large intestine l. organ in the chest which controls the flow of blood by pushing it round the body

13

3. Match the following parts of the body with their definitions 1. the tongue 2. eyelids 3. moustache 4. complexion 5. nostrils 6. brow 7. beard 8. gums 9. lobes 10. temples 11. throat 12. skull a. opening in the nose b. the soft lower parts of the ears c. flat parts on the side of the face above the cheekbones d. hair that grows on the chin and jaw e. the bony case that protects the brain f. the tissue our teeth are in g. the passage from the mouth towards the stomach h. the semi-poetic name for the forehead i. the colour and state of the skin on the face j. hair that grows above the upper lip k. the movable skin which opens and closes the eyes l. the organ used for tasting, swallowing and speech

4. Match the Romanian names of the parts of the body with their English counterparts. 1. bile duct 2. bladder 3. gall bladder 4. large intestine 5. larynx 6. pancreas 7. pelvis 8. spine 9. spleen 10. windpipe a. intestinul gros b. coloana vertebrala c. laringe d. pelvis e. vezica urinara f. canalul fierei g. splina h. trahee i. pancreas j. vezica biliara

5. Choose one of the four possibilities that best completes the sentence. 1. He must be terribly strong! Look at his .. . A. skin, B. limbs, C. muscles, D. nerves 2. He stood with his hands on his .. daring me to go past him. A. ankles, B. knees, C. shoulders, D. hips 3. Every tooth in my upper ... seemed to be aching. A. chin, B. cheek, C. jaw, D. forehead 4. When Mary twisted her ankle, John carried her home on his .. . A. shoulders, B. knees, C. hands, D. arms 5. His shoes were so old that his .. were sticking out of them. A. fingers, B. thumbs, C. tips, D. toes 6. The blind man ran the .. of his fingers over the box. A. points, B. edges, C. tips, D. ends 7. When people sweat, the liquid comes out through the .. of the skin. A. veins, B. vents, C. pores, D. holes 8. The .. is the main air passage of the body. A. intestine, B. ear, C. windpipe, D. kidney

14

9. The main function of the heart is to .. blood round the body. A. push, B. propel, C. pump, D. walk 10. Arnold Schwarzenegger has an enormous chest .. . A. growth, B. swelling, C. expansion, D. inflation 6. Complete the sentences. the number of dashes is identical with the number of letters in the missing words. 1. We have ten _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on our hands and ten _ _ _s on our feet. 2. The function of the heart is to enable the _ _o_ _ to circulate. 3. The _ _ _ _a_ _ is used for digesting food. 4. The flesh your teeth grow from is your _ _ _. 5. Do you wear your watch on your right _ _ _s_ because you are left handed? 6. A bear crushed him and cracked several of his _ _ _s. 7. With the help of our _ _ _ _ u_ we are able to speak and eat. 8. Our _ _ _i_ enables us to think. 9. At first she thought the boy had a high temperature, but when she put her hand on his _ _ _e_ _ _ _ to make sure, she found it was cold. 10. I dropped a heavy box on my _ _ _ _ and broke one of my toes. 7. Each of the ten words below are regularly used to describe an action or gesture made with a part of the body. Write which. In some cases more than one answer is possible. blink, clench, cross, fold, nod, stick out, point, shrug, snap, stamp

READING COMPREHENSION II STRECHING EXERCISES Match the following physical exercises with the pictures on the next page: A. Stretches muscles inside of groin. This is vital for quick side-to-side movements, and fast acceleration. Stand with your feet wide apart, hands on hips, trunk upright. By bending your right leg, put your weight over your straight left leg. Do not lean forward. Hold for 10-20 seconds when a pull is felt in the groin of the straight leg. Increase the stretch by leaning further over your straight leg. Keep your bottom in. Breath out. Repeat at least twice. Repeat exercise to the other side. B. Stretches upper back and hamstring muscles at back of thigh. Lie on your back. Raise your legs over your head, lifting your hips off the ground. Support yourself with your hands on your hips; keep your legs together. Keep your back and legs as straight as possible. In time, youre your straight legs will be able to touch the ground above your head. When pull is felt in your back and hamstrings, hold for 10-20 seconds. Breathe out. Repeat at least twice. C. Stretches calf muscle where no wall is available. This also reduces risk of Achilles tendon problems. Keep your feet comfortably apart, your trunk upright and your upper body weight over your rear leg. Your rear foot must point straight forward. Move your front foot slowly forward. When pull is felt in the calf of your rear leg, hold for 10-20 seconds. Breathe out. Repeat at least twice. Repeat with opposite foot forward. D. Stretches shoulder and upper back muscles. Useful for swimmers, racquet sports players, etc. Clasp your hands behind and slightly above head height. Press shoulders and elbows back. Hold for 10-20 seconds when pull is felt. Breathe out. Repeat at least twice.

15

E. Stretches calf muscles, reducing risk of Achilles tendon tear With your forearms flat on a wall, keep your toes and feet together pointing straight forward. Slowly press your hips forward while keeping your knees straight. When you feel a pull in your calves, hold for 20-30 seconds. Breathe out. Repeat at least twice. F. Stretches calf muscles, quad muscles and hips. With hands on hips, move into the lunge position, with both feet pointing forward. Keep your trunk upright. Drop your weight towards your bent front leg. When a pull is felt on front of the thigh of your rear leg, hold for 10-20 seconds. Breathe out. Repeat at least twice. Repeat with opposite leg. G. Stretches the injuryprone hamstring muscle at the back of the thigh. Stand upright with your feet wide apart and your hands on hips. Push your bottom back, then pivot forward from hips, with your back straight and chest thrusting forward. Then drop your hands well in front of your feet. When the pull is felt at the back of your knees, hold for 10-20 seconds. Breathe out. As flexibility increases, move your feet closer together. Repeat at least twice. H. Helps side-to-side mobility. Stand comfortably; clasp your hands at full stretch above your head. Keeping your trunk upright, lean sideways. Dont lean forward! When you feel a pull down your side, hold for 10-20 seconds. Breathe out. Repeat exercise at least twice. Repeat to the other side. I. Helps hip and back mobility. Stand comfortably, with your hands clasped in front of you. Slowly rotate as far as you can go to the right. Hold for 10-20 seconds. Breathe out. Repeat five times. Repeat exercise to other side. J. Stretches the upper end of the hamstring. Place your right heel up on a low wall, chair etc., preferably at hip height. Keep your back straight; try to put your chest to your knee. When a pull is felt in the buttock and behind the knee, hold for 10-20 seconds. Breathe out. Repeat at least twice. Repeat with opposite leg. Do not force this as it can produce an injury to the hamstring attachment. K. Stretches important quadriceps muscles on the front of your thigh. Stand on your right leg, hold your left foot in your left hand and pull your knee back. Keep your back straight. When the pull is felt on the front of your thigh, hold for 10-20 seconds. Breathe out. Repeat at least twice. Now stretch your foot and knee as far back as you can from your bottom. Keep your knee in line with your hip to stretch both your upper thigh and outer thigh. Breathe out. Repeat at least twice. Repeat exercise on other side. L. Stretches hamstrings, quad and adductor muscles. Try to get your legs at right angles with your back leg bent. Then, keeping your back straight, try to place your chest over your straight leg. When a pull is felt at the back of your knee, hold for 10-20 seconds. Breathe out. Repeat at least twice. It is essential not to force the movement, as this can produce injury to the bone at the attachment of the hamstrings. Change legs. If you are very stiff, grasp the back of your calf and pull gently forward. Also, lean backward, in line with the straight leg, to stretch the muscles on the bent leg. Do not lean away from your bent leg.(extracted from Sports Injuries by Malcom Read, Paul Wade) Positions: 1. to keep ones feet together (1) to keep ones feet apart (2) 2. to stand with ones feet together to stand with ones feet apart (4) 3. to keep ones legs straight (1) to bend ones leg (4,10, 11) 4 .to keep ones trunk upright (4, 11) 5. to keep ones back straight (8) 6. to lie on ones back (5) 7. to stand on ones leg (8) 8. to hold ones foot in ones hand (8) 9. the lunge position (11)

16

Movements: - forward (6) 1. to lean - backward - sideways (6) 2. to clasp ones hands (back) (3) 3. to press shoulders back (3) 4. to raise ones legs over ones head (5) 5. to lift ones hips off the ground (5) 6. rotate - to the right (7) - to the left 7. to pull ones knee back (8) 8. to pivot forward from hips (9) 10. to put ones chest to ones knees

1. Dont forget to mention the posture of the body at the beginning and the end of the exercise. 2. Use the names of the different parts of the body. 3. Use verbs which describe the posture and the movements of the body. 4. These verbs must be in the imperative: e.g. keep your feet straight 5. Dont forget about the breath. 6. Mention how many times a movement must be executed. 7. Use linkers to indicate the order of the movements: first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, then, finally.

How to describe physical exercises:

VOCABULARY 1. Translate the following sentences into Romanian using dictionaries. 1. John is sprawled on the floor, lying on his stomach and half on his side, knees bent and with his feet in the air, one hand propping up his chin. 2. The gymnast is standing on tiptoe, hands behind her back, chest out, chin up, shoulders back, stomach in. 3. The little boy was crouching, leaning back against the wall, arms folded and swaying from side to side. 4. The man is standing, feet apart, hands in pockets, stooping a bit and twisting his neck. 5. The pupil is sitting forward with hunched shoulders and arched back, his elbows resting on his thighs and his hands clasped in front of him. 6. John is kneeling with his head bowed, hands on hips. 7. Mary is sitting astride a chair, arms outstretched, rocking to and fro. 8. Grandmother was reclining on the settee, legs crossed, head back, fast asleep.

17

2. March the names of the folowing bones with their definition. 1. femur 2. tibia 3. patella 4. fibula 5. radius 6. scapula 7. humerus 8. ulna 9. rib a. Also known as the elbow bone, it is a long bone, prismatic in form, placed at the medial side of the forearm, parallel with the radius. b. The row of bones down the middle of your back extending from the skull to the small of the back, enclosing the spinal cord and providing support for the thorax and abdomen. In also known as the backbone or spine. c. It is a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. On a skeleton, it fits between the scapula and the ulna. d. One of the long curved bones that are in the chest, protecting the thoracic cavity and its organs. e. Also known as the shoulder blade, it is the bone that connects the humerus with the clavicle. f. One of the two bones joining the sternum to the scapula. It is also known as the collarbone. g. The mobile bone of the forearm. It is situated on the lateral side of the ulna, which exceeds it in length and size. It is a long bone, prismatic in form and slightly curved longitudinally. h. The thin flat bone running down the centre of the chest and connecting the ribs. It is also known as the breastbone. i. Also known as the calf bone, this is a bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones in the lower leg and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. j. It is the larger of the two bones in the lower-leg. it is also known as the shinbone. k. Also known as the kneecap this is a thick, triangular bone which articulates with the femur and covers and protects the front of the knee joint. l. It is the longest, most voluminous, and strongest bone of the human body. It is also known as the thigh bone.

10. vertebral column 11. clavicle 12. sternum

3. Fill in the blanks to find out about the various types of joints in the human body . gliding, hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot The joints that permit a limited movement of the bones over each other are called .. joints (wrist, ankle). The .. joints allow free movements in all planes (hip, shoulder). The .. joints permit movement exclusively in one plane (elbow, knees, fingers). The joints that allow rotation only are known as .. joints (between the first two vertebrae).

4. March the names of the folowing muscles with their definition.


1. Hamstrings 2. The sartorius muscle 3. The rectus femoris 4. The deltoid muscle 5. Trapezius a. This muscle gets its name from its trapezium-like shape. b. It is the muscle forming the rounded contour of the shoulder. c. It is one of the four quadriceps muscles of the human body

d. A long thin muscle that runs down the length of the thigh.
e. A generic name for the following muscles semitendinosus, the semimembranosus, and the biceps femoris.

18

5. Each sportsman must have solid knowledge of the actions permitted at each joint in the human body. Match the following terms with their definitions to find out more about these actions.
1. flexion 2. extension 3. adduction 4. abduction 5. circumduction 6. rotation 7. elevation 8. depression bending straightening to bring towards the midline of the body as in bringing the shoulder blades together to take apart, or away from the midline of the body as in jumping astride. The opposite of adduction to circle part of the body from a point, such as arms circling from the point of the shoulder joint to turn outwards or inwards without changing the position of the long axis of the bone or bones as in turning the head from left to right to raise - as in raising the shoulders when shrugging to pull downwards - as in pulling the shoulders downwards

6. Match the following terms with their definitions to find out more about physical exercises and positions of the human body.
1. press up 2. pull up 3. sit up 4. curl 5. squat 6. lunge 7. cartwheel 8. somersault 9. splits 10. tumble a. a position in which you are upside down with your head and hands on the floor while your legs are in the air. b. a position in which you rest on the floor with your legs spread wide in opposite directions. c. gymnastic movement in which you roll your body over on the floor. d. a movement in which you form your body into a ball and roll forwards or backwards on the ground. e. a circular movement in which you throw yourself sideways with your hands on the floor, swing your legs over your head, and then come back with your feet on the floor. f. an exercise in which you lift a weight by bending your lower arms or legs upwards. g. a movement forward or to the side while your feet stay in the same place, done when you are exercising. h. an exercise in which you lie on your back with your knees bent and raise your upper body then lie back down. i. an exercise in which you hold a bar that is above your head and pull yourself up off the ground. j. to bend your knees and lower yourself towards the ground so that you balance on your feet.

7. Fill in the blanks with the words/phrases below. balance, flexibility, stamina, grace, strength 1. Lifting that heavy barbell requires a lot of _____ . 2. The ballet dancer was moving with extraordinary _____ . 3. The long and difficult journey tested our courage and _____ to the limit. 4. Your joints are very rigid. You should do some exercises to improve your _____ . 5. He lost his _____ and fell.

19

8. Choose the right variant 1. The professor delivered such a complicated lecture that his words went over my _____ . a) ears, b) brain, c) mind, d) head 2. He broke his _____ to finish the project before the deadline. Nevertheless, he failed because his colleagues did not support him at all. a) neck, b) hand, c) leg, d) brain 3. The old veteran told his grandson how he had fought _____ with the other soldiers for the independence of the country. a) neck in neck, b) arm to arm, c) hand in hand, d) shoulder to shoulder 4. Ive decided to chance my _____ and invest all my money in you new business. a) hand, b) leg, c) arm, d) fist 5. Yesterday I met John and finally plucked up the courage to tell him that his wife was cheating on him. I had been looking forward for a long time to get it of my _____ . a) mind, b) head c) brain d) chest 6. She was wearing a marvelous sweater knitted _____ hand. a) of, b) with, c) by, d) from 7. At the end of a very good match against Manchester, Liverpool won heads _____ . a) up, b), down c), off d), by 8. This young man once had a very large fortune, but lost all his money hand over _____ because he was addicted to gambling. a) fist, b) leg, c) hand, d) arm 9. This student has such a scrappy handwriting that I am unable to make _____ or tail of his paper. a) nose, b) head, c) leg, d) hand 10. Are you serious about this or are you only _____ my leg. a) pulling, b) breaking, c) stretching, d) twisting 11. All the employees resigned in a ___. a) mind, b) flesh, c) soul, d) spirit 12. I am going to support you body and _____ . a) mind, b) flesh, c) soul, d) spirit 13. I have been racking my _____ all day trying to solve this problem and still havent found the solution. a) mind, b) brain, c) head, d) eyes 14. The manager was shocked to notice that his secretary was always pricking up her _____ when he was in the middle of a telephone conversation with his wife. a) ears, b) nose, c) eyes, d) fingers 15. That parking place is mine so, keep your eyes _____ it. a) of, b) off, c) from, d) over

20

9. Rewrite the underlined parts in the following sentences using the phrases below: to look down ones nose at somebody, look somebody in the eye(s), to be all eyes, to have one foot in the grave, to sweep somebody off his/her feet, to turn somebodys head, to lead somebody by the nose, to go hand in hand, to have no stomach for, to keep somebody at arms length, in hand, to live from hand to mouth, to come to a head, straight from the shoulder, to be neck in neck 1. The construction of the new stadium has reached a critical stage. 2. The two boxers were equally skilled and both of them were fighting with fierce determination. During the last bout it was still impossible to tell which was going to win. 3. The employee told his boss frankly that he was not satisfied with his salary. 4. My father taught me to avoid being too friendly to my rivals. 5. Mary strongly dislikes violent sports. 6. The management has just announced that they are going to find a solution to the problem they are dealing with at the moment as soon as possible. 7. Money does not always make you happy. 8. His salary was so low that he used all his money to live without being able to save any. 9. The fame and privileges that came after he won his first Olympic medal caused him to become too proud. 10. The very first moment I saw her, she made me fall in love with her instantly. 11. The doctor doesnt think he will live much longer. He is seriously ill. 12. The little children were watching very attentively while the magician was doing his tricks. 13. She hasnt been able to look at me without being ashamed since I discovered that she had been spreading malicious rumours about my family. 14. I dont know how she does it but she always manages to make you do everything she wants you to do. 15. Its obvious that he is not as intelligent as you. Nevertheless, thats no reason for you to show him that you consider yourself superior to him.

21

10. Match the beginnings of the sentences marked 1-15, with the right endings marked a-o 1. Jane is a very negligent student! She never a. discovered that one of the night does her homework and watchmen was hand in glove with a gang of thieves. 2. As I needed a large sum of money b. you hadnt put it into her head. 3. Despite my honest attempts to socialize with c. I decided to wash my hands off him. my colleagues at work, 4. Once it became clear to him that I wasnt d. always falls on his feet. going to finance his project, 5. It is very difficult to find out his plans e. on the other hand he has very little time because to spend with his family. 6. On the one hand, a successful sportsman f. when she is distracted while talking to benefits from the privileges of stardom and people and puts her foot in it. 7. After he repeatedly refused to help me, g. he always plays his cards close to his chest. 8. By keeping the museum under strict h. their passports thoroughly, he only cast surveillance, the police his eyes over them. 9. She wouldnt have believed her brother was i. he turned to blackmail in a desperate a liar if attempt to twist my arm. 10. I wouldnt worry too much about him. I j. we when to a lot of trouble trying to solve dont think he will have difficulties in finding a that problem only to find out that the answer new job. He had been right under our very nose all along? 11. Im sure she didnt mean to offend you. k. everybody gives me the cold shoulder, She usually is a very nice person. However, which leaves me no choice but to resign and there are moments look for a friendlier working environment. 12. The terrorists were able to enter the country l. but this time we have to work hand in due to the custom house officers negligence. hand in order to succeed. Instead of checking 13. Sometimes its best not to spend too much m. urgently, I risked my neck and bet time splitting hairs. Do you remember the time everything I had on the favourite horse. when 14. I know that there were moments when we n. it was amazing how he managed to keep didnt agree on certain issues, a stiff upper lip. 15. Everybody knew that he was grieving over o. during examinations she always speaks the death of his son. However, off the top of her head.

22

23

24

Cranial bones: 1. frontal bone 2. parietal bone (2) 3. temporal bone (2) 4. occipital bone, sphenoid bone ethmoid bone Facial bones: 5. zygomatic bone (2) 6. superior and 7. inferior maxilla 9. nasal bone (2) mandible, palatine bone (2) lacrimal bone (2) vomer bone, inferior nasal conchae (2) In the middle ears (6):malleus (2) incus (2) stapes (2) In the throat (1):hyoid bone In the shoulder girdle (4):25. clavicle or collarbone (2) 29. scapula or shoulder blade (2) In the thorax (25):10. sternum 28. ribs (2 x 12) In the vertebral column (24):8. cervical vertebrae (7) incl. atlas & axis 14. lumbar vertebrae (5) thoracic vertebrae (12) In the arms (6):11. humerus (2) 26. condyles of humerus 12. ulna (2) 13. radius (2) 27. head of radius In the hands (54):Wrist (carpal) bones: scaphoid bone (2) navicular bone (2) lunate bone (2) triquetral bone (2) pisiform bone (2) Trapezium (bone) (2) trapezoid bone (2) capitate bone (2) hamate bone (2) Palm or metacarpal bones: metacarpal bones (5 2) Finger bones or phalanges: proximal phalanges (5 2) intermediate phalanges (4 2) distal phalanges (5 2) In the pelvis (4):15. ossa coxae (hip bones or innominate bones) (2) 16. sacrum, coccyx In the legs (8):17. head and 18. shaft of femur (2) 22. greater trochanter of femur 23. condyles of femur 19. patella (2) 20. shaft and 24. tuberosity of tibia (2) 21. fibula (2) In the feet (52): Ankle (tarsal) bones: calcaneus (heel bone) (2) talus (2) navicular bone (2) medial cuneiform bone (2) intermediate cuneiform bone (2) lateral cuneiform bone (2) cuboid bone (2) Instep bones: metatarsal bone (5 2) Toe bones: proximal phalanges (5 2) intermediate phalanges (4 2) distal phalanges (5 2)

25

Unit 3
Murphy's Laws of Martial Arts

Injuries

Ten scientific principles that apply to the study of all martial arts: The wimp who made it through the eliminations on luck alone will suddenly turn into Bruce Lee when you're up against him. The referee will always be looking the other way when you score. The day you leave work early to make it to class on time, the sensei will be sick. The sensei will only use you during demonstrations for joint-locking techniques. If you have to use your training in self-defense, your attacker's father will be a lawyer. After a flawless demonstration, you will trip on your way back to your seat. After years of training without a single injury, you will pull a groin muscle the night before your black belt exam. In an otherwise vacant locker room, the only other person will have the locker right next to yours. No matter how many times you take care of it before your promotion exam, you will invariably have to go to the bathroom when it's your turn. How to Avoid Injuries Three Simple Rules (Part 1) Apart from receiving a blow or falling, the vast majority of aches and pains could be avoided if only we looked after ourselves properly. We tend to do to much too soon, such as gardening at the first glimpse of spring, or playing a sport without stretching or adequate training. With a little thought and effort, we can go a long way to prevent injuries. (Part 2) Even if you are generally fit, you still need to be specifically fit for the rigours of your particular task. Methodical exercise rather than violent, sudden efforts should be used to build up the correct balance of flexibility, strength and endurance. In sports, a good coaching book will set out the exercise required. (Part 3) Even if your body is not highly tuned and superfit, it will perform better when warm, just like a car engine. Warming up requires more than a few seconds flapping the arms, as the stretching exercises show. A minimum of five minutes for these and at least another five minutes to warm down, again using stretches, not only prevents stiff, sore muscles the next day, but it also increases your general fitness. (Part 4) Your body is different in shape and size from anyone elses, so the design of a running shoe or the weight of a racquet head, the position of a car seat or computer keyboard must suit you individually. Technique is just as important. If faulty, technique can even cause an injury, whether paddling a kayak or lifting a box of groceries. In sports, training a certain way may suit one persons body shape and produce a gold medal, but if those methods produce injuries in you, use other techniques that dont! Always go at your own pace. If there is one lesson to be learnt, it is that millions of injuries are caused by sudden, unaccustomed exercise or by training too hard for a sports event. These are often referred to as overuse injuries and occur when a part of the body has been asked to do too much. Quality rather than quantity of work is what counts. More is not necessarily better! Similarly, if you have been totally inactive for years, you should allow about one months proper training for every year of inactivity in order to regain past levels of fitness. Think of that spring gardening session, with two or three hours being spent bending, stretching and pulling. No one would dream of asking that gardener to go out and run a marathon without some preparation, yet his body is being asked to do the same sort of sudden exertion, and it does not like it. (extracted from Sports Injuries by Malcom Read, Paul Wade)

26

READING COMPREHENSION I. Match the following headings with the four parts of the text A. Introduction B. Use the right equipment and technique! C. Be fit for the task! D. Warm up and warm down thoroughly! II. Choose the correct answer according to the text 1. What is the main cause for most aches and pains? A. People do not pay enough attention to their physical fitness. B. People do not prepare properly for different types of physical activity. C. Gardening is an inadequate physical activity. 2. What is the best way to acquire appropriate physical fitness? A. One should start by doing difficult exercises. B. One should concentrate on exercises that develop flexibility. C. One should follow a programme of exercises methodically designed. 3. What is the purpose of warm up exercises? A. They prepare the body for the forthcoming physical activities. B. They enable you to build big muscles. C. They help you to lead a healthier life. 4. How long should a warm up programme take? A. Less than five minutes. B. More than five minutes. C. Not less than five minutes. 5. Why does the author of the text compare the human body with an engine? A. Because there is physical resemblance between the two terms. B. Because both the human body and the car engine function better at high temperatures. C. Because the human body as well as the car engine has to be prepared properly for certain activities. III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text 1. Training techniques produce the same results when applied to different sportspersons. 2. Appropriate technique is important not only in sports, but also in every day activities. 3. The overuse injuries are caused mainly by lack of physical exercise. 4. The author of the text maintains that programmes of physical exercises should be designed in accordance with quantitative principles. 5. This text is addressed exclusively to sportspeople.

27

VOCABULARY 1. Read the excerpts from little Johnnys composition below and fill in the blanks with the following words: fractured, sprained, bruised, squashed, cramp, corns, broken, tore, pulled, rubbed, twisted 13.1.90 My Christmas Holiday As a special treat, my Mummy and Daddy took me on a winter sports holiday this year. We all went to the Swiss Alps for a fortnight. I enjoyed the first few days, but skiing was more difficult than I thought. On the third day, I .. my knee, .. my shin, .. my ankle, got .. in my calf, .. my big toe, got .. on my heels and hard patches of skin on the soles of my feet, .. a muscle in my thigh, and .. all the skin off my instep. On the fourth day, I was unfortunate. As we were getting on the bus to the airport, I .. a hamstring. (My .. leg and .. pelvis happened after I got home.) 2. INJURIES. Choose the correct answer 1. He got that .. on his forehead when he ran into an open cupboard in the dark a few days ago. A. blister B. bruise C. scar D. sprain 2. Mary was .. by a wasp while she was gathering some pears. A. bitten B. eaten C. stung D. wounded 3. Be careful you dont .. yourself when you are cutting those roses. A. pick B. prick C. sting D. wound 4. I fell off my bicycle when I was five and I still have a .. on my knee. A. freckle B. scar C. hole D. scratch 5. He got a terrible .. on the head when he forgot to bend as he went through the low doorway. A. bump B. hunch C. ripple D. wrinkle 6. This .. dates from my operation last year. A. cut B. scar C. scratch D. sore 7. I have a .. on my leg where you hit me. A. blister B. bruise C. hole D. wound 8. She cried so much that her face became .. A. fat B. soft C. swollen D. torn 9. If you are so senseless as to go on long walks in tight-fitting shoes, you must expect to get .. A. blisters B. bruises C. scars D. scratches. 3. INJURIES. Choose the correct answer. 1. Fortunately, nobody was .. in the accident. A. broken B. damaged C. injured D. wounded 2. He tripped in a pot hole and .. his ankle. A. slid B. slipped C. sprained D. stressed 3. He had to go to the hospital when he .. . A. broke up B. broke his muscle C. had a break D. pulled a muscle 4. For a long time after the accident, she suffered from constant .. in her back. A. ache B. hurt C. injury D. pain 5. The music at modern discos is so loud that it can cause .. among teenagers. A. blindness B. deafness C. dumbness D. unconsciousness 6. In spite of the number of cars involved in the accident, there was only one .. ,a man with a broken arm.

28

A. case B. casualty C. injury D. patient 7. The electrician got a .. from the faulty wiring. A. blow B. jump C. shock D. start 8. Two of the drivers in the car crash had multiple .. . A. accidents B. casualties C. damages D. injuries 9. I was doing some weeding in my garden when suddenly my back .. . A. collapsed B. failed C. sprained D. went 10. The man was very .. as he had injured his leg badly when he was a boy. A. blind B. deaf C. lame D. limp 11. The mans face was .. from his infected tooth. A. bulging B. dilated C. expanded D. swollen 12. In the accident several people were .. . A. crushed B. damaged C. hurt. D. wounded 13. He hurt his knee early in the game, and .. off the field. A. carried B. left C. limped D. trod 14. The .. in his leg was so terrible he thought he would go mad. A. bruise B. disease C. illness D. pain 15. The woman tripped over the uneven pavement and .. her elbow. A. disabled B. dislocated C. dislodged D. distorted 16. Since his motor-accident, he has been .. in one leg. A. cracked B. crazy C. irregular D. lame 17. I think I have got a of dust in my eye. A. grain B. sliver C. speck D. splinter 18. She .. and fell from the top of the stairs to the bottom. A. slipped B. sloped C. spilt D. split. 19. While the children were playing on the beach, Peter .. on a broken bottle and cut his foot rather badly. A. came B. ran C. tripped D. trod 20. I didnt notice the log on the ground and .. over it. A. crept B. crushed C. skipped D. stumbled 4. SYMPTOMS. Match the following symptoms of disease with their definitions 1. belching a. difficult or infrequent emptying of the bowels 2. colic b. weariness from bodily or mental exertion 3. constipation c. to become senseless and motionless 4. cramp d. feeling as if everything were turning round 5. diarrhea e. act of sending out gas from the stomach noisily through the mout 6. dizziness f. a burning sensation in the stomach from indigestion 7. faint g. pain in a nerve 8. fatigue h. feeling of sickness as caused by bad food 9. fever i. yellowness of the skin and the whites of the eyes 10. heartburn j. inability to sleep 11. hiccups k. a sensation in the skin causing the desire to scratch 12. indigestion l. the soft yellowish substance formed in and coming out of a poisoned place in the body 13. inflammation m. patch of tiny red spots on the skin 14. insomnia n. severe pain in the stomach and bowels

29

15. itch 16. jaundice 17. nausea 18. neuralgia 19. pus 20. rash

o. too frequent and too watery emptying of the bowels p. sudden and painful tightening of the muscles r. condition of the body with temperature higher than usual s. a spasm of the respiratory muscles t. a redness and swelling attended with heat, pain u. difficulty in digesting food

5. SYMPTOMS. Fill in the blank with the words below. It may be necessary to change the form of the given words. dizzy, feverish, queasy, rash, runny, seedy, sore, swollen, to cough, to vomit 1. I havent taken her temperature yet but her face is flushed and she seems .. . 2. Its hard to describe. I just feel generally .. . Can you prescribe a tonic. 3. When I stand up the room seems to be going round. I feel really .. . 4. Im not in pain but the glands in my neck seem to be .. . 5. Ive got a tickle in my throat. I cant stop .. . 6. I feel a bit queasy. I think Im going to .. . 7. Ive come out in a .. all over my chest and arms. 8. Its like being seasick. I feel .. whenever I move about. 9. My throat is awfully .. . I hope its not another bout of tonsillitis. 10. Ive got a .. nose. I suppose it s a cold coming on. 6. Unfortunately, sportspeople might be confronted with injuries at some point of their career. Find more about it by matching the names of the following injuries with the description of their causes/symptoms. 1. tennis elbow a. The victim has glazed eyes, is confused, cannot remember events up to and including the accident. After such an incident sportsmen are not allowed to fight again for 28 days (first time), 84 days (second time) and one year (third time). The risk is punch drunkenness (brain damage). b. Sudden sharp pain. It may feel like kick or blow in the leg. It is impossible for the person to rise or tiptoe on that foot. The tendon cannot take load and snaps. c. Thickened ankle area that may hurt to touch. It may hurt to move or may be pain free. Often there is no problem during the game, but the ankle is stiff and aching afterwards. This injury may be caused by repeated kicks and sprain of ankle ligaments, from side foot tackle or blocked kick. d. The ligament joining the pelvic bones in front becomes loose. It is thought to be due to overloading one leg more than the other as in repeated kicking favoring one foot, high hurdles (leading with one foot), or hard side step and backing off in front of opponents while twisting from side to side (as midfielders in soccer.)

2. joggers nipple

3. knockout

4. swimmers/surfers ear

30

5. sudden deafness

6. dislocated finger

7. gymnasts back

8. footballers groin

9. ruptured Achilles 10. soccer players ankle

backing off in front of opponents while twisting from side to side (as midfielders in soccer.) e. It can be caused either by lack of forearm strength or by a technical fault using the standard grip. Sometimes an awkward bounce can flare the injury too. It can also occur at home or at work or during any action where the elbow is constantly bending while the hand is gripping. One cause is simply doing too much in a concentrated spell, such as redecorating during the weekend, or even improving at a sport, perhaps when adding curve or spin to your throw or stroke. The better you get, the more you need to increase your bodys strength to handle this added stress. If you do not the result is an injury. f. This injury is caused by the rubbing of clothing on unprotected nipple (male or female) which is common in distance running. The nipples are sore and may be bleeding. g. It is characterized by earache or soreness in outer ear canal. It hurts to move the ear. It may have multiple causes: persistent wetness, reaction to salt, chlorine, repeated rubbing or scratching of ear. h. It occurs all of a sudden, sometimes accompanied by dizziness. It is caused by ruptured drum in middle ear from loud noise, sudden severe increase in pressure (as in high diving, scuba diving). It can also occur cumulatively in sports such as shooting if proper ear muffs or ear plugs are not used. i. The tip of the finger points backward. j. It is characterized by pain in midline between bony knobs of spine only when arching backward. It is caused by bones knocking on each other when the back is arched in acute angle, known as hyperextension.

ACHES AND PAINS: headache toothache stomachache ACHES pain in the back pain in the leg pain in the stomach PAINS

When used to express a physical discomfort, these words are preceded by the indefinite article in examples such as: I have a headache. a toothache.

31

a stomachache. a pain in the back. a pain in the leg. a pain in the stomach. Besides being nouns, the words ache and pain can be used as verbs as in the following examples: to ache My legs were aching. (hurt, be sore, be painful, be in pain, throb, pound, twinge, burn, sting) Her heart ached for pour Michel. (grieve, be in distress, be miserable, be in anguish, bleed) Mary ached for his affection. (long, yearn) to pain Her foot is still paining her. (hurt, cause pain, be painful, be sore be tender) The memory pains her. (sadden, grieve, distress, trouble, perturb, oppress, cause anguish)

Write and discuss the answers to these questions: 1. What exercises do you know of that are designed to keep the different parts of the leg in good shape? Explain how to do them. 2. What problems do people have with the different parts of their legs, through accidents, age or lifestyle? What can they do about them?

32

Unit 4
Joke Manager: I thought I told you to lose weight. What happened to your three week diet? Player: I finished it in three days!

Nutrition

It is not always necessary to read every word of a text. Your purpose for reading something determines how closely you should read it. Once you know what your purpose is, skimming is a valuable procedure. Skimming through a passage involves reading very fast in order to recognize main ideas and supporting details while skipping (not reading) parts that are not relevant to your reading purpose. Although skimming should never replace careful reading, it can save you time in deciding what or what not to read, in getting the general content of a passage, and in finding the authors main point without having to deal with details. Skimming to find a specific piece of information such as a number or the answer to a question is often called scanning. In order to understand a text you should scan for information about who, what, where, when and why. When you have found out the who, what, where, when and why information in a text decide whether or not to continue reading. If you do read the rest of the text, skim it by skipping to places where words are capitalized or where there are numbers, or to any points that particularly interest you. Most importantly, dont get lost in all the words; practice reading only what you need to read within a section. When you want to find a particular piece of information, often the quickest way to find it is first to make some intelligent guesses as to where and in what form that piece of information is likely to be found. One example of this type of scanning is when you run your eye down a list of exam results to find your own score: you know the form of your own name will appear in because you have seen it many times before and you know roughly where it will come in the alphabetical list. This is called searching for the key word. There is one problem with key words, however. Sometimes we are not sure of the exact key word we are looking for. For instance, an example of this is when we are trying to find the date when a man was born or a process was discovered. In a situation like this we cannot expect to have an exact date in our mind when we look for the key word: instead we must look for a type of word rather than an exact word. We shall call this key term. Here are some examples of how using key terms helps in scanning: a. If you want to find out who discovered the transistor, and you find an article all about transistors, then the key term you would be looking for is the name of a person. b. If you want to find out whether an article you have found deals with political problems in one country only or in several countries, the key term you would be looking for would be the names of countries. Titles are often useful indicators of what the text is about. In a longer passage, it is sometimes enough to read only the first sentence of each paragraph. Most writers of English state the topic of each of their paragraphs in the first sentence. So just by reading each first sentence you will usually be able to find out what the text is about. This is not a general rule, however. Then read the last paragraph entirely. Authors frequently provide a summary or conclusion in the last paragraph.

Skimming, scanning, key words and key terms

33

Should Athletes Nibble or Gorge?


P1 This is the question that was pondered recently in Paris as part of a consensus meeting on "Periodicity of Eating and Human Health." The meeting was endorsed by the American Dietetic Association and European Federation of the Associations of Dietitians, and sponsored by Mars Inc. An international panel of nutrition experts considered the effects of the timing and frequency of our eating occasions on things like blood glucose, blood lipids, tooth decay, obesity and energy expenditure, mental performance, and sports performance. P2 Central to the discussion was the difficulty in measuring how people eat. Our knowledge is confused because of the various ways that researchers have reported the occurrences of food and fluid intake. It was noted that dietary survey work is fraught with errors. For example, people tend to underreport intakes, particularly when they want to appear to eat "better" than they really do. The call for standardization in collecting and reporting information about the timing and frequency of food and fluid intake was a key point in the workshop summary. P3 In reviewing clinical studies and epidemiological literature, the workshop participants concluded that the frequency of eating may have a number of physiological and psychological effects, including short-term effects on blood glucose and blood lipid concentrations. The long term effects, particularly in the management of diabetes and hyperlipidemias, need to be studied in greater depth. P4 For athletes (at last, what youve all been waiting for!), the timing and frequency of food intake has been studied from a number of angles. Firstly, it appears that athletes with high energy intakes eat frequently: typically 6-10 times per day. It seems practical to adopt a pattern of " grazing" small- to moderate-size meals and snacks over the day, rather than risk the discomfort of gorging on a few very large meals per day. P5 Of course, athletes have to fit their eating around their training and competition schedules. The timing of carbohydrate intake before, during and after sessions of prolonged high-intensity exercise is also important. The goal is to match carbohydrate supplies to the fuel needs of exercise and recovery. Fueling up before the event is important. Previous advice about avoiding sugar or other carbohydrates in the hour before exercise is now seen to be misplaced. The concern followed the (over) publicity received by one study, which reported reduced performance during exercise following a glucose feed the hour before. The publicity popularized the idea of rebound hypoglycemia and earlier onset of muscle glycogen depletion due to increased insulin in the blood. Since then, there have been at least 10 studies showing that, despite alterations in blood glucose and/or insulin levels at the start of exercise, carbohydrate feedings in the 1-4 hours before exercise either fail to affect or may even improve performance. P6 Consuming carbohydrate during exercise is an important strategy for endurance events. The timing may be an issue of opportunity provided by the sport (e.g. at aid stations, or at scheduled breaks), rather than a scientific ideal. The main advice is to eat sufficient carbohydrate early in exercise rather than wait for the onset of fatigue. Early intake is also important in the recovery phase. An immediate intake of carbohydrate will enhance restoration of muscle glycogenan important consideration when the next bout of training or competition is scheduled in less than 8-12 hours. There are other ways in which timing and frequency of nutrient intake may affect training and performance. More research is needed here. P7 The bottom line of the workshop was that despite the perceived wisdom of the value of "3 square meals" a day, most people eat more often: typically 5-6 times a day. By itself, more frequent eating apparently does not increase the risk of obesity or affect the nutritional value of our diets. But again, more research is needed before we can recommend a way to spread our intake. P8 It should be noted that even if we could make strong guidelines, it is notoriously difficult to get people to change how they eat. We choose the way we eat to meet a variety of social, emotional, physiological, cultural, and practical needs. Despite any benefits, we tend to be creatures of habit and resist long-term change. (http://www.ausport.gov.au/aismenu.html, by Louise Burke)

34

READING COMPREHENSION I. Skim the text in order to answer the following questions. While answering the questions think of what you are looking for: is it a key word or a key term? 1. What event is described in this text? 2. Where did the event take place? 3. What was this events purpose? 4. Who was the event sponsored by? 5. Who took part in the event? 6. What sport do the sportsmen mentioned in the text practice? 7. What were the conclusions of the event? 8. How many times a day do athletes with high intakes of energy eat? 9. How many times a day do most people eat? 10. What nutritional substance was studied in the diet of athletes? II. In each paragraph find the sentence that expresses the main idea. P1. _________________________________________________________________________________ P2. _________________________________________________________________________________ P3. _________________________________________________________________________________ P4. _________________________________________________________________________________ P5. _________________________________________________________________________________ P6. _________________________________________________________________________________ P7. _________________________________________________________________________________ P8. _________________________________________________________________________________ III. Choose the variant that best reflects the meaning of the following words in the text (look for the words written in bold): 1. to nibble in the title means: A. to eat small bites of food, B. to gradually erode, C. to show cautious interest in a project 2. to gorge in the title means: A. to vomit, B. to eat many times a day, C. to eat a large amount greedily 3. to endorse in P1 means: A. to support, B. to disapprove, C. to request 4. panel in P1 means: A. a rectangular section of a door, B. a small group of people brought together to investigate or decide on a matter, C. a flat board on which instruments and controls are fixed

35

5. fraught with in P2 means: A. filled with something undesirable, B. submitted to, C. frightening 6. intake in P2 means: A. an amount or quantity taken in, B. an act of taking in, C. a location or structure through which something is taken in 7. to graze in P4 means: A. to eat grass in a field, B. to eat frequent snacks at irregular intervals, C. to scrape and brake the skin 8. onset in P5 means: A. the beginning of something, especially something unpleasant, B. a military attack, C. output 9. depletion in P5 means: A. increase, B. exhaustion, C. growth 10. to enhance in P6 means: A. to start, B. to favour, C. to increase the quality of 11. bout in P6 means: A. a short period of intense activity, B. a wrestling or boxing match, C. beginning VOCABULARY 1. DIET. Choose the right answer: 1. Overweight people have .. to avoid exercises. A. an affectation, B. a disposition, C. an inclination, D. a tendency 2. You should take more exercise if you want to keep .. . A. fat, B. fine, C. fit, D. fresh 3. The doctor told her that she would be well advised to .. some weight. A. leave, B. light, C. lose, D. sell 4. After her diet, she looked very .. and healthy. A. hungry, B. skinny, C. slim, D. thin 5. Very fat men sometimes have a .. at the back of their neck. A. double chin, B. roll of fat, C. spare tyre, D. ton of flesh 6. The doctor advised my mother to keep a .. watch on her weight. A. near, B. severe, C. strict, D. tight 7. Its important to keep your body in good .. . A. contour, B. figure, C. form, D. shape 8. You shouldnt eat so much chocolate .. meals. A. between, B. else, C. except, D. through 9. She has put .. a lot of weight since last year. A. down, B. in, C. off, D. on 10. She remained depressingly fat .. all her efforts to slim. A. against, B. although, C. contrary, D. despite 2. DIET. Fill in the blanks with the words below. You may use each word only once. activity, children, dietary, energy, include, lean, nursing, nutrients, people, person, products, rapidly, tissue, well-balanced Certain groups of .., such as young children and older people, have special .. needs. Because .. grow .., they need food not only to replace worn-out tissues and provide .., but also to build new .. .

36

cereals.

A childs diet should .. milk and milk .., eggs, .. meat, poultry, fish, fruits, vegetables, and

A .. diet is important to the older .. as it is to the child. Older people need as many .. as young adults. But if their .. is reduced, they will need fewer calories. Expectant or .. mothers and babies also need special diets. 3. DIET. Choose the correct answer. 1. Theres an old saying. its the double gins that cause the .. . A. crossed eyes, B. double chins, C. flat feet, D. knock knees 2. Exercise tends to .. the effects of old age. A. offset, B. run down, C. set back, D. waylay 3. A diet high in carbohydrates contains little of the .. material needed to build up tissue. A. calorific, B. digestible, C. nourishing, D. sustaining 4. He will have to go on a diet because he is worried that he is .. . A. buxom, B. chubby, C. robust, D. strong 5. I think youll find that the inconvenience of the diet is .. by the benefits. A. outranked, B. outweighed, C. overbalanced, D. overthrown 6. When there is excessive obesity patients are sometimes put on a .. diet which enables them to lose weight extremely quickly. A. balanced, B. crash, C. light, D. slim 7. .. your food will give you indigestion. A. Bolting, B. Cramming, C. Gorging, D. Munching 8. When dieting, eat only to satisfy your hunger .. not to gratify your desire to eat. A. aches, B. pangs, C. spasms, D. twinges 4. Read the following advertisement and then write a similar one. Nutrix: - is guaranteed to provide a well-balanced daily diet with all the nutrients of conventional food, and a whole lot more - is rich in body-building protein-as much as in half a dozen eggs, and has an equally high iron content. - has as many vitamins as youd find in six pints of milk, five pints of yoghurt and twenty pints of beer; it contains as much vitamin E as a fridge-full of margarine. - allows you a carefully-controlled intake of carbohydrates, starch, sugars etc. and a concentrated source of energy through fats equal to that found in six pounds of cottage cheese and two whole pounds of cream. Now with the cholesterol problem eliminated! - contains all essential minerals like calcium and iodine (as much as in twenty-five family-size packets of salt and vinegar-flavoured crisps). - still has, believe it or not, fewer calories than 5 kilos of suet of lard 5. Match the names of the following substances with their definitions. 1. cholesterol a. natural substances found in food that are necessary to trigger the thousands of chemical reactions necessary to maintain good health.. Each such substance is given a name using a letter of the alphabet. 2. water b. oil found in food 3. mineral c. a substance found in foods such as sugar, bread, and potatoes. It supplies your body with heat and energy. 4. carbohydrate d. a substance in food such as meat, eggs, and milk that people need in order to grow and be healthy.

37

5. protein 6. fat 7. vitamin

e. a natural substance in some foods that you need for good health, for example iron and calcium. f. the clear liquid that falls as rain and is used for things such as drinking and washing. g. a substance in your blood that can cause heart disease if you have too much of it.

6. The following words are frequently associated with diet. Use them to fill in the blancs.
healthy starvation staple

vegetarian

crash

diet
varied balanced

special low-fat

low-calorie

1. A _____ diet should include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. 2. If you want a _____ diet you should stay away from fast food. 3. People who have health problems caused by too much cholesterol are prescribed _____ diets. 4. Since sedentary persons make very little physical effort, they consume fewer calories than athletes. Therefore, a _____ diet would prevent them from getting overweight. 5. Active athletes need _____ diets before and during competitions. 6. All people should eat a _____ diet, regardless of age. 7. Boxers sometimes go on _____ diets a few days before the weigh-in. 8. _____ diets do not include meat. 9. Chinese people eat a lot of rice as part of their _____ diet.

10. The doctor put her on a _____ diet because her excessive obesity was a serious threat to her life.
7. Read the following texts and solve the exercises that follow. Text 1 Cholesterol(1) only becomes a problem when you have too much of it and it starts to promote the production of a fatty plaque(2) that can clog the arteries. Interruption of blood flow to a main heart vessel can cause a heart attack; a blocked blood vessel on the way to the brain could cause a stroke. Some say that cholesterol-rich foods such as eggs, shellfish and offal(3) should be banished from the diet, but these foods dont significantly raise cholesterol levels. The cholesterol in them is broken down quite efficiently and then excreted(4), so they are fine to eat in moderation.

38

Fibre(5) produces substances that help to clear the blood or bad cholesterol and acts as a buffer(6), so less fat is brought into contact with blood vessels and less is absorbed. Fibre also keeps bad cholesterol within the gut(7) from where it can be excreted. 1. fatty substance found in the body tissue and blood of all animals 2. unwanted substance that forms on the surface of the arteries 3. organs from inside animals which are eaten as food (brains, heart, kidneys, liver) 4. got rid of from the body 5. substance in food that travels through the body as waste, helping digestion 6. something (or someone) that helps protect from harm 7. tubes that carry food from the stomach TEXT 2 Running, or swift walking, uses the major muscle groups, making it the most efficient form of cardiovascular(1) exercise. It ha s been shown to have a positive effect on blood fats by reducing cholesterol levels. Il also lowers blood pressure and helps diabetics(2) by improving glucose(3) tolerance and reducing insulin resistance(4). Running is a very efficient way to burn calories. Converting your weight into pounds(4) and then multiplying the result by 75 per cent will give you the amount you burn per mile. The average is about 500 calories for every three miles. If you did this three times a week, youd lose lb a week, 2 lb a month or 24 lb a year. This all-round form of exercise is used in the treatment of mental illness and depression, because it is thought to raise levels of the mood enhancer(6), serotonin. 1 affecting the heart and blood circulation 2, 3 ,4 people suffering from diabetes, an illness in which the body cannot cope with glucose (sugar) because it does not produce enough insulin (hormone that controls the level of sugar in the body) 5 measure of weight, 1 pound (lb) = 454 grams 6 hormone that makes you feel happier EXERCISES I. Answer these questions about text 1. 1. What two health problems can be caused by too much cholesterol? 2. Plaque can also form on teeth. Do you try to encourage or prevent this? 3. What do eggs, shellfish and offal have in common? 4. What sorts of food contain fibre? 5. Why is fibre useful? II. Answers these questions about text 2. 1. For what three conditions might doctors recommend running as a form of exercise? 2. How far on average does someone have to run to use up 500 calories? 3. What mental health problem is also improved by running? 4. Why does running help with this problem? III. Suggest opposites for the underlined words using vocabulary from texts 1 and 2. 1. can unblock the arteries 2. glucose intolerance 3. to lower serotonin levels 4. a mood depressant 5. gentle walking 6. gain 2 lbs a week 8. Write a page from your diary. Its the fifteenth day that you have been on a really strict diet.

39

Unit 5 I Introductory Discussion Things you know

Luis Figo Things you are not sure of Things you would like to know

II Reading comprehension

(P1)Lus Filipe Madeira Caeiro, a.k.a. 1 Lus Figo, November 4, 1972 - in Cova da Piedade Almada, Portugal) is a Portuguese international footballer, who plays as a midfielder. (P2)He won his first senior international cap in 1991; prior to that, he won the Under20 World Championship and Under-16 European Championship with Portugal junior sides. Figo moved to FC Barcelona from Sporting Clube de Portugal (club which developed many other great Portuguese players) in 1995, but not before a dispute with Juventus and Parma, with whom he had signed a double contract, under risk of a lengthy ban. The situation was eventually resolved, and in four years he became a fan-favourite, captain and symbol of the Catalan side. In 2000 his transfer to Barcelona's arch-rival, Real Madrid, for a record-breaking 37,000,000 only intensified the great animosity between the two clubs. There was a short-lived website (antifigo.com) devoted to insult "judas Figo"; he missed his highly anticipated first return to the Nou Camp due to injury; in 2002, Barcelona's ground was banned after objects were thrown at Figo, and finally, during the final match between Greece and Portugal in the UEFA Euro 2004 championships, a Bara fan ran across the field and threw a FC Barcelona flag at Figo in an apparent act of defiance. (P3)Already a great winger at the beginning of his career, Figo eventually became one of the best players of the world, and undoubtedly the best winger of his generation. His dazzling dribbling and the amazing amount of assists (Figo confesses that he enjoys assisting as much as scoring) assured him success and fame all over the world. (P4)Lus Figo is nowadays one of the main Portuguese symbols and ambassadors. Many Portuguese travelling outside southern Europe get "Oh!! Figo! Figo!" as a reply, when saying they are Portuguese. (P5)In November 2004, shortly after the racist incidents in Madrid during the SpainEngland friendly, Figo was revealed alongside other Real Madrid teammates, to be sympathisers of Real's Ultras Sur, a group well known for its xenophobic links. Pictures of Figo and Ral (who was already known as a hero for the group) smiling for the camera while holding a scarf and flag of the Ultras Surs was printed in a Sunday newspaper. They have posed for more than a few photographs and granted interviews to the group's fanzine. (P6)He was 2001 FIFA World Player of the Year and is arguably one of the great alltime players. On August 18, 2004, Figo announced that he would "take a break" from international football.Figo is married to Swedish model Helen Svedin. They have two children.

Luis Figo

a.k.a. means also known as 40

Titles earned Champions League (2002, Real Madrid) Cup Winners' Cup (1997, FC Barcelona) FIFA World Youth Championship (1991, Portugal) Spanish League (1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, FC Barcelona and Real Madrid) Spanish Cup (1997, 1998, FC Barcelona) Portuguese Cup (1995, Sporting Lisbon) Ballon d'or 2000 (France Football prize) 2001 FIFA World Player of the Year Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, (www.wikipedia.org) 1. Read the text above and choose the correct variant: (1) Where was Luis Figo born? A. in Portugal B. in Spain C. in Brazil (2) What was Figos first major achievement according to the text? A. He won his first senior international cap in 1991. B. He won the Under-20 World Championship. C. He won the Under-16 European Championship. (3) What happened when Figo transferred to Real Madrid? A. All his fans were very happy. B. Barcelonas fans were very angry at him. C. He was very unhappy with his decision. (4) How is the gesture of the Bara fan to be interpreted? A. as an act of love B. as an act of indifference C. as an act of protest (5) Ultra Sur is A. a group that hates or fears foreigners B. a political party C. a charity organization 2. Choose the variant that best reflects the meaning of the following words in the text (marked in bold in the text): (1) cap in paragraph 2 means: A. presence of a player in a national team B. a head-covering worn by boys and men C. a waterproof covering for swimming (2) prior to that in paragraph 2 means: A. at that time B. after that C. before that (3) eventually in paragraph 2 means: A. in any case B. in the end 41

C. a long time ago (4) arch-rival in paragraph 2 means: A. principal rival B. insignificant rival C. old rival (5) was banned in paragraph 2 means: A. was prohibited B. was destroyed C. was rebuilt (6) dazzling in paragraph 3 means: A. confusing B. brilliant C. poor (7) assisting in paragraph 3 means: A. giving support or aid to somebody B. being present as a spectator C. throwing the ball to a teammate in order to score a goal

III Vocabulary 1. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) The following words name positions of football players on the field. Choose the appropriate definitions for each of them: goalkeeper midfield sweeper center back (a.k.a. central defender) striker winger He has one main task: to score goals. He is free to move up and down the field, in contrast to man-to-man markers, who must stick to their designed attacker. His job is purely defensive: to guard his teams goal from being breached. He is allowed to use his hands when playing the ball. He is a link between defense and attack when his team is in possession of the ball, and must also defend when the opposing team is in possession. He plays in a wing position and his job is to provide crosses into the penalty area for the strikers to score from. His job is to stop opposing players, particularly the strikers, from getting the opportunity to score, and to clear the ball from the penalty area. He is usually tall, with good heading ability.

42

IV Grammar 1. Nationality Words Inhabitants of China, Scotland and Denmark are generally referred to as the Chinese, the Scots and the Danes. Is Figo a Portugal or a Portuguese? For each country below, try to give the adjective and the word describing the inhabitants of that country. The form of the adjective may be used in order to refer to the inhabitants of the country, or you may need to use a different form. COUNTRY ADJECTIVE INHABITANTS A.China the Chinese Chinese the .. Japan Japanese the Portuguese Portugal .. the Vietnamese Vietnam .. B. France the .. French the Dutch Holland/the Netherlands C. England the English .. the .. Britain British the .. Ireland Irish D. America the ..s American the Romanians Romania .. the ..s Germany German the Norwegians Norway .. the Africans Africa African E. Scotland the Scots Scottish the Danes Denmark Danish the Croats Croatia Croatian the Poles Poland Polish the Swedes/(the Swedish) Sweden Swedish F. Switzerland Swiss the Swiss - Form The adjectives (of nationality) may be words which end in ese (group A), -ch (group B), (i)sh (group C),-(i)an (group D). Swiss is a special case. The adjectives may also function as nouns: a) (unchanged); (groups A, B, C) - the + adjective form: e.g. the Chinese b) add the sign of plural; (group D) the + adjective form + -s: e.g. the Americans There are nationality words which require different forms for the adjective and the corresponding noun (group E); the word referring to the inhabitants of that country adds the sign of plural: the + -s Nationality words are always written with capital letters. - Use When we speak about the inhabitants of a country in general we usually use the + word: e.g. The English drink beer in pubs. The Germans are musical.

43

When we first speak about a specific inhabitant of a country we use a + word: e.g. I know a Chinese. He speaks Romanian in an awkward way. When we mention a specific inhabitant for the second time we use the + word: e.g. The Chinese (I told you about) has improved his Romanian. He now speaks it pretty fluently. When we speak about specific inhabitants of a country we use the + word (+ that): e.g. The English (that) I know do not drink at all. VI Writing Choose one of the following topics: (a) Read the following fragment in order to get the main ideas: A sport can be operationally defined as: The exercise of a useful physical skill recreationally, i.e. for a purpose other than its practical application in daily life. An activity conforming to a set of rules while aiming to attain excellence. The excellence referred to above may be measured against previous benchmarks, time measurements, performance of the other team or participants, world records, etc. Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, (www.wikipedia.org) In the text above you are given two ways of defining of sport. Starting from the ideas expressed in the text write a 300-word composition which bears the title: Sport is an important area of human interest and activity. Your piece of writing should include the following ideas: 1. Introduction 2. Sport as way of spending ones free time (purpose, utility, gains) 3. Sport as a specific activity - attaining excellence (purpose, utility, skills and/or qualities required, gains/losses it involves) 4. Conclusion (sum-up the uses of practising sport) Give reasons for the ideas expressed. (b) Comment upon: Sportspeople should rely on their own natural biology and physiology. If they use any other aids, they are cheating and not competing fairly. (300 words) VII Homework Assignment 1. Football. Choose the correct answer (use English-English dictionaries where necessary): 1. The teams coach insisted on a programme of.. training before the big match. a) harsh b) rigourous c) searching d) severe 2. The team has practised hard so that it could .. the trophy. a) regain b) replace c) restore d) return 3. Manchester United are playing .. Birmingham this Sunday. a) against b) facing c) opposite d) with 4. The football team won partly because they had been trained by such a good.. . a) director b) instructor c) coach d) teacher 44

5. The said it was a foul and gave us a free kick. a) controller b) director c) referee d) coach 6. Our .. didnt manage to score any goal during the match. a) party b) striker c) referee d)goal-keeper 7. Luis Figo is a .. international footballer. a) Portugal b) Portugueses c) Portuguese d) Chinese 8. His performance on the football ground is .. . a) dazziling b) difficulty c) assisting d) highly 9. Our goalkeeper was badly ..during the opponents strong offensive. a) demolished b) injured c) boasted d) healed 10. Because of his taking drugs, the footballer was to play for 2 months. a) interdicted b) banning c) allowed d) permitted

45

The Present Tense Simple I. Formation rules 1. Affirmative I/You/We/They+bare infinitive He/She/It infinitive+s 1.2 Irregular verbs I am, He/She/It is, We/You/They are I/You/We/They have, He/She/It has 2. Interrogative Do/Does + bare infinitive 3. Negative do not (dont)/does not (doesnt) + bare infinitive Affirmative I work You work. He works. She works. It works. We work. You work. They work. Interrogative Do I work? Do you work? Does he work? Does she work? Does it work? Do we work? Do you work? Do they work? Negative I do not (dont) work. You do not (dont) work. He does not (doesnt) work. She does not (doesnt) work. It does not (doesnt) work. We do not (dont) work. You do not (dont) work. They do not (dont) work.

4. Spelling peculiarities of the 3rd person singular 4.1 verbs ending in -s, x, z, sh, ch, o add es: pass-he passes, mix-he mixes, buzz-it buzzes, push-he pushes, catch-he catches, do-he does. 4.2 when there is a consonant before y, it changes to i followed by -es.

46

e.g. cry-he cries, study-he studies, BUT buy-he buys, say-he says 5. Pronunciation of the 3rd person singular 5.1 [s] after [f], [p], [k], [t] []. puffs, shops, thinks, lets, baths 5.2 [z] after vowels and after the following sounds [b], [d], [g], [l], [m], [n], [], [v], vowel+[r]/[w]. e.g. pays, robs, adds, digs, fills, dreams, runs, rings, loves draws, stirs. 5.3 [iz] after [z], [], [s], [], [], [ks]. e.g. loses, manages, passes, pushes, stitches, mixes. II. Uses 1. Permanent truths Summer follows spring. Water boils at 100 centigrade. 2. Habitual actions with adverbs and adverbial phrases like in summer, on Mondays, every day, often, usually, frequently, seldom, rarely, occasionally, sometimes, always, never, once a week/month/year, every six days I go to school every day. I usually watch TV in the evening. I go to the dentist every six months. 3. Future reference (timetable future) The exhibition opens on January 1st. The train leaves the station at 9 oclock.

47

The Present Tense Continuous I. Formation rules present tense of to be + verb-ing Affirmative I am working. You are working. He is working. She is working. It is working. We are working. You are working. They are working. Interrogative Am I working? Are you working? Is he working? Is she working? Is it working? Are we working? Are you working? Are they working? Negative I am not working. You are not (arent) working. He is not (isnt) working. She is not (isnt) working. It is not (isnt) working. We are not (arent) working. You are not (arent) working. They are not (arent) working.

Spelling peculiarities of the-ing form of the verb 1. verbs ending in -e omit the e before adding the -ing move-moving, write-writing, come-coming 2. one syllable verbs ending in consonant double the final consonant before adding the ing run-running, put-putting, sit-sitting 3. two syllable verbs double the final consonant when the last syllable is stressed pre`fer-preferring, be`gin-beginning, up`set-upsetting BUT `benefit-benefiting, `differ-differing, `profit-profiting, EXCEPTIONS `labelling, `quarrelling, `signalling, `travelling 4. -ic at the end changes to -ick

48

panic-panicking, picnik-picnicking, trafic-traficking 5. verbs ending in -ie change it to -y die-dying, tie-tying, lie-lying II. Uses 1. An action in progress at the moment of speaking He is working at the moment, so he cant come to the telephone. 2. Temporary and exceptional actions/situations with the following adverbs or adverbial phrases today, this week, these days, this month, this year My father usually teaches English, but he is teaching 3. Irritating repeated actions with the following adverbs or adverbial phrases My neighbour is always starting his car when I want to have a rest. 4. Future reference (arrangements) We are spending next winter in Australia. Observations The following verbs are not normally used in the continuous aspect: 1. verbs of perception see, hear, smell, feel, taste 2. verbs of thinking 3. verbs of feeling hope, think, consider, feel, understand, know, realize, suppose, believe, remember, forget, recollect, recall, expect want, wish, desire, like, hate, dislike, care, refuse, forgive, adore, intend, agree be, belong, own, have, contain, include, comprise, weigh, measure, cost, resemble, consist of, require, need

4. verbs indicating states or permanent qualities of people or objects

49

5. miscellaneous

concern, matter, mean, seem, signify, appear (=seem), keep (=continue)

Verb see think

Simple Aspect house. I think he is right. explanation.

Continuous Aspect Im seeing the town. Im thinking about my holidays.

I see someone in front of the Im seeing John tomorrow.

expect I expect youll understand his She is expecting a baby. have be smell taste feel hear They have a new car. He is at home. Flowers smell nice. The cake tastes delicious. The silk feels soft. I hear a noise. He is heaving breakfast/a shower/a bath/fun/a good time. Why are you being so silly today. Shes smelling a rose. The cook is tasting the cake. Im feeling this material to see whether it is silk or not. Theres nobody in the house but us. You are hearing things.

50

The Past Tense Simple I. Formation rules 1. Affirmative 1.1 Regular verbs: bare infinitive + ed 1.2 Irregular verbs 2nd form be become begin catch was/were became began caught been become begun caught

2. Interrogative Did + bare infinitive 3. Negative did not (didnt) + bare infinitive Affirmative I worked You worked. He worked. She worked. It worked. We worked. You worked. They worked. Interrogative Did I work? Did you work? Did he work? Did she work? Did it work? Did we work? Did you work? Did they work? Negative I did not (didnt) work. You did not (didnt) work He did not (didnt) work. She did not (didnt) work. It did not (didnt) work. We did not (didnt) work. You did not (didnt) work. They did not (didnt) work.

4. Spelling peculiarities 4.1 verbs ending in -e add -d: phone-phoned, move-moved, lie-lied, die-died, agreeagreed. 4.2. one-syllable verbs spelt with a single vowel letter followed by a single consonant letter double the consonant: stop-stopped, shop-shopped, beg-begged 4.3. two-syllable verbs double the final consonant when the last syllable contains a single vowel letter followed by a single consonant letter and is stressed. pre'fer-preferred benefit-'benefited

51

re'fer-referred 4.4. verbs ending in -y

differ-'differed profit-'profited

vowel + y y play-played, obey-obeyed consonant + y i cry-cried, deny-denied II. Uses 1. An action that happened and was completed in the past. It is often used with adverbs and adverbial phrases and other time expressions referring to the past: yesterday, last week, last year, last evening, two days ago, in 1970. I saw John yesterday. 2. Habitual actions or states in the past I played football a lot when I was young. As a child, I lived in London. 3. Polite inquiries (asking for favours) with verbs like hope, think, wonder. I wondered if you could help me with my homework. 4. used + to-infinitive 4.1. Habitual actions in the past I used to play football a lot when I was young. 4.2. Habitual states in the past I used to own a sports car when I was young. 5. would + bare infinitive Habitual actions in the past I would spend hours studying when I was a student.

52

The Past Tense Continuous I. Formation rules past tense of to be + verb-ing Affirmative I was working. You were working. He was working. She was working. It was working. We were working. You were working. They were working. II. Uses 1. An action in progress at a certain moment in the past I was watching TV at 9 0clock/when you phoned me last night. 2. Two actions in progress at the same time in the past While I was reading, my sister was watching TV. 3. Irritating repeated actions in the past When he was a teenager, Mathew was always picking on younger children. 4. Polite inquiries (asking for favours). This use is even more polite than the simple past. I was wondering if you could help me with my homework. Interrogative Was I working? Were you working? Was he working? Was she working? Was it working? Were we working? Were you working? Were they working? Negative I was not (wasnt) working. You were not (werent) working. He was not (wasnt) working. She was not (wasnt) working. It was not (wasnt) working. We were not (werent) working. You were not (werent) working. They were not (werent) working.

53

The Past Perfect Simple I. Formation rules 1. Affirmative 1.1 Regular verbs: had+verb+ed 1.2 Irregular verbs 3rd form be become begin catch was/were became began caught been become begun caught

2. Interrogative Had + subject +verb+ed/3rd form 3. Negative had not (hadnt) + verb+ed/3rd form Affirmative I had worked. You had worked. He had worked. She had worked. It had worked. We had worked. You had worked. They had worked. II. Uses An event in the past which happened before a moment in the past or another event in the past John left at 8.00. Jane arrived at 9.00. When Jane arrived, John had already left. Mark had finished reading the book by 5.00 yesterday. Interrogative Had I worked? Had you worked? Had he worked? Had she worked? Had it worked? Had we worked? Had you worked? Had they worked? Negative I had not (hadnt) worked. You had not (hadnt) worked. He had not (hadnt) worked. She had not (hadnt) worked. It had not (hadnt) worked. We had not (hadnt) worked. You had not (hadnt) worked. They had not (hadnt) worked.

54

With before and after it is not necessary to use past perfect to make clear that an event happened before another one. Both variants are correct. John left before Jane arrived. Jane arrived after John left. John had left before Jane arrived. Jane arrived after John had left.

The Past Perfect Continuous I. Formation rules 1. Affirmative had+been+verb-ing 2. Interrogative Had + subject +been+verb-ing 3. Negative had not (hadnt) +been+verb-ing

Affirmative I had been working. You had been working. He had been working. She had been working. It had been working. We had been working. You had been working. They had been working.

Interrogative Had I been working? Had you been working? Had he been working? Had she been working? Had it been working? Had we been working? Had you been working? Had they been working?

Negative I had not (hadnt) been working. You had not (hadnt) been working. He had not (hadnt) been working. She had not (hadnt) been working. It had not (hadnt) been working. We had not (hadnt) been working. You had not (hadnt) been working. They had not (hadnt) been working.

55

II. Uses An event that started in the past and continued until another event in the past happened. I started reading at 9.00 yesterday. John arrived at 11.00. I had been reading since 9.00 when John arrived. I had been reading for two hours when John arrived.

56

The Present Perfect Simple I. Formation rules Subject+has/have+Past Participle (the 3 rd form) Affirmative I have seen You have seen We have seen They have seen He has seen She has seen It has seen II. Uses Generally, it describes past actions that are connected to the present: 1. An action that happened recently. e.g. I have just arrived at the seaside. 2. An action that happened in the past and explains a present situation. e.g. Mary: Whats the matter? Why are you walking like that? Jane: I have hurt my foot. (explanation) 3. Experiences in life. (with always, ever, never) e.g. Have you ever visited France? I have never eaten Spanish food. This is the most interesting book I have ever read. 4. With adverbs or adverbial phrases that clearly connect the past to the present. (today, this week, this month, so far, up till now, up to the present) e.g. I havent seen him this morning. He has written five letters so far. Interrogative Have I seen? Have you seen? Have we seen? Have they seen? Has he seen? Has she seen? Has it seen? Negative I have not (havent) seen You have not (havent) seen We have not (havent) seen They have not (havent) seen He has not (hasnt) seen She has not (hasnt) seen It has not (hasnt) seen

57

5. A state lasting from a moment in the past up to the moment of speaking (the present). e.g. I have lived here for five years. I have lived here since I was a boy. The Present Perfect Continuous I. Formation rules Subject+has/have+been+verb-ing Affirmative I have been working You have been working We have been working They have been working He has been working She has been working It has been working Interrogative Have I been working? Have you been working? Have we been working? Have they been working? Has he been working? Has she been working? Has it been working? Negative I have not (havent) been working You have not (havent) been working We have not (havent) been working They have not (havent) been working He has not (hasnt) been working She has not (hasnt) been working It has not (hasnt) been working FOR = period SINCE = beginning of the action

58

II Uses 1. An action that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. The action is still in progress at the moment of speaking. e.g. I have been working for five hours. I have been working since three o clock. 2. Explaining recent activities. e.g. Nick: You are very dirty! What have you been doing? Paul: I have been fixing my bike. 3. Repeated actions. e.g. Jim has been phoning Jane every night for the past week. I have been trying to get in touch with her for days, but she is never at home. Present Perfect/Past Tense PRESENT PERFECT I have visited Spain. (indefinite time) morning) is still in the army) PAST TENSE I visited Spain last year. (specific time) is over) longer in the army)

Have you been busy this morning. (it is still Were you busy this morning? (the morning He has been in the army for 20 years. (He He was in the army for 20 years. (He is no

59

Means of expressing future

I. The Future Tense Simple (FTS) 1 Formation rules shall/will + infinitive Affirmative I shall work. You will work. He will work. She will work. It will work. We shall work. You will work. They will work. 2 Uses 2.1 It usually describes a prediction or what the speaker thinks will happen in the future. FTS can also be used to invite a prediction. There is usually a time expression. Adverbs such as maybe, perhaps (uncertain), possibly, probably (almost certain), surely, definitely (certain) may be used in combination with FTS. e. g. Ask him again. Perhaps hell change his mind. Tottenham will definitely win tonight. Will house prices rise again next year? 2.2 FTS is often used after verbs and verb phrases such as assume, be afraid, be sure, believe, doubt, expect, hope, suppose, think to express hopes and expectations. e. g. I hope shell get the job shes applied for. I dont know if I shall see him tomorrow. Im sure youll feel better tomorrow. 2.3 Will can be used to express an assumption. e. g. A: Theres someone at the door. B: That will be Jim. Interrogative Shall I work? Will you work? Will he work? Will she work? Will it work? Shall we work? Will you work? Will they work? Negative I shall not (shant) work. You will not (wont) work. He will not (wont) work. She will not (wont) work. It will not (wont) work. We shall not (shant) work. You will not (wont) work. They will not (wont) work.

60

2.4 Will is also used to express an immediate decision. e. g. A: Its hot in here. B: Ill open a window. 2.5 Will can be used to express a habitual, repeated action. e. g. Every Sunday they will go to the seaside. Boys will be boys. 2.6 Will can be used to express a promise, a refuse or a threat. e. g .Ill try as hard as I can. I wont do that. Stop doing that, or Ill tell my dad. 2.6 Will can be used in questions to express a request. e. g. Will you carry the bag for me? 2.7 Shall can be used in questions to express an offer. e. g. Shall I open the door for you? 2.8 Shall can be used in questions to make a suggestion. e. g. Shall we play tennis? II. The Future Tense Continuous (FTC) 1 Formation rules shall/will + be + verb - ing Affirmative I shall be working. You will be working. He will be working. She will be working. It will be working. We shall be working. You will be working. They will be working. Interrogative Shall I be working? Will you be working? Will he be working? Will she be working? Will it be working? Shall we be working? Will you be working? Will they be working? Negative I shall not (shant) be working. You will not (wont) be working. He will not (wont) be working. She will not (wont) be working. It will not (wont) be working. We shall not (shant) be working. You will not (wont) be working. They will not (wont) be working.

61

2 Uses 2.1 Actions in progress at a moment in the future e. g. This time tomorrow Ill be eating lunch on the plane. What will you be doing in ten years time? 2.2 Arrangements and plans e. g. Well be spending the winter in Australia. Professor Craig will be giving a lecture in English poetry. 2.3 Polite questions e. g. When will you finish these letters? (boss to assistant) When will you be seeing Mr. White? (assistant to boss) 2.4 Describing what the speaker assumes someone else is doing at the moment e. g. Dont phone her now. Its 4 oclock and shell be collecting the children from school. III. The Future Perfect Simple 1 Formation rules shall/will + have + Past Participle (3 rd form) Affirmative I shall have written. You will have written. He will have written. She will have written. It will have written. We shall have written. You will have written. They will have written. Interrogative Shall I have written? Will you have written? Will he have written? Will she have written? Will it have written? Shall we have written? Will you have written? Will they have written? Negative I shall not have written. You will not have written. He will not have written. She will not have written. It will not have written. We shall not have written. You will not have written. They will not have written.

62

2. Uses It expresses a future action completed before another future action. e. g. I will have retired by the year 2010. Mary will have already finished cooking dinner by the time you get home. IV. The Future Perfect Continuous 1. Formation rules shall/will + have + been + verb-ing Affirmative I shall have been writing. He will have been writing. She will have been writing. It will have been writing. Interrogative Shall I have been writing? Will he have been writing? Will she have been writing? Will it have been writing? Negative I shall not have been writing. You will not have been writing. He will not have been writing. She will not have been writing. It will not have been writing. We shall not have been writing. You will not have been writing.

You will have been writing. Will you have been writing?

We shall have been writing. Shall we have been writing? You will have been writing. Will you have been writing? They writing. 2. Uses will have been Will they have writing?

been They will not have been writing.

An action/state that started at a certain moment and continues up to another action/moment in the future e. g. By this time next week, I will have been working for this company for 24 years. !!! Do not use future tense and future perfect in Adverbial Clauses of Time, but present tense and present perfect! e. g. The Owens will move to a new flat when the baby is/has been born. e. g. Once/When we have decorated the house, we shall move in.

63

V. The going to - future 1. Formation rules: present of be + going + to inf. 2. Uses 2.1 It expresses future events whose causes are present or evident. e. g. Look! The clouds are gathering in the sky. It is going to rain. 2.2 It can also express intentions. e. g. Im going to buy a new camera. VI. Present Continuous Use - expresses fixed arrangements, especially social and travelling. e. g. Im having dinner with Janet tomorrow evening. VII. Present Simple - timetable future e. g. Our plane takes off at 9 oclock and lands at 11 oclock. VIII. is/are + to infinitive - formal arrangements/public duties e. g. All students are to assemble in the hall at 9 oclock. IX. be about to, be on the point of - refer to the immediate future e. g. I think the play is about to start now. Mary is on the point of resigning. X. be due +to infinitive - scheduled times. e. g. The play is due to start in five minutes.

64

Basic Terminology in Gymnastics Romanian alergare cu picioarele ntinse alergare de nclzire alergare pe loc alergare pe vrfuri a se alinia aliniere a (se) apleca aplecarea corpului aplecarea corpului nainte/napoi/lateral apucare apropiat apucare de jos apucare de sus apucare n crucis apucare mixt, priz mixt arcuirea braelor napoi arcuirea trunchiului napoi aezat (poziie) aezat clare aezat cu picioarele deprtate aezat cu picioarele ndoite aezat cu picioarele ntinse aezat pe clcie aezat pe coapse aezat pe spate atrnare atrnat cu sprijinul picioarelor atrnat rsturnat atrnat rsturnat (cu braele ntinse) balans n sprijin pe brae balans cu ndoirea i ntinderea braelor balans intermediar balans nainte/napoi balansarea braelor balansarea piciorelor braele ntinse nainte braele lateral braele sus cerc cu ambele picioare cerc cu un singur picior circumducie chass (pas mare alunecat) compunerea exercitiului culcat! cumpn cu sprijin pe cot cumpn stnd pe un picior English running with straight legs warm-up running running on the spot running on tip-toes to line-up lining up to drop, to lower, to lean drop, leaning forward/backward/sideways leaning close grasp inside grasp undergrasp, reverse grasp crossed grasp, crossed grip combined grasp arm pulling backwards back arching, back extension seat cross riding position, cross seat straddle-sitting, stride-sitting sitting with bent knees, crook sitting long sitting kneel sitting straddle-sitting thigh support, side straddle seat back seat hang hand and foot support back hang back hang (with arms extended) swing in stretched cross rest support position swinging (on the parallel bar) from the bent to the stretched arm position, pump swing, dip swing intermediate swing, intervening swing forward/back swing arm swinging leg swinging arms extended forward (at shoulder height) arms spread sideways, arms sideward arms upward position leg circling leg circle circle chasse step composition of the exercise lie down! single-elbow horizontal lever, one-arm planche balance-standing one leg in forward raise 65position

a defila deprtarea picioarelor detent direcia jumtate la stnga mar! drepi! echilibru exerciiu de abdomen a exersa extensie fandare fandat nainte fandat la stnga/la dreapta flick-flack a se ghemui mpingere nainte mar! ncruciarea braelor a se ndoi ndoire ndoire napoi ndoirea braelor ndoirea genunchilor ndoirea trunchiului ndoirea trunchiului cu arcuire (tensiune) ndoirea trunchiului nainte ndreptare de pe cap cu elan ntinderea braelor ntinderea genunchiului ntoarcere ntoarcere napoi jumtate sfoar la dreapta! la stnga! la stnga v-aliniai! legnare a menine echilibrul mers mers cu ridicarea genunchilor mers cu schimbarea piciorului mers cu sprijin pe mini mers pe clcie mers pe loc mers pe vrfuri mers prin erpuire micare circular minile la ceaf minile pe cretet

position to march up splitting the legs apart, legs moving apart, parting the legs springness left wheel! on the feet up!, up! balance abdominal exercise to practice, to train extension lunge forward lunge lunge to the left/right back flip, flip flap, flic-flac, backward handspring to squat pushing march! arm-crossing, crossing of arms to bend bend, bending back bend arm bending knee bending trunk bending rhythmical trunk bending downwards trunk pressing downwards dive into headspring arm stretching knee stretching turn, pivot turn about half split position to the right!, on the right! left turn! left dress! sway, swaying, swing, swinging to keep the balance walking walking with leg-rising walking with step chang walking on hands marching on the heels march on the spot marching with toe touching wave marching rotary movement hands on the nape hands on head 66

minile pe old partea inferioar a corpului partea superioar a corpului pas de galop pas de mar pas de polc pas de vals pas ncruciat pas mrit pas sltat pasi mici picioare deprtate (cu) picioarele ntinse nainte piciorul din fa piciorul liber piruet plan de balansare plan transversal pod cu sprijinul pe antebrae podul podul cu sprijin pe genunchi poziia aezat pozitia clare poziia culcat poziia culcat nainte (facial) poziia culcat pe spate (dorsal) poziia cu picioarele semindoite poziia de stnd poziia fandat poziia n echer poziia sprijin culcat lateral poziia sprijin ghemuit poziia sprijin pe brae poziia stand pe genunchi poziia stand pe un genunchi poziie final poziie iniial punct de sprijin rsturnare rsturnare prin stnd pe mini rsucirea trunchiului redresarea trunchiului ridicarea braelor ridicarea genunchilor roat lateral roat pe un bra a se rostogoli

hands on hips the lower part of the body the upper part of the body high skip step, gallop step running step polka step waltz step crossed step stride bounding step, jumping step short steps feet astride (with) straight legs foreleg, front leg free foot, unemployed foot pirouette swinging plane transverse plan bridge with forearm support, crab with forearm support bridge position bridge in kneeling position half lever position front riding position, astride sitting lying position front lying position, prone position, prone lying lying (flat) on the back bent standing position stand, lunge position half lever position side lying squat-stand hand-balance, handstand kneeling position half kneeling position final position starting position point of support turn over from back lying handspring trunk turning, trunk twisting trunk extension arm lifting knee raising cartwheel cartwheel with one arm support, one arm cartwheel to turn over, to tumble 67

rostogolire rostogolire nainte/napoi/lateral rotarea capului rotarea trunchiului salt cu ntoarcere salt dublu salt dublu napoi salt nainte salt napoi salt napoi cu corpul ntins sritur cu elan oblic sritur cu forfecare sritura oii sritur sritur cu faa n sus cu elan oblic sritur cu picioarele deprtate sritur din fa sritur n ghemuit sritur lateral schimbarea pozitiei braelor sfoara sfoara lateral sprijin dorsal sprijin pe coapse stai! stai jos! stnd cu picioarele apropiate stnd cu picioarele deprtate stnd pe cap stnd pe antebrae i pe cap stnd pe o mn stnd pe omoplai stnd pe vrfuri stnga-mprejur! trre trre lateral trre pe mini i genunchi traciune zona de sprijin

roll, rolling, turn forward/back(ward)/side roll head circling trunk circling somersault with turn (twist) double somersault backward double somersault forward/front somersault back somersault back somersault body straight running jump sideways, sideways spring reverse astride, straddle vault, reverse scissors vault sheep vault jump, leap, spring rear vault from oblique run straddle vault front vault squat-dismount flank vault, side vault change of arm position splits (forward and backward) side splits back rest prone lying thigh support halt!, stop! sit down! standing with feet close together straddle-stand, stride stand, astride head-stand forearm stand with head support, tiger balance one-arm handstand, one-hand handstand one-bar cross shoulder balance tiptoe position, stand on tiptoe about face! creeping side crawling cat crawling pull-up area of support, support zone

68

You might also like