SUB SYNCHRONOUS RESONANCE

Sub Synchronous Resonance

Generator-turbine shaft system has number of torsional vibration modes above and below the rated frequency. Shaft system can be modeled as a spring mass system.

K=(G.F)/l = torsional stiffness or spring constant G = rigidity modulus, F = form factor, l =length

Sub Synchronous Resonance

T=K.
Shaft system equations Gen. Rotor torques Output torque = Te Damping torque = D1w Input torque = T12 =K12(2-1) Equation of motion
2H 1 d 1 = Ta = K 12( 2 1) Te D1 1 dt

d 1 = 1. 0 dt

Similarly, LPA section: Input torque = TLPA + T23 = TLPA + K23(3- 2) Output torque = T12 = K12(2- 1) Damping torque = D2.2 Equation of motion: d 2 = TLPA + K 23( 3 2) K 12( 2 1) D 2 2 2H 2 dt d 2 = 2. 0 dt For LPB section:

2H 3

d 3 = 3. 0 dt

d 3 = TLPB + K 34( 4 3) K 23( 3 2) D3 3 dt

 Similarly for IP section:

2H 4

d 4 = TIP + K 45( 5 4) K 34( 4 3) D 4 4 dt

d 4 = 4. 0 dt
Similarly for HP section:

2H 5

d 5 = 5. 0 dt

d 5 = THP K 45( 5 4) D 5 5 dt

= AX + BU X = [ 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5]
Frequency of oscillations: Imaginary components of eigenvalues of Torsional modes 1.67 16.3 24.1 30.3 44.0 Hz
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Sub Synchronous Resonance (SSR)

It occurs mainly in series-compensated transmission system. First SSR problem was observed in 1970 when a turbine-generator shaft at the Mohave Plant in Southern California was broken. In 1971, second failure occurred and then SSR was recognized as a major concern. In series capacitor-compensated transmission system, there is offset transient current with dc component of current.

(f0: Rated frequency)

n =

1 0 XC = = 0 rad / s, XL LC ( 0 L)( 0C )

fn = f 0

XC Hz XL

Sub Synchronous Resonance (SSR) (Cont.)

Rotor current frequency = (f0 - fn) Sustained or negatively damped sub-synchronous oscillations by two mechanism: (a) Self excitation due to induction generator effect. (b) Interaction with torsional oscillations. Shunt compensated lines normally have natural frequencies in super synchronous range. Sub-synchronous oscillations do not pose problems.

Self excitation due to induction generator effect:

If the saliency is neglected, machine can be represented by induction motor.
Ra Is Is Reff Xl Xm Rr Xr

1 s Rr s

+ Reff can be negative as s is more than 1 for sub-synchronous freq. component. + At high degree of compensation, Reff may exceed network resistance. + There will be sustained sub-synchronous 7 electrical oscillations.

Xeff

Sub Synchronous Resonance (SSR) (Cont.)

Self excitation due to induction generator effect (Cont.):
Oscillation can be reduced by increasing network resistance and/or reducing rotor resistance. It does not depend on the shaft torsional characteristics.

Torsional interaction & SSR:

When the complimentary of natural frequency becomes close to one of the torsional frequencies of turbine-generator shaft system, torsional oscillation can be excited. Torsional interaction of resonant oscillations of mechanical and electrical systems amplifies the shaft vibration and causes excessive flow of current at subsynchronous frequency.
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Methods To evaluate
Eigenvalue (modal analysis) Frequency scanning Frequency response analysis Approximate Frequency domain analysis Time domain analysis (EMTP)

Countermeasures to SSR problems

On detection of SSR through protective relays, trip the generating unit. However it may not be desirable. Use of Static blocking filters near generator or Bypass filter (damping circuit) in parallel with series capacitors. Use of Dynamic filter (active device) in series with generator. It produces voltage in phase opposition with SSR voltage generated in armature (sensed from rotor motion). Use of Dynamic stabilizer (Thyristor modulated shunt reactor) at generator terminals (signal from shaft speed). Excitation system damper which modulates generator excitation (PSS). Bypass part of series capacitor banks on local detection of SSR. NGH (Narain G. Hingorani) scheme consists of linear resistors in series with thyristors connected across series capacitors. SSR component in capacitor voltage is detected and reduced by discharge circuit. Use of supplementary controls of HVDC and FACTS Controllers to damp 10 out SSR oscillations.