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@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

Short Circuit Studies


During Short Circuit Studies, power systems
are solved to obtain current magnitudes during
faults at different points in the network.
MFault: Failure in a circuit which interferes with
the normal flow of current
Purposes of a Short Circuit Study
To design a PROTECTION scheme to prevent
damage to the electric equipment in case of the
occurrence of a fault.
Location of breakers
Selection of breakers
oRatings of breakers
Proper adjustment of breakers
Coordination of the Protection
oInterruption of the current
oIsolation of the fault
oSequence of operation
oProtection backup
When is a Short Circuit Study performed?
When designing the electrical installation
When changing operating conditions
When installing or removing equipment
When planning expansion
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Types of Faults
Symmetrical Faults
Faults involving the three-phases
oabout only 5% of the cases
Easiest to evaluate
Required in a Short Circuit Study because they
are commonly the worst case
Unsymmetrical Faults
Faults involving some unbalance
oLine to ground faults (one phase to ground)
about 70% of the faults
oLine-to-line faults (between two phases)
about 25% of the faults are line-to-line faults
To solve for these faults, we require the use of
symmetrical components and sequence networks
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Faults in a Three-Phase Line
a
b
c
a
b
c
Solid three-phase fault Three-phase to ground fault
Fault impedance
a
b
c
Line-to-line fault Line-to-line to ground fault
a
b
c
Fault impedance
Line to ground fault
Line to ground fault through impedance
a
b
c
Fault impedance
a
b
c
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Transients in RL Circuits
+
Vs
-
R
L
i(t)
( )
( )
The s ol ut i on f or t he cur r ent c ont ai ns a f or ced r espons e ( s t e ady s t at e),
and a t r ansi ent r esp ons e ( nat u ral ):
i(t) = i i
The s t e a dy - st at e or f or ced r es p ons e can b e obt ai ned us i ng phas or s :
I =
Vs
Z
i
The t r ans i ent r es ponse i s t he nat ur al r e s pons e of t he ci r cuit , wh i ch i s t he
sol ut i on t o t he homo ge ne ous dif f er ent i al equat i on:
s t eady - st at e t r ans i ent
s t eady - st at e
s t eady - st at e
+

_
,

+
+

_
,

V
Z
V
Z
I
I wt
whe r e Z R w L and
w L
R
R i L
di
dt
i Ke
t r ans i ent
R
ma x ma x
ma x
ma x
si n
: t an

2 2 2 1
0
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
L
t
R
L
t
R
L
t
Ke I w t
I Ke
K I I
I e wt
Ther ef or e, t he t ot al r es pons e i s:
i(t) =
i f i ( 0) = 0 , t hen 0 =
a nd
i(t) =

+ +
+

+ +

1
]
1
ma x
ma x
ma x ma x
ma x
si n
si n
si n si n
si n si n




0
vs Ri L
di
dt
i
V wt Ri L
di
dt
+
+ +
( )
sin( )
max
0 0

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000


RL circuit
( ) ( )
Plot for the current
i(t) = I e I wt
R
L
t
max max
sin sin

+ +
+
=
total current
natural
0 0.05 0.1
0
20
40
60
forced
0 0.05 0.1
-100
-50
0
50
100
0 0.1
-100
-50
0
50
100
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Short Circuit Current in a Synchronous Generator
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
transient steady-state
subtransient
Subtransient generator equivalent
+
Ed
-
jXd ra
+
Vt
-
Ia
Ed : Internal subtransient voltage
Vt : Terminal voltage
Xd : Subtransient reactance
Transient generator equivalent
jXd ra
+
Ed
-
+
Vt
-
Ia
Ed : Internal transient voltage
Vt : Terminal voltage
Xd : Transient reactance
Steady-state generator equivalent
jXd ra
+
Ed
-
+
Vt
-
Ia
Ed : Internal steady-state voltage
Vt : Terminal voltage
Xd: Steady-state reactance
Line current during a three-phase short circuit
Xd > Xd > Xd
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Short-Circuit Example: Unloaded Generator
Three-phase
short circuit
GENERATOR
50 MVA, 13.8 KV
xd"=15%
xd'=25%
xd=80%
TRANSFORMER
50 MVA, 13.8-69 KV
x=10%
Find the subtransient, transient, and steady-state
generator current when a three-phase short circuit occurs
at the high-voltage transformer terminals. Before the
fault, there is no load connected and the open circuit
voltage at the line terminals is 69KV. Neglect all
resistances.
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Solution
The equivalent circuits for subtransient, transient, and steady-
state periods are shown below. Solving each one will give the
magnitude of the fault current during its corresponding stage
(subtransient, transient, and steady-state).
+
1 p.u.
-
+
1 p.u.
-
+
1 p.u.
-
j0.15 j0.10
j0.25 j0.10
j0.80 j0.10
If
If
If
Subtransient solution:
Transient solution:
Steady-state solution:
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Short-Circuit Currents for the Example
Since the generator is not supplying any current, we
assume Ed=Ed=Ed=100%
( )
For each circuit, we find the short - circuit current as:
Subtransient: If ' ' =
1
j0.25
p. u.
Transient: If ' =
1
j0.35
p. u.
Steady- state: If =
1
j0.90
p. u.
Generator currents are found using the base current:
Ibase1=
50000
2091.85 amperes
Generator current magnitudes are:
Subtransient: If ' ' = 4.000 x Ibase1 = 8367 amperes
Transient: If ' = 2.857 x Ibase1 = 5976 amperes
Steady- state: If = 1.111 x Ibase1 = 2324 amperes


j
j
j
4
2 857
1111
3 138
.
.
.
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Loaded Machine under Fault Conditions
Three-phase
short-circuit
GENERATOR
50 MVA, 13.8 KV
xd"=15%
xd'=25%
xd=80%
ra=2%
TRANSFORMER
50 MVA, 13.8-69 KV
x=10%
r=1%
P
Load
50MVA
69KV
pf=0.9 (-)
Assume a three-phase short-circuit occurs at point P.
To evaluate a fault during the subtransient or transient
period, we need to know the pre-fault current value IL.
+
Ed
-
ra jXd rt jXt
Z
P
IL Switch
'S'
Switch S is normally open.
Close it to simulate a fault at point P.
Impedance diagram for the circuit before fault:
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Pre-Fault Conditions (subtransient)
The load current (pre-fault current) will help us
determine the internal voltage for the subtransient,
before the fault:
+
Ed"
-
ra jXd"
rt jXt
Z
P
IL
+
Vf
-
+
Vt
-
Ed Vt j Xd I Vf j Xt Xd I
L L
' ' ' ' ( ' ' ) + + +
+
Ed"
-
jXd" jXt
Z
+
Vt
-
P
IL If "
+
Vf
-
Ed Vt ra j Xd I Vf ra rt j Xt Xd I
L L
' ' ( ' ' ) [( ) ( ' ' )] + + + + + +
Neglecting transformer and generator resistances:
Before the fault, If =0.
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Pre-Fault Conditions (transient)
Ed Vt j Xd I Vf j Xt Xd I
L L
' ' ( ' ) + + +
+
Ed'
-
jXd' jXt
Z
P
IL
If '
+
Vf
-
+
Vt
-
The corresponding internal voltage Ed for the transient is:
Fault Current
Before the fault, If =0.
To simulate the fault, switch S is now closed.
Subtransient short - circuit current:
Transient short - circuit current:
Steady - state short - circuit current:
If
Ed
j Xd Xt
If
Ed
j Xd Xt
If
Ed
j Xd Xt
"
"
( " )
'
'
( ' )
( )

+
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Multi-Machine System
Three-phase
short-circuit
GENERATOR
Synchronous
MOTOR
P
TRANSFORMER
+
Eg
-
jXg
jXt
P
IL IL
+
Em
-
jXm
+
Vf
-
Equivalent circuit before the fault:
+
Eg'
-
jXg'
jXt
P
IL IL
+
Em'
-
jXm'
+
Vf
-
+
Eg"
-
jXg"
jXt
P
IL IL
+
Em"
-
jXm"
+
Vf
-
Steady-state
Transient
Subtransient
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Subtransient Short-Circuit Solution
1. Evaluate subtransient internal voltages for generator and
motor under the operating conditions (switch S open).
Eg Vf j Xt Xg IL
Em Vf jXm IL
" ( " )
" "
+ +

2. Close switch S, and find the current contribution from
generator and motor to the fault.
+
Eg"
-
jXg"
jXt
P
Ig" Im"
+
Em"
-
jXm"
If "
+
Eg"
-
jXg" jXt
P
IL IL
+
Em"
-
jXm"
+
Vf
-
S
If "=0
Ig
Eg
j Xt Xg
"
Em
jXm
If Ig
"
"
( " )
Im
"
"
" " Im"

+

+
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Thvenin Equivalent Method
Same multi-machine example (2 machines).
Combining steps 1 and 2.
Ig
Eg
j Xt Xg
Vf j Xt Xg IL
j Xt Xg
Ig
Vf
j Xt Xg
IL
"
Em
jXm
Vf jXm IL
jXm
Vf
jXm
IL
If Ig
Vf
j Xt Xg
IL
Vf
jXm
IL
If
Vf
j Xt Xg
Vf
jXm
"
"
( " )
( " )
( " )
"
( " )
Im
"
"
"
"
Im"
"
" " Im"
( " ) "
"
( " ) "

+

+ +
+

+
+



+
+
+ +

+
+
Igf (lets name this term: Igf )
{
{
Imf (lets name this term: Imf )
Igf
{ {
Imf
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Thvenin Equivalent (continued)
If
Vf
j Xt Xg
Vf
jXm
"
( " ) "

+
+
Igf Imf
{ {
This expression can be represented in the following circuit:
If
Vf
j Xt Xg
Vf
jXm
Vf
j Xt Xg j Xm
If Vf
jXtg jXm
If
Vf
Zth
Zth j
Xtg Xm
Xtg Xm
"
( " ) " ( ' ' ) ' '
' '
"
"
( )( ' ' )
' '

+
+
+
+

1
]
1
+

1
]
1

+

1
]
1
1 1
1 1
where: Xtg = Xt + Xg"
where:
Vf is the pre-fault voltage at the fault point (Thvenin voltage)
Zth is the Thvenin Impedance seen from the fault point.
If is the subtransient fault current.
jXg" jXt
P
Igf " Imf "
jXm"
If "
-
Vf
+
+
Vf
-
If "
j(Xg"+Xt)
jXm"
Igf "
Imf "
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Thvenin Equivalent (continued)
Remember that the total subtransient generator current is
Ig = Igf +IL
and the subtransient motor current is
Im = Imf - IL
The same problem can be solved applying superposition.
The Pre-fault Solution plus the Thvenin Equivalent Solution
+
Eg"
-
jXg"
jXt
P
Ig" Im"
+
Em"
-
jXm"
If "
+
Vf
-
+
-Vf
-
Vf is the pre-fault voltage at P and the short-circuit is
represented by two opposed Vf sources connected in series.
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Superposition and Thvenin
2. The contribution to the fault is obtained with -Vf only.
This will make
Ig2=Igf , Im2=Imf , If =Igf +Imf .
(Here is where we use the Thvenin equivalent)
+
Eg"
-
jXg"
jXt
Ig"1=IL
Im"1=-IL
+
Em"
-
jXm"
If "=0
+
Vf
-
IL
To obtain the total solution, we apply superposition:
1. The pre-fault solution is obtained with Eg, Em and Vf.
This will make
Ig1=IL, Im1=-IL, If =0.
3. Add steps 1 and 2. This will give the total fault currents
Ig=Igf +IL, Im=Imf -IL, If=Igf +Imf .
+
Eg"=0
-
jXg"
jXt
Ig"2=Igf" Im"2=Imf "
+
Em"=0
-
jXm"
If "=Igf "+Imf "
+
-Vf
-
-
Vf
+
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Summary of Fault Analysis Using Thvenin Method
Locate the fault point P.
Represent the system in admittance form.
Convert synchronous machines to their Norton
equivalents.
Build admittance matrix for nodal analysis [Y
BUS
].
G1
G2
G3
Gi
Generators,
Transformers,
Loads,
Transmission
Lines, etc.
.
.
.
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
.
.
Load j
FAULTED BUS P
If
+
Vf
-
If switch open If = 0
If switch closed Vf = 0
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Step 1
Find the pre-fault operating conditions.
Use steady-state values.
Name Vf the pre-fault voltage at point P.
With nodal analysis or Load Flow analysis obtain
prefault voltages V
1
o
, V
2
o
, V
3
o
.V
f
Calculate currents Ig1, Ig2, Iline1, Iline2, ...
+
V
f
= Vpre-fault
-

System matrix
[Ybus]
According to the
method used to
determine the
pre-fault operating
conditions
.
.
.
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
.
.
Load m
P
I
f
= 0
J1
J2
J3
Ji
I
f
= Fault current
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Step 1 (continued)
+
V
f
= Vpre-fault voltage
-

System matrix
[Ybus]
.
.
.
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
.
.
Load m
P
I
f
= 0
J1
J2
J3
Ji
[ ] Y V J V Y J Z J
V
V
Vf
V
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
J
J
Jp
Jn
BUS
BUS BUS
o
o
n
p n
p
n
p p pp pn
n n np nn

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
2
0
11 12 1 1
21 22 2 2
1 2
1 2
1
2
0
.
.
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
.
. . . . . .
.
. . . . . .
.
.
1

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
V
V
Vf
V
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
J
J
Jp
Jn
o
o
n
p n
p
n
p p pp pn
n n np nn
1
2
0
11 12 1 1
21 22 2 2
1 2
1 2
1
2
0
.
.
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
.
. . . . . .
.
. . . . . .
.
.
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
This term is zero
because before
the fault
there is no
fault current
(switch is open)
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Step 2
Find the Thvenin contribution to the fault.
Set all sources to zero (including synchronous motors
internal sources).
Use the subtransient, transient or steady-state
impedances depending on the solution desired.
Apply a voltage source -Vf at point P and solve
the network with this source only. This source injects
current -If into faulted node.
oThis will give the fault current If and all changes
in voltages and currents needed.
Name voltage changes V1, V2, V3
Name current changes Ig1, Ig2,.,
Iline1, Iline2
Machine Impedances
(for Subtransient, Transient,
or Steady-state),
Transformers,
and Transmission
Lines
.
.
.
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
.
.
Load m
If
If
If
-
Vf
+
P
J1=0
J2=0
J3=0
Ji=0
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Step 2 (continued)
Machine Impedances
(for Subtransient, Transient,
or Steady-state),
Transformers,
and Transmission
Lines
.
.
.
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
.
.
Load m
If
If
If
-
Vf
+
P
J1 = 0
J2 = 0
J3 = 0
Ji = 0

V
V
Vp
Vn
V
V
Vf
Vn
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
p n
p
n
p p pp pn
n n np nn
1
2
1
2
0
0
11 12 1 1
21 22 2 2
1 2
1 2
.
.
.
.
... ...
... ...
.
... ...
.
... ...
.

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
If
.
0

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
This matrix Z
BUS
is formed using the
appropriate impedances (subtransient,
transient or steady-state) to form Y
BUS
before inverting.
This term equals -Vf
because -Vf is the voltage
that we need to add to
the prefault voltage Vf
to have a zero voltage
at point P
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Step 2 (continued)
[ ]
The last equations can be simplified to:
or
from which
where
is the fault current
is the pre - fault voltage at poi

V
V
Vf
Vn
Z
Z
Z
Z
If
V Z If
V Z If
Vp Vf Z If
Vn Z If
V Z I I
V
Z
I
V
p
p
pp
np
p
p
pp
np
f pp f f
f
pp
f
f
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
.
.
.
.
,
,
. . . . .
,
. . . .

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1






nt ' P'
i s t he Thvenin Impedance Z
pp
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Step 3
Add solutions for steps 1 and 2.
This is equivalent to solving the network with
the switch closed.
Voltages during the fault are
V
1
f
=V
1
0
+V1, V
2
f
=V2+V2, V
3
f
=V3+V3,
at the fault Vp=Vf +(-Vf)=0
Currents during the fault are
Ig1+Ig1, Ig2+Ig2
Iline1+Iline1, Iline2+Iline2.
G1
G2
G3
Gi
System matrix
[Ybus]
.
.
.
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
.
.
Load m
If
+
Vf = 0
-
P
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Study Case: General Solution for Symmetrical Faults
The power system shown operates under steady-state
conditions with E
g1
=1 0 p.u. and E
g2
=0.9 30 p.u. when a
solid three-phase fault occurs at node 2.
Obtain the transient short-circuit currents in lines, generators and
transformers.
Evaluate the transient node voltages V
1
f
, V
2
f
and V
3
f
during the
fault (transient period).
GENERATOR-1
Xd=85%
Xd'=25%
Xd"=10%
ra=1%
TRANSFORMER-1
Y-Y
Zt=0.01+j0.15 p.u.
TRANSFORMER-2
Y-Y
Zt=0.01+j0.20 p.u.
GENERATOR-2
Xd=120%
Xd'=40%
Xd"=20%
ra=2%
Transmission line 1-2
Z=0.03+j0.4p.u.
Transmission line 1-3
Z=0.05+j0.5 p.u.
LOAD
R=10 p.u.
Transmission line 2-3
Z=0.05+j0.5 p.u.
1
2
3
Fault
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Step 1. Pre-Fault Solution
+
E1
-
zLoad
+
E2
-
zgt1
z12
z13
zgt2
z23
i12
i13 i23
iG1
iG2
+
V1
-
+
V2
-
+
V3
-
I1
I2
y
g
t
1
y12
y13
y
g
t
2
y23
zgt1=zg1+zt1=0.02+j1
z12=0.03+j0.4
z13=z23=0.05+j0.5
zgt2=zg2+zt2=0.03+j1.4
zLoad=10
E1=1
E2=0.930
ygt1=0.02-j0.9996
y12=0.187-j2.486
y13=y23=0.198-j1.980
ygt2=0.0153-j0.714
yload=0.1
I1=0.02-j0.9996
I2=0.333-j0.549
Impedance diagram (all values in p.u.)
Admittance diagram (all values in p.u.)
To solve it, we use nodal analysis.
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
V1
V2
V3
J1
J2
J3
- 0.187+ j2.486 - 0.198+ j1.980
- 0.187 + j2.486 0.399- j5.180 - 0.198+ j1.980
- 0.198+ j1.980 - 0.198 + j1.980
V1
V2
V3
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

0405 5466
0496 3960
002 09996
0333 0549
0
. .
. .
. .
. .
j
j
j
j

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
V1
V2
V3
0929 71
0916 102
0920 7 2
. .
. .
. .
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Pre-Fault Currents
Line Currents:
Line 1-2
I
12
=y
12
(V
1
-V
2
)
I
12
=(0.187-j2.486)(0.929 7.1- 0.916 10.2)
I
12
= 0.129 151.9 p.u.
Line 1-3
I
13
=y
13
(V
1
-V
3
)
I
13
=(0.198-j1.980)(0.929 7.1- 0.920 7.2)
I
13
= 0.019 87.4 p.u.
Line 2-3
I
23
=y
23
(V
2
-V
3
)
I
23
=(0.198-j1.980)(0.916 10.2- 0.920 7.2)
I
23
= 0.096 18.9 p.u.
Generator Currents:
Generator 1
I
G1
= I
12
+ I
13
= 0.129 151.9 + 0.019 87.4
I
G1
= 0.138 144.6
Generator 2
I
G2
= -I
12
+ I
23
= -0.129 151.9 + 0.096 18.9
I
G2
= 0.224 24.2
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Power Balance (Pre-Fault)
To verify the solution, a real Power Balance is now
calculated (as an exercise):
Generated Power
Generator 1 + Transformer 1:
S
G1
=V
1
I
G1
*= (0.929 7.1 )(0.138 144.6 )
S
G1
= -0.113 + j 0.061
P
G1
= - 0.113 (where the minus sign means this generator
absorbs P=0.113 p.u. and therefore is acting
as a motor)
Q
G1
=0.061
Generator 2 + Transformer 2:
S
G2
=V
2
I
G2
*= (0.916 10.2)(0.224 24.2 )
S
G2
=0.1986 - 0.0495i
P
G2
= 0.1986
Q
G2
= - 0.0495 (this generator absorbs Q = 0.0495 p.u. and
still generates P = 0.1987 p.u., therefore this
machine acts as a generator)
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Power Balance (continued)
Absorbed Power
Load:
PLoad=(V3)
2
/Rload=(0.920)
2
*0.1=0.0846 p.u.
Real Power dissipated in lines:
line 1-2: P=I
12
2
* R
line12
=(0.129)
2
(0.03)=0.0005
line 1-3: P=I
13
2
* R
line13
=(0.019)
2
(0.05)=0.00002
line 2-3: P=I
23
2
* R
line23
=(0.096)
2
(0.05)=0.00046
The power balance is:
Pgenerated=Pabsorbed
P
G2
=P
Load
+P
line12
+P
line13
+P
line23
+P
absorbed-G1
0.1986=0.0846+0.0005+0.00002+0.0004+0.113=0.1986
Note: Nodal analysis has been used to find the operating
conditions of the system before the fault. In practice, a
Load-flow solution would have been used instead.
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Step 2. Fault at Bus 2 (Thvenin Contribution)
To simulate a Fault at Bus 2, we will add the pre-fault
response to the Thvenin Contribution.
We use a source equal to the pre-fault voltage at point 2 and
set all the original sources to zero.
To solve this network for the transient period, we require the
use of transient values for the machines impedances.
The machine impedances for the transient period are:
zg1=0.01 + j 0.25, zg2=0.03 + j0.4
Including transformers:
zgt1=(0.01+0.01)+j(0.25+0.15)=0.02 + j 0.40
zgt2=(0.02+0.01)+j(0.40+0.20)=0.03 + j 0.60
The matrix [Y
BUS
] and its inverse [Z
BUS
] become:
[ ]
Y
j
j
Z Y
j
j
BUS
BUS BUS

1
]
1
1
1

+
+

1
]
1
1
1

0509 6 960
0 496 3960
0 020 0 275
0 061 0 487
1
. .
. .
. .
. .
- 0.187 + j2.486 - 0.198 + j1.980
- 0.187 + j2.486 0.468- j6.129 - 0.198 + j1.980
- 0.198 + j1.980 - 0.198 + j1.980
0.014 + j0.186 0.023+ j0.229
0.014 + j0.186 0.024 + j0.319 0.025+ j0.251
0.023+ j0.229 0.025+ j0.251
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Thvenin Contribution (step 2)

V
V
V
V
Vf
V
Z If
V
Vf
V
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
If
V Z Z If Z Z If
V Vf Z
BUS
1
2
3
1
3
0
0
1
3
0
0
1 0 0
2
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
11 12 13 12

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
+ +

from where:
( )
12 22 23 22
31 32 33 32
22 22
22
0 0
3 0 0
+ +
+ +

( )
( )
Z If Z Z If
V Z Z If Z Z If
If
Vf
Z
Vf
Z
Vf
Z
Z Z
Thev
Thev

*Note that only elements from column ' P' are needed.
From the second equation:
where is the Thevenin impedance for a fault at node 2.
Fault current and changes in voltages are now obtained in
in the following way:
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Thvenin Contribution (step 2)
Fault current and changes in voltages are now calculated.
The Thvenin Impedance for a fault at bus 2 is:
Z = Z = 0.024 + j0.319
Using the pre- fault voltage at node 2:
V = V = 0.916 10.2
we find the fault current:
I'
V
Z
0.916 10.2
0.024 + j0.319
0.916 10.2
0.320 85.6
The voltage changes at the other nodes are found from:
V = Z (-I' ) = (0.014 + j0.186)(
V = Z (-I' ) = (0.024 + j0.319)(
22 Thev
f 2
f
f
22
1 12 f
2 22 f





+
+
2862 754
2862 754 180
2862 754 180
. .
. . )
. . )

V = Z (-I' ) = (0.025+ j0.251)(


V = Z (-I' )
V = Z (-I' ) =
V = Z (-I' ) =
3 32 f
1 12 f
2 22 f
3 32 f
2862 754 180
0533 169 7
0916 1698
0723 1712
. . )
. .
. .
. .
+


Vf
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Step 3. Fault Conditions
Adding results from steps 1 and 2, we obtain the faulted voltages
at each node:
V V + V = 0.929 7.1 +0.533 -169.7 = 0.398 2.7
V V + V = 0.916 10.2 +0.916 -169.8 = 0
V V + V = 0.920 7.2 +0.723 -171.2 = 0.199 1.3
The current contributions from the lines during the fault are:
I' V V 0.398 2.7
I' V
f 0
1
f 0
2
3
f 0
3
12f 1f 2f
32f
1
2
3
1
2
12
32
0187 2 486 0 0 992 82 9



y j
y
( ) ( . . )( ) . .
(
3f 2f
g2f f 12f 32f
V 0.398 2.7
The generator contribution is found by Kirchhoff Currents Law
at the faulted node:
I' I' I' I'


) ( . . )( ) . .
. .
0198 1980 0 0 395 830
1497 685
j
1
2
3
I12f '
I32f '
Ig2f '
If '=2.86275.4
All quantities have been calculated in per unit.
Results are for phase a.

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