VINAYAKA Features Of OOPS: 1) Encapsulation 2) Data Abstraction 3) Inheritance 4) Polymorphism Application Of OOPS: 1) BAPIS 2) BADIS 3) Enhancement Frame Work

4) Webdynpro 5) HR-ABAP 6) CRM-Technical 7) SRM 8) EP 9) BSP Class: - A class is a user defined data type which is the collection of different type of components. A class only provides a template its doesnt allocate a memory. Object: - An instance of a class is called as an object. Whenever we instance a class memory will be allocated. Access Specifies (Visibility Section): Types Of Class: 1) Local Class Local class to program (SE38-ABAP Editor). 2) Global Class Class Builder Tool (SE24). Syntax for creating local classes: 1) Definition of class Declaration of components. 2) Implementation of class Implementation of method.

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Definition of class Class <class name> definition. Declaration of components. Endclass. Implementation class Class <class name> implementation. Implementation of methods. Endclass. Object Creation: 1) Create reference for the class Syntax: Data <ref.name> type ref to <class name> Note: - Whenever an Object is created memory will be allocated for the attributes of the class and attribute gets initialized to default values. Access specifiers in ABAP: 1) Public Section 2) Protected Section 3) Private Section Components of ABAP classes: Attributes Methods Events Interface aliases

Types

Constants

Data

Special Instance Constructor

Normal Instance

Instance

Static

Instance

Static Static Constructor Static

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1) OOPS Concepts 2) ALV Reporting Using Class 3) ALV Reporting Using Function Modules Procedure for creating global classes: 1) Define and implement the class in class builder tool (SE24). 2) Access the components of the global class in the repository objects (Executable Programs, Include Program, and Subroutine Pool). By instantiating the class.

Z915AM_OOPS1: (LOCAL CLASS)

REPORT Z915AM_OOPS1. CLASS EMP DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. DATA EMPNO TYPE I. "instance attribute DATA ENAME(20) TYPE C. "instance attribute ENDCLASS. "emp DEFINITION DATA K TYPE REF TO EMP. CREATE OBJECT K. WRITE :/ K->EMPNO, K->ENAME. K->EMPNO = 1. K->ENAME = 'abc'. WRITE:/ K->EMPNO, K->ENAME.

OUTPUT:

At any point of time they object store one set of values. Note: - Only public component can be accessed outside of the class.

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Z915AM_CLASS1: (GLOBAL CLASS) SE24:

Z915AM_OOPS2:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS2. data m type ref to z915am_class1. CREATE OBJECT m. write :/ m->empno, m->ename. OUTPUT:

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Interacting with methods in local classes: 1) Declare the method prototype in the class definition. Syntax: Method/Class-Method <method name> [parameters]. 2) Implement the method in the class implementation. Syntax: Method <method name>. Statements. Endmethod. 3) Call the method. Syntax: Call method <method name> [parameters] Instance method methods Static method class-methods It is recommend to use in the SAP attributes/data members/Instance variables protected/private. Methods/member function public. Note: - Whenever a report program contains class implementation and explicitly we need handle the event start-of-selection to indicate the starting point of program.

Z915AM_OOPS3:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS3.

class abc definition. public section. methods : m1, m2. protected section. data : empno type i, ename(20) type c. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. empno = 1. ename = 'xyz'. endmethod. method m2. write :/ empno, ename. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data k type ref to abc. create object k. call method k->m2.

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k->m1( ). k->m2( ).

OUTPUT:

Method with parameters: Methods: m1 importing X type i, Y(20) type c. Methods returning values: Returning Keyword: In case of other object oriented language a method can return exactly one value which done by using return keyword. In case of ABAP a method can return any number of values by declaring those many number o exporting (or) importing (or) changing parameters. To receive a method a return exactly one value we use returning parameters. It the method contains returning parameters it cannot contains exporting (or) changing parameters. A method can contains only one returning parameter. Returning parameter are always passed by value.

Z915AM_OOPS4:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS4. class abc definition. public section. methods : m1 importing x type i optional y type c optional, m2.
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protected section. data : empno type i, ename(20) type c. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. empno = x. ename = y. endmethod. method m2. write :/ empno, ename. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data k type ref to abc. create object k. parameters : p_x type i, p_y(20) type c. call method k->m1 exporting x = p_x y = p_y. call method k->m2. OUTPUT:

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Z915AM_CLASS2:

method M1. empno = x. ename = y. call method m2. endmethod. method M2. write :/ empno, ename. endmethod.

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Z915AM_OOPS5:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS5. data k type ref to z915am_class2. CREATE OBJECT k. parameters : p_x type i, p_y(20) type c. CALL METHOD k->m1 EXPORTING X = p_x Y = p_y. OUTPUT:

Z915AM_OOPS6:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS6. class abc definition. public section. methods m1 importing x type i y type i exporting m type i n type i. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. m = x + y. n = x - y. endmethod.
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endclass. start-of-selection. data k type ref to abc. create object k. data : lv_r1 type i, lv_r2 type i. call method k->m1 exporting x = 200 y = 100 importing m = lv_r1 n = lv_r2. write :/ lv_r1,lv_r2. OUTPUT:

Z915AM_OOPS7:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS7. class abc definition. public section. methods m1 importing x type i y type i returning value(z) type i. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. z = x + y. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob. parameters : p_x type i,
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p_y type i. data lv_z type i. lv_z = ob->m1( x = p_x y = p_y ). write :/ lv_z. OUTPUT:

Exception handling in methods: An exception is runtime error which is raised during the program execution if the exception is not handling the program will be terminated. Exception handling is process of handling in runtime error and containing program execution. The exceptions are provided by SAP as part of standard exceptions class these exceptions are triggered by SAP itself as a developer we need to handle these exceptions by using try and catch block. Inside try block we need to declare this statement where the possible exception occurs. It the exception is raised in try blocked SAP creates the appropriate exception class object and the control is transfer to catch block. Inside the catch block we need to handle the exception by writing the appropriate exception handling statements. All the exception classes provided by SAP start with the naming standard CX_SY_...........

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Note: - As part of catch block declaration we need to specify the exception class which is reasonable for rising exception if the developer is not sure of the exception class we can use the exception class CX_ROOT. CX_ROOT is a super class for all the exception classes and it can handle any kind of exception.

Z915AM_OOPS8:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS8. class abc definition. public section. methods m1 importing x type i y type i exporting z type i. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. try. z = x / y. * catch cx_sy_zerodivide. catch cx_root. write :/ 'Cannot divide by zero'. endtry. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob. data lv_z type i. call method ob->m1 exporting x = 10 y=0 importing z = lv_z. write :/ 'Diviison is ',lv_z. write :/ 'end of program'.

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OUTPUT:

Z915AM_OOPS9:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS9. DATA K TYPE REF TO CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE. DATA STR TYPE STRING. DATA : PRGNAME TYPE SY-REPID, INCNAME TYPE SY-REPID, POS TYPE I. CLASS ABC DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS M1 IMPORTING X TYPE I Y TYPE I EXPORTING Z TYPE I. ENDCLASS. "abc DEFINITION CLASS ABC IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD M1. TRY. Z = X / Y. CATCH CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE INTO K. CALL METHOD K->IF_MESSAGE~GET_TEXT RECEIVING RESULT = STR. WRITE :/ 'short text is ',STR. CLEAR STR. CALL METHOD K->IF_MESSAGE~GET_LONGTEXT RECEIVING RESULT = STR. WRITE :/ 'Long text is ',STR. CALL METHOD K->GET_SOURCE_POSITION IMPORTING
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PROGRAM_NAME = PRGNAME INCLUDE_NAME = INCNAME SOURCE_LINE = POS. WRITE :/ 'Program name :',PRGNAME, / 'Include name :',INCNAME, / 'line no :',POS. ENDTRY. ENDMETHOD. "m1 ENDCLASS. "abc IMPLEMENTATION START-OF-SELECTION. DATA OB TYPE REF TO ABC. CREATE OBJECT OB. DATA LV_Z TYPE I. CALL METHOD OB->M1 EXPORTING X = 10 Y=0 IMPORTING Z = LV_Z. WRITE :/ 'Diviison is ',LV_Z. WRITE :/ 'end of program'. OUTPUT:

CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE:

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Capturing system defined exception message: Procedure for handling standing exception: These exception are declared and raised SAP as a developer we need to handle try and catch. User defines exception: These exceptions are declaring and handle are raised developers itself. Procedure for handling user-define exception in local classes: 1) Declare the user define exception as part of method declaration. Syntax: Exception <exception name> 2) Raise the exception at appropriate place in the method implementation Raise <exception name> 3) Handle the exception while calling the method by checking sy-subrc status.

Z915AM_OOPS10:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS10. class abc definition. public section. methods m1 importing x type i y type i exporting z type i exceptions divideerror. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. if y eq 0. raise divideerror. else. z = x / y. endif. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob. data lv_z type i. call method ob->m1 exporting
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x = 10 y=0 importing z = lv_z exceptions divideerror = 1 others = 2. if sy-subrc eq 0. write :/ 'division is ',lv_z. elseif sy-subrc eq 1. write :/ 'Cannot divide by zero'. elseif sy-subrc eq 2. write :/ 'Unknown error'. endif. OUTPUT:

Z915AM_CLASS3:

method M1. if y eq 0. raise divideerror.

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else. z = x / y. endif. endmethod.

Z915AM_OOPS11:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS11. data lv_z type i. data ob type ref to z915am_class3. create object ob. CALL METHOD ob->m1 EXPORTING x = 10 y =0 IMPORTING Z = lv_z EXCEPTIONS DIVIDEERROR = 11 others = 22. if sy-subrc eq 0. write :/ lv_z. elseif sy-subrc eq 11. message 'Cannot divide by zero' type 'I'. elseif sy-subrc eq 22. message 'Unknown error' type 'I'. endif. OUTPUT:

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Instance attribute: These attribute are specific to an object and they are declared by using the keyword data in local classes. For each instance attribute separate memory will be allocated they can be an accessed only by using the object of the class. Static attribute: They are not specific to any object and they are declared by using the keyword CLASS_DATA in local classes. For the static attribute memory will be allocated only when the first object is created the remaining objects points to be same memory location they are also called as class variables. They can be accessed either by using the object are by using the class name. Instance methods: In local classes they are declared by using the keyword methods they can be accessed only by using the object. They can access both instance and static attributes. Static methods: In local class they are declaring the keyword CLASS-METHOD in the local classes they can be accessed either by using object are by using class name. They access only static attributes.

Z915AM_OOPS12:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS12. class abc definition. public section. data x type i. "instance attribute class-data y type i. "static attribute endclass. start-of-selection. data ob1 type ref to abc. create object ob1. write :/ 'Values of object ob1'. write :/ ob1->x, ob1->y, abc=>y. ob1->x = 10. ob1->y = 20. write :/ 'Values of object ob1'. write :/ ob1->x,
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ob1->y. data ob2 type ref to abc. create object ob2. write :/ 'Values of object ob2'. write :/ ob2->x, ob2->y. OUTPUT:

Z915AM_OOPS13:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS13. class abc definition. public section. methods m1. class-methods m2. protected section. data x type i. class-data y type i. endclass.

class abc implementation. method m1. x = 10. y = 20. WRITE : x. endmethod. method m2. y = 20. * x = 10. write: y. endmethod. endclass.
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start-of-selection. call method abc=>m2. abc=>m2( ). *abc=>m1( ). OUTPUT:

Constructors: A constructor is a special method used for initialized for attributes of class it special because it cannot be called explicitly it will be called implicitly. It is always declare in public section. It never returns any values. 1) Instance 2) Static Instance Constructors: - It is declared by using keyword constructor it is executed automatically whenever we create new instance of a class. It is specific to object. It can contain only importing parameters and exceptions. Static Constructors: - It is declared by using the keyword CLASS_CONSTRUCTORS it is executed automatically whenever a class is loaded a class will be loaded in cases. 1) When we accesses the static components of the class using the class name before creating any objects. 2) When we create the first object of the class. 3) It is not specific to any object it cannot contains any parameters and exception. Note: Instance constructor is executed only once in the life time of object. Static constructor is executed only once in a life time of class.

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Z915AM_OOPS14:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS14. class abc definition. public section. methods : constructor, m2. protected section. data : empno type i, "INATANCE ATTRI" ename(20) type c. endclass. class abc implementation. method constructor. empno = 1. ename = 'abc'. endmethod. method m2. write :/ empno,ename. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. * data ob type ref to abc. * create object ob. * *call method ob->constructor. " u cannot specify constructor directly. *call method ob->m2. *call method ob->m2. data ob1 type ref to abc. create object ob1. call method ob1->m2. OUTPUT:

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Z915AM_OOPS15: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS15. class abc definition. public section. methods : constructor importing x type i optional y type c optional, display. protected section. data : empno type i, ename(20) type c. endclass. class abc implementation. method constructor. empno = x. ename = y. endmethod. method display. write :/ empno,ename. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. parameters : p_x type i, p_y(20) type c. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob exporting x = p_x y = p_y. call method ob->display. OUTPUT:

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Z915AM_OOPS16:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS16. class abc definition. public section. methods constructor. class-methods class_constructor. endclass. class abc implementation. method constructor. write :/ 'inside instance const'. endmethod. method class_constructor. write :/ 'inside static const'. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob1 type ref to abc. create object ob1. write :/ 'Second object.........'. data ob2 type ref to abc. create object ob2. OUTPUT:

Note: - If a class contains both instance and static constructor and when we create the first object. 1st the static constructor is executed and next instance constructor for rest of the objects only instance constructor get executed.

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Z915AM_OOPS15:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS15. class abc definition. public section. methods : constructor importing x type i optional y type c optional, display. protected section. data : empno type i, ename(20) type c. endclass. class abc implementation. method constructor. empno = x. ename = y. endmethod. method display. write :/ empno,ename. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. parameters : p_x type i, p_y(20) type c. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob exporting x = p_x y = p_y. call method ob->display.

OUTPUT:

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Z915AM_OOPS16:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS16. class abc definition. public section. methods constructor. class-methods class_constructor. endclass. class abc implementation. method constructor. write :/ 'inside instance const'. endmethod. method class_constructor. write :/ 'inside static const'. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob1 type ref to abc. create object ob1. write :/ 'Second object.........'. data ob2 type ref to abc. create object ob2. OUTPUT:

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Z915AM_OOPS17:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS17. class abc definition. public section. methods constructor. class-methods class_constructor. class-data x type i. endclass. class abc implementation. method constructor. write :/ 'inside instance const'. endmethod. method class_constructor. write :/ 'inside static const'. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. *abc=>x = 10. data ob1 type ref to abc. create object ob1. OUTPUT:

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NORMAL METHOD It can be declared in any of the sections. It has to be called explicitly. A method can have any type o parameters.

SPECIAL METHOD CONSTRUCTOR Only in public section. It called implicitly. Instance constructor can have importing parameters and static constructor cannot have any parameters. It cannot return values.

Methods can return values.

It can be called any know of times in the Instance constructor will be called only once lifetime of an object. in the lifetime of every object where as static constructor will be called only once in the lifetime of class. CREATING T-CODE FOR METHOD:

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Z915AM_OOPS18:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS18. CLASS ABC DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS M1. PROTECTED SECTION. DATA X TYPE I. ENDCLASS. "abc DEFINITION CLASS ABC IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD M1. BREAK-POINT. LEAVE TO LIST-PROCESSING. WRITE :/ 'inside method m1'. LEAVE SCREEN. ENDMETHOD. "m1 ENDCLASS. "abc IMPLEMENTATION CLASS PQR DEFINITION. PROTECTED SECTION. DATA : X TYPE I, Y TYPE I. ENDCLASS. "pqr DEFINITION (SETTING BREAK POINT IN PORGRAM FOR OUR UNDERSTANDING) EXECUTING T-CODE: ZT35

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OUTPUT:

User defined exception: Raising: - It a method is a capable of raising the exception that enable to handle the exception then we need to use the keyword raising as part of method declaration in this case the caller of the method as to take the responsibility of handling the exception.

Z915AM_OOPS19:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS19. class abc definition. public section. methods m1 importing x type i y type i exporting z type i raising cx_sy_zerodivide. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. z = x / y. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob. data r type i. try. call method ob->m1 exporting x = 10 y=0 importing z = r. catch cx_sy_zerodivide. message 'Cannot divide by zero' type 'I'. endtry. write :/ 'diviison is ',r.
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OUTPUT:

PRESS ENTER:

Z915AM_OOPS20:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS20. parameters : p_x type i, p_y type i. data z type i. try. perform abc using p_x p_y changing z. catch cx_sy_zerodivide. write :/ 'Cannot divide by zero'. endtry. write :/ 'Diviison is ',z. form abc using m n changing r raising cx_sy_zerodivide. r = m / n. endform. OUTPUT:

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Friend classes: - By default outside the class a object can access only public components of the class directly. By using friend classes to enable the object to access any components of the class directly irresponsibility of the visibility for this consider the following session. Consider two independent classes A and B. If class A considers class B as friend by inside class B methods we can instantiate class A and use the instance we can access all the component of class A directly irrespective of the visibility. Z915AM_OOPS21: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS21. class pqr definition deferred. class abc definition friends pqr. public section. methods m1. protected section. methods m2. private section. methods m3. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. write :/ 'inside public method m1'. endmethod. method m2. write :/ 'inside protected method m2'. endmethod. method m3. write :/ 'inside private method m3'. endmethod. endclass. class pqr definition. public section. methods m4.
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endclass. class pqr implementation. method m4. write :/ 'inside m4'. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob. call method : ob->m1. call method : ob->m2. call method : ob->m3. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data k type ref to pqr. create object k. call method k->m4. OUTPUT:

In the above case the class B should be forward declared by using the keyword deferred. Deferred keyword indicates to SAP that the class definition has been delayed and it has been declared same where else in the program.

Z915AM_CLASS4: (GLOBAL FRIEND CLASS)

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method M1. write :/ 'inside method m1'. endmethod. method M2. write :/ 'inside method m2'. endmethod. method M3. write :/ 'inside method m3'. endmethod.

Z915AM_CLASS5:

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method M4. write :/ 'inside m4'. data ob type ref to z915am_class4. create object ob. call method : ob->m1, ob->m2, ob->m3. endmethod. Z915AM_OOPS22: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS22. data ob type ref to z915am_class5. create object ob. call method ob->m4. OUTPUT:

Inheritance: It is the process o acquiring the properties of other entity (class). The advantage of inheritance is reusability. They are three types of inheritance. 1) Single 2) Multiple 3) Multilevel The class which gives the properties is called as super class are base class and the class which takes the properties is called as subclass (or) derived class.

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 Only public and protected components can be inherited. In local classes we need to use the keyword inheriting from for achieving inheritance. 1) Single inheritance: A class derived from single super class. 2) Multiple inheritance: A class derived from more than one super class. Note: - In ABAP we cannot implement multiple inheritance directly we can implemented indirectly through the concept of interface. 3) Multilevel inheritance: A class derived from another derived class.
CLASS A CLASS A CLASS A CLASS B

CLASS B CLASS B CLASS C CLASS C

Single inheritance Multilevel inheritance Multiple inheritance

Z915AM_OOPS24:
REPORT Z915AM_OOPS24. class cycle definition. public section. methods : setcycle, display. protected section. data : wheels type i, brakes type i, colour(20) type c. endclass. class cycle implementation. method setcycle. wheels = 2. brakes = 2.
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colour = 'green'. endmethod. method display. write :/ wheels,brakes,colour. endmethod. endclass. class scooter definition inheriting from cycle. public section. methods setscooter. data enginemodel type i. endclass. class scooter implementation. method setscooter. wheels = 2. brakes = 4. colour = 'red'. endmethod. endclass. class car definition inheriting from scooter. public section. methods setcar. endclass. class car implementation. method setcar. wheels = 4. brakes = 5. colour = 'blue'. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob1 type ref to cycle. create object ob1. write :/ 'CYCLE class..........'. call method : ob1->setcycle, ob1->display. data ob2 type ref to scooter. create object ob2. write :/ 'SCOOTER class.........'. call method : ob2->setscooter, ob2->display. data ob3 type ref to car.
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create object ob3. write :/ 'CAR class.........'. call method : ob3->setcar, ob3->display. OUTPUT:

Z915AMCYCLE:

method SETCYCLE. wheels = 2. brakes = 2. colour = 'blue'. endmethod. method DISPLAY. write :/ wheels,brakes,colour. endmethod.

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Z915AMSCOOTER:

method SETSCOOTER. wheels = 2. brakes = 4. colour = 'red'. endmethod.

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Z915AMCAR:

method SETCAR. wheels = 4. brakes = 5. colour = 'cyan'. endmethod.

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Z915AM_OOPS25: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS25. data ob1 type ref to z915amcycle. create object ob1. data ob2 type ref to z915amscooter. create object ob2. data ob3 type ref to z915amcar. create object ob3. call method : ob1->setcycle, ob1->display, ob2->setscooter, ob2->display, ob3->setcar, ob3->display. OUTPUT:

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Z915AM_OOPS26: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS26. class abc definition final. public section. data x type i. endclass. class pqr definition inheriting from abc. endclass. OUTPUT:

Polymorphism: Poly Many Morph Forms Ism behavior Examples: - Method overloading Method overriding Method overloading: If a class contains two method with the same name but different signature it is called as method overloading. ABAP doesnt support method overloading. Z915AM_OOPS27: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS27. class abc definition. public section. * methods m1. methods m1 importing x type i. endclass. CLASS ABC IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD M1.

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ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. method overloading Z915AM_OOPS28: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS28. CLASS ABC DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS M1. ENDCLASS. "abc DEFINITION CLASS ABC IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD M1. WRITE :/ 'inside m1 of super class'. ENDMETHOD. "m1 ENDCLASS. "abc IMPLEMENTATION CLASS PQR DEFINITION INHERITING FROM ABC. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS M1 REDEFINITION. ENDCLASS. "pqr DEFINITION CLASS PQR IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD M1. WRITE :/ 'inside m1 of sub class'. CALL METHOD SUPER->M1. ENDMETHOD. "m1 ENDCLASS. "pqr IMPLEMENTATION START-OF-SELECTION. DATA OB TYPE REF TO PQR. CREATE OBJECT OB. CALL METHOD OB->m1. OUTPUT:

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Method overriding: If a sub class overwrites a super class method is called as method overriding. Whenever a sub class wants to override the super class method a sub class wants to declare the super class method in the subclass by using REDEFINITION keyword. While redefined the methods we cannot change the visibility of the method. Whenever a subclass overrides the super class method it is always recommended to call the super class method version in the subclass by using super keyword. Super keyword is used for referring to super class components from the sub class. To redefine a global method put cursor on the method click on redefine. Z915AM_CLASS6:

method M1. write :/ 'inside method m1 of super class'. endmethod. Z915AM_CLASS7:

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method M1. write :/ 'inside m1 of subclass'. CALL METHOD SUPER->M1. endmethod. Z915AM_OOPS29: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS29. data ob type ref to z915am_class7. create object ob. call method ob->m1. OUTPUT:

Final keyword: Final keyword can be used at two levels. 1) Class level 2) Method level The class created as final cannot be inherited. A method created as final can be inherited but cannot redefine. Z915AM_OOPS30: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS30. CLASS ABC DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS M1 FINAL. ENDCLASS. "abc DEFINITION

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CLASS ABC IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD M1. WRITE :/ 'inside m1 of super class'. ENDMETHOD. "m1 ENDCLASS. "abc IMPLEMENTATION CLASS PQR DEFINITION INHERITING FROM ABC. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS M2. ENDCLASS. "pqr DEFINITION CLASS PQR IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD M2. WRITE :/ 'inside m2 of sub class'. CALL METHOD M1. ENDMETHOD. "m2 ENDCLASS. "pqr IMPLEMENTATION START-OF-SELECTION. DATA OB TYPE REF TO PQR. CREATE OBJECT OB. CALL METHOD OB->M2. OUTPUT:

Z915AM_OOPS31: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS31. class abc definition. public section. methods m1 final. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. write :/ 'inside m1 of super class'. endmethod. endclass.
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class pqr definition inheriting from abc. public section. methods m2. methods m1 redefinition. endclass. class pqr implementation. method m2. write :/ 'inside m2'. call method m1. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob type ref to pqr. create object ob. call method ob->m2. OUTPUT:

Z915AM_OOPS32: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS32. class abc definition. public section. methods constructor. class-methods class_constructor. endclass. class abc implementation. method constructor. write :/ 'inside instance const. of super class'. endmethod. method class_constructor. write :/ 'inside static const. of super class'. endmethod. endclass. class pqr definition inheriting from abc. public section.
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methods constructor. class-methods class_constructor. endclass. class pqr implementation. * method constructor. * write :/ 'inside instance const. of super class'. * endmethod. method class_constructor. write :/ 'inside static const. of sub class'. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob1 type ref to pqr. create object ob1. OUTPUT:

Hierarchy of constructor execution: When a super class contains static and instance constructor and id sub class contains only the static constructor and if sub class contains only the static constructor in this case if we instantiate the sub class then the static constructor are executed from super class to sub class and then the instantiate constructor of the super class will be executed. Z915AM_OOPS33: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS33. class abc definition. public section. methods constructor. class-methods class_constructor. endclass. class abc implementation. method constructor. write :/ 'inside instance const. of super class'.
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endmethod. method class_constructor. write :/ 'inside static const. of super class'. endmethod. endclass. class pqr definition inheriting from abc. public section. methods constructor. class-methods class_constructor. endclass. class pqr implementation. method constructor. write :/ 'inside instance const. of sub class'. call method super->constructor. endmethod. method class_constructor. write :/ 'inside static const. of sub class'. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob1 type ref to pqr. create object ob1. OUTPUT:

Note: - If the super class and sub class contains respective instance constructor it must for subclass instance constructor to call the super class instance constructor this is done by using super keyword. This is the only place where the constructor can be are must be called explicitly. Note: - If the super class and sub class contains respective static and instance constructor and if instantiate the sub class first the static constructor are executed to super class to subclass and when the instantiate constructor will executed subclass to super class.

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Me keyword: - Me keyword refer to current object execution it is used to differentiate both attribute and method parameters whenever attribute and parameter names are same. Z915AM_OOPS34: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS34. class abc definition. public section. methods m1 importing x type i n type i exporting z type i. protected section. data : x type i, y type i. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. me->x = x. y = n. z = x + y. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob. data r type i. call method ob->m1 exporting x = 10 n = 20 importing z = r. write :/ 'sum is ',r. OUTPUT:

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Visibility of component level: 1) Public section 2) Protected section 3) Private section Visibility of class level: 1) 2) 3) 4) Public Protected Private Abstract

Public: - The default visibility of a class is public. Public classes can be instantiated. Public classes can be inherited. The sub classes inherited the public class is also created as public by default. Protected classes: - Protected classes can be inherited but cannot be instantiated outside the class but it can be instantiated within the sub class method. The sub class inheriting the protected class is also created as protected by default to create the sub class as explicit public class we need to use extension create public as part of sub class definition. Z915AM_OOPS36: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS36. class abc definition create protected. endclass. *class pqr definition inheriting from abc. class pqr definition create public inheriting from abc. public section. methods m1. endclass. class pqr implementation. method m1. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data k type ref to pqr. create object k. call method k->m1.
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OUTPUT: protected classes. Private classes: Private classes cannot be instantiated. Private classes can be inherited. The sub class inherited the private class is also created as private class by default. This sub class cannot be created as explicitly public class this can be mode possible if the super class considers the subclass as friend.

Z915AM_OOPS37: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS37. class abc definition create private. endclass. *class pqr definition inheriting from abc. class pqr definition create public inheriting from abc. public section. methods m1. endclass. class pqr implementation. method m1. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob. endmethod. endclass. OUTPUT:

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Z915AM_OOPS38: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS38. class pqr definition deferred. class abc definition create private friends pqr. endclass. class pqr definition create public inheriting from abc. endclass. data ob type ref to pqr. create object ob. OUTPUT: second usage of friend keyword Abstract class: It is a class which contains at least one abstract method. Abstract method is a method which is just declared but not implemented in local class they are declared by using the keyword abstract. It a class contains at least one abstract method then the entity class should be declared as abstract. Abstract methods are always declared in public (or) protected section. We cannot instantiate the abstract classes because they are not fully implemented. The class which ever inheritance the abstract class can implement the abstract method of the abstract class otherwise the subclass will declared as abstract. Abstract methods are also called as non-concerted methods. We declared method as abstract when we are not sure about the implementation but we are sure that the other classes as to use the same methods. Z915AM_OOPS39: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS39. CLASS RESTAURANT DEFINITION ABSTRACT. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS : SET, DISPLAY, PAYMENT ABSTRACT. PROTECTED SECTION. DATA : TABLENO TYPE I, STEWARD(20) TYPE C. ENDCLASS. "restaurant DEFINITION
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CLASS RESTAURANT IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD SET. TABLENO = 123. STEWARD = 'abc'. ENDMETHOD. "set METHOD DISPLAY. WRITE :/ TABLENO,STEWARD. ENDMETHOD. "display ENDCLASS. "restaurant IMPLEMENTATION CLASS CHEQUE DEFINITION INHERITING FROM RESTAURANT. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS PAYMENT REDEFINITION. PROTECTED SECTION. DATA : CQNO TYPE I, BANK(20) TYPE C, AMT TYPE I. ENDCLASS. "cheque DEFINITIO CLASS CHEQUE IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD PAYMENT. CQNO = 3444. BANK = 'xyz'. AMT = 333. WRITE :/ CQNO,BANK,AMT. ENDMETHOD. "payment ENDCLASS. "cheque IMPLEMENTATION CLASS CREDITCARD DEFINITION INHERITING FROM RESTAURANT. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS PAYMENT REDEFINITION. PROTECTED SECTION. DATA : CCNO TYPE I, AMOUNT TYPE I, BANKNAME(20) TYPE C. ENDCLASS. "creditcard DEFINITIO CLASS CREDITCARD IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD PAYMENT. CCNO = 455. AMOUNT = 432. BANKNAME = 'abc'. WRITE :/ CCNO,AMOUNT,BANKNAME. ENDMETHOD. "payment ENDCLASS. "creditcard IMPLEMENTATION START-OF-SELECTION.
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DATA R TYPE REF TO RESTAURANT. DATA CQ TYPE REF TO CHEQUE. CREATE OBJECT CQ. WRITE :/ 'CHEQUE class'. CALL METHOD : CQ->SET, CQ->DISPLAY, CQ->PAYMENT. DATA CC TYPE REF TO CREDITCARD. CREATE OBJECT CC. WRITE :/ 'CREDIT CARD class'. CALL METHOD : CC->SET, CC->DISPLAY, CC->PAYMENT. WRITE :/ 'CHEQUE ----> RESTAURANT'. R = CQ. CALL METHOD : R->SET, R->DISPLAY, R->PAYMENT. WRITE :/ 'CREDITCARD ----> RESTAURANT'. R = CC. CALL METHOD : R->SET, R->DISPLAY, R->PAYMENT. OUTPUT:

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Z915AM_REST:

method SET. tableno = 1. steward = 'abc'. endmethod. method DISPLAY. write :/ tableno,steward. endmethod.

Z915AM_CHEQUE:

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method PAYMENT. cqno = 123. bank = 'yes'. amount = 455. write :/ cqno,bank,amount. endmethod.

Z915AM_OOPS40: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS40. data ob type ref to z915am_cheque. create object ob. CALL METHOD OB->SET. CALL METHOD OB->DISPLAY. CALL METHOD OB->PAYMENT. OUTPUT:

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Interfaces: - It is pure abstract class i.e. by default all methods of interface are abstract. By using interfaces we can implement multiple inheritances. By default the visibility of the interface components are public. Interface methods contain only declaration but not implementation the implementation must be provided in the corresponding class. The class whichever implements the interface is called as implementation class and this class should implement all the methods of the interface otherwise this class should be declaration as abstract. A local class whichever wants to implement the interface must declared the interface in the class definition by using interface keyword. Syntax: - interface <interface name>. A class can implement any number of interfaces which is nothing but multiple inheritance whenever the interface component are referred the outside of the interface they must be prefixed with the name of the interface. Interface is always implemented in public section. We cannot the instantiate the interfaces because it is not implemented. Syntax for local interfaces: Interface <interface name>. Declaration of components End interface. Z915AM_OOPS41: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS41. INTERFACE RECTANGLE. CONSTANTS : LENGTH TYPE I VALUE 10, BREADTH TYPE I VALUE 5. METHODS : AREA, PERIMETER. ENDINTERFACE. "rectangle INTERFACE SQUARE. CONSTANTS SIDE TYPE I VALUE 5. METHODS : AREA, PERIMETER. ENDINTERFACE. "square CLASS ABC DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. DATA RES TYPE I. INTERFACES RECTANGLE. INTERFACES SQUARE. ENDCLASS. "abc DEFINITION

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CLASS ABC IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD RECTANGLE~AREA. RES = RECTANGLE~LENGTH * RECTANGLE~BREADTH. WRITE :/ 'Area of rectangle is :',RES. ENDMETHOD. "rectangle~area METHOD RECTANGLE~PERIMETER. RES = 2 * ( RECTANGLE~LENGTH + RECTANGLE~BREADTH ). WRITE :/ 'perimeter of rectangle is :',RES. ENDMETHOD. "rectangle~perimeter METHOD SQUARE~AREA. RES = SQUARE~SIDE * SQUARE~SIDE. WRITE :/ 'Area of square is :',RES. ENDMETHOD. "square~area METHOD SQUARE~PERIMETER. RES = 4 * SQUARE~SIDE. WRITE :/ 'perimeter of square is :',RES. ENDMETHOD. "square~perimeter ENDCLASS. "abc IMPLEMENTATION

START-OF-SELECTION. DATA R TYPE REF TO RECTANGLE. DATA S TYPE REF TO SQUARE. DATA K TYPE REF TO ABC. CREATE OBJECT K. CALL METHOD : K->RECTANGLE~AREA, K->RECTANGLE~PERIMETER, K->SQUARE~AREA, K->SQUARE~PERIMETER. WRITE :/ 'RECTANGLE ---> ABC'. R = K. CALL METHOD : R->AREA, R->PERIMETER. WRITE :/ 'SQUARE ---> ABC'. S = K. CALL METHOD : S->AREA, S->PERIMETER.

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OUTPUT:

Aliases: - aliases are the alternative names provided to the interface components i.e. whenever the interface components is referred outside the interface declaration it must be prefixed with the name of interface we can avoid the lengthy naming standard by declaring the aliases by the interface components these aliases must be declared in the definition of a class whichever the implementing the interface. By using aliases we can also change the visibility of the interface components.

ABSTRACT CLASSES

INTERFACES

Can contain both abstract and non-abstract Can contain only abstract methods. methods. Explicitly we need to use abstract keyword. By default all methods are abstract.

Abstract methods can be declared in public or All components of interface by default are protected section. public. A class can inherit only one abstract class. A class can implement any know of interfaces.

Abstract class components are directly referred Interface components must be prefixed with the in subclass. name of the interface.

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Z915AM_OOPS42: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS42. INTERFACE ABC. METHODS : M1, M2. ENDINTERFACE.

"abc

CLASS PQR DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. INTERFACES ABC. ALIASES : A1 FOR ABC~M1. PROTECTED SECTION. ALIASES A2 FOR ABC~M2. ENDCLASS. "pqr DEFINITION

CLASS PQR IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD A1. WRITE :/ 'inside m1'. CALL METHOD A2. ENDMETHOD. "a1 METHOD A2. WRITE :/ 'inside m2'. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.

"a2 "pqr IMPLEMENTATION

START-OF-SELECTION. DATA K TYPE REF TO PQR. CREATE OBJECT K. CALL METHOD : K->A1. OUTPUT:

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Z915AM_INT1:

Z915AM_IMPL:

method Z915AM_INT1~M1. write :/ 'inside m1'. call method a2. endmethod. method Z915AM_INT1~M2. write :/ 'inside m2'. endmethod.

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Z915AM_OOPS43: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS43. data ob type ref to z915am_impl. create object ob. call method ob->a1. OUTPUT:

Z915AM_OOPS44: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS44. INTERFACE ABC. METHODS : M1, M2, M3. ENDINTERFACE.

"abc

CLASS PQR DEFINITION ABSTRACT. PUBLIC SECTION. INTERFACES ABC ABSTRACT METHODS M2 M3. ENDCLASS. "pqr DEFINITION
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CLASS PQR IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD ABC~M1. WRITE :/ 'inside m1'. ENDMETHOD. "abc~m1 ENDCLASS. "pqr IMPLEMENTATION CLASS XYZ DEFINITION INHERITING FROM PQR. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS : ABC~M2 REDEFINITION, ABC~M3 REDEFINITION. ENDCLASS. "xyz DEFINITION CLASS XYZ IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD ABC~M2. WRITE :/ 'inside m2'. ENDMETHOD.

"abc~m2

METHOD ABC~M3. WRITE :/ 'inside m3'. ENDMETHOD. "abc~m3 ENDCLASS. "xyz IMPLEMENTATION START-OF-SELECTION. DATA K TYPE REF TO XYZ. CREATE OBJECT K. CALL METHOD : K->ABC~M1, K->ABC~M2, K->ABC~M3. OUTPUT:

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Z915AM_OOPS45: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS45. interface pqr. methods : m1, m3. endinterface. class abc definition abstract. public section. methods : m1 abstract, m2. endclass. class abc implementation. method m2. write :/ 'inside m2'. endmethod. endclass. class xyz definition inheriting from abc. public section. interfaces pqr. methods m1 redefinition. endclass. class xyz implementation. method pqr~m1. write :/ 'inside m1 of pqr'. endmethod. method m1. write :/ 'inside m1'. endmethod. method pqr~m3. write :/ 'inside m3'. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob type ref to xyz. create object ob. call method : ob->m1, ob->pqr~m1, ob->pqr~m3, ob->m2.

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OUTPUT:

Persistence service: - It is used for storing the state of an object formality it is similarly to serialization java and .net. This service is implemented by using persistence classes. This service is implemented in two ways. 1) By using business key identity. 2) By using GUID (global unique identifier) Storing the state of object permanently in the database is called as persistence. By default the lifetime of the scope of an object is within the program where it is created. Persistence class is always global and the naming standard is ZCL_ (or) YCL. Persistence class is always created as protected class. Whenever a persistence class is created SAP automatically create to class. 1) Base agent class naming standard is ZCB_ (or) YCB_. 2) Agent class or actor class ZCA_ (or) YCA_. Base agent class is always created as abstract the class and it is the friend of persistence class. Actor class is always created as private class and it is a sub class of base agent class. Once the persistence class is created it needs to mapped with the corresponding database table. Persistence class using business key identity: In this we consider the primary key fields of the database table as business key identity which is used for identity the object uniquely. In this case when the persistence class is mapped with the database tables SAP adds the fields of the database as the attributes of the persistence class. Also it creates the following methods as part of the base agent class. 1) Create_persistence. 2) Delete_persistence. 3) Get_persistence. The above three method are public instance methods which gets inherited to actor class. We need to use the above methods to interact with the persistence service. A part from this SAP also generates getter and setter methods as part of persistence class. Getter method is generated for all the fields of the database and setter methods are generated for non-primary key fields of the table.
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 To access the above three methods we require the object of base agent class. But the base agent class is always created as abstract class and therefore cannot be instated. Since the above three method are inherited to actor class we need to instantiate the actor class and access these methods. But actor class is created as private class and therefore cannot be instated. We use the following mechanize to access these methods. Actor class is created as singleton class. As part of the actor class SAP as provided a public static attribute agent. We need to access this public static attribute agent using the actor class name. When accessed internal it execute the static constructor of actor class it is reasonable for creating the object. This object is return back using which we access the above three methods. Singleton class: Creating a class in such way so that we can create exactly one object is called as singleton. Z915AM_OOPS47: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS47. class abc definition create private. public section. class-methods class_constructor. class-methods m1 returning value(m) type ref to abc. methods m2. protected section. class-data k type ref to abc. endclass. class abc implementation. method class_constructor. write :/ 'inside static constructor,about to create object'. create object k. endmethod. method m1. write :/ 'inside static method m1,about to return object'. m = k. endmethod. method m2. write :/ 'inside instance method m2'. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data r type ref to abc.

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*r = abc=>m1( ). call method abc=>m1 receiving m = r. call method r->m2. OUTPUT:

Z915AM_OOPS48: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS48. PARAMETERS : P_DEPTNO TYPE Z730CDEPT-DEPTNO, P_DNAME TYPE Z730CDEPT-DNAME, P_LOC TYPE Z730CDEPT-LOC. PARAMETERS : R1 RADIOBUTTON GROUP G1, R2 RADIOBUTTON GROUP G1, R3 RADIOBUTTON GROUP G1. DATA ACTOR TYPE REF TO ZCA_915DEPT. DATA PERS TYPE REF TO ZCL_915DEPT. START-OF-SELECTION. ACTOR = ZCA_915DEPT=>AGENT. IF R1 = 'X'. TRY. CALL METHOD ACTOR->CREATE_PERSISTENT EXPORTING I_DEPTNO = P_DEPTNO I_DNAME = P_DNAME I_LOC = P_LOC RECEIVING RESULT = PERS. IF PERS IS NOT INITIAL.
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COMMIT WORK. ENDIF. CATCH CX_OS_OBJECT_EXISTING . WRITE :/ 'Exception raised while creating'. ENDTRY. ELSEIF R2 = 'X'. TRY. CALL METHOD ACTOR->DELETE_PERSISTENT EXPORTING I_DEPTNO = P_DEPTNO. COMMIT WORK. CATCH CX_OS_OBJECT_NOT_EXISTING . WRITE :/ 'Object not found'. ENDTRY. ELSEIF R3 = 'X'. TRY. CLEAR PERS. CALL METHOD ACTOR->GET_PERSISTENT EXPORTING I_DEPTNO = P_DEPTNO RECEIVING RESULT = PERS. IF PERS IS NOT INITIAL. CLEAR : P_DNAME, P_LOC. TRY. CALL METHOD PERS->GET_DNAME RECEIVING RESULT = P_DNAME. CATCH CX_OS_OBJECT_NOT_FOUND . WRITE :/ 'Exception in getter of dname'. ENDTRY. TRY. CALL METHOD PERS->GET_LOC RECEIVING RESULT = P_LOC. CATCH CX_OS_OBJECT_NOT_FOUND . WRITE :/ 'Exception in getter of loc'. ENDTRY. WRITE :/ 'Department name :',P_DNAME, / 'Department location :',P_LOC. ENDIF. CATCH CX_OS_OBJECT_NOT_FOUND . WRITE :/ 'Object not found'. ENDTRY. ENDIF.

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OUTPUT:

Persistence service using GUID: - In this we need to consider database table which contains GUID as the first field. The data element of this field can be GUID/OS-GUID. The data type of this field raw data type. This field is used for unique identification of the object. The value for this field is generated dynamically by SAP. Note: - when a persistence class is mapped with the database table containing GUID also the field expects the GUID are added as attribute of class and also getter and setter method are generated for the entire field except GUID. Z915AM_OOPS49: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS49. PARAMETERS : P_DEPTNO TYPE Z915DEPT-DEPTNO, P_DNAME TYPE Z915DEPT-DNAME, P_LOC TYPE Z915DEPT-LOC, P_GUID TYPE Z915DEPT-GUID. PARAMETERS : R1 RADIOBUTTON GROUP G1, R2 RADIOBUTTON GROUP G1, R3 RADIOBUTTON GROUP G1. DATA ACTOR TYPE REF TO YCA_915DEPT. DATA PERS TYPE REF TO YCL_915DEPT. DATA OB TYPE REF TO OBJECT. START-OF-SELECTION. ACTOR = YCA_915DEPT=>AGENT. IF R1 = 'X'. TRY. CALL METHOD ACTOR->CREATE_PERSISTENT EXPORTING I_DEPTNO = P_DEPTNO I_DNAME = P_DNAME
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I_LOC = P_LOC RECEIVING RESULT = PERS. IF PERS IS NOT INITIAL. COMMIT WORK. ENDIF. CATCH CX_OS_OBJECT_EXISTING . WRITE :/ 'Exception raised'. ENDTRY. ELSEIF R2 = 'X'. TRY. CALL METHOD ACTOR->IF_OS_CA_PERSISTENCY~GET_PERSISTENT_BY_OID EXPORTING I_OID = P_GUID RECEIVING RESULT = OB. PERS ?= OB. IF PERS IS NOT INITIAL. TRY. CALL METHOD ACTOR->IF_OS_FACTORY~DELETE_PERSISTENT EXPORTING I_OBJECT = PERS. COMMIT WORK. CATCH CX_OS_OBJECT_NOT_EXISTING . WRITE :/ 'Object not found'. ENDTRY. ENDIF. CATCH CX_OS_OBJECT_NOT_FOUND . WRITE :/ 'Object not found'. CATCH CX_OS_CLASS_NOT_FOUND . WRITE :/ 'class not found'. ENDTRY. ELSEIF R3 = 'X'. TRY. CALL METHOD ACTOR->IF_OS_CA_PERSISTENCY~GET_PERSISTENT_BY_OID EXPORTING I_OID = P_GUID RECEIVING RESULT = OB. PERS ?= OB. IF PERS IS NOT INITIAL. CLEAR : P_DEPTNO, P_DNAME, P_LOC. TRY. CALL METHOD PERS->GET_DEPTNO RECEIVING
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RESULT = P_DEPTNO. CATCH CX_OS_OBJECT_NOT_FOUND . WRITE :/ 'Exception in getdeptno'. ENDTRY. TRY. CALL METHOD PERS->GET_DNAME RECEIVING RESULT = P_DNAME. CATCH CX_OS_OBJECT_NOT_FOUND . WRITE :/ 'Exception in getdname'. ENDTRY. TRY. CALL METHOD PERS->GET_LOC RECEIVING RESULT = P_LOC. CATCH CX_OS_OBJECT_NOT_FOUND . WRITE :/ 'Exception in getloc'. ENDTRY. WRITE :/ 'Department no :',P_DEPTNO, / 'Department name :',P_DNAME, / 'Department loc :',P_LOC. ENDIF. CATCH CX_OS_OBJECT_NOT_FOUND . WRITE :/ 'Object not found'. CATCH CX_OS_CLASS_NOT_FOUND . WRITE :/ 'class not found'. ENDTRY. ENDIF. OUTPUT:

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Z915_TRANS:

method M1. data : trans_mng type ref to if_os_transaction_manager, trans type ref to if_os_transaction. CALL METHOD CL_OS_SYSTEM=>GET_TRANSACTION_MANAGER RECEIVING RESULT = trans_mng. TRY. CALL METHOD TRANS_MNG->CREATE_TRANSACTION RECEIVING RESULT = trans. ENDTRY. if trans is not initial. TRY. CALL METHOD TRANS->START. call method m2. TRY. CALL METHOD TRANS->END. CATCH CX_OS_CHECK_AGENT_FAILED . CATCH CX_OS_TRANSACTION . write :/ 'Exception in end'. TRY. CALL METHOD TRANS->UNDO. ENDTRY. ENDTRY. CATCH CX_OS_TRANSACTION . message 'Exception in transaction' type 'I'. ENDTRY. endif. endmethod. method M2. data : actor type ref to zca_915dept,
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pers type ref to zcl_915dept. actor = zca_915dept=>agent. if actor is not initial. TRY. CALL METHOD ACTOR->CREATE_PERSISTENT EXPORTING I_DEPTNO = '77' I_DNAME = 'ABAP' I_LOC = 'Ameerpet' RECEIVING RESULT = pers. CATCH CX_OS_OBJECT_EXISTING . write :/ 'Exception in create persistent'. ENDTRY. endif. endmethod. Transaction service: - It is use for managing the object oriented transaction involving database operations. As part of this we need to use the following class and interfaces. 1) CL_OS_SYSTEM CLASS 2) IF_OS_TRANSCATION_MANGAER INTERFACE 3) IT_OS_TRANSACTION INTERFACE Procedure for interacting with transaction service: 1) Start the object oriented transaction by calling the start method of the interface. IT_OS_TRANSACTION Start method is an instance method of interface IT_OS_TRANSACTION so we need to instantiate. The interface IF_OS_TRANSACTION which cannot be done directly. So we need to access the instance method Create_Transaction of the interface IF_OS_TRANSACTION_MANAGER to access this method we required the object of transaction manger interface. To get these object of transaction manger interface. To get this object we need to access the static method GET_TRANSCATION_MANAGER of the class CL_OS_SYSTEM. 2) Perform the required operation: End the transaction by calling the end method of the interface IF_OS_TRASACTION. When the transaction is successfully completed SAP issues commit work statement internally for saving the transaction permanently. If the transaction fails SAP raise the exception as part of this exception handling we need to cancel the transaction by calling the undo method of the interface IF_OS_TRANSCATION.

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Z915AM_OOPS50: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS50.

data k type ref to z915_trans. create object k. CALL METHOD K->M1. OUTPUT: IT IS CONSIDERING IT AS TWO DIFFERENT PROGRAMS THATS WHY IT IS NOT EXECUTING. ZTR10:(TRANSACTION CODE)

Implementing persistence service using transaction service: Note: Transaction service is always implemented globally. Since transaction service is implemented in global classes we need to attach a T-code for a transaction class method so that everything will be executed as single process. If we access the transaction class method form local program it executed the different process which are assuming as two different translations.

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Casting: - It is the process of converting a variable from one data type to another data types they are two types. 1) Wide casting 2) Narrow casting Wide casting: - It is the process of converting an object from a less detailed view to more detailed view. Narrow casting: - It is a process of converting an object from a more details view to be less detailed view. Procedure for deleting the persistent object using GUID: Check the existent persistent object using the method gets persistent OID. If the persistent object is available it returns the object of object class which needs to be type casted to the corresponding persistent class object. Pass the persistent class object as an input to the method. DELETE_PERSISTENT. Event handling in object oriented: - As part of ABAP objects SAP as provided many events as part of standard classes. These events are used in ALV reporting work flow customization CRM technical DSP and webdynpro programming. As part of custom classes we can declare user defined events. These event are declared are raised and handle by the developer itself. Procedure for interactive with user defined events in local class: Declare the event in the definition of the class. Declare the event handler method in the definition of the class. Implemented the event handler method in the class implementation. Raise the event in one of method implementation. Register the handlers.

Step1 Syntax: Events/class-events <event name> [exporting parameters list]. Step2 Syntax: Methods/class-methods <method name> for event <event name> of <class name> [importing parameter list].

Step3 Syntax: Raise event <event name> [exporting parameter list].

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Step4 Syntax: Set handler <handler> [for <instances>]. They are two types of events 1) Instant 2) Static Instance events are declared by using keyword events. Static events are declared by using keyword class-events. Instance event is specific to an object. They are static event is not specific to an object. For every event there can be one are more event handler methods within the class are across the classes. These event handler methods are executed automatically whenever the event is raised are triggered. For executing the event handler methods we need to register the handlers. By using this register handlers SAP will execute all the event handler methods. One after the other. Accordingly to sequence of register. Events can contains only exporting parameters which are imported by event handler method these parameters are always passed by values. The parameter name in the event as well as in event handler method must be same. Note: - if the handler is not register events can be triggered but no actions can be performed because the event handler methods will not be executed. Z915AM_OOPS52: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS52. CLASS ABC DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. EVENTS E1. "instance event METHODS : M1 FOR EVENT E1 OF ABC, "instance event handler method M2. "instance normal method ENDCLASS. "abc DEFINITION CLASS ABC IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD M1. WRITE :/ 'inside event handler method m1'. ENDMETHOD. "m1 METHOD M2. WRITE :/ 'Inside m2,About to raise event'. RAISE EVENT E1. ENDMETHOD. "m2 ENDCLASS. "abc IMPLEMENTATION

START-OF-SELECTION. DATA OB TYPE REF TO ABC.

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CREATE OBJECT OB. CALL METHOD OB->M2. OUTPUT:

Z915AM_OOPS53: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS53. class abc definition. public section. events e1. "instance event methods : m1 for event e1 of abc, "instance event handler method m2. "instance normal method endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. write :/ 'inside event handler method m1'. endmethod. method m2. write :/ 'Inside m2,About to raise event'. raise event e1. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob. call method ob->m2. set handler ob->m1 for ob.

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OUTPUT:

Z915AM_OOPS54: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS54. class abc definition. public section. events e1. "instance event methods : m1 for event e1 of abc, "instance event handler method m2. "instance normal method endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. write :/ 'inside event handler method m1'. endmethod. method m2. write :/ 'Inside m2,About to raise event'. raise event e1. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob. set handler ob->m1 for ob. call method ob->m2. OUTPUT:

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Z915AM_OOPS55: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS55. class abc definition. public section. events e1. methods : m1 for event e1 of abc, m2 for event e1 of abc, m3. endclass. class abc implementation. method m2. write :/ 'inside second event handler method m2'. endmethod. method m1. write :/ 'inside first event handler method m1'. endmethod. method m3. write :/ 'inside m3,about to raise event'. raise event e1. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob. set handler ob->m2 for ob. set handler ob->m1 for ob. call method ob->m3. OUTPUT:

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Z915AM_OOPS56: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS56. class abc definition. public section. events e1. methods : m1 for event e1 of abc, m2 for event e1 of abc, m3. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. write :/ 'inside first event handler method m1'. endmethod. method m2. write :/ 'inside second event handler method m2'. endmethod. method m3. write :/ 'inside m3,about to raise event'. raise event e1. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob. data ob1 type ref to abc. create object ob1. set handler ob->m2 for ob. set handler ob->m1 for ob. call method ob1->m3. OUTPUT:

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Z915AM_OOPS57: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS57. class abc definition. public section. events e1. methods : m1 for event e1 of abc, m2 for event e1 of abc, m3. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. write :/ 'inside first event handler method m1'. endmethod. method m2. write :/ 'inside second event handler method m2'. endmethod. method m3. write :/ 'inside m3,about to raise event'. raise event e1. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob. data ob1 type ref to abc. create object ob1. set handler ob->m2 for ob1. set handler ob->m1 for ob1. call method ob1->m3. OUTPUT:

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Z915AM_OOPS58: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS58. class abc definition. public section. events e1. methods : m1 for event e1 of abc, m2. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. write :/ 'inside m1, first event handler'. endmethod. method m2. write :/ 'inside m2, about to raise event'. raise event e1. endmethod. endclass. class pqr definition. public section. methods m3 for event e1 of abc. endclass. class pqr implementation. method m3. write :/ 'inside m3, second event handler'. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob1 type ref to abc. create object ob1. data ob2 type ref to pqr. create object ob2. set handler ob1->m1 for ob1. set handler ob2->m3 for ob1. call method ob1->m2.

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OUTPUT:

For all instance: - while register the handler for register events as part of set handler statement we need to specify the object name after for keyword. This is reasonable for raising the event. This as to be done for every object separately which is raising the event instead of this we can use FOR ALL INSTANCE keyword. As part of handler such that the event handler method will executed irrespective of object used for raising the event. Z915AM_OOPS59: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS59. class abc definition. public section. events e1. methods : m1 for event e1 of abc, m2. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. write :/ 'inside event handler m1'. endmethod. method m2. write :/ 'inside m2, about to raise event'. raise event e1. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob1 type ref to abc. create object ob1. data ob2 type ref to abc. create object ob2. *set handler ob1->m1 for ob1. *set handler ob1->m1 for ob2.

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set handler ob1->m1 for all instances. call method ob1->m2. call method ob2->m2. OUTPUT:

Static event: - While registering the handlers for static even we should not specify the object which is reasonable raising the static event. Because static event is not specific to on object i.e. for keyword is not allowed for the static event part of set handler this similarly for all instances in case of instance event. Z915AM_OOPS60: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS60. class abc definition. public section. class-events e1. methods : m1 for event e1 of abc, m2. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. write :/ 'inside m1 event handler'. endmethod. method m2. write :/ 'inside m2 about to raise static event'. raise event e1. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob1 type ref to abc. create object ob1. data ob2 type ref to abc.
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create object ob2. set handler ob1->m1. call method ob1->m2. call method ob2->m2. OUTPUT:

Static event handler method: Instance event can be raised only in instance methods. Static event can be raised either in instance are static method. Z915AM_OOPS61: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS61. class abc definition. public section. class-events e1. class-methods m1 for event e1 of abc. methods m2. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. write :/ 'inside m1, static event handler'. endmethod. method m2. write :/ 'inside m2'. raise event e1. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob. set handler ABC=>m1. CALL METHOD OB->m2.
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OUTPUT:

Z915AM_OOPS62: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS62. class abc definition. public section. events e1. class-methods m1 for event e1 of abc. methods m2. endclass. class abc implementation. method m1. write :/ 'inside m1, static event handler'. endmethod. method m2. write :/ 'inside m2'. raise event e1. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data ob type ref to abc. create object ob. set handler abc=>m1 for ob. call method ob->m2.

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OUTPUT:

Z915AM_OOPS63: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS63. CLASS ABC DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. EVENTS E1 EXPORTING VALUE(X) TYPE I OPTIONAL. METHODS : M1 FOR EVENT E1 OF ABC IMPORTING X, M2 IMPORTING Y TYPE I. ENDCLASS. "abc DEFINITION CLASS ABC IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD M1. WRITE :/ 'inside event handler m1'. WRITE :/ 'parameter received is ',X. ENDMETHOD. "m1 METHOD M2. WRITE :/ 'inside m2,about to raise event'. RAISE EVENT E1 EXPORTING X = Y. ENDMETHOD. "m2 ENDCLASS. "abc IMPLEMENTATION START-OF-SELECTION. DATA OB TYPE REF TO ABC. CREATE OBJECT OB. PARAMETERS R TYPE I. SET HANDLER OB->M1 FOR OB. CALL METHOD OB->M2 EXPORTING Y = R.
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OUTPUT:

Z915AM_CLASS11:

method M1. WRITE :/ 'INSIDE EVENT HANDLER'. WRITE :/ 'PARAMETER RECEIVED IS ',P1. endmethod. method M2. WRITE :/ 'INSIDE M2'. RAISE EVENT E1 EXPORTING P1 = 10. endmethod.

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Z915AM_OOPS64: REPORT Z915AM_OOPS64. data ob type ref to z915am_class11. create object ob. set handler ob->m1 for ob. call method ob->m2. OUTPUT:

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Z915AM_RESTAURANT:

method SET. TABLENO = 10. STEWARD = 'ABC'. endmethod. method DISPLAY. WRITE :/ TABLENO,STEWARD. endmethod.

Z915AMCYCLE:

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method SETCYCLE. wheels = 2. brakes = 2. colour = 'blue'. endmethod. method DISPLAY. write :/ wheels,brakes,colour. endmethod.

Z915AMSCOOTER:

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method SETSCOOTER. wheels = 2. brakes = 4. colour = 'red'. endmethod.

Z915AMCAR:

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method SETCAR. wheels = 4. brakes = 5. colour = 'cyan'. endmethod.

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