HC PHN O V TCH PHN CHNG I. O $1. I S. 1.

i s

- I S
X . Mt h N cc tp con ca

a) nh ngha 1. Cho tp hp

X c gi l mt i s cc tp con ca X, nu N tho mn ba iu kin sau: (i) X N; N CXA = X \ A N; (ii) A n (iii) A1, A2, ... , An N UA N. k k=1 b) Cc tnh cht Cho N l i s cc tp con ca tp hp X. Khi N c cc tnh cht sau y:

1.

N ;
N

2. A1, A2, ... , An 3. A, B

A \ B N.

k =1

Ak N ;

Chng minh. 1. c suy t (i), (ii) 2. c suy t (ii), (iii) v cng thc de Morgan:

C ( I Ak ) =
k =1

k =1

CAk

3. c suy t (ii), tnh cht 2 va chng minh v cng thc CXB A\B=A

Nhn xt i s cc tp con ca tp hp X c tnh cht " khp kn" i vi cc php ton : hp hu hn, giao hu hn, hiu cc tp hp v ly phn b ( ngha l : khi ta thc hin cc php ton ny trn cc phn t ca N th kt qu s l cc phn t ca N). c) Cc v d 1. Cho A X . t N = , X , A, C A .

Khi N l mt i s cc tp con ca X. 2. Cho X = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }, A = { 1, 3, 5, 7 }, B = { 2, 4, 6 },

C = { 1, 2, 4, 7 }, D = { 3, 5, 6 }. t N = {

, X, A, B, C, D }. Hy kim tra xem N c l mt i

s cc tp con ca X? 3. Cho N l mt h khng rng cc tp con ca tp hp X tho mn iu kin : Nu A, B N th X \ A N v A B N. Chng minh rng N l mt i s cc tp con ca X. 2. - i s

a) nh ngha 2. Cho tp hp

- i s cc tp con ca X, nu M tho mn X c gi l mt ba iu kin sau: (i) X M ; (ii) A M CXA = X \ A M ; (iii) A1, A2, ... , An , ... M U A M . k k =1 b) Cc tnh cht Cho M l mt - i s cc tp con ca tp hp X. Khi M c cc tnh cht sau y: 1. M l mt i s cc tp con ca X;

X . Mt h M cc tp con ca

2.

M;

3. A1, A2, ... , An 4. A, B

A \ BM ;

k =1

Ak M

5. A1, A2, ... , An , ...

Chng minh. - Tnh cht 1 c suy t (i), (ii) v (iii) khi t An+1 = An+2 = ... =

k =1

Ak M

- Tnh cht 2, 3, 4 c suy t tnh cht 1 va chng minh. - Tnh cht 5 c suy t (ii), (iii) v cng thc de Morgan:

C ( I Ak ) = U CAk
Nhn xt - i s cc tp con ca tp hp X c tnh cht " khp kn" i vi cc php ton : hp m c, giao m c ca cc tp hp, hiu hai tp hp v ly phn b ( ngha l : khi ta thc hin cc

k =1

k =1

php ton ny trn cc phn t ca M th kt qu s l cc phn t ca M ). c) Cc v d 1. Cho tp hp mt

- i s cc tp con ca tp hp X.

b) A1, A, ... , An

X . H tt c cc tp con ca tp hp X l
, ... M

2. Cho M l mt h khng rng cc tp con ca tp hp X tho mn hai iu kin : a) A M X\A M;

- i s cc tp con ca X. Chng minh rng M l mt 3. Cho M l mt - i s cc tp con ca tp hp X v Z M. t MZ l h tt c cc tp hp thuc M v cha trong Z. Chng minh MZ l mt - i s cc tp con ca tp hp Z. $2. O 1. Tp hp s thc khng m m rng Cho tp hp s thc khng m [0,+) .

k =1

Ak M

, tp hp mi Ta b sung cho tp hp ny mt phn t l + thu c l [0,+]. Ta gi y l tp s thc khng m m rng vi cc quy c v php ton nh sau. vi mi a [0,+) ; a<+

a + (+ ) = (+ ) + a = + vi mi a [0,+]; a . (+ ) = (+ ) . a = + vi mi a (0,+]; 0 . (+ ) = (+ ) . 0 = 0

Lu . ng thc a + c = b + c ko theo a = b khi v ch khi . 2. Cc khi nim Cho M l mt - i s cc tp con ca tp hp X. Xt nh x : M [0,+].

c +

nh ngha 1.

c gi l nh x cng tnh hu hn, nu c mt

h hu hn cc tp hp i mt ri nhau A1, A2, ... , An

( U Ak ) =
nh ngha 2.

k =1

k =1

( Ak )

th

c gi l nh x

- cng tnh nu c mt h
M
th

m c cc tp hp i mt ri nhau A1, A2, ... , An , ...

 ( U Ak ) =
nh ngha 3. 1.

c gi l mt o trn M, nu hai iu kin sau

k =1

k =1

( Ak )

c tho mn:

( ) = 0; 2. l - cng tnh.

- i s cc tp con ca nh ngha 4. Cp (X, M), trong M l tp hp X, c gi l khng gian o c. Mi tp hp A M c gi l mt tp o c. nh ngha 5. B ba (X, M, ), trong M l - i s cc tp con

l mt o trn M, c gi l khng gian o. Nu A M th s (A) c gi l o ca tp hp A. nh ngha 5. o c gi l o hu hn nu (X) < + . o c gi l o - hu hn, nu X = U X , X M k k =1 v (X ) < + vi mi k.

ca tp hp X,
k k

M.

- hu hn. Nhn xt. o hu hn th 3. Cc v d a) Cho M l mt - i s cc tp con ca tp hp X. : M [0,+] xc nh bi (A) = 0 vi mi A Xt nh x

Khi

l mt o hu hn.

b) Cho M l mt Xt nh x

: M [0,+] xc nh bi ( ) = 0 , (A) = + vi mi A M v Khi l mt o khng - hu hn.

M - Nu A M
- Nu A

- i s cc tp con ca tp hp X.
A .
0

c) Cho M l mt Xt nh x

- i s cc tp con ca tp hp X v x X.
: M

[0,+] xc nh bi :

v x0 v x0

Chng minh rng

A th (A) = 1 ; A th (A) = 0 .

l mt o hu hn.

- i s Nhn xt. C nhiu cch xy dng o trn cng mt cc tp con ca tp hp X, ng vi mi o s c mt khng gian o tng ng vi cc tnh cht khc nhau.

4. Cc tnh cht ca o Cho (X, M, ) l mt khng gian o. Khi ta c cc tnh

cht sau y. 1. l cng tnh hu hn.

2. Nu A, B

Ngoi ra, nu

(A) (B) . (A) < + th (B \ A) = (B) - (A).

v A

B th

3. Nu A1, A2, ... , An , ...

( U Ak )
k =1
4. Nu A, B

th

k =1

( Ak )
th

M , A B v (B) = 0 5. Nu A, B M v (B) = 0 th

(A) = 0.

(A B) = (A \ B) = (A).
) = 0, k = 1, 2, ... , n

6. Hp ca mt h hu hn cc tp hp c o khng l tp hp c o khng:

(A (A

( U Ak ) = 0
k =1 +

7. Hp ca mt h m c cc tp hp c o khng l tp hp c o khng:
k

) = 0, k = 1, 2, ...

8. Nu

l o

- hu hn th

( U Ak ) = 0
k =1

i) X = Yk

(Y ) < + vi mi k;
k

k =1

U Yk ,

trong cc tp hp Yk i mt ri nhau,

ii) A = Ak M v

(A ) < + vi mi A M v mi k.
k

k =1

, UA k

trong cc tp hp Ak i mt ri nhau,

9. Nu { An } , n ngha l A1 A2 ...

N, l dy n iu tng cc tp hp o c,
+

An ... ,

th

n+ n =1 10. Nu { An } , n N, l dy n iu gim cc tp hp o c, ngha l A1 A2 ... An ... , v (A1) < + th

( U An ) =

lim

( An )

 ( I An ) = lim ( An )
5. o rng tp con ca mt tp o c cha chc l tp hp o M , B A th c th B M . c, ngha l nu A nh ngha 6. o c gi l o nu mi tp con ca tp
n =1 n+

c o khng u l tp o c. Nhn xt. Nu l o khng th ta c th thc trin thnh mt o nh nh l di y. nh l. Gi s (X, M, ) l mt khng gian o.
Gi M' l h tt c cc tp hp A c dng A=BC (1) M, C D, D M, (D) = 0. trong B

(2) '(A) = (B) Khi : i) (X, M', ') l mt khng gian o; ii)

Vi mi tp hp A c dng (1), t

' l nh x sao cho

' l o .

nh ngha 7. M' c gi l b sung Lebesgue ca ' c gi l thc trin Lebesgue ca o .

- i s M v

- i s M cha N v mt o : M [0,+] sao cho (A) = m(A) vi mi A N . Ngoi ra, nu m l - hu hn th - i s M.

6. Thc trin nh x - cng tnh thnh o nh l (Hahn). Cho N l mt i s cc tp con ca tp hp X v m : N [0,+] l mt nh x - cng tnh. Khi tn ti mt

xc nh mt cch duy nht. nh ngha 8. o c gi l thc trin ca m t i s N ln

$3. O LEBERGUE TRN 1. Khong trong

nh ngha 1. Cc tp hp sau y c gi l cc khong trong (a, b), [a, b], (a, b], [a, b), (, a), (- , a], (a, + ), [a, + ) (- , + ).

 rng giao ca hai khong bt k trong trong hoc l tp hp rng. nh ngha 2. Nu (-

cng l khong
a, b

b + )

l khong trong th ta gi s

2. i s cc tp con ca

= b - a l di ca .

c hai u mt l

Xt h N cc tp hp P l hp ca hu hn cc khong trong khng giao nhau: N =

{P / P =

Trn N xt nh x m : N

i =1

U Ii , Ii

I j = (i j )
n i =1

(1)

[0,+] xc nh bi

m( P ) = I i
nu P c biu din nh trong (1). nh l 1. N l mt i s cc tp con ca Chng minh.

Ta kim tra ba iu kin ca nh ngha i s. (i) Ta c N.

= (- ,

( hp ca mt khong) nn hin nhin

(ii)

Gi s P N th P l hp ca hu hn khong khng giao nhau. Khi d thy \ P cng l hp ca hu hn khong N. khng giao nhau. Vy \ P

(iii)

Gi s P, Q

Trc ht Tht vy, v P, Q u l hp ca hu hn khong khng giao nhau nn ta c biu din: n

N, ta cn chng minh P Q N. ta chng minh P Q N.

P=

Q=
Khi

i =1 k

U Ii , Ii I Ii'
j =1

= , (i i ' )

U J j , J j I J j'

= , ( j j' )

PI Q = PI ( U J j ) =
j =1

j =1 n

(PI J j ) =

=
Th m

j =1

U [( U

i =1

I i )I J j ] =

j = 1i = 1

U U

(Ii I J j )

I i I J j = Lij

( i = 1, 2, ... , n ; j = 1, 2, ... , k) l cc

khong khng giao nhau i mt nn P Q N. By gi ta chng minh P Q N khi P, Q N. N nn theo (ii) \ P N,\Q N. Khi Thy vy, ta c P, Q , theo phn va chng minh, ( \ P) ( \ Q) N , hay \ (P Q) N, li theo (ii) suy ra P Q N .

Vy, N l i s cc tp con ca , nh l c chng minh. nh l 2. nh x m nh x - cng tnh. Chng minh. Gi s Q =

k =1

, UP k

trong cc tp hp Pk i mt ri nhau,
+

Q, Pk N (Q v Pk u l hp ca hu hn khong khng giao nhau). Ta cn chng minh

m(Q) =

Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th xem Q v mi Pk ch l mt khong trong . Trc ht ta chng minh cho trng hp Q l khong hu hn. Khi cc Pk cng l khong hu hn. Gi s Q l khong hu hn c hai u mt l a, b , cn Pk c hai u mt l ak, bk . - Vi mi n = 1, 2, ... , lun tn ti hu hn cc khong ( i = 1, 2, ... , ni ) sao cho

k =1

m( Pk )

Q = ( U Pk )U ( U I i )
trong cc Pk , Khi

ni

k =1

i =1

ri nhau.

Q = Pk + I i Pk
Cho n

ni

+ , ta c

k =1

i =1

k =1

Q Pk
- Cho t

(2)

k =1

> 0 tu sao cho

a. < b 2
k

Qk = ( ak 2 , bk + 2 )
k

(k = 1, 2, ... )

Ta c Pk

Qk

Q ' = [a + , b ]
nn

Q' Q =

+ k =1

Pk

+ k =1

Qk

Mt khc, Q' l tp compact nn mi ph m ca Q' u c mt ph con hu hn , khi y tn ti hu hn cc tp

Qk , Qk ,..., Qk
1 2

sao cho

Q' U Qk
Suy ra

i =1

Q'
hay

i =1

Qki

2 b a 2 (bk ak + 2 ) i =1
i i ki

k =1

(bk

ak + ) =
2 2k

k =1

(bk

ak ) +

k =1

2 k 1

Th nhng u1 = Vy

, cng bi q = 1/2 nn hi t v c tng l 2 .

k =1

2 k 1

li l tng ca cp s nhn c s hng u

b a 2
hay

k =1
+

(bk

ak ) + 2

Cho

0, ta c

Q Pk + 4
k =1

Q Pk
T (2) , (3) suy ra

(3)

k =1

Q = Pk
hay

k =1
+

m(Q) =

k =1

m( Pk )

By gi ta chng minh cho trng hp Q l khong v hn. Khi Q = + . R rng ta lun c th biu din Q dng

Q=
trong cc Chng hn, V

n =1
n

U I n , I1

I 2 ..., lim I n = +
n+

Q = (a,+) =
v Q =
k =1

u l khong hu hn. +

n =1

U ( a, a + n)
Pk ri nhau nn

In Q

, cc UP k

I n = I n I Q = I n I ( U Pk ) =
trong cc tp hp k = 1, 2, ... Theo phn va chng minh

+ k =1

I n I Pk
+

k =1

( I n I Pk )

hu hn v ri nhau theo ch s

In =

k =1

I n I Pk

+ k =1

Pk

Cho n

+ , ta c

+ Pk
Do phi c

k =1

k =1 - cng tnh trn i s N cc tp con ca . Vy, m l nh x Theo nh l Hahn v thc trin nh x - cng tnh thnh o, ta c mt - i s M cha N v mt o l thc trin ca

Pk = + = Q

m t N ln M .

3. o Lebesgue trn nh ngha 3. o

nh x m trn i s N cc tp con ca c gi ln lt l o Lebesgue v - i s cc tp o c theo ngha Lebesgue trn . Cc tnh cht o Lebesgue v - i s M cc tp o c theo ngha

- i s M nhn c khi thc trin

Lebesgue trn c cc tnh cht sau y. 1. l o .

2. Tp khng qu m c trn c o khng. 3. Tp m, tp ng trn l tp o c. > 0 tn ti 4. Tp A l o c khi v ch khi vi mi cc tp m G, tp ng F sao cho F A Q v (G \ F) < .

5. Nu A o c th cc tp hp t A , x + A ( t, x ) cng o c v ( t A ) = / t / ( A ) , ( x + A ) = ( A),
0 0 0

trong

Cc v d a) Tp hp Q cc s hu t c o khng. b) Tp hp Cantor P0 trn [0, 1] xy dng theo cch di y c o khng. Xt tp hp [0, 1]. - Bc 1. Chia [0, 1] thnh ba khong bng nhau, b i khong gia G1 = (1/3, 2/3).

tA = {ta / a A}, x0 + A = {x0 + a / a A}

- Bc 2. Chia ba mi on cn li l [0, 1/3] v [2/3, 1] , b i khong gia ca chng, t G2 = (1/9, 2/9) (7/9, 8/9). - v.v... Gi Gn l hp ca 2n-1 cc khong b i bc th n , G=
k =1

UG k

l hp ca tt c cc khong b i , P0 = [0,1] \ G.

Ta c cc tp Gn ri nhau v Khi

(G ) = 2
n

n-1

. 1/ 3n = 1/2 . (2/3)n
+

(G ) =
Vy
0

n =1

(Gn ) =

1 2

n =1

(2 3)

=1

(P ) = ([0, 1]) - (G) = 0.

rng tp hp P0 l tp khng m c v c o khng. $4. HM S O C 1. Tp hp s thc m rng ). Cho tp hp s thc = (- , + Ta b sung cho tp hp ny hai phn t l - , + , tp hp mi thu c l [- , + ] = (- , + ) {- , + } . Ta gi y l tp s thc

m rng, k hiu l , vi cc quy c v php ton nh sau.

< a < + vi mi a ; a + (+ ) = (+ ) + a = + vi mi a (- , + ]; a + (- ) = (- ) + a = - vi mi a [- , + ); a . (+ ) = (+ ) . a = + vi mi a (0,+] a . (- ) = (- ) . a = - vi mi a (0,+];

a . (+ a . (-

) = (+ ) . a = - vi mi a (- , 0); ) = (- ) . a = + vi mi a (- , 0); 0 . (+ ) = (+ ) . 0 = 0; 0 . (- ) = (- ) . 0 = 0;
a +

= 0, a
) + (- ), (+ ) - (+ ), (- ) - (- ),
vi mi a

+ = = +
Cc k hiu (+

a 0

u khng c ngha.

2. Hm s hu hn nh ngha 1. Hm s f : A c gi l hu hn trn A nu f(A) . Cc v d 1. Hm s f(x) = sinx l hu hn trn v f( ) = [-1, 1] . 2. Hm s f(x) = x l hu hn trn v f( ) = . 3. Hm s

khi 1 f ( x) = x + khi

x (0,1) x=0

l hm s khng hu hn trn [0, 1). 3. Hm s o c Di y ta cho (X, M) l khng gian o c v A nh ngha 2. Hm s f : A

a , {x A / f ( x) < a} M

M .

c gi l o c trn A nu

- i s cc tp o c theo ngha Lebesgue Nu X = v M l trn , th f c gi l hm o c theo Lebesgue. Cc v d 4. Hm hng trn A l o c trn A. Tht vy, gi s f(x) = c = const vi mi x k . t Khi - Nu a c th B =

v a l mt s thc bt

B = {x A / f ( x) < a}

nn B M ;

- Nu a > c th B = A nn B M. Vy f o c trn A. 5. Cc hm s xt v d 1, 2, 3 u l hm o c trn cc tp tng ng. nh l 1. Cc iu kin sau y l tng ng. (1) Hm s f o c trn A. (2)

a , {x A / f ( x) a} M a , {x A / f ( x) > a} M a , {x A / f ( x) a} M

(3) (4)

Chng minh. t

B = {x A / C = {x A / D = {x A / E = {x A /

f ( x) < a} f ( x) a} f ( x) > a} f ( x) a}

Khi ta c C = A \ B, E = A \ D. Do B M C M v E M D M . Suy ra (1) (2), (3) (4) nn ta ch cn chng minh (2) (3). - Trc ht ta chng minh

D = U C n , C = I Dn
n =1 n =1

trong

C n = {x A / f ( x ) a +
D
n0
th x

1 n

} Dn = {x A / f ( x) > a 1 n
Tht vy, ly x s thc, tn ti Suy ra

v f(x) > a. Theo tnh cht tr mt ca tp

+

sao cho do
+

f ( x) a + n10 > a
x U Cn
n =1

x C n0

Ngc li, ly Khi x

x U Cn
n =1

th tn ti

n0

sao cho

x C n0

f ( x) a + n10
th x

nn f(x) > a. Suy ra x

D.
+

By gi ta ly x

f ( x) a

nn vi mi n ta c

f ( x) > a 1 n
Ngc li, ly

. Suy ra
+

x Dn
th

vi mi n, do

x I Dn
n =1

x I Dn
n =1

x Dn

vi mi n, do x

f ( x) > a 1 n

vi mi n. Ly gii hn hai v ca bt ng thc cui

cng ny khi n + , ta c

n +

lim f ( x ) = lim ( a 1 n)
n +

hay

Do x C. Vy ta c cc ng thc v tp hp cn chng minh trn y. - By gi ta chng minh (2) (3).

f ( x) a .

nh l chng minh xong. H qu 1 Nu f o c trn A M v , B Chng minh.

- i s nn D M . Vy (3) c tho mn. Ngc li, gi s ta c (3). Khi vi mi a v mi n ta c M . M M l - i s nn C M . Vy (2) c tho mn.
. M M l

Tht vy, gi s ta c (2), khi vi mi a

v mi n ta c C n M
Dn

th f o c trn .

Vi

{ x / f ( x ) < a} = { x / f ( x ) < a} M

ta c

2 f o c trn 1 , 2 , v f xc nh trn = trn . Chng minh. Vi

U
n =1

th f o c

ta c

{ x / f ( x ) < a} = x U n / f ( x ) < a = U{ x n / f ( x ) < a} M n=1 n =1 do M l - i s.

4. Cc tnh cht ca hm o c 1 Nu f o c trn v c = const th cf o c trn . 2 Nu f , g o c v hu hn trn th f + g , fg o c trn . 3 Nu f o c trn , > 0 th f

o c trn .

1 o c trn . f 5 Nu f , g o c trn th max ( f , g ) , min ( f , g ) o c trn . 6 Nu { f n } l dy hm o c trn th sup f n , inf f n , lim sup f n ,
4 Nu f ( x ) 0, x v f o c trn th

lim inf f n o c trn .

n

7 Nu { f n } hi t trn , f n o c trn th lim f n o c trn .

n

8 Nu f , g o c trn th cc tp hp x / f ( x ) < g ( x ) ,

{ x / f ( x ) g ( x )} , { x / f ( x ) = g ( x )} u thuc M .
f ( x ) , khi f ( x ) 0 f + ( x) = = max { f ( x ) , 0} < 0, khi f x 0 ( )

9 Nu f o c trn th cc hm s

0, khi f ( x ) 0 f ( x) = = max { f ( x ) , 0} f x , khi f x < 0 ( ) ( ) l nhng hm s o c trn .

5. Hm c trng ca tp hp nh ngha 2. Cho . Hm s

1, neu x 0, neu x c gi l hm s c trng ca (trn ).

A : xc nh bi

( x ) =

Tng t ta c khi nim hm c trng ca tp hp E trn A. V d 6. Hm s Direchle: D:

xc nh bi

l hm c trng ca Q trn . Ta xt tnh cht o c ca hm c trng. nh l 2. Hm c trng E ca tp hp l o c trn khi v ch khi E M. Chng minh.

1 khi D( x) = 0 khi

xQ x \ Q

Vi

ta c

- Nu E M th A \ E M , do E khng o c trn . 6. Hm n gin nh ngha 3. Hm s S : [ 0; + ] xc nh trn v ch nhn mt s hu hn cc gi tr hu hn khng m c gi l hm s n gin trn . Tng t ta c khi nim hm n gin trn tp hp . V d 7. Hm s Direchle trn y l hm s n gin trn v n ch nhn hai gi tr hu hn khng m l 0 v 1.

, neu a > 1 { x : E ( x ) < a} = \ , neu 0 < a 1 , neu a 0 - Nu E M th A \ E M , do E o c trn .

V d 8. Xt hm s

1 khi x [1,3) f ( x) = 2 khi [3,4] 4 khi (4,7)

y l hm n gin trn [1, 7). Nhn xt Cho hm n gin S : [ 0; + ] v 1 , 2 , , n l cc gi tr khc nhau i mt ca S . k = x : S ( x ) = k , k = 1, n . t

Th th cc k ri nhau, =

U
k =1

v S ( x ) =

k =1

k ( x ) , x .

V d 9. Xt hm n gin v d 8. t 1 = [1, 3), A2 = [3, 4], A3 = (4, 7),

1 = 1, 2 = 2,

3 = 4. Khi cc tp hp ny ri nhau v

f ( x ) = 1 A1 ( x ) + 2 A2 ( x ) + 3 A3 ( x) vi mi x [1, 7).

Xt tnh cht ca hm n gin. Cho ( , M ) - khng gian o c, A M. nh l 3. Cho S l hm n gin trn

S ( x ) = k k ( x ) ,
k =1

UA
k =1

= A , k ri nhau, k khc nhau.

Khi S o c trn khi v ch khi mi Ak Chng minh. - Nu S o c trn th - Nu 1 , ,

M.

trn . Khi hm S ( x ) o c trn (v l tng, tch cc hm hu hn o c). 7. Cu trc ca hm o c nh l 4. Mi hm s o c khng m trn u l gii hn ca mt dy n iu tng cc hm n gin o c trn . Chng minh. Gi s f l hm o c khng m trn . t

{ x : S ( x ) = k } = k M , k = 1, n A M th theo nh l 1 mi hm c trng
k

o c

n , khi f ( x ) n Sn ( x ) = m 1 m 1 m , khi f x , m = 1, 2,..., n 2n < ( ) n n n 2 2 2 th S n ( x ) l dy n iu tng (theo n ) cc hm n gin o c trn .

Ta chng minh lim S n ( x ) = f ( x ) , x .
n

Tht vy, - Nu f ( x ) < + th vi n ln ta c f ( x ) < n . Do vi n ln tn ti s t nhin m 1, 2,..., n 2

} sao cho

ln. - Nu f ( x ) = + th S n ( x ) = n vi n . Suy ra, lim S n ( x ) = + = f ( x ) .

n n

m 1 m m 1 1 . V nn vi n = S x f x < f x < S x ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) n n 2n 2n 2n 2n

Vy, lim S n ( x ) = f ( x ) , x trong c hai trng hp. $5. S HI T HU KHP NI 1. Khi nim hu khp ni nh ngha 1. Cho khng gian o (X, M, tnh cht hp B \ B.

A , B M, (B) = 0 sao cho tnh cht xy ra ti mi x A

) v A M . Ta ni mt

no xy ra hu khp ni trn tp hp A nu tn ti mt tp

Ni mt cch khc, cc im x A m ti tnh cht khng xy ra u thuc tp hp c o khng. Hin nhin, mt tnh cht xy ra ( khp ni ) trn A th xy ra hu khp ni trn A. Sau y ta a ra mt vi khi nim c th thng s dng. nh ngha 2. Hai hm s f, g cng xc nh trn tp hp A M c gi l bng nhau hu khp ni trn A (hay tng A , B M, (B) = 0 sao ng nhau trn A ) nu tn ti mt tp hp B

cho f(x) = g(x) vi mi x A \ B. Khi ta k hiu f ~ g (trn A). V d 1. Hm s Dirichlet D(x) ~ 0 trn v D(x) = 0 vi mi x \ Q , trong Q l tp o c v c o khng. V d 2. Hm s

khi 1 f ( x) = x + khi

x (0,1) x=0

tng ng vi hm s

khi 1 x g ( x) = 1 khi

trn [0, 1), v f(x) = g(x) vi mi x [0, 1) \ B, trong B = {0} l tp con ca [0, 1), o c v c o khng. V d 3. Hm s

x (0,1) x=0

sin x khi x [0, 2 ]I Q f ( x) = cos x khi x [0, 2 ] \ Q

tng ng vi hm s g(x) = cosx trn [0, 2 ] . nh ngha 3. Hm s f c gi l hu hn hu khp ni trn tp hp A M nu tn ti mt tp hp B A , B M, (B)= 0 sao cho f(x) vi mi x A \ B.

V d 4. Hm s f(x) c cho v d 2 hu hn hu khp ni trn [0, 1). nh ngha 4. Hm s f c gi l xc nh hu khp ni trn tp hp A M nu tn ti mt tp hp B A , B M, (B) = 0 sao cho f xc nh trn A \ B. V d 5. Hm s s cp

f ( x) = 1 x xc nh hu khp ni trn . nh ngha 5. Dy hm s { f n } c gi l hi t hu khp ni v hm s f trn tp hp A M nu tn ti mt tp hp B A , B M, (B) =

f n ( x) 0 sao cho nlim + vi mi x A \ B.

= f ( x)

V d 6. Dy hm s

{ f n } xc nh bi
f n ( x) =
x 2 + 3 x sin x n 4 x + x 2 n
x 2 +3 x 4 x trn [-1, 1].

hi t hu khp ni v hm s

f ( x) =

nh l 1. Cho khng gian o (X, M, Khi (i)

2. S hi t hu khp ni

) v A M .

Nu f ~ g (trn A) v n hi t h.k.n v g trn A.

{ f } hi t h.k.n v f trn A th { f n }

Nu n hi t h.k.n v f trn A v trn A th f ~ g (trn A). Chng minh. (i) V f ~ g (trn A) nn tn ti mt tp hp B 0 sao cho f(x) = g(x) vi mi x Mt khc, v C

(ii)

{f }

{ f n } hi t h.k.n v g
A , B M, (B) =

{ f n } hi t h.k.n v f trn A nn tn ti mt tp hp C A ,
sao cho nlim +

A \ B.

M, (C) = 0

vi mi x A \ C. A, B Khi (B U C)

x (A \ B) I
n +

f n ( x) = f ( x)
C) = 0 v vi mi

( A \ C) = A \ (B

M, (B U
U

C) ta c

lim f n ( x) = f ( x) = g ( x)

Vy

{ f n } hi t h.k.n v g trn A. (ii) Tng t, do { f n } hi t h.k.n v f trn A nn tn ti mt tp hp

B

A \ B. Li do { f n } hi t h.k.n v g trn A nn tn ti mt tp hp C A , C f n ( x) = g ( x) vi mi x A \ C. M, (C) = 0 sao cho nlim + Khi , theo tnh cht duy nht ca gii hn ca dy s, vi mi x (A
mi x \ B)
n +

f n ( x ) = f ( x) vi A , B M, (B) = 0 sao cho nlim +

lim f n ( x) = f ( x) = g ( x) .
U
C)

( A \ C) = A \ (B

C) ta phi c

M (B

A, B

A). nh l c chng minh.

M, (B U

C) = 0 nn f ~ g (trn

T nh l suy ra rng, nu ta ng nht cc hm s tng ng th gii hn ca dy hm hi t hu khp ni l duy nht. nh l 2. (Egoroff) Gi s n l mt dy hm o c, hu hn h.k.n, hi t h.k.n v hm s f o c, hu hn h.k.n trn mt tp hp A c o hu hn. Khi vi mi

{f }

> 0, tn ti mt tp hp E o

c, E

A sao cho (A \ E) < v dy hm { f n } hi t u v

f trn E. ngha: nh l Egoroff khng nh rng mi s hi t c th bin thnh hi t u sau khi b i mt tp hp c o b tu . Mi lin h gia hm o c v hm lin tc trn - Nu A l tp o c theo ngha Lebesgue trn v hm s f :

tp hp

A l hm lin tc trn A th f o c (L) trn A. Tht vy, nu a l mt s thc bt k th v f lin tc trn A nn

B = { x A : f(x) < a } = f (- , a) l mt tp m trong A. Mt khc, do A l khng gian con ca nn B = A I G , vi G l mt tp m trong . Suy ra B o c theo ngha Lebesgue trn . Vy f o c (L) trn A. - Ngc li, mt hm s o c (L) trn tp hp A cha chc l hm lin tc trn A. Tuy nhin nh l di y s cho ta thy mt hm o c c th tr thnh hm lin tc nu b qua mt tp hp c o b tu . nh l 3. (Lusin) Gi s f l mt hm s hu hn xc nh trn tp hp A ; A l tp o c theo ngha Lebesgue v c o hu hn. Khi

> 0, tn ti mt tp hp ng F A sao cho (A \ F) <

f o c (L) trn A khi v ch khi vi mi s

v f lin tc trn F. $6. S HI T THEO O 3. Khi nim nh ngha 1. Gi s ( , M , ) l khng gian o, M v f , f1 ,

f 2 , l nhng hm o c hu hn hu khp ni trn A. Dy { f n } c

gi l hi t theo o n f v k hiu f n f trn A, nu vi > 0 ta u c

lim
n

({ x : f

( x ) f ( x ) }) = 0 .
sao cho

Ni cch khc, vi > 0 > 0 n0

: n > n0

({ x : f

( x ) f ( x ) }) < .

f n f xc nh hu khp ni trn A. V d 1. Xt dy hm { f n } xc nh bi

Ch : iu kin f , f1 , f 2 , hu hn hu khp ni m bo cho

1 x khi x , [0,1 ) n fn ( x ) = 2, khi x [1 1 ,1) n

v hm s Th th

f ( x ) = x, x [0,1) .
g trn A, f n f trn A th

f n f trn [0,1).

nh l 1. a) Nu f , g o c v f

4. Tnh duy nht ca gii hn theo o

f n g trn A. b) Nu f n f trn A v f n g trn A th f

g trn A.

Chng minh. a) V f g trn A nn tp hp = x : f ( x ) g ( x ) c o

( ) = 0 (v f , g o c nn M ). Vi > 0 ta c n = {x : fn ( x ) g ( x ) } =
{x \ : fn ( x ) g ( x ) } = {x : fn ( x ) f ( x ) }
Suy ra

= { x A \ B : f n ( x) g ( x) } U{ x B : f n ( x) g ( x) } = {x \ : fn ( x ) f ( x ) }

( n ) { x : f n ( x ) f ( x ) } + ( B) =

({ x : f
n

( x ) f ( x ) }) 0

khi n v f n f trn A.. b) t

Do lim ( n ) = 0 . Vy f n g trn A.

A0 = =

{x {x

A : f ( x ) g ( x ) > 0} = A : f ( x ) g ( x ) }, > 0

{x

A : f ( x ) g ( x )} ,

A =

1 Ak = x A : f ( x ) g( x ) ,k k B n = x A : fn ( x ) f ( x ) ,n 2 C n = x A : fn ( x ) g ( x ) ,n 2

Ta c cc tp hp ny u o c v fn , f , g o c trn A.. Ta cn chng minh

( A0 ) = 0 .

- Trc ht ta chng minh A0 = Ly

k =1

U Ak .

(1)

x A0 , ta c x A

v f ( x ) g( x ) > 0 .

Theo tnh cht tr mt ca tp s thc s tn ti s t nhin +

k0 sao cho

f ( x ) g( x )

1 > 0 , suy ra x Ak nn x 0 k0
+

k =1

U Ak .

Ngc li, ly x

k =1

U Ak th tn ti s t nhin k0 sao cho

1

x Ak . Suy ra x A v f ( x ) g( x ) 0 k0 nn

f ( x ) g( x ) > 0 , do x A0 .

Vy (1) c chng minh. Khi ta c +

( A0 )

k =1

( Ak )

(2)

- By gi ta chng minh

A Bn
(3) hay

UCn , n ,

>0

A \ A A \ ( Bn = ( A \ Bn )
Tht vy, ly

UCn ) =
ta c

( A \ Cn ).

x ( A \ Bn )
fn ( x ) f ( x ) <

( A \ Cn )

x A

f ( x ) g( x ) < 2 v n 2

Suy ra

f ( x ) g( x ) = f ( x ) fn ( x ) + fn ( x ) g( x ) fn ( x ) f ( x ) + fn ( x ) g( x ) < + = 2 2
Do x Khi M

A \ A

. Vy (3) c chng minh. (4)

( A ) ( Bn ) + ( Cn )

n + n + v f n f , f n g trn A, nn ly lim hai v ca (4) ta c

lim ( Bn ) = 0, lim ( Cn ) = 0

( A ) = 0, > 0
1 > 0, k k

Suy ra

( k ) = 0, khi =

T (2) ta c ( A0 ) = 0 . nh l c chng minh. nh l ny cho thy gii hn ca dy hm s theo o l duy nht, nu ta ng nht cc hm tng ng (tc l b qua tp hp c o 0). 5. Mi lin h gia hi t hu khp ni v hi t theo o. nh l 2. Nu dy hm s { f n } o c, hu hn hu khp ni, hi t hu khp ni n hm s f o c, hu hn hu khp ni trn tp hp A c

f trn A. o hu hn th f n Chng minh. Gi s v l hai s dng ty . Theo nh l grp, tn ti mt tp hp

con o c B ca tp hp A sao cho vi mi s t nhin n , nu n n0 th

( \ ) < v dy hm s { f n } hi

t u n hm s f trn tp hp B. Do tn ti mt s t nhin n0 sao cho

f n ( x ) f ( x ) < vi mi x
Khi nn

{ x : f ( x ) f ( x ) } \ vi mi n n ;
n
0

{ x : f n ( x ) f ( x ) } ( A \ B) < vi mi n n0 ,
tc l *Nhn xt. Gi thit
f n f trn A (pcm).

V d 2. Gi s { f n } l mt dy hm s xc nh trn

( ) < + trong nh l 2 khng th b qua.

bi

0 khi x < n fn ( x ) = n khi x n n = 1, 2... v f ( x ) = 0 vi mi x . - D thy dy hm s { f n } hi t khp ni n hm s f trn . Tht vy, gi s x l s c nh, bt k. Khi lun tn ti s
t nhin n0 sao cho x < Suy ra

n0 . Th th vi mi s t nhin n > n0 , ta
.

c x < n nn fn ( x ) = 0 .
n +

lim fn ( x ) = lim 0 = 0 = f ( x ) . Vy f n ( x ) 0 trn

n +

- Tuy nhin { f n } khng hi t theo o n f trn

{x

Tht vy, vi 0 < < 1 v vi mi s t nhin n , ta u c

: fn ( x ) f ( x ) } = {x

: fn ( x ) } = [ n , + ).

{ x : f n ( x ) f ( x ) } = + vi mi n . V d 3. = , l o Lebesgue trn ng thng v

1, khi n x n + 1 fn ( x ) = 0, tai cac diem khac Th th f n ( x ) 0 ti mi im, nhng vi n

Do

( f n ( x ) 0 ) = 1 0

1 2

nh l 3. Nu { f n } hi t theo o n f trn A th tn ti dy con hi t hu khp ni n f trn A. Chng minh. f trn A, nn vi > 0 V f n

{f }
nk

lim
n

({ x : f

( x ) f ( x ) }) = 0
1 n 1 2n 1

Do vi n , tn ti kn sao cho vi m kn

x : fm ( x ) f ( x ) <
c bit

V c th ly kn ln ty nn sau khi ly k1 ta chn k2 > k1 , k3 > k2 , Nh vy ta c dy con

x : f kn ( x ) f ( x ) < n n 2

{ f } { f } . t
kn n

1 n = x : f kn ( x ) f ( x ) , = I U n hay = I Cm , n m=1 n=m m =1

Cm = U n
n=m

Ta chng minh Tht vy, ta c

( ) = 0 v lim f kn ( x ) = f ( x ) vi x \ .
n

1 , nn 2n 1 1 1 U n ( n ) < n = m1 , ( ) ( Cm ) < m1 vi 2 2 n=m 2 n=m n=m m . Do ( B ) = 0 . Nu x A \ B th tn ti s t nhin m0 x Cm . Do

( n ) <

x n vi n m0 . T nh ngha tp hp Bn suy ra x \ th 1 f kn ( x ) f ( x ) < vi n m0 . n Vy lim f kn ( x ) = f ( x ) vi x \ hay dy con f nk hi t hu

n

{ }

khp ni n f trn A (pcm).

CHNG II. TCH PHN LEBESGUE $1. NH NGHA 1. Tch phn ca hm n gin Cho khng gian o ( , M , ) , M v S l hm n gin, o c trn A. Gi t

1 , 2 , , n l cc gi tr khc nhau i mt ca S . Ak = { x A : S ( x ) = k } , k = 1, n .

Th th cc Ak ri nhau, A =

v S ( x ) = k Ak ( x ) , x A . k =1 k =1 Khi ngi ta nh ngha tch phn ca hm S nh sau. n

k =1

U Ak

a) nh ngha 1. S

k( Ak )

c gi l tch phn ca hm n

gin, o c S trn tp hp A i vi o hay

v k hiu

Sd
A

S( x )d .
A

Vy

Sd = k ( Ak )
A k =1

(1)

b) Nhn xt 1.

Sd

l mt s khng m hu hn hoc v hn.

A 2. Ta chng minh nh ngha tch phn bi cng thc (1) l hp l, ngha l chng minh gi tr ca tch phn khng ph thuc vo cch biu din hm s S(x). Tht vy, gi s hm n gin S(x) c hai cch biu din:

S ( x ) = k Ak ( x ) , x A ; S ( x ) = i Bi ( x ) , x A ,
i =1 k =1 m

trong

Ak , Bi M,

A=

Ak Ak ' = , Bi Bi ' = , k k ', i i ' .

k =1

Ak =

i =1

U Bi ,

Ta cn chng minh

k =1

k ( Ak ) = i ( Bi ) .
i =1

Ta c Ak = Ak I A = Ak I ( trong

i =1

U Bi ) = U( Ak I
i =1

Bi ) ,

( Ak

Bi )

( Ak
m

Bi ' ) = Ak
Bi )

( Bi

Bi ' ) = , i i '

Do

( Ak ) =

i =1

( Ak I
n m

k =1

k( Ak ) = k( Ak I
m

Tng t Xt mt cp +

i ( Bi ) = i ( Bi I
i =1 i =1 k =1

k =1 i =1 m n

Bi )
Ak )

( k, i ) , c hai kh nng:
khi

Ak

k ( Ak I Bi ) = 0 = Bi ( Ak I Bi )
+ Ak

I
I

Bi = ,
Bi ,

ly

x0 Ak

S( x0 ) = k , S( x0 ) = i k = i k ( Ak I Bi ) = i ( Ak I Bi ) .
i =1 k =1 T y ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi

th

Vy

k ( Ak I

m n

Bi ) =

i =1 k =1

i ( Ak I

m n

Bi ) .

V d 1. Cho hm Direchle trn

[0,1] : 1, khix QI [0,1] D( x ) = . 0, khix [0,1] \ Q

(QI [0,1]) ( Q ) = 0

Ta c

 (Q
Do Vy

I [0,1]) = 0 .

([0,1] \ Q) = 1 .

[0,1]

D( x )d = 1.0 + 0.1 = 0 .

1 < 1, khi 0 x 2 f ( x) = V d 2. Cho hm s 2, khi 1 x < 1 2 1 1 3 = + = fd 1. ([0, )) 2. ([ ,1)) Th th 2 2 2.

[0,1)

c) Cc tnh cht 1. Nu hai hm n gin, o c

f , g 0, f g trn A th
A

fd gd
A
2. Nu hai dy hm n gin, o c tng v
n + n +

{ fn} ,{ gn} , n , n iu
(1)

lim fn = lim gn trn A th

n +

lim

gn d fnd = nlim +
A

lim fn = f . Khi lim gn = f . n + n + Xt hai trng hp sau y.

t a)

Chng minh

l hm n gin: f ( x ) =

k =1

k A ( x) .
k

Ta chng minh nlim + Thy vy, chn

fnd = fd
A A

(2)

t (0,1) bt k, t Ak,n = { x Ak : fn ( x ) t k} . Khi , do fn fn +1 nn Ak,n Ak,n +1 .

Mt khc, vi vi

x Ak

ta c

f ( x ) = k > t k , m fn f
x Ak,n x
+ n =1

nn

ln fn ( x ) > t k , do

U Ak,n .

T ta c bao hm Ak

n =1

U Ak,n .

Bao hm ngc li l hin nhin v

n : Ak,n Ak
Vy Ak =
+

n =1

U Ak,n Ak .

n =1

( Ak,n ) . U Ak,n ( Ak ) = nlim +

n ( x ) =

k =1

t k A
A

k,n

( x ) th
(3)

n fn f
Cho

n d fn d f d
A A

n + , ta c
m k =1

nd = t k( Ak,n ) t k ( Ak ) = t fd .
A
Ly gii hn ca (3) khi

n +

k =1

ta c

t fd lim
Li cho

t 1 ta c (2).
n + A

fn d fd n +
A A

Tng t ta chng minh c lim

n +

gnd = fd
A

(v lim gn = f ). T ta c (1) khi

l hm n gin.

b) By gi ta chng minh cho trng hp .

f 0

l hm o c tu

Ly c nh

m , t hn = min { fn , gm} th hn

cng l

hm n gin. Mt khc, do fn f = lim gn gm nn n+ khi

hn gm

n + . Theo phn va chng minh, ta c

lim
A A
Nhng v

hn d = gm d n +
hn fn hn d lim fn d hnd fnd nlim + n +
A A A

Cho

fn d . gmd nlim +
A

m +
lim

ta c m +

lim

hay n +

c (1) vi f 0 l hm o c bt k. 2. Tch phn ca hm o c bt k a) Trng hp hm s o c khng m Cho tng cc hm n gin o c (hu hn hoc v hn)

A A Bng cch tng t ta chng minh c bt ng thc ngc li. Vy ta

fn d . gnd nlim +

fn d gmd nlim +
A

f : A [0, + ] l hm o c. Khi tn ti dy n iu
l s

fn 0 hi t v f trn A . nh ngha 2. Tch phn ca hm f trn A i vi o

fn d fd = nlim +
(4)

A A Theo tnh cht 2 ca tch phn ca hm n gin th tch phn (4) c xc nh mt cch duy nht, khng ph thuc vo cch chn dy hm n gin

{ fn } .
Gi s

b) Trng hp hm o c c du bt k

l hm o c trn
+

. Khi ta c

f = f + f , f +, f 0 .
Cc hm s f , f c tch phn tng ng trn

f + d , f + d

Xt hiu

f
A

d f + d .

nh ngha 3. Nu hiu

f
A

d f + d c ngha (tc l khng c dng

), th ta gi n l tch phn ca hm o c
o

f
(5)

trn

i vi

fd = f
A A

d f + d

nh ngha 4. Nu tch phn (5) hu hn th ta ni hp

l hm kh tch trn tp nh hoc

nh ngha 5. Khi

X =

l o Lebesgue th tch phn

ngha nh trn c gi l tch phn Lebesgue, k hiu li l

( L ) fdx
A

( L ) f ( x )dx .
A
c) Cc tnh cht n gin T nh ngha, ta c cc tnh cht sau y. 1.

c d = c ( A ) ,
A

c = const
B A
n

2.

( x ) d =
B A A

( x ) d = ( B A)
n k =1

3.

A k =1

( x ) d = k Bk A ( x ) d = k ( Bk A )
A k =1

4. Nu 5. Nu

( A) = 0 , f

o c th

( A ) < + ,

f d = 0

f o c v b chn trn A th f kh tch trn A.

Chng minh

4. Cho f 0 . Nu

( A ) = 0 th vi mi dy hm

{ f n } n gin tng v

f ta c

f
A

d = 0 f d = 0
A

5.

( A ) < + , f ( x ) K , x A th vi mi dy hm n gin { f n }

tng v f , ta c f n K nn

f
A

d K d = K ( A ) < + .
A

T suy ra

f d = lim f
A n A

d K ( A ) < +

Nhn xt. T tnh cht 5 suy ra mi hm s b chn, lin tc hu khp ni trn khong hu hn I u kh tch Lebesgue. Nh vy lp cc hm kh tch Lebesgue trong bao gm tt c cc hm kh tch Riemann v cn bao gm nhiu hm s khc (nh hm Direchle chng hn). $2. CC TNH S CP CA TCH PHN mc ny ta lun gi thit cc hm s v tp hp c ni n u o c. 1. Cng tnh. nh l 1. Nu = th

f d = f d + f d

(vi gi thit v tri hoc v phi c ngha.) Chng minh. a) Trng hp f n gin trn .

f ( x ) = k
k =1

Ta c

k = ( ) k = ( k ) ( k ) . V A, B

k =1 n k

( x ) , U k =
k =1

ri nhau nn k , k ri nhau. Do

f d =

( k ) =

k =1

( k ) +

k =1

( k ) =

f d +

f d

b) Trng hp f 0 trn . Cho

{ f n } l dy hm n gin,

f n tng v f th theo a)

fn d = fn d + fn d

Cho n ta c ng thc cn chng minh. c) Trng hp f bt k: Theo b)

f + d =

d + f + d

(1)

f d = f d + f d

( 2)

Nu

f d c ngha th v tri ca mt trong hai ng thc trn hu hn

(nu chng hn v tri ca (1) hu hn th hai tch phn v phi hu hn v cc hiu s

f + d f d ,

f + d f d

c ngha.) Tr (1) cho (2) ta c iu phi chng minh. Nu

f d + f d c ngha th suy lun tng t.

H qu 1. Nu v f d th f d . Nu f kh tch trn A th

f kh tch trn E.
H qu 2. Nu

( ) = 0 th

f d = f d .

Chng minh. - Nu A, B ri nhau th y l h qu trc tip ca nh l 1 v tnh cht 4 trong $1. - Nu A, B khng ri nhau th ta vit = ( \ ) v v

( \ ) = 0 nn ta tr li trng hp trn.

2. Bo ton th t.

nh l 2. Nu f ni trn A th

g th

f d = g d . c bit, nu

f = 0 hu khp

f d = 0.
}
( \ ) = 0 (do f
g ).

Chng minh. t = x : f ( x ) = g ( x ) th M v

Theo h qu 2 nh l 1

f d =

( \ )

f d = f d

tng t

g d = g d

T suy ra

f d = g d .

Nhn xt. Tnh cht ny cho thy: khi thay i gi tr ca hm s ly tch phn trn mt tp hp c o 0 th gi tr ca tch phn khng thay i. Do nu f o c trn tp hp ' vi ( \ ' ) = 0 th d f khng xc nh trn \ ' ngi ta vn nh ngha

f d = f d
'

nh l 3. Nu f g trn A th A th

f d g d . c bit nu

f 0 trn

f d 0.
g 0 trn A th c dy hm n gin { f n } tng n f
,

Chng minh. - Nu f , g n gin trn A th iu l hin nhin. - Nu f , tng n

{gn}

sao cho

f n g n . Khi f n d g n d .

Chuyn qua gii hn s c iu phi chng minh.

- Nu f , g ty th

f + g + , f g nn

f + d g+ d ,

f d g d . Tr tng v ta c iu

phi chng minh. H qu 3. Nu f kh tch trn A th n phi hu hn hu khp ni trn A. Chng minh. t = x : f ( x ) = + . Theo h qu 1, f kh tch trn B nhng vi

k ta c f ( x ) > k trn B nn

f d k () ,

Bt ng thc ny ch ng vi k nu ( ) = 0 . Tng t ta cng chng minh c trng hp tp hp C = x : f ( x ) = s c ( C ) = 0 .

Vy f hu hn hu khp ni trn A. H qu 4. Nu f 0 trn A v Chng minh. t n = x : f ( x ) , n

f d = 0 th

f = 0 hu khp ni trn A.

1 n

. Ta c

0=
Do

f d =

\ n

f d +

f d

f d

( n ) = 0 .

1 1 d = ( n ) , n n

Mt khc Vy

= { x : f ( x ) > 0} = U n .
n =1

( ) = 0 , suy ra f = 0 hu khp ni trn A.

3. Tuyn tnh nh l 4.

cfd = c fd , c = const
A A

Ni ring, Chng minh.

( f )d = fd
A A

- Nu f n gin th hin nhin ta c iu phi chng minh. - Nu f 0 th c dy hm n gin hm n gin a)

{cf n } v: nu c 0 th {cf n } tng v cf

A A

{ f n } tng n

f nn suy ra c dy

v do

cfnd = c fnd , chuyn qua gii hn s c

cfd = c fd
A
b) nu

c<0

A
th

cf 0
A

+ nn ( cf ) = 0,( cf ) = cf .

Theo nh ngha

cfd = 0 ( cf )d
A

( cf )d = c fd Theo a)
Vy

cfd = c fd
A A

- Nu f bt k th

f = f+ f

( cf )+ = cf + ,( cf ) = cf khi c 0 ( cf )+ = cf ,( cf ) = cf + khi c < 0

T suy ra iu phichng minh. nh l 5.

( f + g )d = fd + gd
A A

A (nu v phi c ngha). Chng minh.

 rng ti mt im x A c th xy ra:

f ( x ) = +, g( x ) = hoc f ( x ) = , g( x ) = + . Khi f ( x ) + g( x ) khng c ngha. Thnh th f + g c th khng xc nh trn mt tp hp B A . Tuy

nhin, vi gi thit v phi ca ng thc trn c ngha, d thy rng

( B ) = 0 , ngha l f + g

phi xc nh hu khp ni trn A .

Ta chia A thnh su tp hp con i mt ri nhau nh sau:

A1 = A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

{x = {x = {x = {x = {x = {x

A : f ( x ) 0, g ( x ) 0, f ( x ) + g ( x ) 0 } A : f ( x ) 0, g ( x ) < 0, f ( x ) + g ( x ) 0 } A : f ( x ) 0, g ( x ) < 0, f ( x ) + g ( x ) < 0 } A : f ( x ) < 0, g ( x ) 0, f ( x ) + g ( x ) 0 } A : f ( x ) < 0, g ( x ) 0, f ( x ) + g ( x ) < 0 } A : f ( x ) < 0, g ( x ) < 0, f ( x ) + g ( x ) < 0 }

Da vo tnh cht cng tnh ca tch phn, ta ch cn chng minh

( f + g )d = fd + gd , E = Ai , i = 1,2,...,6
E E E - Nu f , g n gin trn A th iu l hin nhin.

- Nu f , g 0 trn A th c dy hm n gin tng n g . Khi

{ f n } tng n

f,

{gn}

( f
E

+ g n )d = f n d + g n d ( E = A1 ) .
E E

Chuyn qua gii hn s c iu phi chng minh. - Xt tp hp khc, chng hn f 0, g < 0, f + g < 0( E = A3 ) .

Khi do f 0, ( f + g ) 0 nn theo phn va chng minh v theo nh l 4

[ f ( f + g )]d = fd + [( f + g )]d =
E E E

fd ( f + g )d
E E

Mt khc, theo nh l 4, ta c

 [ f ( f + g )]d = ( g )d = gd
E E E

Vy

gd =
E

fd ( f + g )d
E E E E

hay

( f + g )d = fd + gd
E

4. Kh tch

nh l 6. Nu Chng minh.

fd c ngha th fd f d .
A A
f +d

fd

f d f d

f +d +

f d =

(f
A

+ f )d =

nh l 7. f kh tch trn A khi v ch khi Chng minh.

kh tch trn A .

kh tch trn A th

f d < +

. Theo nh l 6, suy ra

fd
A
Ngc li,

. Vy

kh tch trn A .

kh tch trn A th

f + d

f d < +

f + d ,

f d < +

Vy

( f + + f )d =
kh tch trn A .

f d < +

nh l 8. Nu

f g

hu khp ni trn A v

g kh tch trn A th

kh tch trn A . Chng minh.

f g

f d

gd
A

nn nu

g kh tch trn A th f kh

tch trn A , suy ra nh l 9. Nu Chng minh. V

kh tch trn A .

f , g kh tch trn

A th

f g kh tch trn
nn t gi thit

A.

( f g )d = fd gd
A A A
A A
kh tch,

f d +, gd + ( f g)d +
A
nh l 9. Nu

b chn trn A th

f . g kh tch trn A .
f d

Chng minh. Gi s

g M trn A . Ta c

fg M f
Do , nu tch trn

fg d

M f d = M
A A

kh tch th

kh tch, suy ra

fg

kh tch , vy

f . g kh

A.

$3. CHUYN GII HN QUA DU TCH PHN Vn t ra l vi iu kin no ta c ng thc:

fn d = lim fn d n + n+ lim
A A
Ta bit, i vi tch phn xc nh theo Riemann th iu kin cn l dy hm fn hi t u v hm s f trn on ly tch phn a, b . y l mt iu kin rt ngt ngho. Tri li, i vi tch phn Lebesgue th iu kin li kh rng ri. Trong mc ny ta xt hai trng hp cho php chuyn gii hn qua du tch phn vi iu kin dy hm hi t n iu, hoc hi t b chn.

{ }

1. Hi t n iu nh l 1 (i vi dy hm khng m). Nu dy hm hm

{ fn} , n , khng m, o c, n iu tng n

A
th

trn tp o c

fn d = lim fn d = fd . n + n+ lim
A A A
Chng minh. - Nu fn l cc hm n gin th ng thc ny chnh l nh ngha tch phn. - Xt fn

0 , o c bt k.
( n) { gm } , m , tng v hm fn .

Khi . vi mi khng m V

n = 1,2,... (c nh) s tn ti dy hm n gin,

( n +1) ( n) fn +1 fn nn c th xem gm gm . Do , vi k n th

( k) ( n) gn gn fn

Cho

( k) ( n) gn d gn d A

fnd
A

n + , ta c

n + n + ( n) hay fk lim gn f (1) n + ( k) ( n) lim gn d lim gn d lim fn d n + n + n+ A A A ( k) ( n) hay lim gn d lim gn d lim fn d n + n + n + A A A ( k) ( n) ( do gn , gn l cc hm n gin nn c th chuyn gii hn qua du

n +

( k) ( n) lim gn lim gn lim fn

tch phn).

Vy Li cho

fk d

n+

( n) lim gn d lim

fn d n+
A

(2)

k + , t (1), ta c
k+

lim fk lim

hay f
T (2), ta c

k+ n + ( n) lim gn f n +

( n) lim gn lim f k+

(3)

k+

lim

fkd lim

k+ n+ A

( n) lim gn d lim

fn d k+ n+ lim
A

hay
Th m

k+

lim

fk d

n+

( n) lim gn d lim

fn d n+
A

(4)

k+
Mt khc, t (3) ta c

lim

fn d fkd = nlim +
A

n+

( n) lim gn = f , nn t (4) suy ra

fn d = fd n + lim
A A
y chnh l ng thc cn chng minh. V d 1. Cho dy hm

{ fn} , n , xc nh bi

x +1 Ta c fn 0 , o c trn [0,1) . t

fn ( x ) = xn+ 2 , x [0,1) .
f ( x ) = x + 2, x [0,1)

th dy hm cho tng n f trn [0,1) . Mt khc, ta bit, f l hm lin tc nn o c v kh tch Rieman, ng thi kh tch Lebesgue trn [0,1) . Theo nh l 1, ta c

n+

lim

[0,1)

fn ( x )dx =

f ( x )dx =

[0,1)

hay

n +

lim

[0,1)

x + 2 dx = x n +1

[0,1)

( x + 2)dx =

5 2

nh l 2 (i vi dy hm bt k). Nu dy hm o c

{ fn} , n , n iu tng n hm f
th

f1 kh tch trn tp o c A
lim
A

fn d = fd . n +
A
Chng minh. Ta c

{ fn} l dy tng nn fn f1 0 v dy hm { fn f1} , n , tng v hm f f1 . Do , theo nh l 1 i vi

n +

dy hm khng m, th

lim

( fn f1 )d = ( f f1 )d
A

f1 kh tch, tc l <
A

f1d < + , nn
A

( fn f1 )d + f1d = ( f f1 )d + f1d n + lim

A A A
p dng tnh cht ca tch phn suy ra

fn d = fd n + lim
A A
V d 2. Cho dy hm

{ fn} , n , xc nh bi

2 x 1 fn ( x ) = 2n , x [0,1) . n x + x +10

1 f ( Ta c 1 2 ) < 0 , fn o c trn [0,1) . t f ( x ) = 1 , x [0,1)

x +10

th dy hm cho tng n

trn [0,1) . D thy

2 1 x v f l hm lin tc nn o c v kh x2 + x +10 tch Rieman, ng thi kh tch Lebesgue trn [0,1) . Theo nh l 2, ta c

f1 ( x ) =

n+

lim

[0,1)

fn ( x )dx =

f ( x )dx =

[0,1)

hay

n+

lim

[0,1)

x2 )dx = 1 n x2 n + x +10

[0,1)

1 dx = x +10

ln

11 10

Ch : Nu fn , n , l dy hm n iu gim th nh l vn ng. nh l 3 (i vi dy hm bt k). Nu dy hm o c

{ }

{ fn} , n , n iu gim n hm f
th

f1 kh tch trn tp o c A
lim
A

fn d = fd . n +
A
V d 3. Cho dy hm

{ fn} , n , xc nh bi
x n

x , x [1,2] fn ( x ) = 1 + . n
Ta c fn o c trn [1,2] . t

f ( x ) = 0, x [1,2]

th dy hm cho gim n

trn [1,2] . D thy f1 ( x )

= 1+x
x

v f l hm lin tc nn o c v kh tch Rieman, ng thi kh tch Lebesgue trn [1,2] . Theo nh l 3, ta c

n +

lim

[1,2]

fn ( x )dx =

f ( x )dx =

[1,2]

hay

n +

lim

[1,2]

+ x )dx = (1 n
x

[1,2]

0 dx = 0

H qu 1. Nu gn 0 v

gn , n , o c trn A
+ n =1 A

, th

A n =1
Chng minh. n t

gnd = gnd
th

fn =

k =1

gk , n ,

fn 0 , fn

o c v

{ fn}

tng n c

k =1

gk trn
n +

. Theo nh l 1 i vi dy hm khng m, ta

lim

fn d = g k d fnd = nlim +
A A k =1

Mt khc, v

fnd = gkd = gkd

A
nn

A k =1

k =1 A

fn d = g k d n + lim
A k =1 A

Vy

A n =1
H qu 2. Nu gn 0 ,

gnd = gnd
n =1 A

gn , n , o c trn A

, v

n =1 A
hm s

gnd < + , th gn < +

n =1

hu khp ni trn

g( x ) =

n =1

gn ( x) kh tch trn
+ +

Chng minh. Theo h qu 1, ta c

nn hm s

g( x ) =

A n =1 +

gnd = gnd < +

n =1 A

n =1

gn ( x) kh tch trn

v do g( x ) hu

hn hu khp ni. 2. B Fatou Nu fn

0 trn A th

fn d lim fn d nlim n + +
A

Chng minh.

t gn = inf fn , fn +1,...

} th gn 0 v { gn} tng n

lim gn = lim fn . n + n+ n + Theo nh l 1 i vi dy hm khng m

lim fn

hay

gn d = lim gn d = lim fn d n + n + n + lim

A A

Mt khc, do gn fn nn

gnd fnd
A A A

gn d lim fn d n + n + lim
A

Th m v

gnd c gii hn nn
A

gn d = lim gn d . n + n + lim
A A

Vy

n +

lim

gnd lim

n + A

lim

fn d

hay

n +

gnd

n + A

lim

fn d

Ch . 1. Nu ng: Nu

fn g , g kh tch trn A
fn d nlim +

A n +

lim

fn d

n + A

lim

fn d

th b Fatou vn cn th

fn g , g kh tch trn A
lim
A

fn d n +
A

Khi ta ch cn p dng phn va chng minh cho fn g 0 v

gd < + .
A
2. Nu

fn g , g kh tch trn A
A

th

fn d lim fn d nlim n + +
fn g, g
A
kh tch

Ta ch cn p dng ch 1 cho trng hp trn A . 3. Hi t b chn nh l 4 (Lebesgue). Gi s (i) (ii)

fn g

A ; g kh tch trn A
trn

(iii) dy hm o, trn Khi

{ fn} , n , hi t v hm
.

f hu khp ni, hoc theo

fn d = fd n + lim
A A

Chng minh. - Gi s dy hm

f hu khp ni trn A . Khi tn ti tp hp B A, B M , ( B ) = 0

{ fn} , n , hi t v hm
f trn A \ B .

sao cho

{ fn} hi t v

g fn g, g
A

kh tch trn

nn

g kh tch trn

A \ B , theo ch 1,2 ca b Fatou, ta c

fn d n lim +
lim

lim

n + A

fn d
fn d

n +

fn d

n +

lim

Th nhng do

n +
nn

lim fn = lim fn = f , x A \ B
n +

A\ B

fd =

A \ B n +

lim f n d lim

n + A \ B

fn d

lim
Vy

n +

A\ B

fn d

A\ B

n +

lim f n d =

A\ B

fd

n +
Mt khc, v

lim

A\ B

fn d =

A\ B

fd

( B) = 0

nn hin nhin ta c

n +

lim

fnd = fd
B B

Theo tnh cht cng tnh ca tch phn, ta suy ra ng thc cn chng minh. - Gi s dy hm

{ fn} , n , hi t theo o v hm
= lim

f trn

Theo nh ngha gii hn trn, tn ti mt dy con nhin

{nk} ca dy s t

fn d {n} sao cho klim + k

A
k

n +

fnd .
A

- Hin nhin ta c dy con hm

{ fn } , k , cng hi t theo o v

f trn A .Khi li c mt dy con

k

f , k { } n dy , hi t hu khp ni v hm f trn

{ }
fn
ki

, i ,ca
A
.

Theo phn va chng minh

n +

lim

fn d = lim fn d = fd fnd = klim ki + k i+

A A A

Tng t, ta c

fn d = fd n + lim
A A
Vy

fn d = fd n + lim
A A
H qu 1. Nu

fn M , M = const , dy hm
f hu khp ni, hoc theo o, trn
th

{ fn} , n , hi t v hm
A
,

( A ) < +
n +

lim

fnd = fd
A A

Ta ch cn p dng nh l 4 cho hm s

g = M,

gd = M ( A ) < +
A

H qu 2. Trong khng gian khong hu hn

, nu f kh tch Riemann trn mt

th

f kh tch Lebesgue trn

I v ta c

( L ) fd = ( R) f ( x )dx .
I I $4. MI LIN H GIA TCH PHN LEBESGUE vi TCH PHN RIEMANN v TCH PHN SUY RNG iu kin kh tch Riemann nh l 1 (Lebesgue).
Hm b chn f trn [ a, b] l kh tch Riemann khi v ch khi tp hp cc im gin on ca n c o khng. Ni mt cch khc,

kh tch Riemann trn

[ a, b] khi v ch khi

lin tc hu khp ni trn [ a, b] . 2. Mi lin h gia tch phn Lebesgue v tch phn Riemann nh l 2

Nu

f kh tch Riemann trn [ a, b] th n kh tch Lebesgue trn [ a, b] v

( L)

fd =( R) f ( x )dx
a

[ a,b]

1. Mi lin h gia tch phn Lebesgue v tch phn suy rng a) Tch phn suy rng loi mt

+
nh l 3 Cho tch phn suy rng Gi s

f ( x )dx

f 0 v f kh tch Riemann trn mi on hu hn [ a, b] [ a, + ).

+
Khi tch phn suy rng Lebesgue trn

f ( x )dx

hi t khi v ch khi

kh tch

[ a, + )
+

a
v

f ( x )dx = ( L )

a
b) Tch phn suy rng loi hai

[ a,+ )

fd

nh l 4 Cho tch phn suy rng Gi s

f ( x)dx vi a l im k d.
a

f 0 v f

kh tch Riemann trn mi on

[ a + , b].
kh tch

Khi tch phn suy rng Lebesgue trn

f ( x)dx hi t khi v ch khi f

a

[ a, b] v

 f ( x)dx = ( L)
a b [ a,b]
nh l 5 Cho tch phn suy rng Gi s

fd

f ( x)dx vi b l im k d.
a

f 0 v f

kh tch Riemann trn mi on

[ a, b ].
kh tch

Khi tch phn suy rng Lebesgue trn

f ( x)dx hi t khi v ch khi f

a

[ a, b] v

f ( x)dx = ( L)
a [ a,b]

fd

Ch : Nu cc tch phn suy rng trn y phn k ( = + ) , th tch phn Lebesgue ca cc hm s tng ng cng bng V d 1. Cho

+ .

f , g l hai hm s lin tc trn [ a, b] . t

f ( x ), khi x [ a, b] h( x ) = g( x ), khi x [ a, b] \
Chng minh rng

h kh tch Riemann trn [ a, b] khi v ch khi f = g trn [ a, b] . b) h lun kh tch Lebesgue trn [ a, b] .
a) Gii. a) Gi s

f ( x ) = g( x ), x [ a, b] . Khi h = f trn [ a, b] nn h lin tc trn [ a, b] . Vy h tch Riemann trn [ a, b] .

kh

Ngc li, gi s

h kh tch Riemann trn [ a, b] . Ta chng minh f ( x ) = g( x ), x [ a, b] .

A = { x [ a, b] : f ( x ) g( x )} .

Ta cn chng minh Gi

A =.

l tp hp cc im gin on ca

trn

[ a, b] th do h

kh tch Riemann trn

[ a, b] nn ( B) = 0 .
A B.

- Trc ht ta chng minh

Ly ty , c nh x0 A th x0 [ a, b] f ( x0 ) g( x0 ) . V l s thc nn lun tn ti hai dy s hu t, v t cng hi t v n. Do ta lun c th chn c cc dy s: ' xn [ a, b] , xn [ a, b] \

x0

{ }

{ }

sao cho V c

n +

' lim xn = x0 , lim xn = x0 .

n +

f, g

lin tc trn

[ a, b] nn f , g
n +

lin tc ti

x0 . Khi ta

n + n +

lim h( xn ) = lim f ( xn ) = f ( x0 ),
' ' lim h( xn ) = lim g( xn ) = g( x0 )

n + ' Suy ra lim h( xn ) lim h( xn ) , do hm s n + n+

tc ti -

khng lin

x0 . Vy x0 B A B. By gi ta chng minh A = .

Gi s tn ti x0 A th x0 [ a, b] f ( x0 ) g( x0 ) . Xt hm s

k( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), x [ a, b].

f, g

lin tc trn

[ a, b] nn k

lin tc trn

[ a, b] , suy ra k
(v trng hp

lin tc ti

x0 . Ta c k( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) g( x0 ) 0.

Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s

k( x0 ) > 0

k( x0 ) < 0

c chng minh tng t).

Khi , theo tnh cht ca hm lin tc ti mt im, s tn ti s > 0 nh k( x ) > 0, x ( x0 , x0 + ) [ a, b] . Trng

x0 = a ta thay ln cn hai pha bi ln cn phi ( a, a + ) ; trng hp x0 = b thay bi ln cn tri ( b , b).

hp Trong c ba trng hp ta u gi cc ln cn ca

C th r rng k( x ) 0, x C f ( x ) g( x ), x C
x0 l

Hin nhin M

( C ) = 2 > 0 (hoc ( C ) = > 0 ) nn ( B ) ( C ) > 0 , tri vi gi thit h kh tch Riemann trn

C [ a, b] C A C B .

[ a, b] .
Vy, iu gi s tn ti x0 A l sai nn

A = , tc l

f = g trn [ a, b] .
t

b)

D = { x [ a, b] : h( x ) g( x )} . Ta c

D [ a, b] ( D ) = 0

[ a, b] . M g lin tc trn [ a, b] nn g kh tch Riemann trn [ a, b] , do cng kh tch Lebesgue trn [ a, b] . Vy h kh tch Lebesgue trn [ a, b] v ta c
Do trn

h: g

( L)

hd = ( L )

gd =( R) g( x )dx
a

[ a,b]

[ a,b]

V d 2. Xt tnh kh tch Riemann v Lebesgue ca hm s sau trn

[0,1] v tnh cc tch phn tng ng trong trng hp kh tch

ex, f ( x ) = ln(1 + x ), arctgx , khi khi khi x [0,1] 1 x [0, ] \ 2 1 x ( ,1] \ 2

Gii. a) Xt tnh kh tch Riemann.

1 [0, ] Trn 2 , ta c
1 x , [0, ] e khi x 2 f ( x) = ln(1 + x ), khi x [0, 1 ] \ 2
V cc hm s

g( x ) = e x , h( x ) = ln(1 + x )

lin tc trn

1 [0, ] v g(0) = e0 = 1 h(0) = ln(1 + 0) = 0 2 1 [0, ] nn theo v d 1, f khng kh tch Riemann trn 2 v do khng kh tch Riemann trn [0,1] .
b) Xt tnh kh tch Lebesgue. t

f ( x ) k( x ), x [0,1] , ([0,1] ) = 0 nn f : k trn [0,1] . M k b chn trn [0,1] v ch gin on

th

1 ln(1 ), [0, ] x khi x + 2 k( x ) = arctgx, khi x ( 1 ,1] 2

1 x = [0,1] v do kh tch k ti 2 , suy ra kh tch Riemann trn

Lebesgue trn

[0,1] . Vy f
f
.

cng kh tch Lebesgue trn

[0,1] .

c) Ta tnh tch phn ca Ta c

( L)
1 2

fd = ( L )

kd = ( R) k( x )dx =
0

[0,1]

[0,1]

1 = ln(1 + x )dx + arctgxdx = [ x ln(1 + x ) x + ln(1 + x )] 2 + 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1 135 1 2 +[ xarctgx ln(1 + x )] 1 = arctg + ln 2 4 2 2 2 2 64 2

V d 3. Xt tnh kh tch Riemann v Lebesgue ca hm s sau trn

[0,1] v tnh cc tch phn tng ng trong trng hp kh tch

f ( x) = x3 , khi x [0,1] x [0,1] \ 1 , khi x

Gii. a) Xt tnh kh tch Riemann. Chn dy s

{ xn} [0,1] \ ,

n+

lim xn = 0 , th dy s tng

1 = f x ( ) { } , lim f ( xn ) = + nn n ng xn n+
chn, suy ra f khng kh tch Riemann trn b) Xt tnh kh tch Lebesgue. t

khng b

[0,1] .

1 , khi x (0,1] f ( x) = x 0, khi x=0

Ta c

f ( x ) g( x ), x [0,1] , ([0,1] ) = 0 nn f : g trn [0,1] . M g( x ) 0, x [0,1] v tch phn suy rng loi hai vi 0 l

im k d

g( x )dx =

1 dx x

hi t. Theo nh l 4, kh tch Lebesgue trn

kh tch Lebesgue trn

[0,1] . Vy f

cng

[0,1] .
f
.
1

c) Ta tnh tch phn ca Ta c

( L)
1

fd = ( L )
1

gd =

g( x)dx =

[0,1]

[0,1]

1 dx = lim a0 x

1 1 dx = lim 2 x = 2 a a 0 x

V d 4. Xt tnh kh tch Riemann v Lebesgue ca hm s sau trn

[1, e] v tnh cc tch phn tng ng trong trng hp kh tch

e x , khi x [1, e] f ( x) = ln x, khi x [1, e] \
Gii. a) Xt tnh kh tch Riemann. t x th

g( x ) = e , h( x ) = ln x, k( x ) = g( x ) h( x ), x [1, e]

g, h, k l cc hm s cp nn lin tc trn [1, e] . Ta c k(1) = e ln1 = e > 0 v k lin tc phi ti

k( x ) > 0, x (1,1 + ) [1, e] .
nh sao cho

x = 1 nn tn ti > 0
Ta chng minh hm s

x (1,1 + ).

cho gin on ti mi im

Tht vy, ly c nh, tu v

x0 (1,1 + ) , ta c k( x0 ) > 0

x0 l s thc nn tn ti hai dy s:

' { xn} [1, e] ,{ xn } [1, e] \

sao cho

n +

' lim xn = x0 , lim xn = x0 .

n +

V g, h lin tc trn Khi ta c

[1, e] nn g, h
n + n +

lin tc ti

x0 .

n + n +
M

lim f ( xn ) = lim g( xn ) = g( x0 ),
' ' lim f ( xn ) = lim h( xn ) = h( x0 )

g( x0 ) h( x0 ) = k( x0 ) 0 ,
n + n+

' lim f ( x ) lim f ( x n n) , suy ra

do hm s V

khng lin tc ti

x0 .

x0 c chn tu trn (1,1 + ) nn f gin on ti mi im thuc (1,1 + ) . iu c ngha tp hp cc im gin on ca

phi cha

(1,1 + )

l khong c o khc 0.

Vy

khng kh tch Riemann.

b) Xt tnh kh tch Lebesgue. Ta c

f ( x ) h( x ), x [0,1] , ([0,1] ) = 0 nn f : h trn [1, e] . M h lin tc trn [1, e] nn h kh tch Riemann v do kh tch
Lebesgue trn Vy

[1, e] .
[1, e] .
e

cng kh tch Lebesgue trn

c) Ta tnh tch phn ca Ta c

(L)
e

fd = ( L )

h d = ( R ) h( x )d x =
1

[1, e ]

[1, e ]

ln xd x = [ x ln x x ]

e 1

= 1

Nhn xt: Thc ra hm s

k( x ) = g( x ) h( x ) = e x ln x > 0, x [1, e]
nn ta c th chng minh hm s

cho v d 4 khng lin tc ti mi

im x [1, e ]. Khi tp hp cc im gin on ca

chnh l

[1, e ] c o bng e 1 > 0.

V d 5. Tnh n + trong

lim

[0,1]

fn d

{ fn} , n , l dy hm s xc nh bi
sin x 1 n + , khi x (0,1] fn ( x ) = x n 1, khi x=0

Gii. - Ta c

fn

b chn trn

[0,1] v
n

([0,1]) = 1 < +

1 fn ( x ) 1 + e, n , x [0,1] n

- Ta chng minh dy hm cho hi t hu khp ni trn Tht vy, vi x (0,1] , t t = x

[0,1] .

sin x

th t (0,1) . Suy ra

n n 1 1 n = lim fn ( x ) = lim t + = lim t 1 + n tn n + n+ n+ tn 1 1 t n t = lim t 1 + = 0.e = 0, x (0,1] tn n +

.k.n M {0} = 0 nn fn h uuuuu r 0 trn [0,1] . Theo h qu 1 ca nh l Lebesgue v s hi t b chn, ta c

n+

( )

lim

[0,1]

fn d =

[0,1]

n+

lim fn d =

[0,1]

0 d = 0