ECE528 - Understanding Power Quality Instructor: Paul Ortmann, P.E.

Midterm Exam Fall 2012

Due date: 22 October Page 1 of 5

Instructions: This exam is intended to follow homework 4 and covers all topics presented since the beginning of the class through harmonics, which will be completed during lecture 24. The exam will be available starting with lecture 22, and will be due on the same day as lecture 27. The exam will be discussed during lecture 22 to clarify questions. I encourage you to check the BBLearn site, the course website, and your student email account periodically while taking the exam. I may post additional exam information if necessary. This is a take-home exam. This means it is considered open-book, open-notes, and open-neighbor, and you may ask your instructor questions about the exam as well. The use of Mathcad, Matlab, Excel, and similar software is encouraged where it is applicable. However, this is not a group assignment. Your answers to the questions must be your own answers. All numerical answers must include supporting calculations demonstrating that you understand how to solve the problem. In other words, if the problem variables are changed, your calculations should produce the correct answers corresponding to the new variables. The use of Mathcad solve blocks or their equivalent functions in other calculation software are acceptable, however, circuit simulation software such as PSpice or others may only be used to check answers. All of the conditions and requirements stated in the course grading summary and general course information documents apply to this exam. Copies of these documents are available on the course website and BBLearn site. Please state your assumptions, show your work, list your sources, clearly identify your answers, and use appropriate units. In some cases the units for your answer may be specified in the question. Read questions carefully and make sure you answer all parts of the question being asked. Your objective should be to demonstrate as clearly and succinctly as possible that you have developed a working knowledge of the material covered in the course so far and that you can apply that knowledge to answer questions and solve power quality problems. Thank you, Paul Ortmann

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ECE528 - Understanding Power Quality Instructor: Paul Ortmann, P.E.

Midterm Exam Fall 2012

Due date: 22 October Page 2 of 5

Problem 1: Short answer - Definitions, terminology, basic concepts: a) (5 pts) Write the equation for a power quality problem as presented in the lectures. Give at least two examples of each of the variables or inputs in the equation as well as two examples of possible results. Your examples do not need to be examples that would normally occur together or be associated with each other. Briefly explain the fundamental concept or concepts this equation describes. b) (5 pts) Assume ISC/IL = 75 at the PCC, and that the nominal voltage at the PCC is 480V line-to-line. If the harmonic producing load at this location consists only of 12-pulse drives, what is the IEEE 519-1992 limit on 4th harmonic current at this location, as a percentage of IL? c) (5 pts) Assume again that ISC/IL = 75 at the PCC, and that the nominal voltage at the PCC is 240V line-to-line. If the harmonic producing load is a photovoltaic panel (solar generator), what is the IEEE 519-1992 limit on the 3rd harmonic current at this location as a percentage of IL?

d) (5 pts) Classifying disturbances: For a 60Hz system, give the voltage magnitude in per-unit and duration in cycles of the most severe momentary voltage sag possible. Give the voltage magnitude in per-unit and duration in cycles of the least severe voltage swell possible. e) (3 pts) In class and in the texts, two slightly different equations for the calculation of voltage THD were described. These two equations can result in slightly different THD values. Show both equations and describe how each is used. f) (2 pts) The current THD for a facility at some instant in time is 23.0%. The corresponding fundamental current at this instant in time is 842A. The average maximum demand current for the preceding 12 months is 1105A. What is the TDD at the same instant in time described above?

g) (5 pts) List the four types of coupling described in the lectures. Give a brief example or explanation of each. h) (5 pts) Calculate the negative sequence unbalance factor (True unbalance) as well as the voltage unbalance using the NEMA definition of unbalance given the following line-to-neutral voltages. Angles are given in degrees: Va ( 285 0 ) V Vb ( 265 120 ) V Vc ( 255 123 ) V

ECE528 - Understanding Power Quality Instructor: Paul Ortmann, P.E.

Midterm Exam Fall 2012

Due date: 22 October Page 3 of 5

Problem 2: A simple circuit consists of a 100V RMS, AC supply consisting of a pure sine wave serving a parallel and series combination of resistors, inductors, and capacitors as shown below:

R1

R2

Values of the circuit elements are as follows: R1 = 3 , R2= 27 . At 60Hz, the reactance of the inductor and capacitor are: XL = 0.373 , and XC = 9.325 . a) (5 pts) For this circuit, what are the minimum and maximum impedances seen by the source in the frequency range from 0 to 400Hz? b) (5 pts) What is the resonant frequency of this circuit? c) (5 pts) Plot the magnitude of the impedance (in Ohms) seen by the source as a function of frequency (in Hertz) from 0 to 400Hz. Problem 3: In the distribution feeder illustrated below. L1 is a single-phase fused tap, and L2 is a three-phase fused tap. Fuse sizes are shown on the diagram. The fuses on L2 are 100T fuses. There is a recloser R located downstream of L1, and upstream of L2 as shown. The recloser is set up for fast-tripping (fuse-saving) operation. It is programmed for two fast and two slow operations. The first reclose interval is 5 seconds, and the second and third intervals are 10 seconds each. Only a small percentage of the feeders load is beyond this recloser. Assume a 3-phase temporary fault occurs on tap L2, well beyond the fuses, with a three-phase fault current of 900A. The fault clears itself 13 seconds after it starts. Use the attached time-current curves to determine the following: a) (5 pts.) The number and duration of interruptions that customer C experiences. b) (5 pts.) What type of disturbances does customer A experience? How many and how long are these disturbances.

ECE528 - Understanding Power Quality Instructor: Paul Ortmann, P.E.

Midterm Exam Fall 2012

Due date: 22 October Page 4 of 5

TCC for Problem 3:

ECE528 - Understanding Power Quality Instructor: Paul Ortmann, P.E.

Midterm Exam Fall 2012

Due date: 22 October Page 5 of 5

Problem 4: A 480V, three-phase, 150hp motor is being powered from an adjustable speed drive (ASD). This drive has occasionally tripped off when nearby capacitors on the utility system were switched on. Also, the local electric utility has asked that the TDD of the current for this drive be reduced. a) (5 pts) Make appropriate assumptions and determine the size of 3% and 5% line reactors for this ASD. b) (5 pts) Describe how line reactors help prevent nuisance tripping of ASDs associated with capacitor switching transients. c) (5 pts) Describe how line reactors help reduce current distortion associated with ASDs.

Problem 5: A large machine in a factory is determined to have both a poor power factor, and high current harmonic distortion. Design a single-tuned notch filter to address both of these issues. Load information: The machine is 60Hz, 480V, three-phase, and approximately 1400kVA, with a displacement power factor of 77% lagging. Total harmonic current produced by the load is approximately 30%, with a maximum of 24% fifth harmonic. System information: The utility transformer is rated for 2500kVA and has 5% impedance. The fifth harmonic background voltage distortion on the primary side of the transformer is 1.2% of the fundamental when there is no load in the factory. Objectives and constraints: Your filter must be designed to correct the displacement power factor to 95% or better. You must use standard size capacitors rated for either 480V or 600V. Individual capacitors are available as small as 25kVAR, i.e. your chosen capacitor bank size must be an integer multiple of 75 kVAR. Assume that the filter reactors are available in any size. Your filter must not exceed the duty limits described in PSQ table 6.4 or FPQ table 7.3. After completing your design, provide the following: a) (5 pts) The size of your capacitor bank, in kVAR, and the nominal voltage of your capacitors. b) (5 pts) The size of your filter reactors in Henries or millihenries. c) (5 pts) The actual fundamental reactive power produced by your filter, in kVAR. d) (5 pts) The harmonic number, to two decimal places, of the parallel resonant point below the notch frequency. e) (5 pts) A table similar to PSQ table 6.4 or FPQ table 7.3 in which the voltage, current, and kVAR for your filter are compared to the duty limits.