K THUT X L CHT THI

PHN LOI
1. CNG NGH X L NC THI 2. X L KH THI 3. QUN L, X L CHT THI RN

V CHT THI NGUY HI (CTNH)

1. CNG NGH X L NC THI

1.1. Cc phng php x l nc

thi a. Phng php x l c hc b. Phng php x l ha hc c. Phng php x l ho l d. Phng php x l sinh hc.

Phng php x l c hc
S dng tch cc cht khng ho tan v mt

phn cc cht dng keo ra khi nc thi. Bao gm cc cng trnh sau: Song chn rc: li lc dng gi li cc cn bn c kch thc ln hoc dng si: giy, vi, cnh cy, l cy, rc sau rc c nghin nh, tr li trc song chn rc hoc chuyn ti ni chn lp. B lng ct: tch cc cht v c c trng lng ring ln, chng khng c li cho cc cng trnh x l pha sau. Sau ct c em i phi. B lng tch cc cht l lng c trng lng ring khc vi trng lng ring ca nc thi. Cht nng s ri xung y, cht nh s ni ln trn.

Phng php x l c hc
B vt du m: p dng khi nc thi c cha du m. B lc: tch cc cht l lng kch thc nh bng cch cho nc thi i qua lp vt liu lc, ch yu p dng cho mt s nc thi cng nghip. Phng php x l c hc: loi b 60% tp cht khng ho tan, 20%BOD.

Phng php x l ha hc
a vo nc thi cht phn ng no phn ng vi cht nhim. To thnh kt ta lng xung y hay to thnh cht ha tan nhng khng gy c hi. Thng p dng cho x l nc thi cng nghip. Phng php trung ho: p dng x l nc thi cha acid v c hoc kim v trng thi trung tnh pH = 6,5 8,5. thc hin bng nhiu cch: trn ln nc thi cha acid v cha kim; b sung thm tc nhn ho hc; lc nc qua lp vt liu lc c tc dng trung ho, hp ph kh cha acid bng nc thi cha kim.

Phng php x l ha hc
Phng php keo t: lm trong v kh mu nc

thi bng cch dng cht keo t v cht tr keo t lin kt cc cht rn dng l lng v keo c trong nc thi thnh bng c kch thc ln hn. Phng php ozone ho: x l cht hu c ho tan v dng keo. Phng php in ho hc: ph hy hp cht c hi c trong nc thi bng cch oxy ho in ha trn cc ant hoc dng phc hi cc cht qu.

Phng php x l ho l
Hp ph: tch cht hu c v kh ho tan ra khi

nc thi bng cch tp trung nhng cht trn b mt cht rn, hoc bng tng tc gia cc cht bn ho tan vi cht rn. Trch ly: tch cht nhim khi nc thi bng cch b sung mt cht dung mi khng ho tan vo nc, nhng ho tan ca cht bn trong dung mi cao hn trong nc. Chng bay hi: chng nc thi cc cht nhim cng bay hi, sau ngng t, hi nc v cht bn d bay hi s hnh thnh tng lp ring bit v do d dng tch ring chng ra.

Phng php x l ho l
Tuyn ni: tch cc tp cht bng cch

to cho chng kh nng d ni ln mt nc khi bm theo bt kh. Trao i ion: thu hi cation v anion bng cc cht trao i ion. Mng: tch cc cht nhim khi cc ht keo

Phng php x l sinh hc.

Da vo kh nng sng v hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn hy - oxy ho cc cht hu c dng keo v l lng. Nhng cng trnh x l sinh hc phn thnh 2 nhm: X l sinh hc trong iu kin t nhin: cnh ng ti, bi lc, h sinh hc, qu trnh din ra chm. X l sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to: b lc sinh hc (b biophin), b lm thong sinh hc (aeroten). Qa trnh x l din ra nhanh hn. Kh trng t 99,9%. X l BOD ti 9095%.

1. CNG NGH X L NC THI

1.2. Cc cng on x l nc thi Tin x l hay x l s b. X l s cp hay x l bc I X l th cp hay x l bc II Kh trng. X l cn. X l bc III

 Lin quan

gia ngun cp v x l nc thi

Tin x l hay x l s b.
Nhim v: bo v my bm, loi b cn

nng, vt ni cn tr cho cc cng trnh x l pha sau. Bao gm cc cng trnh sau: Song chn rc My nghin ct vn rc B lng ct, b vt du m. B lm thong s b. B iu ho cht lng v lu lng

My nghin rc

B lng ct

X l s cp hay x l bc I
Lng loi b bt cn l lng. Cc loi b lng: b lng hai v, b t

hoi, b lng ngang, b lng ng, b lng radian Kt qa l loi b c mt phn cn l lng, cc cht ni nh vng du m v phn hy cn lng phn di cc cng trnh n nh cn.

X l th cp hay x l bc II
X l sinh hc: phn hu hiu kh cc cht hu c, chuyn cht hu c c kh nng phn hy thnh cc cht v c v hu c n nh kt thnh bng cn loi b ra khi nc thi.
X l sinh hc trong iu kin t nhin. X l trong iu kin nhn to.

Kh trng
Kh trng m nc thi trc khi thi ra

ngun khng cn vi trng, virus gy v truyn bnh, kh mi, kh mu v gim nhu cu oxy ho ca ngun tip nhn. C th x trng sau x l s b nu iu kin v sinh cho php, thng thng l sau x l th cp. Kh trng c nhiu phng php: bng Clo, ozone, tia cc tm

X l cn.
Cn lng t cng trnh x l s b, x l th cp

cn cha nhiu nc v cht hu c cn c x l. Cc phng php x l cn: C c cn hay nn cn. n nh cn. Sn phi bn. Lm kh bng c hc. t cn trong l thiu.

X l bc III
Sau x l th cp nhm nng cao cht lng

nc ti s dng hoc thi vo ngun tip nhn vi yu cu v sinh cao. X l bng cc phng php sau: Lc ct, lc ni, lc qua mng lc trong nc, lc qua than hot tnh n nh cht lng nc. X l ho cht n nh cht lng nc. Dng h sinh hc x l thm

5.1.3. S cng ngh x l nc thi

La chn s cng ngh l mt bi ton

kinh t phc tp ph thuc vo nhiu yu t:

Thnh phn tnh cht nc thi. Mc cn x l. Cc yu t: iu kin a phng, kh nng ti chnh, nng lng, tnh cht t ai, din tch khu xy dng, lu lng nc thi, cng sut ca ngun tip nhn

La chn s cng ngh

Cng trnh n 50 Phng php x l c hc 4 4 Song chn rc B lng ct: ng Ngang Nc chy vng B lng: Hai v ng Ngang Ly tm 4 4 4 4 4 B mtan Sn phi bn My lc chn khng My lc ly tm Trm kh trng + _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ + _ _ + + _ + + + + _ _ _ + _ _ + + _ + + + + _ _ _ + _ _ + + _ + + _ + + + + + _ + + + _ + + _ _ + + + + _ + + + + + + _ _ + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ + + + + + + + n 500 Cng sut trm x l (m3/ng.) n 5000 n 10000 n 30000 n 50000 Ln hn 50000

La chn s cng ngh

Cng trnh Cng sut trm x l (m3/ng.) n 50 n 500 n 5000 n 10000 n 30000 n 50000 Ln hn 50000

Phng php x l sinh hc Bi lc ngm Cnh ng ti Bi lc B Biophin cao ti B Biophin thng H sinh hc B aeroten B nn bn + + + _ + + + _ _ + + _ + + + _ _ + + + + + + _ _ + + + + _ + + _ _ _ + _ _ + + _ _ _ + _ _ + + _ _ _ _ _ _ + +

Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi

 Quy

trnh x l nc thi

X l nc thi nhim du
Thit b tch du c hc s dng vt liu lc tch cc cht l lng,

du m ... c trong nc thi m bo cho cc qu trnh x l sinh hc pha sau din ra n nh (vt liu lc tch du c ch to t mt loi t tng hp nhiu thnh phn, nguyn liu gc c tn thng mi l Terpolymerenbytumen.

2. CNG NGH X L KH THI

2.1. Khi qut v bi v x l bi
Bi l nhng ht cht rn c kch thc cng nh t trng khc nhau phn tn trong khng kh. x l lc sch bi trc khi thi ra mi trng ngi ta nghin cu v s ng nhiu cch khc nhau. Mi cch (phng php) ph hp vi cc loi bi, kch thc bi khc nhau v c nhng u nhc im ring. Chnh v vy m ty thuc vo i tng bi, ngi ta chn phng php x l ph hp.

Cc phng php x l bi

2.1.1. Phng php x l bi bng bung lng bi

Nguyn tc

S lng bi bng bung lng l to ra iu kin trng lc tc dng ln ht bi thng lc y ngang ca dng kh. Trn c s ngi ta to ra s gim t ngt lc y ca dng kh bng cch tng t ngt mt ct ca dng kh chuyn ng. Trong thi im y, cc ht bi s lng xung. lng c hiu qu hn, ngi ta cn a vo bung lng cc tm chn lng. Cc ht bi chuyn ng theo qun tnh s p vo vt chn v ri nhanh xung y.

2.1.1. Phng php x l bi bng bung lng bi

Cu to bung lng bi trng lc

2.1.2. X l bi da vo lc qun tnh

Nguyn l

Khi dng kh thay i hng t ngt, cc ht bi di tc dng ca lc qun tnh tip tc chuyn ng theo hng c v tch ra khi dng kh, ri xung ngn cha. Mt s dng thit b lng qun tnh trnh by trong hnh sau. Hiu qu x l ca thit b dng ny t 65-80% i vi cc ht bi kch thc 2530m.

2.1.2. X l bi da vo lc qun tnh

Thit b xiclon Kh vo xyclon t ng kh vo c tit din hnh ch nht nm tip tuyn vi thn thit b v thc hin chuyn ng xon c, dch chuyn xung di v hnh thnh dng xoy ngoi.Cc ht bi di tc dng ca lc li tm vng vo thnh xyclon. Khi tin gn n y chp, dng kh bt u quay ngc tr li v chuyn ng ln trn, hnh thnh dng xoy trong. Cc ht bi vng n thnh dch chuyn xung di nh lc y ca dng xoy v trng lc, t ra khi thit b qua ng x bi.

X l bi

2.1.3. Thit b lc ti vi
Nguyn l Cc thit b lc vi ph bin nht. a s thit b lc vi c vt liu lc dng tay o hnh tr, c gi cht trn li ng v c trang b c cu gi bi, cn gi l thit b lc bi tay o. Theo s liu thc nghim, nng bi cn li sau lc vi l 10-50mg/m3

2.1.3. Thit b lc ti vi
Cu to Mng lc l nhng tm vi (n) c t trn mt gi l nhng tm cng an hoc tm cng lin c c l. Ti lc bng vi, n c dng ng mt u h kh i vo cn u kia khu kn. ti c bn hn ngi ta thng t trong mt khung cng bng li kim loi hoc nha. Nng sut lc ca thit b ph thuc vo b mt lc, loi bi v bn cht, tnh nng ca vt liu lm ti (mng).

Thit b lc ti vi

Thit b lc ti vi

2.1.4. X l bi bng phng php t

Cc phng php t thng c s dng

cho nhng ni bi mang m cao hoc khng kh ti ni lm vic khng ng u v nhit v m. Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l dng khng kh cha bi phi c i qua mt mi trng lng hoc mng hi nc tng kh nng lng xung ca ht bi. C rt nhiu cch p dng nguyn tc ny, di y chng ta s xem xt mt vi phng php hay c s dng trong cng nghip

2.1.4. X l bi bng phng php t

Qu trnh thu hi bi (theo phng php) t da

trn s tip xc ca dng kh bi vi cht lng, c thc hin bng cc bin php c bn nh sau: Dng kh bi i vo thit b v c ra bng cht lng. Cc ht bi c tch ra khi kh nh va chm vi cc git nc. Cht lng ti t b mt lm vic ca thit b, cn dng kh tip xc vi b mt ny. Cc ht bi b ht bi mng nc v tch ra khi dng kh Dng kh bi c sc vo nc v b chia ra thnh cc bt kh. Cc ht bi b dnh t v loi ra khi kh.

u im v nhc im so vi cc thit b dng khc

u im 1.Hiu qu thu hi bi cao hn 2.C th ng dng thu hi bi c kch thc n 0,1m 3.C th s dng khi nhit v m cao 4.Nguy him chy, n thp nht 5.Cng vi bi c th thu hi hi v kh. Nhc im 1.Bi thu c dng cn do phi x l nc thi, lm tng gi qu trnh x li. 2.Cc git lng c kh nng b cun theo kh v cng vi bi lng trong ng dn v my ht. 3.Trong trng hp kh c tnh n mn cn phi bo v thit b v ng ng bng vt liu chng n mn. 4.Cht lng ti thit b thng l nc. Khi kt hp qu trnh thu hi bi vi x l ha hc, cht lng c chn theo qu trnh hp th

Thit b ra kh trn
Thit b ra kh trn l thp ng

c thit din hnh tr hay ng gic m trong c s tip xc gia kh v cc git lng (c to ra bi cc vi phun). Vn tc dng kh trong thit b thng khong 0,6-1,2m/s i vi thit b khng c b tch git v khong 5-8m/s i vi thit b c b tch git. Tr lc ca thp trn khng c b tch git v li phn phi kh thng khng qu 250N/m2. Thp trn t hiu qu x l cao i vi ht bi c kch thc d 10m v km hiu qu khi bi c kch thc d < 5m. Chiu cao thp (H) vo khong 2,5 ln ng knh. Chi ph nc (m) c chn vo khong 0,5-8 l/m3 kh

Thit b ra kh m
Thp ra kh m l thp vi lp m ng hoc

c sp xp theo trt t xc nh. Chng c thu hi bi d dnh t, nhng vi nng khng cao v khi kt hp vi qu trnh hp th do lp m hay b bt kn nn loi thit b ny t c s dng. m bo dnh t ca b mt lp m chng thng c nghing 7-10o v hng dng kh, lu lng lng 0,15-0,5l/m3, hiu qu thu hi bi kch thc d 2m trn 90%. Khi nng bi bn u n 10-12g/m3, tr lc 160-100 Pa/m m, vn tc kh trong thit b ngc chiu vo khong 1,5-2,0m/s, cn lu lng nc ti 1,3-2,6 l/m3. Hiu qu x l ph thuc nhiu yu t khc nhau nh: cng ti, nng bi, phn tn bi. Thc t ht c kch thc 2-5m c thu hi 70% cn ht ln hn 80-90%.

Thit b ra kh m

a- Thp m ng. b- thp m ti nc ngang: 1- thn; 2- vi phun; 3- b phn ti nc; 4- li ; 5- m; 6- b cha cn.

Thit b ra kh vi lp m chuyn ng
Vt liu m l cc qu cu lm bng polime, thu tinh hoc

nha xp. Khi lng ring ca qu cu m khng c ln hn khi lng ring ca cht lng. Thp vi lp m chuyn ng c th lm vic theo cc ch khc nhau, nhng ch ti u thu hi bi l ch gi lng hon ton. m bo hiu qu:
vn tc kh 5-6m/s, nc ti 0,5-0,7 l/s, tit din t do ca mm S0 = 0,4 m2/m2, chiu rng khe b = 4-6mm. Khi lm sch kh cha keo hoc bi c khuynh hng to trm tch ngi ta ng dng mm vi tit din t do ln S0 = 0,5-0,6m2/ m2.

Thp ra kh dng chp vi m qu cu chuyn ng.

Trong cc thit b ny ngi ta ng dng qu cu

polietilen ng knh 34-40mm, khi lng ring ng 110-120Kg/m3. Chiu cao lp m Ht = 650mm, vn tc kh u vo ca lp m dao ng trong khong 6-10m/s, vn tc u ra 1-2m/s. Chiu cao phn chp l 1m. Gc m phn chp ph thuc nng sut thit b, c th t 10 n 60o. thu hi cc git lng trong phn hnh tr ngi ta t lp qu cu cao 150mm. Trong thit b vi phun chi ph nc cho 1m3 kh l 4-6 l. Tr lc ca thit b vi phun 900-1400N/m2, cn thit b kim bm phun 800-1400N/m2. Nng sut ca chng t 3000 n 40.000m3/h

Thp ra kh dng chp vi m qu cu chuyn ng.

Thit b si bt
Ph bin nht l thit b si bt vi a chy st v a chy qua.

a chy st c th l a l, a rnh. Chiu dy ti u ca a trong khong 4-6mm, ng knh l thng t 4 n 8mm. Chiu rng ca rnh 4-5mm, cn din tch t do dao ng trong khong 0,20,25m2/m2. Bi c thu hi bi lp bt c hnh thnh do tng tc ca kh v lng. Qu trnh thu hi bi trong thit b si bt din ra trong cc giai on sau: Thu hi bi trong khng gian di li do lc qun tnh, c hnh thnh do dng kh thay i hng chuyn ng khi i qua a. Hiu qu ca giai on ny ch ln i vi bi th ng knh 10 m. Lng bi t tia kh, hnh thnh bi cc l hoc khe h ca a, vi vn tc cao pvo lp cht lng trn a (c ch va p). Lng bi trn b mt trong ca cc bt kh theo c ch qun tnh - ri. Hiu qu ca giai on 2 v 3 ln hn giai on 1 nhiu v t n 90% i vi ht bi 2-5m.

Thit b si bt

Thit b ra kh va p, qun tnh

Kh i vo ng n 35-55mm/s v p vo b mt cht lng. Mc

nc thp hn u ng ra khong 2-3mm. Hiu qu ca thit b thu hi va p qun tnh n 99,5% i vi cc ht bi 3m v ln hn. Tiu hao nc t 0,005-0,15 l/m3 kh.

Thit b ra kh Venturi
Nguyn l

lm sch kh khi bi kch thc 1-2m v nh hn, ngi ta ng dng ch yu cc thit b ra kh vn tc ln. Nguyn l hot ng: Dng kh c dn qua mt ng tht, ti y tc dng kh tng ln cao (50 -150 m/s). Khi vt qua u cp cht lng ng s ko theo dng sol. Nhng ht cht lng nh b s lm t bi cun theo v ngng hi thnh dng bn i ra theo ca di v dng kh ra s l kh sch.

Thit b ra kh Venturi

Lc bi bng tnh in

2.1.5. La chn thit b thu hi bi

Khi chn thit b thu hi bi cn quan tm n cc ch s c bn sau:
Thit b hot ng trn c ch lng bi kh trng lc, qun tnh, li tm

l r nht, nhng ch thu hi bi th (c kch thc 10m). Thng chng ch ng vai tr x l bi s b. a s thit b lng bi t c th cho hiu qu cao khi kch thc bi trung bnh (>1m). Mun thu hi bi mn hn phi tng lu lng nc (tn nng lng). Ngoi ra, cn phi x l nc thi v chng n mn thit b. Thit b lc in c th cho hiu qu cao ngay c khi bi phn tn cao (nh hn 1m).Tuy nhin, cn phi chun b kh thi v nhit , m, vn tc kh nh hng nhiu n hiu qu ca thit b lc in. Thit b lc bi qua vch ngn cho hiu qu cao nht i vi bt k bi phn tn cao, nhng cng cn gi cc thng s kh thi trong gii hn nht nh. Vn u t thit b ny nh hn thit b lc in nhng chi ph vn hnh ln hn.

2.2. X l hi, kh
x l kh v hi cc cht c hi, ngi ta ng dng cc phng php: hp th, hp ph, xc tc, nhit v ngng t. Phng php hp ph da trn kh nng li cun cc phn t kh, hi bi cc cht rn xp. Thc t, ngi ta s dng than hot tnh, silicagen v zeolit lm cht hp ph. Thi gian gn y, trong luyn kim mu, ngi ta s dng rng ri Al2O3 c nghin mn lm cht hp ph HF. X l bng phng php xc tc da trn s bin i ho hc cc cu t c hi thnh khng c hi trn b mt xc tc rn. Phng php ny c s dng x l NOx, SOx, COx v cc tp cht hu c. Phng php nhit hay phng php t chy trc tip c ng dng x l cc cht c d b xi ha v cc tp cht c mi hi. Phng php ny da trn s chy ca cc tp cht trong cc l hoc n x. Phng php t trc tip cc cht hu c ca kh thi c ng dng trong cc nh my ha du, nh my sn xut metanol Phng php ngng t da trn hin tng gim p sut bo ha hi khi gim nhit .Phng php ny dng thu hi dung mi hu c. qu trnh ngng t xy ra cn phi lm lnh kh cha dung mi.

2.2.1. Phng php hp thu

Qu trnh hp th Hp th l qu trnh li cun kh v hn hp kh bi cht lng (cht hp th). Hp th chia ra lm hp th vt l cc cht hp th khng tng tc ha hc vi cht c hp th, v hp th ha hc gia cht hp th v cht c hp th xy ra phn ng ha hc to thnh hp cht ha hc khc. Trong thc t ngi ta ng dng nc, cc dung mi hu c, khng tham gia phn ng vi cc kh v cc dung dch nc vi cc cht ny hp th vt l. Cn khi hp th ha hc, ngi ta s dng dung dch nc mui v kim, cc cht hu c v huyn ph nc vi cc cht khc nhau lm cht hp th. Do ha tan ca cc kh trong cht lng khc nhau nn c th tin hnh hp th chn lc mt cu t no ca hn hp kh, v vy phng php ny c ng dng rng ri khi tin hnh cc qu trnh cng ngh. S tch kh ha tan t cht hp th, ngha l qu trnh ngc li ca hp th c gi l nh hp. Qu trnh hp th c ng dng rng ri trong k thut thu hi cu t c gi tr t hn hp kh hoc x l cc tp cht c hi.

Thit b hp thu
Vt liu m phi tha mn cc yu cu c bn

sau:
s B mt ring ln Th tch t do ln.

u im ca thit b hp thu dng m l: B mt ring ln, Kt cu thit b n gin, C th lm vic trong mi trng n mn, nn c p dng rt rng ri.

ng dng phng php hp thu

Hp thu kh SO2: Cht hp thu c th s dng l nc, dung dch soda

(Na2CO3), huyn ph CaCO3, amoniac, oxit magi MgO, oxit km, hn hp mui nng chy (LiCO3 32%, Na2CO3 33%, K2CO3 35%), cc amin thm. Hp thu kh H2S: Cht hp th c th s dng l Na2CO3 hoc K2CO3, dung dch cha 4050% photphat Kali (K3PO4), dung dch kim Asen, dung dch sda st, dung dch kim hydroquinon, dung dch etanolamin. Hp thu oxit nit (NOx): Cht hp th l nc c b sung oxi gi, dung dch kim Hp th chn lc NO dng cht hp thu l dung dch FeSO4, FeCl2. Hp thu HF v SiF4 : Cht hp thu l nc, dung dch mui amn, cacbonat kali Hp thu Cl2 v HCl, Clo c hp thu bng dung dch kim. Hp thu oxit ccbon (COx) : Hp th bng [Cu(NH3)m(H2O)n]+, dung dch clorua ng nhm X l dioxit cacbon: Hp th CO2 bng cc dung dch etanolamin, amoniac, kim(Na2CO3)

2.2.2. Phng php hp ph

Qu trnh hp ph

Hp ph l qu trnh li cun kh v hi t hn hp kh bi cht rn xp (cht hp ph). Hp ph c ng dng loi tr tr tp cht v c bit c ng dng hiu qu trong x l kh thi khi cc tp cht c hi cng nh thu hi cc cht c gi tr. Hp ph c chia ra lm hp ph vt l v hp ph ho hc. c tnh cht hp ph Cht hp ph c s dng l cht rn, xp c b mt ring ln. Cht hp ph c c trng bi kh nng hp ph ca mnh, xc nh bng nng cht b hp ph trong mt n v khi lng hoc mt n v th tch ca cht hp ph. Kh nng hp ph ln nht c th ca cht hp ph gi l hot tnh cn bng. Trong cng ngh, cht hp ph c s dng l than hot tnh, cc khong cht nh silicat, keo nhm, zeolid, cc nha tng hp trao i ion (anion, cation).

Thit b hp ph
Thit b hp ph c phn loi theo cc du hiu sau Theo tnh cht lm vic: c cc loi lin tc v gin on. Theo trng thi lp hp ph: c cc loi chuyn ng, ng yn v tng si. Theo kt cu c cc loi thit b dng thp ng dng phng php hp ph Hp ph cc kh oxit nit (NOx) bng than hot tnh Hp ph kh SO2bng vi, olomit (CaCO3.MgCO3) hoc vi, oxit mangan, than hot tnh Hp ph hp cht flo bng vi Hp ph clo v clorua hydro dng oxiclorua st v clorua oxit ng trong hn hp vi oxit magi, sunfat v photphat ng, ch, cadmi, Hp ph H2S: dng hydroxit st, than hot tnh, zeolit Hp ph cc hp cht hu c cha lu hunh vi cc oxit km, st, ng v vi kim loi khc, than hot tnh v zeolit tng hp Hp ph hi thy ngn bng than hot tnh Kh mi bng phng php hp ph bng than hot tnh

2.2.3. Phng php xc tc

Bn cht ca qu trnh xc tc lm sch kh l thc hin cc

tng tc ha hc, nhm chuyn ha tp cht c thnh sn phm khc vi s c mt ca cht xc tc c bit. Vai tr ca chng l tng vn tc (phn ng) tng tc ha hc. Tng tc xc tc trong xc tc d th din ra trn b mt phn chia pha kh v xc tc. Xc tc bo m s tng tc ca cc cht chuyn ha trn b mt ca mnh, vi s hnh thnh cc phc hot ha dng cc lin kt b mt trung gian ca xc tc v tc cht, sau sn phm ca xc tc hnh thnh v gii phng b mt xc tc. Hot tnh ca xc tc thng c xc nh bng tp hp cc tnh cht ha l ca xc tc v ca kh cn chuyn ha. N ph thuc nhiu vo nhit chuyn ha c xc tc, cu trc xc tc, hm lng cht tng hot tnh xc tc, p sut, lu lng th tch, nng v khi lng phn t ca tc cht v sn phm trong pha kh

2.2.3. Phng php xc tc

ng dng phng php xc tc.
Kh nit oxit bng xc tc v nhit cao. Cht xc tc l kim loi nhm Platin ( Pd, Ru, Pt ) hoc Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, V.Cn cht kh l CH4, CO, H2 , NH3 X l SO2 xc tc l oxit Vanadi X l CO lp xc tc l oxit, st, ng, crm X l cht hu c khi c xc tc l kim loi nhm platin

2.2.4. Phng php nhit

Bn cht ca phng php t chy trc tip l oxi ha cc cu t

c hi bng oxi, nhit cao (450-1.2000C). Phng php ny c ng dng loi b bt k kh v hi no m sn phm chy ca chng t c hn. u im ca phng php t chy trc tip l thit b n gin v c kh nng ng dng rng ri, v thnh phn kh thi t nh hng n hot ng ca thit b t. Phng php ny c ng dng rng ri trong sn xut sn, trong qu trnh iu ch mt s sn phm ha, in ha v in t, trong cng nghip ha du, sn xut metanol x l kh thi. Kt cu v th tch ca l t phi bo m thi gian lu cn thit t chy kh hon ton hoc t hiu qu x l cho trc.Thi gian lu thng khong 0,1 n 1,0 giy, nhit lm vic, trong a s trng hp, ln hn nhit t bc chy t 100oC n 150oC.

2.2.4. Phng php nhit

MT S K THUT X L KH KHC

Ci thin vi kh hu Chng n, rung

Thng gi t nhin

Thng gi cng bc

Bung tiu m, chng n

X l dung mi qu trnh sn

X l kh thi l hi

M t tm tt cng ngh thit b Kh thi trc tin c thu gom bng h thng chp ht, sau c dn vo cyclone nh h thng ng dn kh. Cyclone c nhim v thu hi lng bi c trong dng kh thi. Sau khi qua cyclone, kh thi c qut ht thi vo thp hp th. Thp hp th c nhim v loi b cc cht c c trong kh thi nh cc kh CO2, NOx, SOx... v mt phn lng bi cn li. Kh thi i vo t y thp hp th v b phn tn mng ra xung quanh thp bng mt chp thp hnh nn. Khi dung dch hp th c a vo thp theo hng t trn xung bng bm. Dung dch hp th c s dng l dung dch xt c pha v cha trong b cha. Dng dung dch c bm vo dng cc tia nh nhm to iu kin tip xc tt nht gia kh thi vi dung dch. Kh thi t y thp i ln gp dng dung dch i t trn xung, qu trnh phn ng gia cc loi kh c c trong dng kh thi v dung dch hp th din ra. Kt qu l cc loi kh c ny b loi ra. Dng kh thi sau khi qua thp hp th c pht tn ra mi trng bng ng kh. Dung dch hp th sau khi qua thp c thu li ti b cha dung dch hp th v tip tc c bm ln thp cho qu trnh phn ng tip theo. Trc khi vo thp, dng dung dch ny li c chm thm xt to nng n nh, thch hp cho qu trnh hp th cc kh CO2, NOx, SOx. Kh sau x l t TCVN 1995

X l kh thi l hi

3. CN X L CHT THI RN V CHT THI NGUY HI

3.1. Khi nim c bn v cht thi rn
3.1.1. nh ngha cht thi rn
Cht thi rn c hiu l tt c cc cht thi pht sinh do cc hot ng ca con ngi v ng vt tn ti dng rn c thi b khi khng cn hu dng hay khng mun dng na. Thut ng cht thi rn c s dng trong ti liu ny l bao hm tt c cc vt cht rn khng ng nht thi ra t cng ng dn c th cng nh cc cht thi ng nht ca cc ngnh sn xut nng nghip, cng nghip, khai khong,... Ti liu ny c bit quan tm n cht thi rn th, bi v s tch lu v lu tn cht thi rn, c kh nng nh hng rt ln n mi trng sng ca con ngi.

3.1.1. nh ngha cht thi rn

Cht thi nguy hi l cht thi cha yu t c hi, phng x, d chy, d n, d n mn, d ly nhim, gy ng c hoc c tnh nguy hi khc. Qun l cht thi l hot ng phn loi, thu gom, vn chuyn, gim thiu, ti s dng, ti ch, x l, tiu hy, thi loi cht thi.

3.1.2. Qun l cht thi rn tng hp

S chn la kt hp gia cng ngh, k thut, v chng trnh qun l

t c mc ch qun l cht thi c gi l qun l cht thi rn tng hp (ISWM). Vn phng bo v mi trng ca M (USEPA) a ra th bc hnh ng u tin trong vic thc hin ISWM l: Gim ti ngun, ti ch, t cht thi, v tiu hy. Hiu qu ln nht ca chng trnh ny l gim c kch thc v kinh ph xy dng l t. Ti ch cht thi cng gim c cc yu t lm thit hi ni hi, loi b c cc thnh phn x, v cc cht bn khc trong l luyn. Th bc u tin trong qun l rc tng hp
1. Trnh thi b 2. Gim thiu rc 3. Ti s dng 4. Ti ch 5. To nng lng 6. X l 7. Thi b

3.1.3. Cc thnh phn ca h thng tng hp qun l cht thi rn

C cu chnh sch Mc ch l pht trin v tp hp mt cch ton din chnh sch qun l cht thi vi cc i tng chnh sch c th t c. Cng c: Mc tiu gim thiu cht thi Cc chnh sch cht thi c bit Khuyn khch Hnh pht Tr gi v cc k hoch pht trin cng nghip C cu lut Lut bo v mi trng Lut bo v sc khe cng ng Giy php cho cc hot ng lin quan n rc Bo v tng ozon, kh nh knh mt cch bt buc trn ton cu C cu hnh chnh Mc ch l thc hin v h tr vic thi hnh c cu lut v chnh sch. Cp giy php cho cc phng tin Thanh tra vin sc khe cng ng v mi trng Cp php cho thanh tra vin theo lut nh Rng buc, x pht v thu hi giy php H thng gim st v nh gi

3.1.3. Cc thnh phn ca h thng tng hp qun l cht thi rn

Gio dc cng ng

Mc ch l nng cao nhn thc, nhim v v trch nhim ca cng ng v vn qun l cht thi. Chin dch truyn thng chung Phn bit cc loi sn phm Ngy lm sch c nc Chng trnh ging dy trng hc Gio dc th h tr Thng rc cng cng Chng trng truyn hnh v mi trng H thng k thut Mc ch l tch cc cht thi ra khi x hi, a chng vo dng un chuyn vt cht v thi b. Thu gom v vn chuyn Ch bin v x l Thi b cc phn cn li Phc hi nng lng

3.1.4. Nhng thch thc ca vic qun l cht thi rn trong tng lai
(1) Thay i thi quen tiu th sn phm trong x hi: S tiu th sn phm l

mt hot ng t nhin. X hi thay i s lm cho mc sng thay i bng cch thay i s lng v cht lng sn phm tiu th. Thi quen tiu th s c thay i nu s lng rc thi t cc hot ng tiu th thay i (2) gim lng rc thi ti ngun: Nhng n lc cn thit phi tin hnh gim s lng ca cc vt liu s dng trong cc loi hng ha ng gi v ch bin ti ch ti ngun nh ti nh, vn phng hoc nh my. Nh vy vi phng php ny, lng rc thi vt b s gim trong cng ng. Gim ti ngun l mt la chn bo tn ti nguyn v kh nng kinh t. (3) xy dng bi chn lp an ton hn: Thit k bi chn lp cn phi ci tin m bo cho vic lu tr cc cht thi trong mt thi gian lu di. Cc s liu v cc hot ng ca bi chn lp hin ti cn phi ph bin ci tin vic xy dng v hot ng ca cc bi chn lp mi. Bng cch ny th s gip ch cho vic qun l cc bi chn lp cng c hiu qu hn. (4) pht trin cng ngh mi: C rt nhiu c hi gii thiu nhng cng ngh mi trong h thng qun l cht thi rn. Nhng thch thc khuyn khch cho s pht trin k thut gip cho vic bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin tt nht v y l phng php chi ph-hiu qu. Vic kim tra v thc thi vic ng dng cc cng ngh mi l mt phn quan trng trong vic qun l tng hp cht thi rn trong tng lai.

3.2. Ngun gc cht thi rn

Ngun gc pht sinh cht thi rn khc nhau nhng phn

loi theo cch thng thng nht l: (1) khu dn c, (2) khu thng mi, (3) c quan, cng s, (4) xy dng v ph hy cc cng trnh xy dng, (5) khu cng cng, (6) nh my x l cht thi, (7) cng nghip, (8) nng nghip. Cht thi th c th xem nh cht thi cng cng, ngoi tr cc cht thi trong qu trnh ch bin ti cc khu cng nghip v cht thi nng nghip. Tuy nhin, c th phn chia thnh 3 nhm ln : Cht thi th, cng nghip v nguy hi.

3.3. Cc phng php x l cht thi rn

3.3.1. Phng php c hc 3.3.2. Phng php Nhit

3.3.1. Phng php c hc

Gim kch thc
Gim kch thc c s dng nhm mc ch l lm gim kch thc ca cc loi vt liu trong rc thi th. Cc vt liu c lm gim kch thc c th s dng trc tip nh llp che ph trn mt t hay l s dng lm phn compost hoc mt phn c s dng cho cc hot ng ti sinh cht thi rn.

Nn cht thi rn
Phng php nn cht thi rn c s dng vi mc ch l gia tng khi lng ring ca cc loi vt liu v nh vy vic lu tr v chuyn ch s c hiu qu hn. Mt vi k thut hin ang p dng nn v ti sinh cht thi l ng kin, ng gi hay kt thnh dng vin.

3.3.2. Phng php Nhit

H thng thiu t Qu trnh t l qu trnh bin i cht thi rn di tc dng ca nhit v qu trnh oxy ha ha hc. Bng cch t cht thi ta c th gim th tch ca n n 80 90%. Nhit bung t phi cao hn 800 oC. Sn phm cui cng bao gm kh c nhit cao, bao gm nit, cacbonic, hi nc v tro. Nng lng c th thu hi t qu trnh trao i nhit do kh sinh ra c nhit cao. t thng quay x l cc loi cht thi nguy hi dng rn, cn, bn v cng c th dng lng. Thng quay hot ng nhit khong 1100oC. S dng cht thi nguy hi lm nguyn liu. y l phng php tiu hy cht thi bng cch t cng vi nhin liu thng thng khc tn dng nhit cho cc thit b tiu th nhit: ni hi, l nung, l luyn kim, l nu thy tinh. Lng cht thi b sung vo l t c th chim 12 25% tng lng nhin liu.

H thng nhit phn

Nhit phn l qu trnh phn hy hay bin i ha hc cht thi

rn xy ra do nung nng trong iu kin khng c s tham gia ca oxy v to ra sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh bin i cht thi rn l cc cht di dng rn, lng, v kh. Nguyn l ca vn hnh qu trnh nhit phn gm 2 giai on. Giai on 1 l qu trnh kh ha, cht thi c gia nhit tch cc thnh phn d bay hi nh kh chy, hi nc...ra khi thnh phn chy khng ha hi v tro. Giai on 2 cc thnh phn bay hi c t iu kin ph hp tiu hy ht cc cu t nguy hi. Nhit phn bng h quang plasma. Thc hin qu trnh t nhit cao tiu hy cht thi c tnh c cc mnh, cao (c th n 10.000 oC) Sn phm l kh H2 v CO, kh acid v tro

H thng ha hi thnh kh (bc kh)

Mt cch tng qut qu trnh ha hi thnh

kh l qu trnh t cc loi vt liu trong iu kin thiu oxy. Mc d phng php ny c pht hin vo th k 19 nhng vic p dng ch thc hin thi gian gn y i vi x l cht thi rn. K thut ha hi thnh kh l mt k thut c p dng vi mc ch l lm gim th tch cht thi v thu hi nng lng.

Cng ngh t
Hu ht cc phng x l, lu tr v loi b iu lin

quan n cng ngh t tc vic t chy cc cht mt cch c kim sot trong mt min kn nh mt phng tin x l v thi loi cht thi nguy hi cng ngh t c mt s c th:

Th nht, nu c tin hnh ng theo qui cch, n c kh nng ph hy ton b cc c cht hu c trong cht thi nguy hi bng cch ph hy cc mi lin kt ha hc ca chng v a chng tr li dng cc nguyn t hp thnh ban u, qua lm gim thiu hoc loi b hon ton cc c tnh ca chng. Th hai, n hn ch th tch ca cht thi nguy hi cn phi c thi loi vo mi trng t bng cch bin i cc cht rn v lng thnh dng tro. So vi vic loi thi cht thi nguy hi khng qua x l, vic thi loi tro vo mi trng t an ton v hiu qu gp nhiu ln.

Cng ngh t
Cng ngh t l mt qu trnh x l kh phc tp. Trong qu

trnh chy, cc cht hu c dng rn hoc lng s b chuyn i sang pha kh. Cc kh ny qua cc li t s tip tc b lm nng ln, n mt nhit no cc hp cht hu c ca chng s b phn hy thnh cc nguyn t thnh phn. Cc nguyn t ny kt hp vi oxy v to nn cc cht kh bn vng, cc kh ny sau khi qua cc thit b kim sot nhim s c thi vo bu kh quyn. Thnh phn ca cc cht kh bn vng pht sinh t vic t cc hp v hi nc. Tuy nhin ty thuc vo thnh cht hu c ch yu l CO2, HCl,v cc kh khc c th phn ca cht thi mt lng nh CO, Nox s c hnh thnh. Cc cht kh ny tim n kh nng nguy hi cho sc khe con ngi v mi trng. Vic qun l v thi loi cc kim loi, tn tro v cc sn phm ph ca qu trnh t cng c th gy nhng tc hi nh cp.

H thng t, tiu hy cht thi

X l rc thi

3.3.3. Phng php Chuyn Ho Sinh Hc v Ha Hc

Qu trnh phn hiu kh
L mt qu trnh bin i sinh hc c s dng rt rng ri, mc ch l bin i cc cht thi rn dng hu c to thnh cc cht v c (qu trnh khong ha) di tc dng ca vi sinh vt to thnh sn phm dng mn gi l phn compost.

Qu trnh phn hy cht thi ln men k kh

L qu trnh bin i sinh hc c s dng phn hy cc cht thi c hm lng cht rn t 4 8% di tc dng ca cc vi sinh vt trong iu kin ym kh. Qu trnh phn hy ln men k kh c p dng rng ri nhiu ni trn th gii to ra sn phm kh metan t cc cht thi ca con ngi, ng vt, cc sn phm tha t nng nghip, v t cc cht thi hu c t thnh phn rc thi th.

3.3.3. Phng php Chuyn Ho Sinh Hc v Ha Hc

Qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc Qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc bao gm mt lot cc phn ng thy phn c s dng ti sinh cc hp cht nh l glucose v mt lot cc phn ng khc dng ti sinh du tng hp, kh v acetate cellulose. K thut x l cht thi rn bng phng php ha hc ph bin nht l phn ng thy phn cellulose di tc dng ca acid v qu trnh bin i metan thnh metanol. Phn ng thy phn acid Cellulose hnh thnh do s lin kt ca hn 3000 n v phn t glucose, cellulose c c im l ha tan trong nc v cc dung mi hu c nhng hu nh khng b phn hy bi t bo. Nu cellulose c phn hy th glucose s c ti sinh. Qu trnh thc hin bng phn ng ha hc c bn nh sau:

ng v glucose c trch ly t cellulose c th c bin i bng cc phn ng sinh hc v ha hc to thnh sn phm l rc v cc ha cht cng nghip.

3.3.3. Phng php Chuyn Ho Sinh Hc v Ha Hc

Sn xut metanol t metan

Metan c hnh thnh do qu trnh phn hy ym kh ca cc cht thi rn hu c c th c bin i thnh metanol. Qu trnh bin i c thc hin bng 2 phn ng sau: Thun li ca vic sn xut metanol t kh biogas c cha metan l metanol c th lu tr v vn chuyn d dng hn l vic chuyn kh metan.

Nng lng t qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc ca cht thi rn

Mt khi qu trnh bin i cc sn phm c hnh thnh t cht thi rn hoc l t qu trnh phn hy ym kh (to kh metan) hoc l t bin i ha hc (to thnh metanol), nhng bc thc hin tip theo l vic s dng hoc l lu tr. Nu nng lng c sinh ra t cc sn phm ny th i hi cn thc hin nhng bc bin i tip theo. Biogas c th s dng trc tip t cc ng c t trong hoc l s dng kh ny lm quay tuabin to ra in nng.

3.4. Cng ngh sn xut phn hu c t rc thi sinh hat

Cc cng ngh sn xut phn hu c (compost) t rc th

gm phn hy k kh v hiu kh (composting). Bn cht chung ca 2 qu trnh trn l s dng cc vi sinh vt n nh cc thnh phn hu c c trong rc trc khi em s dng hoc x l tip.