Worked example

61

Job No.
The S t e ~ l Construction

I Sheet 1 of 4 I Rev
Steel Designers' Manual
Wind actions to BS E N 1991-1-4 Calculation of peak velocity pressure
Made by

Institute

Job Title
Subject

Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET

Client

DGB

I Date I Dec2009
I

Date

Calculation o f peak velocity pressure

This example demonstrates the calculation o,f the peak velocity pressure for the hypothetical site shown in Figure 1, on the eastern edge o,f Norwich. This example demonstrates Approaches I , 2 and 3, none of which require knowledge of the building orientation. References to expressions, tables and figures from the U K National Annex are preceded by 'NA' - all other references are to BS EN 1991-1-4

Town Terrain
Average height 8 m

24 krn closest distance to sea

Country Terrain

Site altitude 45rn

The site

3gure 1 Details of the site

Details o,f the site are: 4 5 m above sea level Site altitude 27m Building height Terrain category: From 0" to 180" is country terrain From 180" to 360" is town terrain the average height o,f the upwind obstruction (h,,,J is 8 m and the spacing to the upwind Obstructions (x) is 30m. Within this sector, the site is at least IOkm inside the town The closest distance from the sea is 24km, at a bearing of 30" from the site.
~

62

Worked example
Sheet 2 o f 4

Example Concept Design

Rev

A.p.proach I This approach is the simplest, but the most conservative,

v , , , , , , ~= ~ 22.5m/s
c,lt c,lt
Vh,O

Figure NA.1

= I +0.001A (lO/z)"z = I +0.001 ~ 4 ~5 ( 1 0 / 2 7 ) =1.037 "~

= Vh,.lap x
= 1.0
C,lt

NA.2b NA.1
Table NA.1 Table NA.2 4. I

v ~ , , ~= 22.5 x 1.0.?7 = 2.?..?m/s

cd,
Vh

(the maximum from any direction)

L'h,O

= cscasm~c,br

v~,

= 1.0 x 1.0 x2.7.3 =2.?..?m/s = 0.61.7~~~

qh

4.10 and NA.2.18 NA.2. I I

x 10-j = 0..7.3kN/m2 qk, = 0.613 ~2.3.3~ Terrain: country, when wind blowing ,from the east Distance from the sea: 24 k m minimum height z = 27m

c,(z) =3.1
qp(z) = c d z ) qh qp(z)=.?.I xO..?.~ =I.02kN/mZ This peak velocity pressure may he used to determine ,forces on the rtructure in each orthogonal direction.

Figure NA.7

A.p.proach 2 This approach demands knowledge of the upwind terrain all around the site. Examples of two directions, 330" and 60" are shown below, and then the full details of each direction in tabular format. 3.70" 60"
v[,,o
~d,,

= 23.3m/s

(as above)

v h , ~ =23.3m/s (as above)

cdlr

= 0.82

= 0. 7.7

Table NA.1 Table NA.2

~scaro,, = 1.0
Vh
vL,

= cscasm~c,br = 19.1 m/s

L'h,O

Vh
vL,

= cs,,,,,, c,br = 17.0m/s

Vh,O

4.1

= 0.82 x 1.0 x 23.3

= 0. 7.7 x 1.0 ~ 2 3 . 3

T,,
?k,

= 0.613~~:

= 0.613 x 19.12 x lo-.' = 0.22 kN/mZ

q,, q,,

= O.613vk,'

4.10 and NA.2.18

= 0.613 x 17.p x 10"

=0.18kN/m2
Terrain: country Annex AS

Terrain: town b , =8m

x = 30m (the spacing to the ~ i wind p obstructions) 2 x h,,,, < x < 6 x ha,, ? x 8 c30 <6 x 8 16 <30 <48

Worked example
Example Concept Design Sheet 3 of 4 Rev

63

Therefore, hd,,=min(l.2h,,,, - 0 . 2 ~ ;0.6h)

hdL, =min(l.2 x 8 - 0.2 x30; 0.6 x 27) h,,,, = min(3.6; 16.2) =3.6m
Distance from the sea = 42 km c,(z) = 2.94 (at z - h,,,, =23.4m) Distance inside town = IOkm = 0.88 (at z - hdri =23.4m) Distance from the sea = 25 km c,(z) = 3.10 (at z = 2 7 m ) Interpolated ,from Figure NA.7 Figure NA.8 NA.2.17

csl

= 0.57kN/m2

Bearing
Vh.()
Cdlr

(m/s)

C,'.,,,,

vh (m/s) q,, (kN/m')

0 23.33 0.78 1.0 18.20 0.20

32

30 23.33 0.73 1.0 17.03 0.18

24

60 23.33 0.73 1.0 17.03 0.18

25 3.1

90 150 180 120 2.?.3.? 23.33 2.?.3.? 23.33 0.74 0.73 0.80 0.85 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 17.26 I 7.03 18.66 19.83 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.24
27 3.08 34 3.06 0.55 47 3.04 0.64 7.? 3.00 0.72

210 23.33 0.93 1.0 21.70 0.29 >I00 2.88 0.88 0.73

240 23.33 1.00 1.0 23.33 0.33 >I00 2.88 0.88 0.84

270 23.33 0.99 1.0 23.10 0.33 >I00 2.88 0.88 0.84

300 2.?.3.? 0.91 1.0 21.23 0.28

66 2.91 0.88 0.72

330 2.?.3.? 0.82 1.0 19.13 0.22

42 2.94 0.88 0.57

Distance from seu (km)

CdZ)

3.07 3.1

Ce.r

q,>(z) (kN/m2) 0.61

0.56 0.56 0.57

Following Approach 2 results in a maximum peak velocity pressure of 0.84kN/mZ,compared to 1.02 k N / m 2from Approach 1. The peak velocity pressure o,f 0.84kN/m2 may he used to determine forces on the structure in each orthogonal direction. A.p.proach 3 In Approach 3, the most onerous values of any factor are taken from any direction within the chosen quadrant. Quadrants may be chosen judiciously to produce the lowest peak velocity pressure. The lowest peak velocity pressure ,found by Approach 3 will never he smaller than that from Approach 2, but is generally less than the peak velocity pressure from Approach I . Two quadrants are demonstrated in detail, and then the results presented in summary form. Assume that the quadrants are 0" to 90" inclusive, 90" to 180" inclusive, etc, and taking the quadrant from 90" to 180" as an example. With reference to the Table in Approach 2:
vh.0 =23.3m/s maximum cdlr from within the quadrant 90" to 180" = 0.85 (at 180")

CS,,,,,,
vh

= 1.0
=c~eawn cdir vh,O

Table NA.1 Table NA.2 4.1 4.10 and NA.2.18 NA.2.11

vh

~0.85 x1.0 x23.3 =19.8m/s

8l~ 0 - j =0.24kN/mZ qb =O.6I.Zvk,' qh =0.613 ~ 1 9 . x Terrain: country Closest distance from the sea within the sector 90" to 180" = 2 7 k m (at 90") height z = 2 7 m

64

Worked example
Sheet 4 of 4 Rev

Example Concept Design

c,(z) =.?.08
qp(z) = c d z ) qb q p ( z )= 3.08 x 0.24 = 0.74kN/mZ Taking the quadrant from 21O"to 300"as a second example v~,,~ = 2.7.3 m / s maximum cd,,from within the quadrant 210"to 300" = 1.0 (at 240")
c,,:,,,,,
vh

Interpolated f r o m Figure N A . 7 Na.2.17

= 1.0

= c,,,,,,,,

C,br

h,,o

Table NA.1 Table NA.2 4. I 4.10 and NA.2.18 NA.2.11 Annex A S

v,,

=1.0 x1.0 x23.3 =23.3m/s

qb =O.6I.7vk,' qb =0.613 x2.7.3' xIO:' =0.33kN/mZ Terrain: Town h,,,, = 3.6m Closest distance ,from the sea within the sector 210" to 300" = 66km (at 3000) c,(z) =2.91 (at z - h,,,, =23.4m)
cc,T = 0.88 (at z
- h,,,, = 23.4m)

qp(z) = c e ( z ) cc,l q h qp(z) = 2.91 x 0.88 x 0.33 = 0.85 k N / m z

Interpolated from Figure NA. 7 Interpolated from Figure NA.8 NA.2.17

The summary results are shown below:

Sector peak velocity pressure (kN/m') 0.57 0.88 0.85 0.86

30 to 120 inclusive 120" to 210" inclusive 210" to 300" inclusive 300" to 30" inclusive

When the quadrants are chosen as above, the maximum peak velocity pressure o,f I.OOkN/m' may be used to determine forces on the structure in each orthogonal direction. Sector peak velocity pressure ( k N / m 2 ) 0.63 1.00

0" to 90" inclusive 90" to 180" inclusive 180" to 270" inclusive 270 to 0 inclusive

When the quadrants are chosen as above, the maximum peak velocity pressure of 0.88kN/m2 may be used to determine forces on the structure in each orthogonal direction. In both these examples of the application of Approach 3, the resulting maximum peak velocity pressure is less than that from Approach 1, but more than that from Approach 2. The example demonstrates the beneficial effects of judicious choice of quadrants.

128

Worked example
I

The SteEl Conmruction

Job No. Job Title

Subject Client

Sheet 1 of 6 Worked Example Portal Frame Design Chapter 4 Made by Checked by GWO Date

Rev

Institute

Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (0 1344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET

Portal Frame Design Example: Design of portal frame using plastic analysis
This example introduces the design o,f a portal ,frame f o r a s i n g l e - s t o p building, using a plastic method of global analysis. The frame uses hot-rolled I-sections f o r rafters and columns. This example presents the overall ,frame geometry (including restraint position), definition of loads and selection of load combination.

12567b.wmf

Frame Geometry

30000

Spacing ofportal frames

7.2 m

*
~

torsional restrainl

Portal Frame Geometry

The cladding to the roof and walls is supported by purlins and side-rails as indicated. The positions and spacing of the purlins and side rails were chosen as follows: Torsional restraints are to he provided at both ends of the haunch (i.e. one at the column end and one at the rafter end). A torsional restraint is to be provided at a n intermediate position along the rafter. The spacing of the purlins and side-rails should generally he ahout 1 8 0 0 m m for lateral stability of the rafters and columns. The spacing will he less in regions where the frame members are close to their plastic moment of resistance. Uniform spacings are adopted within the above constraints.

Worked example
Portal Frame Design Sheet 2 of 6 Rev

129

p 1 5725

Spacing ofportal.franzes

7.2 nz;

torsional restraint

130

Worked example

Portal Frame Design

I Sheet 3 of 6

Rev

Loads
Load combinations
Values for the combination are given in BS EN 1990. The value to be used must he ,found f r o m the National Annex to BS E N 1990. The value in BS EN 1990:2002 Table Al.1 is 0.7 generally, but 1.0 for structures supporting storage loads. Note that in portal frames with small roof slopes, the wind load may reduce the effects of roof load. Therefore the critical design combinations are usually: (i) Gravity loads without wind, causing sagging moments at midspan of the rafter and hogging moment in the haunches. (ii) Upward wind pressure with minimum gravity loads, causing maximum reversal of moment compared with case (i). The worst wind case might be f r o m either transverse wind or longitudinal wind, so both must be checked. (iii) The design must also be checked for gravity plus wind as this may be the critical case ,for some geometries o,f building.

BS EN19931-1

c 1

Frame imperfections
= 1/200 Taking a,, = 1.0 and a,,,= 1.0 ,for simplicity, (I9 = (b(, ' a, .a, = 1/2000 x 1.0 x 1.0 = 1/200 It is simplest to consider the frame imperfections as equivalent horizontal forces. The column loads could be calculated by a frame analysis, but a simple calculation based on plan areas is suitable ,for single-storey portals. Ultimate Limit State Analvsis

5.3.2 (3)

In this example the bases have been assumed to be truly pinned for simplicity. Steel grade is S.355. The following assumptions are made: (i) The sections are assumed to he Class I for the global analysis. (ii) The axial compression is assumed to be within the limit in BS EN 199.3-1-1 ,for ignoring the effect o,f axial force on the plastic moment of resistance. These assumptions are checked a,fter the analysis has been completed. Column plastic moment: I P E 500 has tt < 4 0 m m , J, = 355 N/mmz

Load combination No.1: dead +snow

The second-order design bending moment diagram at Ultimate Limit State is shown below. The load factors at the formation of each hinge are as follows:

Load factor Fraction of ULS

0.898 1.070

Hinge number I 2

Member
Right hand column Lefi hand rafier

Position (m) 5.000 12.041

A mechanism is not formed until the second hinge has formed at a load factor of 1.07. Therefore the section sizes are suitable for this load combination.

Portal Frame Design

$ Portal
I I
I

M = 366,7 kNm N = 168,8 kN V = 154,6 kN

M = 494.1 kNm N = 155,3 kN V= OkN M = 487 2 kNm N = 154,'3 kN V = 13,lkN V = 117,l kN

h !
V = 155,7 kN

i l

J k M = O k N m

g
30 m

Sheet 4 of 6

Worked example

&

Rev

131

132

Worked example

Portal Frame Design Load combination N0.2: dead

I Sheet 5 of 6
+ transverse wind

Rev

The load combination results in an uplift load case causing tension in the members which does not destabilise the structure. Therefore the frame imperfection ,factor EC 3 C15.3.2 may be omitted from this load combination. The partial safety ,factors for loads are 7% = 1.00 and yo = 1.50 The collapse load factor = 6.22, which is greater than in load case no.1. Therefore this load case is not critical for cross-sectional resistance, hut member stability must be checked because the moments are in the opposite sense to load case no.]

Source: 12495. wmf

Load combination 2: Bending moment, shear and axial load

Worked example
Portal Frame Design Load combination No.3: dead

133

I Sheet 6 of 6
+ longitudinal wind

Rev

In this case the wind loads applied to the structure result in a net upward force (except L H Column) on the roof as in load case no. 2. The collapse load ,factor =2.69, which is greater than in load case no.]. Therefore this load case is not critical f o r cross-sectional resistance, but member stability f o r this case must be checked because the moments are in the opposite sense t o load case no.1.

Source: 12496. wmf

Load combination 3: Bending moment, shear and axial load

498

Worked example
The S t e ~ l Construction

Job No.
Subject

Sheet

of

Rev

Institute

Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944

Compression Members

Client

I Made bv

CALCULATION SHEET

LG
DAN

I Date

Checked by

2010

Date

2010

Compression members Rolled Universal Column design Problem Check the ability o,f a 20.7 x20.3 x 5 2 UC in grade S275 steel to withstand a design axial compressive load of 1150kN over an unsupported height of 3.6m assuming that both ends of the member are pinned. Design to BS E N 199.3-1-1. The problem is as shown in the sketch below:

Partial factors:
7/uo = 1.0; 7/ui = 1.0

LIK N A to SS E N 19931-1

Geometric properties: A = 66.3 cm2 = 66.Z0mm2; i2 = 5.18 c m = 51.8mm; ti = 12.5mm; ct/tj = 7.04; c,Jt,+ = 20.4

iteel Suilding Vesign: %sign Data

SS E N
'0025-2

Material properties: Yield strength f , =275N/mm2 since ti I 1 6 m m Check cross-section class@cation under pure compression: Need only check that section is not Class 4 (slender) For outstand j a n g e cr/tie I 1 4 For web c,/t,& I42
= 0.92

SS E N 1 99.3- I - I ruble 5.2

275

Actual ct/tF = 7.04/0.92 = 7.62; within limit Actual c,/t,E = 20.4/0.92 = 20.2; within limit : . Section is not Class 4

Worked example
Rolled IJniversal Column Design
Sheet 2 of

499

3ev
3s EN 199.3-1 C1 6.2.4

Member buckling resistance: Take effective length L,, = 1.0 L = 1.0 x3600 = 3600mm O n the assumption that minor axis jexural buckling will govern, use buckling curve 'c'.

PS EN '99.3-1-1 Table L 2

Oz = 0.5[ I

+a(& - 0.2) + I f ] = 0.5[ I + 0.49(0.80 - 0.2) + 0.80'1 = 0.97

I I
0.97 + 40.97'
- 0.80'

9 s EN '993-1-1 71 6.3.1.2

x i

QZ +

,/-=

= 0.66

< 1.0
9 s EN 1993-1-1 Z1 6.3.I . I

: . Use 203 x 203 x 52 UC in grade S275 steel It should be noted that the same answer could have been obtained directly by the use of Reference I .

500

Worked example
The S t e ~ l Construction

Job No.
Subject

PUB 809

Sheet

1 of

Rev

Institute

Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944

Compression Members

Client

I Made bv

CALCULATION SHEET

LG

I Date

Checked by

DAN

2010

Date 2010

Compression members Pinned column with intermediate lateral restraints Problem A 254 x254 x 89 UC in grade S275 steel is t o be used as a 12.0m column with p i n ends and intermediate lateral braces provided restraint against minor axis buckling at third points along the column length. Check the adequacy of the column, according to BS EN 199.7-1-1, to carry a design axial compressive load o,f 1250 k N The problem is as shown in the sketch below:
NEd NEd

31
\ \

I I

I
I I

I I I

Partial factors:
7/uo = 1.0; 7/ui = 1.0

UK NA to BS EN 199.3-1-1

Worked example
Pinned Column with Intermediate Lateral Restraints

SO1

I Sheet

2 of

3ev
iteel Building yesign: yesign Data

Geometric properties: A = 113 cmz = 11300mmz;i, = 11.2 cm = 112mm; i, = 6.55 cm = 65.5mm; tt = 17.3mm; ct/t+=6.38; c,Jt,+= 19.4 Material properties: Yield strength J, = 265 N / m m z since 16 > tt 2 4 0 m m Check cross-section classification under pure compression: Need only check that section is not Class 4 (slender) For outstandjange cr/tiE 5 14

9 s EN '0025-2 9 s EN '993-1-1 rable 5.2

For web c,/t,& 5 42

E=&

235

= 0.94

Actual cr/tie = 7.04/0.94 = 6.77; within limit Actual c,/t,e = 20.4/0.94 = 20.7; within limit :.Section is not Class 4 Cross-section compression resistance: N , Rii
= -= 11300x265x10-~7 = 2 9 9 5 k N > 1 2 5 0 k N = N ,

Yuo

1.0

OK

9 s EN '993-1-1 71 6.2.4

Effective lengths: L,,! = 1.0 L = 1.0 x 12000 = 12000mm for buckling about the y-y axis L,r,z= 1.0 L = 1.0 x 4000 = 4000mm for buckling about the z-z axis. Non-dimensional slendernesses:

Buckling curves. For major axis buckling, use buckling curve '6' For minor axis buckling, use buckling curve 'c'. Buckling reduction ,factors

3s EN '993-1-1 rable 6.2

x:

SO2

Worked example
Sheet 3 of 3

Pinned Column with Intermediate Lateral Restraints

@> = 0.5[1+ .(I,, - 0.2)+

Rev
BS EN 199.3- I - I C16.3.1.2

I:] = 0.5[1+0.34(1.21- 0.2)+ 1.21'1 = 1.40

= 0.47 _C

XY
@?

1
= @,

, ,

+,/=1

1 1.40+41.402 -1.212

1.0 BS E N 199.31-1 C1 6.3.1.2

= 0.5[1+

- 0.2)

+I : ] = 0.5[1+0.49(0.69- 0.2)+ 0.69'1 = 0.86

1
- 0.692

X? =

O?

+, / =

0.86 + 40.86'

= 0.73 _C 1.O

BS E N 199.31-1 CI 6.3.1.1

: . Use 254 x 254 x 89 UC in grade S275 steel.

522

Worked example
The S t e ~ l

Job No. Job Title

Subject Client

Sheet 1 of 2

Rev

Construction Institute

Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET

Beam example 1
Made by

Beam example 1 Rolled Universal Beam using Design Tables Problem

Determine the cross-section classification and moment resistance for a 5.73 x 210 x 82 U K B when used as a beam in ( I ) S275 steel and (2) S355 steel.
(1) Using S27S steel

From Reference 2, page C-66, cross-section is Class I and Mc.,.RII = 566 k N m Alternatively, from Reference 2, page B-4: cl/tr = 6.58, c J t , = 49.6, W,,,,, = 2060 cm' Yield strength f , = 275N/mmz since ti = 13.2mm 1 1 6 m m
E=

BS EN 10025-2

6
235

= 0.92

From Table 5.1 of BS EN 1993-1-1: For a Class I outstand flange in compression: ct/t+& I9 For a Class 1 web in bending: Actual cI/tl" = 6.58/0.92
= 7.12; within = 53.7;

BS EN 1993-1-1
Table 5.1 c , / t , ~I72 limit

Actual c , / t , = ~ 49.6/0.92

within limit

: . Cross-section is Class I
BS EN 199.7-1-1 C16.2.5(2)

(2) Using S3SS steel

From Reference 2, page 0-66 cross-section is Class I and Mc,,,Kd = 731 k N m

Worked example
Beam example 1
Alternatively, from Reference 2, page B-4: ct/tt= 6.58, c,+ / t , = 49.6, W pl,= 2060 cm' Yield strength J = 355 N / m m 2 since ti = 13.2mm I 16mm
Sheet 2 of 2

523

Rev

BS EN 10025-2

From Table 5.1 of BS EN 1993-1-1: For a Class 1 outstandjange in compression: c,/t,e 5 9 For a Class 1 web in bending: c, /t,& 5 72 Actual ct/tt&= 6.58/0.81 = 8.09; within limit Actual c , / t , & = 49.6/0.81 = 61.0; within limit

BS EN 1993-1-1 Table 5.1

: . Cross-section is Class I
BS EN 1993-1-1 C16.2.5(2)

524

Worked example
I

The S t e ~ l Construction

Job No. Job Title

Sheet 1 of 3

Rev

Institute

Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (0 1344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET

Client

Beam example 2 Laterally restrained Universal Beam Problem

Select a suitable U K B in S275 steel to ,function as a simply supported beam carrying a 140mm thick solid concrete slab together with an imposed load of 7.0 k N / m Z .The beam span is 7.2m and beams are spaced at 3.6 m intervals. The slab may be assumed capable of providing continuous lateral restraint to the beam's top ,flange. Assume a concrete density o,f 2400 kg/m-' and a deflection limit of span/360.
I )

7.2m

Due to the lateral restraint from the concrete slab, there is no possibility of lateral torsional buckling, so design the beam for: i) ii) Cross-section bending resistance Shear resistance

iii) Dejections

Loading
Assume self-weight o,f beam
= 1.0 k N / m

Permanent load (concrete slab) =2400 x9.81 x 0.14 x 10-3 ~ 3 . 6 = 11.9 k N / m Variable imposed loading Design combination at U L S Design ultimate moment Mbd
= 7.0 x 3 6
= (1.35 x l l . 0 +11.9]) = 55.2

= 25.2 k N / m

+ (1.5 ~ 2 5 . 2 =55.2 ) kN/m

= 357.5

x 7.22/8

kNm

Design ultimate shear force Vbd= 55.2 x 7.2/2

= 198.6 kN

Initial sizing
Adopting S275 steel and assuming no material is greater than 16mm thick (to be confirmed later), the nominal yield strength f,is 275 N/mmz.

BS EN
10025-2

Worked example
Beam example 2

525

Sheet2of3

I Rev

Assuming that the cross-section is Class 1 or 2 in bending (to be confirmed when a section is chosen): Required W,,,=357.5 x106/275 =1.30 x l b m m ' =1300 cm' From section tables, a 457 x 1 5 2 x 6 7 U K B has a value of W,,,, of 1450 cm', and a self-weight less than that assumed. Maximum component thickness is,flange thickness ti = 15.0mm I 1 6 . 0 m m : . f, =275 N / m m 2 is OK.

BS EN 10025-2

Check cross-section classification

From Table 5.1 of BS EN 199.7-1-1: For a Class I outstand flange in compression: ct /ti&I9 For a Class 1 web in bending: c,/t,& 5 72 Actual c,/tle Actual c,/t,&
= 4.15/0.92 = 4.49;

BS EN 1993-1-1 Table 5.2

within limit limit

= 45.3/0.92 = 49.0; within

: . Cross-section is Class I .
Bending resistance M , , , , ~ ,= wpiyfy ,for class I or 2 cross-sections BS EN 1993-1-1 C16.2.5

YWI
M,,,,H, = 1 4 5 0 x 1 0 ' x 2 7 5 x 1 0 4 =398.8kNm>.357.5 k N m 1.oo

: .

Cross-section resistance in bending is OK. BS EN 199.3- I - I (26.2.6

Shear resistance

For a rolled 1-section, loaded parallel to the web, the shear area A, is given by:

A, = A -2btl

+ (t- + 2r)tl

(but not less than qh,t,)

From U K N A to BS EN 199.7-1-5, 11 = 1.0. With 11 = 1.0, A , > q h , t , for all U K B and UKC.

U K N A to BS EN 199.3-1-5

526

Worked example
Sheet 3 of 3

Beam example 2

Rev

: .

A, =8560 - (2 x153.8 x15.0)

+ (9.0 +[2 x10.2]) x15.0 =4387mm2

: .

Shear resistance is OK

Dejections
Check deflection under unfactored variable loads.

U K N A to BS EN I 99.3- I - I

Assumed deflection limit is span/360 = 7200/360 = 20.0mm Actual deflection:

ij--=

5 WL' 384 E I

5 x 25.2 x 7200' = 14.5mm c 20.0 mm 384 x 210000 x 28900 x l o 4

: .

Dejections OK

: . Use 457 x 152 x 67 U K B in Grade S275 steel.

Worked example

527
Rev

'

ThsStesl Construction

Job No. Job Title

Sheet 1 of 2

Institute

Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET

Made by

Date

I 2010

Date

2010

Beam example 3 Laterally unrestrained Universal Beam Problem

For the same loading and support conditions of example 2, select a suitable U K B in S275 steel assuming that the member must now be designed as laterally unrestrained. It is not now possible to arrange the calculations in such a way that a direct choice of section can be made (since susceptibility to lateral torsional buckling is not yet known); an iterative design approach is therefore required. In this example, the simplified method set out in NCCI SN002 and referred to as Method 3 in Reference 7 will be employed. Try 610 x 2 2 9 x 125 U K B Geometric properties:
h =612.2mm; c+/tt= 4.89; W,>,,! = 3680 cm' b =229.0mm; c,+ /t,+= 46.0; = 3680 x 1O'mm'

t, =11.9mm; tr=19.6mm; iL= 4.97 cm = 49.7mm;

Steel Building Design: Design Data B S EN 10025-2

Maximum component thickness is j a n g e thickness ti = 19.6mm > 16.0mm : . J, =265 N/mmz. Check cross-section classification:
E=&

235

= 0.94

From Table 5.1 of BS EN 199.7-1-1: For a Class 1 outstand j a n g e in compression: cr/trE I9 For a Class 1 web in bending: c,/t,& I 7 2 Actual cr/tiE = 4.89/0.94 =5.19; within limit Actual c , /t,E = 46.0/0.94 = 48.8; within limit B S EN I 99.3- I - I Table 5.2

: . Cross-section is Class I
Using NCCI SN002 (Method 3 o,f Reference 7), lateral torsional buckling slenderness is defined as:

528

Worked example

Beam example 3
?LIT

Sheet2of2

Rev

1 =puvxz& fi

pbv = 1.0 for a Class 1 or 2 section. Take

UV = 0.9.

For the present shape of bending moment diagram,

&

= 0.94

Table 17.7

.'. L I T = -UVxZ&

fi

= 0.94 x 0.9 x 1.64 = 1.39

Buckling curve selection: h / h = 612.2/229.0 = 2.67 For the case of rolled and equibalent welded sections, for I-sections with
2-< h / b 53.1, use buckling curve 'c' (a = 0.49). For rolled sections, , 0 = 0.75 and 0 = 0.4.

U K NA to BS EN 1993-1-1

Buckling reduction factor xLI :

011

= 0 4 1+ ~

(111 I - 111 o) +/%I

BS EN
199.7-1 -1 C16.3.2.3

=0.5[1+0.49(1.39-0.4)+(0.75~1.39~)] =1.46
1
Ol1

XIT=

+,/=

= 0.44

1.46+41.462 - 0 . 7 5 ~ 1 . 3 9 ~

Lateral torsional buckling resistance.

M hRii

=xrTW, -= 0.44 x 3680 x

YMl

f t

I .o = 424.7 k N m < 357.5 k N m = Mrcl

10'

265

BS EN
199.7-1 -1 C16.3.2.1

:.OK

Since section is larger than before, V,,, and 6 will also he satisfactory.

: . Use 610 x229 x 125 U K B in Grade S275 steel.

Worked example
The S t e ~ l Construction

529
Rev

Job No. Job Title

Sheet 1 of 4

Institute

Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET

Made by

Date Date

I 2010

2010

Beam example 4 Universal beam supporting point loads Problem

Select a suitable U K B in S275 steel to carry a pair o,f point loads at the third points transferred by cross-beams as shown in the accompanying sketch.
1145k~

A
& &

B
3.0 m
A

C
3.0 m
A
Y

Ill6

kN D
+ A 7

3.0 m
X

"

The cross-beams may reasonably be assumed to provide full lateral and torsional restraint at B and C; assume further that ends A and D are similarly restrained. Thus the actual level o,f transfer o,f load at B and C (relative to the main beam's shear centre) will have no effect; the general lateral torsional buckling aspects of the design are therefore to consider the segments AB, BC and C D separately. In this example, the simplified method set out in N C C l SN002 and referred to as Method 3 in Reference 7 will be employed. From statics, the bending moment diagram ( B M D ) and shear force diagram (SFD) are as follows:
BMD

SFD

135 kN

For initial trial section, select a U K B with Mc.RII > 406 k N m

126 kN

10 kN

A 457 x 152 x 74 U K B is Class 1 and provides Mc,Kd = 431 k N m . Given that each o,f the unrestrained segments (AB, BC and C D ) have the same length ( L ( ,= 3.0 m), it is clear f r o m the B M D that segment B C is critical (since it contains the most severe magnitude and distribution of bending moments). Therefore, only segment B C need be considered for lateral torsional buckling.

Steel Building Design: Design Data

530

Worked example

Beam example 4
Try 457 x 152 x 74 U K B Geometric properties: h = 462.0mm; h = 154.4mm; t , = 9.6mm; ti = 17.0mm; cl /ti = 3.66; c, / t , = 42.5; iz = 3.33 cm = 33.3 mm; Wz,,,,, = 16.70 cm' = 16.70 x IO'mm-'

Sheet2of4

Rev

Steel Building Design: Design Data

Maximum component thickness is,flange thickness tt = 19.6mm > 16.0mm : . f , =265 N/mmz Using NCCI SN002 (Method 3 of Reference 7),lateral torsional buckling slenderness is defined as:

BS EN 10025-2

For class I or 2 sections, = 1.0. Conservatively ,for I-sections, take UV = 0.9. For the ratio of end moments t y =377/406 = 0.93, 1I& = 0.98 (by interpolation) from Table 16.7 (Table 6.4 of Reference 7).

Table 17.7

A L,, tiz - 3000133.3 A,=>== 1.02

~

A 1

Ll

88.4

: .

%IT

= -UVnz&

&

= 0.98 ~

0 .x 91 . 0 2 ~ 1 . 0 = 0.90

Buckling curve selection: h / h = 462.0/154.4 = 2.99 For the case of rolled and equivalent welded sections, for I-sections with 2 < h / h 53.1, use buckling curve 'c' ( a = 0.49). For rolled sections, p = 0.75 and Buckling reduction factor xLI :
=0

U K N A to BS EN 1993-1-1

1 ,T O = 0.4.
BS EN 1993-1-1 C 1 6.3.2.3

4 1+ a r T ( z r

-n,TO)+@,'T]
I
= 0.70

= 0.5[I

+ 0.49(0.90- 0.4) + (0.75x 0.90')] = 0.92

XLI

=
QL1

+,/a= +
0.92 40.92'
- 0.75 x

0.90'

Worked example
Beam example 4
Lateral torsional buckling resistance: M,,,, = xLI W,

531

I S h e e t 3 o f 4 I Rev
3

f
~

265 = 0.70 x 16.70 x lo7 x

~

YA41

I .o

BS EN I 99.3- I - I

= 303 k N m c 406 k N m

=ME()

: .

C16.3.2.1

Not OK, try larger section

Try 457 x I91 x 82 UKB Geometric properties:

h =460.0mm;b =191..Zmm;t, =9.9mm;tt=16.0mm;

iL= 4.23 cm = 42.3mm; Wpi,= 18.70 cm = 18.30 x IOmm; Section is Class I

A = l o 4 cmz =10400mmz;1, =37100 cm4=371 x1O6mm4.

Maximum component thickness is,flange thickness ti = 16.0mm I 1 6 . 0 m m :.f, =275 N / m m 2 A s above, using NCCI SN002 (Method 3 of Reference 7), lateral torsional buckling slenderness is defined as:

Steel Building Design: Design Data BS EN

10025-2

For Class 1 or 2 sections, ,BN,= 1.0. Conservatively for I-sections, take UV = 0.9. As above, ratio o,f end moments =377/406 = 0.9.3. : . ll&=O.98.

Table 17.7

/-1 = 2. = 2 L,, I i.

2.1

A1

3000 I 42.3 = o,82 86.8

..Air = - l J V ~ z & = 0 . 9 8 ~ 0 . 9 ~ 0 . 8 2 ~ l . 0 = 0 . 7 2

J c

Buckling curve selection: h/b

= 460.0/191.3 = 2.40

For the case of rolled and equivalent welded sections, for I-sections with
2 < h / b 53.1, use buckling curve c (a = 0.49). For rolled sections, 2.Ll 0 = 0.4.

p = 0.75 and

U K N A to BS EN I 99.3- I - I

Buckling reduction factor XL1:

OL1= 0.5[1+ aLl

(xLl xLl,,) + ,B&

-

BS EN
1993-1-1

= 0.5[1+ 0.49(0.72- 0.4) + (0.75 x 0.72)] = 0.77

Cl 6.3.2.3

X I T

1
OL1+

= 0.77 + 40.772- 0.75 x 0.722

= 0.81

532

Worked example

Beam example 4
Lateral torsional buckling resistance:

Sheet4of4

Rev

Mh

275 xrT W , -= 0.81 x 1830 x 10' -x Y'VI 1.0

f t

= 409 k N m

> 406 k N m = Mro

: . OK

BS EN 199.7-1 -1 C1 6.3.2.1

A 457 x191 x 8 2 U K B provides sufficient resistance to lateral torsional buckling for segment BC and, by inspection, also segments A B and CD. The beam is therefore satisfactory in bending.
Shear resistance:

BS E N
1993-1-1 C 1 6.2.6

For a rolled I section, loaded parallel to the web, the shear area A, is given by:
A, = A - 2htt + (t,, + 2r)tt

(hut not less than qh,+t,,) U K N A to BS E N 1993-1-5

for all U K B From U K N A to B S E N 1993-1-5, q =1.0. With q =l.O, A, > qhlh,t, and UKC.

: . A, = 10400 (2 x 191.3 x 16.0) + (9.9 + [2 x 10.21) x 16.0 = 474.3mmz

~

: . Shear resistance is O K
Dejections: Check deflection under unfactored variable loads. Assume for initial design that the point loads can be represented as a U D L and that the design loads can be factored down by 1.5 to estimate the serviceability loads. Assumed dejection limit is span/360 Assumed serviceability U D L w = Actual deflection.
ij---=
= 3000/360 = 25.0 mm

U K N A to BS EN 199.7-1 -1

145+116 = 19.3 k N / m
1.5~9

5 wL4 384 EI

5 x 19.3 x 9000' = 21.2 mm < 25.0 mm 384 x 210000 x 371 x lo6

: . OK

Beam is clearly satisfactory for dejection since these (approximate) calculations have used the full load and not just the imposed (variable) load.

: .

Use 457 x 191 x 82 U K B in Grade S275 steel.

Worked example
The S t e ~ l Construction

553
Rev

Job No. Job Title

Sheet 1 of 10

Institute

Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET

Client

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Date Date

Plate girders Plate girder design example Design brief

The plate girder shown below is ,fully laterally restrained along its length. For the design loading spec@ed below, design a transversely stiffened plate girder in S275 steel.

I
A

9350

11300

9350

1
30000 Plate girder span and loading

1
UDL Point loads

Actions (loading)
Permanent actions:

gk =25 k N / m
G k = 200 k N

Variable actions:

UDL Point loads

qk =40 k N / m
Qk = 450 k N

Partialvfactorsvforactions
Partial factor for permanent actions Partial ,factor for variable actions Reduction factor for permanent actions

BS EN 1990

x;= 1.35

x)= 1.50
5
=0.925

ULS combination qf actions

Design U D L Design point loads
F d = (1.35 x

0.925 ~ 2 5 + ) (1.5 x 40) = 91.2 k N / m 0.925 ~ 2 0 0 + ) (1.5 x 450) = 925 k N

F d = (1.35 x

554

Worked example

Plate girder design example

Sheet 2 of 10

Rev

Design shear-force and bending moment diagrams

The shear force and bending moment diagrams corresponding to the U L S design loads are shown below.

1550

3900 3900
L L

5650
L

5650
L

3900 3900
L

1550

30000

A B

Shear force kN

w 1 _ 1 J /
11142

17453 Bending moment kNm

18909

Design shear forces, bending moments and stiffener spacing

Initial sizing

ofplate pirder

The recommended span/depth ratio for simply supported non-composite plate girders ranges between 12 for short span girders and 20 for long span girders. Herein the depth is assumed to be span/l5.

Estimate flange area assuming Lt = 255 N/mmz (i.e. assuming 4 0 m m <ti < 6 . 7 mm).

BS E N 10025-2

For non-composite plate girders, the flange width is usually within the range of 0.3 and 0.5 of the depth. Assume afEange 750 x50 =37500mm2. The minimum web thickness for plate girders in buildings is usually t , 2 h , J 1 2 4 ~ to ensure a non-slender section. Assume the web thickness t , = 1 5 m m , slightly less than that required for a Class 3 section due to proposed transverse stiffening.

554

Worked example

Plate girder design example

Sheet 2 of 10

Rev

Design shear-force and bending moment diagrams

The shear force and bending moment diagrams corresponding to the U L S design loads are shown below.

1550

3900 3900
L L

5650
L

5650
L

3900 3900
L

1550

30000

A B

Shear force kN

w 1 _ 1 J /
11142

17453 Bending moment kNm

18909

Design shear forces, bending moments and stiffener spacing

Initial sizing

ofplate pirder

The recommended span/depth ratio for simply supported non-composite plate girders ranges between 12 for short span girders and 20 for long span girders. Herein the depth is assumed to be span/l5.

Estimate flange area assuming Lt = 255 N/mmz (i.e. assuming 4 0 m m <ti < 6 . 7 mm).

BS E N 10025-2

For non-composite plate girders, the flange width is usually within the range of 0.3 and 0.5 of the depth. Assume afEange 750 x50 =37500mm2. The minimum web thickness for plate girders in buildings is usually t , 2 h , J 1 2 4 ~ to ensure a non-slender section. Assume the web thickness t , = 1 5 m m , slightly less than that required for a Class 3 section due to proposed transverse stiffening.

Worked example
Plate girder design example

555

Sheet 3 of 10

I Rev

Cross-section classtfication
lnitial sizing proposed a plate girder with 750 x 5 0 m m janges and 2000 x l 5 m m web. Check cross-section classification. Flange: For tt = 50mm, J,+ = 255 N / m m 2

BS EN 10025-2

Ignoring weld size in determination o,f plate width.

Cf

= -

750-15 =367.5 mm 2

9= 367.5 = 7.35
tf

50 BS EN I 99.3- I - I Table 5.2

Limiting slenderness for Class 1 jange is 9~ = 8.64 > 7.35

: . Flange is Class I
Web: For t , = 15mm, L,,+=275 N / m m 2

BS EN 10025-2

6
235

= 0.92

Ignoring weld size in determination o,f plate width.

c , = 2000mm

= 114.63 < 133 Limiting slenderness ,for Class 3 web in bending is 1 2 4 ~

BS EN 1993-1-1 Table 5.2

: .

Web is Class 4.

Since

h- > 7
~

2 ~ =7 2= ~66.56, the web must be checked for shear buckling.

w t

rl

BS EN 1993-1-1 C16.2.6(6)

556

Worked example

Plate girder design example

Sheet 4 of 10

Rev

Dimensions qf web and-flanges

Assume stiffener spacing a > h, Minimum web thickness to avoid serviceability problems:

h 2000 t , =152-=-=8,0mm 250 250

OK

To avoid the,flanges buckling into the web: BS E N I 99.7-1 -5 C18(1)

Bending moment resistance

For sections with class 1-3flanges but a class 4 web, it may be assumed that the bending moment is resisted by the janges alone while the web is designed to carry the shear only. The bending resistance of the janges alone MI,Hd = Ahl x (h, + t,)
= (750 x50 x 2 5 5 )

x (2000 + 50)/106 = 1960.? k N m

OK

MrKd = 19603 > M,,,,, = 18909 k N m

Shear bucklinp resistance cf end (anchor) panel A B

The shear resistance of panel A B will be calculated assuming a non-rigid end post, with the reduced capacity compensated for by closer stiffener spacing. The contribution o,f the,flanges will be ignored, as described above.
h,
= 2000mm; a = 1550mm;

LN, = 275 N / m m 2 ;V,,

= 2293

kN

Web aspect ratio a / h , = 1550/2000 = 0.78 Buckling coefficient (for a / h , < 1): k , = 4.00 + 5..?4(h,+Iaj2 = 4.00 +5.34(2000/1550)2 = 12.89 Web slenderness: 2000
= 1.07

BS EN I 99.7-1 -5 C1 A.3(1)

BS EN 1993-1-5 c 1 5..?(.7)

Web buckling reduction factor (for non-rigid end post):

I>, <1.08 :.x

0.83 0.83 =-=-=0.77 A,+ 1.07

BS EN 1993-1-5 C15.3 ( I )

Shear resistance of web V,,,,,:

BS EN 1993-1-5 C15.2(1)

Worked example
Plate girder design example

557

Sheet 5 of 10

I Rev

Shear buckling resistance qf panel BC

The shear panel resistance of the end panel B C is calculated assuming a rigid end post but ignoring the contribution of the flange.
h, = 2000mnz; a = 3900mm; f,N = 275 N/mmz; V,, = 2152 kN

Web aspect ratio a / h , =3900/2000 = 1.95 Buckling coefficient (for a/h, 2 1): k , = 5.34 + 4.00(h, la)' = 5.34 + 4.00(2000/3900)2 = 6.39 Web slenderness:

BS EN
199.3-1-5 Cl A.3(1)

BS EN
h, 2000 = 1.53 .Z7.4tbV&&= 37.4 x 15 x 0 . 9 2 m
1993-1-5 Cl 5..?(.?)

I"=

0'76g=
Vb,+.RII:

Web buckling reduction factor (for rigid end post).

BS E N
1993-1-5 C15.3(1)

Shear resistance of web

BS EN
OK
199.3-1 -5

C15.2(1)
Shear buckling resistance of panel DE
The shear resistance of panel D E is calculated assuming a rigid end post bul ignoring the contribution of the jange.

h , = 2000mnz; a = 3900mm; J,,+ = 275 N/mm2;Vr, = 515 k N

Web aspect ratio a / h ,
= 5650/2000 = 2.83

Buckling coefficient (for a/h,+2 I): k , = 5.34 + 4 . 0 0 ( h , l ~=5.34 )~ + 4.00(2000/5650)2 = 5.84 Web slenderness:
"f'W

BS EN
1993-1-5 Cl A..Z(I)

BS EN
199.3-1-5

h
37.4t,~&-

"v=o'76&=

2000 = 1.60 37.4x15~0.92J584

C15.3(3)

Web buckling reduction factor (for rigid end post):

BS EN
1993-1-5 C15.3(1)

1 ) " 2 1.08 : . xbV =

1.37 1.37 = 0.60 (0.7+1,+)- (0.7+1.60)

Shear resistance of web V,,,,,:

BS EN
1993-1-5 C15.2(1)

558

Worked example

Plate girder design example

Sheet 6 of 10

Rev

Design qf bearing stijfener at A

The bearing stiffener at A should be designed for the compressive force due to the support reaction equal to 229.7 k N The single (double-sided) stiffener constitutes a non-rigid end post and does not therefore need to be designed to resist any tensile anchorage ,force. Try double-sided stiffening consisting of two j u t s 280 x24mm (i.e. h, = 280mm; t, =24mm) Check outstands: For t, = 24mm, J, = 265 N/mmz

BS EN 10025-2

235
E=&

= 0.94

h, = 28Oll.W, = 13 x 0.94 x 24 = 294mm

Since h , I t , l l 3 . 0 ~ torsional buckling is avoided, as is local buckling since h 3 I t , l l 4 . 0 e which is the class 3 limit for a compressed outstand. The effective stiffener section comprises the area of the stiffeners themselves, plus an effective web width equal to 15a, =15 xO.92 x15 =208mm (where E relates to the web material) either side o,f the stiffeners, where such material is available. A t location A, at the end of the plate girder, web material is available on one side of the stiffeners only. The effective stiffener section is shown below:

BS EN I 99.7-1 -5 C1 9.2.1 (8)

24

i i
z

Effective stiffener section at A

It is assumed that the support reaction acts at the centroid o,f the effective stiffener section, such that there is no bending moment induced. The effective stiffener section will therefore he designed to resist an axial compression equal to the support reaction Nbd =2293 kN. It is assumed that both ends of the stiffeners are fixed laterally such that their effective length may he taken as 0.75h,. Effective stiffener properties:
A, = (2 x 280 x 24) + (I208 + 241 x 15) = 16920mm2

I,, = (24 x[15 + 2 x280]'/12) + (208 x15'/12) =380.28 x10'mm4

Worked example
Plate girder design example

559

Sheet 7 of 10

Rev

Stiffener cross-section resistance:

N,R,i

= -= 16920

Yuo

1.0

265 x

= 4484

kN > 2293 kN

= Nro

OK

Stiffener buckling resistance:

a,

rfi J F
= = 88.4

L,, =0.75h,+=0.75 x2000 = 1500mm

BS EN 1993-1-5 C19.4(2)

Since

1c 0.2, buckling effects may be ignored and only cross-section checks apply.

BS EN 1993-1-1 C16.3.1.2(4)

Design qf intermediate transverse stijfeners at B and C

The stiffeners at B and C should be designed to have a minimum stiffness and sufficient buckling resistance to withstand a compressive axial force, Pro, arising from the tension field. For panels BC and CD, a = 3900mm. Try double-sided stiffening consisting o,f two flats 80 x 15mm (i.e. h, 80mm; t, = 1 5 m m ) Check outstands: Fort, = 1 5 m m , f , =275N/mm2

BS EN 10025-2

E=

6
235

= 0.92

h, = 80113&t,= 13 x 0.92 x 15 = 180mm

Since h , l t , l l 3 . 0 s torsional buckling is avoided, as is local buckling since h , i t , l l 4 . 0 ~which is the Class 3 limit for a compressed outstand. The effective stiffener section comprises the area of the stiffeners themselves plus an effective web width equal to 1 5 ~ t = , 15 x 0.92 x 15 = 208mm (where E relates to the web material) either side of the stiffeners, where such material is available. The effective stiffener section ,for locations B and C is shown below:

BS EN 199.3-1 -5 Cl 9.2.1 (8)

560

Worked example

Plate girder design example

I Sheet 8 of 10 I

Rev

Effective stiffener section at B and C

Check minimum stiffness:

= 0 . 7 5 ~ 2 0 0 0 ~ 1=5.06x106 5 mm4 Minimum I,, =0.75h,t5:

BS EN 1993-1-5 c 1 9.3.3(.7)

Actual I , , = ( 1 5 ~ [ 1 5 + 2 ~ 8 0 ] - /+ 12 (2 ) x 2 0 8 ~ 1 5 / 1 2=6.82x106mma ) Actual I,, = 6.82 x 1O6 > Required I,, = 5.06 x 106mm4 Douhle-sided intermediate transverse stiffeners are designed to resist a compressive axial force Pbd,where, for a 2 h,:

BS EN 1993-1-5 C 1 NA.2.7
qkd = 0 for a symmetric section; Vkd= 2152 kN L = kzor
0 k

= -

12(1- v) b

[r

= 190000

[ir

= 190000

2000

= 10.7 Nimm

For a / h , 2 1, k, = 5.34 + 4.00(h,Jajz = 5.34

+ 4.00(200/.7900)2= 6.39

BS EN I 99.7-1 -5 Annex A.3

PA*

= Vb, - 0.8z,h,t,

0.80, I =2152-(0.8x68.2x2000x15x10-) =514 kN

0, rii
~

Worked example
Plate girder design example

561

Sheet 9 of 10

I Rev

Effective stiffener properties:

A, = ( 2 x 8 0 ~ 1 5 + ) (12 x 2 0 8 +15] ~ 1 5 =8865mmz )

I,, = (15 x 11.5 + 2 x 80/-'/12) + (2 x 208 x I f ' / l 2 ) = 6.82 x 106mm4

Stiffener cross-section resistance: N , R,i

= -=

Yuo

X275 x lo-' I .o

= 2438

k N > 514 k N

= Pro

OK

Stiffener buckling resistance.

L,, = 0.75h,+= 0.75 x 2000 = 1500mm

BS EN 1993-1-5 C19.4(2)

For buckling of stiffeners, use buckling curve 'c', which has a n imperfection factor a = 0.49.

BS EN 199.3-1 -5 Cl 9.4(2)

0 = 0.5[1+a(n- 0.2) + 1 ' 1 = 0.5[1+0.49(0.62 - 0.2) + 0.622]= 0.80

BS EN 1993-1-1 Cl 6.3.1.2

X=

1
0 + -=
=-=

1
0.80 + .\/0.802- 0.62'

=0.77II.O

NhHd

Af,
YWl

0.77~8865~275 x10~i=1881kN>514kN=Pbd 1.0

OK

BS EN 1993-1-1 Cl 6.3.1.1

Design of intermediate load-bearing stiffener at D

The stiffener at D should be designed to have a minimum stiffness and sufficient buckling resistance to withstand the externally applied load at D of 92 kN plus a compressive axial ,force Pro arising f r o m the tension ,field. Try double-sided stiffening consisting of two j u t s 80 x 1 5 m m (i.e. h, = 80mm; t, = 15mm), as employed at B and C - see above Figure. The minimum stiffness requirements are satisfied as before.

562

Worked example

Plate girder design example

Sheet 10 of 10

Rev

For panels DE, a = 5650mm. For a 2 h,,, the compressibe axial force Pro is given by:

BS EN 1993-1-5 C 1 NA.2.7

orbd

= 0 for

a symmetric section; Vbd= 1440 kN

L = kzor

For a/h,+2 I , k , = 5.34

+ 4.00(h,Ja)2 = 5.34 + 4.00(200/5650)2 = 5.84

BS EN 1993-1-5 Annex A.3

q r = k Z o b=5.84x10.7=62.4Nlmmz

=1440-(0.8x62.4x2000x15x10") =-96.7kN

:.Take Pro = 0.

The total compressive ,force to he resisted is therefore 925 + 0 = 925 k N Buckling resistance of the stiffener (as above) NI,,Hd = 1881 k N > 925 kN

OK

Final girder dimensions and details

Based on the above calculations, the final plate girder dimensions and details are as below:

All intermediate stiffeners

1550

J
' 3

13900 13900
c

1 5650

5650

13900 13900
c

c (

1 , 1550
/

30000

Final plate girder details

586

Worked example
The S t e ~ l Construction

Job No. Job Title

Sheet 1 of 3

Rev

Institute

Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET

Client

Made by

Date

I 2010

Beam-column example 1 Rolled Universal Column Problem

Select a suitable UKC in S275 steel to carry safely a combination of 840kN in direct compression and a uniform bending moment about the minor axis of 12 kNm, over an unsupported height of 3.6 m.

_I
W

Try 2 0 . 7 x20.3 x 60 UKC in S275 steel member capacity tables suggest a minor axis buckling resistance Nh,i,Hd of approximately 1400 kN will provide correct sort o,f margin to carry the moment.
~

Steel Building Design: Design Data

Partial factors:
7/uo = 1.0; 7/Ul = 1.0

U K N A to BS EN 1993-1-1

Geometric properties:
h b = 205.8mm; c , / t , =17.1; i, = 8.96 cm = 89.6mm; iz = 5.20 cm WIJl,, = 656 cm' = 656 x 10' mm ' ;
cl /ti = 6.20;
= 209.6mm;

t , = 9.4mm; ti =14.2mm; A = 76.4 cm2 = 7640mm2; = 52.0mm; WIJl,? = 305 cm' = 305 x l O'mm ' ;

Steel Building Design: Design Data

Material properties. Yield strength f ,

= 275 N/mmz since

ti < 16mm

B S EN 10025-2

Check cross-section classijkation: For a Class I outstand flange in compression ct /tie 5 9 BS EN 1993-1-1 Table 5.2

Worked example
Beam-column example 1
For a Class I web in compression c,/t,bE 5.5
E=&

587

Sheet2of3

Rev

235

= 0.92

Actual ct/t,&= 6.20/0.92 = 6.70; within limit Actual c,/t,& =17.1/0.92 =18.5; within limit Cross-section is Class I under pure compression, so will also be Class I under the more favourable stress distribution arising from compression plus bending.

Major and minor axis column buckling resistances

Effective lengths:

L,,, = 1.0 L = 1.0 x3600 =3600mm for buckling about the y-y axis
L,r,z=1.0 L =1.0 x3600 =3600mm for buckling about the z-z axis Non-dimensional column slendernesses:

fi
-

-=a \ 1 F = 8 6 . 8
~

-L=-

A A,

L,, , l i ,

A,

3600189.6 =o,46 86.8

A=_=
A 1

A,

L c , z l i z- 3600152.0 = 0.80 A 1 86.8

Buckling curves: h / b =209.6/205.8 = 1.02 < 1.2. For major axis buckling, use buckling curve 6 (a = 0.34) For minor axis buckling, use buckling curve c ( a = 0.49) Buckling reduction factors X:
O,, = 0.5[1+a(%,, -0.2) +%,:I = 0.5[1+0.34(0.46 -0.2) +0.46] = 0.65

BS EN 1993-1-1 Table 6.2

XY

0, +

JG0.65 + 40.65
+ %.!I

BS EN 1993-1-1 C 1 6..Z.1.2

- 0.46

= 0.90 51.0

Oz = 0.5[1+a(/l.- 0.2)

= 0.5[1+0.49(0.80 - 0.2)

+ 0.802]= 0.96

BS EN 199.7-1 -1 C16.3.1.2

X? =

I
OZ

I
0.96 + 40.96
- 0.80

+, /-=

= 0.66 5 1 .O

588

Worked example

Beam-column example 1

Sheet3of3

Rev

OK

BS EN 199.3- I - I C16.3.1.1
BS EN 1993-1-1 C1 6.3.I . I

OK

Minor axis bending resistance

Combined axial load plus bending:

To verify resistance under combined axial loading plus bending, both Equations
6.61 and 6.62 of BS EN 199.7-1-1 must be satisfied. The major axis bending term is

absent in this example since M,,bd= 0. Maximum (conservative) values o,f kiLmay be taken from Table 18.1, as k,, = 0.6kzi. kzz= 2.4C,,,. For t y = 1, C,,z = 1.0 from Table B.3 of BS EN 1993-1-1.
.'.kzz=1.4C,,, =2.4 ~ 1 . =2.4; 0 k j Z=0.6k,, =0.6 ~ 2 . =1.44 4

BS EN 1993-1-1 Table B.3

.. .Nld +k,,Nil, RO

M,

bd
I

RO

12 840 +1.44-=0.44+0.21=0.65<1.0 1892 83.9

:.OK

BS EN 1993-1-1 Equation 6.61 BS EN 1993-1-1 Equation 6.62

.. .&
Ni,zRij

+kz2- M 7bd = 840 + 2.4- 12 = 0.60 + 0.34 = 0.95 < 1.O M c z ~ i j 1395 83.9
~

: . OK

Adopt 20.7 x20.7 x60 UKC

Worked example
The S t e ~ l Construction

589
Rev

Job No. Job Title

Sheet 1 of 8

Institute

Silwood Park. Ascot. Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET

Subject
Client

Beam-column example 2
I

Date

I 2010

Beam-column example 2 Rolled Universal Beam Problem

Check the suitability of a 533 x210 x 8 2 U K B in S355 steel for use as a column in a portal frame of clear height 5.6 m if the axial compression is 160kN, the moment at the top of the column is 530kNm and the base is pinned. Bending is about the major axis. The ends o,f the columns are adequately restrained against lateral displacement (i.e. out of plane) and rotation. Use Annex B of BS EN 1993-1-1 to determine the beam-column interaction ,factors.

Check initially over the full column height. Partial factors:

y v ( ,= 1.0; yv, = 1.0

U K N A to BS EN 199.7-1 -1

Geometric properties.

h = 528.3 mm; h = 208.8mm; t , = 9.6 mm; tt = 13.2mm; ct/tt = 6.55; c,Jt,+= 49.6; A = 105 cm2 = 10500mm2; i, =21.3 cm =213mm;i, =4.38cm =4.Z.8mm; W,,,, =2060 cm' =2060 x IO'mm'; W,,,, = .ZOO cm' = .ZOO x I 0' mm ' ;
Material properties: Yield strength J = 355 N/mmz since ti < 16mm

Steel Building Design: Design Data

BS E N 10025-2

590

Worked example

Beam-column example 2
Check cross-section classification: For a Class 1 outstand jange in compression cl/t,& I 9

Sheet 2 of 8

Rev

For a Class I web in bending c,Jt,E I 72

E=

BS EN 199.3-1-1 Table 5.2

6
235

= 0.81

Actual cl/tlc = 6.55/0.81

= 8.05; within

limit

Actual c,+/t,E= 49.6/0.81 = 61.0; within limit for pure bending Assume since compression of 160kN is very low compared with axial resistance of cross-section (A,f, = 10500 x355/10' =3727kN) that section is Class I under combined loading.

Major and minor axis column buckling resistances

Effective lengths:

L,,,, = 1.0 L = 1.0 x5600 =5600mm for buckling about the y-y axis L,,,
= 1.0

= 1.0

x 5600 = 5600mm for buckling about the z-z axis

Non-dimensional column slendernesses:

A, L,,

li,

5600/213 76.4

= 0.34

Buckling curves: h / b = 528.3/208.8 = 2.53 > 1.2. For major axis buckling, use buckling curve 'a' (a = 0.21) For minor axis buckling, use buckling curve 'b' ( a = 0.34) Buckling reduction factors

BS EN 1993-1-1 Table 6.2

x:
BS EN 1993-1-1 Cl 6..Z.1.2

@> = o . S [ l + ~ ( x , -0.2)+~~]=0.5[1+0.21(0.34-0.2)+0.342]=0.57 ,

X Y

0, +

d m = 0.57 + 40.572

- 0.34'

= 0.97 I I .O

O2=OS[I+a(/ZL -0.2)+/zf]=0.5[l+0.34(1.67-0.2)+1.672]=2.15

BS EN 1993-1-1 Cl 6..Z.1.2

Worked example
Beam-column example 2
1
O?

591

I
1
= 0.29 5 1.0
- 1.67'

Sheet 3 of 8

Rev

X? =

+d

n = 2.15 + 42.15'

Column buckling resistances:

BS E N 1993-1-1 C 1 6.3.I . I
BS EN 199.7-1 -1 C16.3.1.1

Lateral torsional buckling resistance

Non-dimensional beam slendernesses is determined using the simplified approach given in NCCI SN0026and Reference 2 as follows: NCCI SN002

For Class 1 or 2 sections, ,BN,= 1.0. Conservatively for I-sections, take UV = 0.9. For the ratio of end moments v =0, 1I& = 0.75 ,from Table 6.4 of Reference 2 see also Chapter 17.
-

For the case of rolled and equivalent welded sections, for I-sections with 2 < h / b 53.1, use buckling curve 'c' ( a = 0.49). For rolled sections, p = 0.75 and

A,, ,,,= 0.4.

Buckling reduction factor xL1:

U K N A to BS E N
1993-1-1

Or

= 0.5[1+ a1

T(xI

1, ")+ @ f T ]

= 0.5[1+ 0.49(1.13 - 0.4) (0.75 x I . 13')] = I . 16

BS E N 1993-1-1 C 1 6.3.2.3

XIT

1
OL1+ / , =

1
1.16 +41.162 - 0.75 x1.13'

= 0.56

Lateral torsional buckling resistance:

Mb

= X r T W, -= 0.56 x
YWI

f t

2060 x 10

= 412 kNm c 530 kNm = Mbd

355 10 1.0 : . Member fails

BS EN 199.7-1 -1 C16.3.2.1

Clearly the lateral torsional buckling resistance is insufficient. This may be Lmproved by adding bracing to reduce the minor axis buckling length and hence

LIT.

592

Worked example

Beam-column example 2 Add bracing to reduce minor axis buckling length

Estimate suitable bracing location as 1.6 m from top of column

Sheet 4 of 8

Rev

For minor z-z axis buckling and lateral torsional buckling (LTB), L,, = 1.6 m ,for the upper part of the member and 4.0 m for the lower part, while for major y-y axis buckling, L,, = 5.6rn. Major axis buckling resistance is therefore unaltered, while minor axis buckling resistance and L T B resistance are increased. For the upper part o,f the member, the bending moment varies linearly from 530kNm to 379kNm (= 530 x 4/5.6), while for the lower part of the member, the bending moment varies linearly ,from 379 k N m to zero.

For the upper part o f the member:

*530 kNm
E

I I I I \

Minor axis column buckling resistance

Effective length: L,,, =1.0 L =1.0 x1600 =1600mm for buckling about the z-z axis Non-dimensional column slenderness.

A L,,21ii -1600143.8 L, = 0.48 - L ~ ~

76.4

Buckling curve. h / b = 528.3/208.8 = 2.53 > 1.2. For minor axis buckling, use buckling curve 'b' (a = 0.34) Buckling reduction factor

BS EN 1993-1-1 Table 6.2

x:
BS EN 1993-1-1 Cl 6.3.1.2

Oz= 0.5[1+a(I? - 0.2) +I:] = 0.5[1+0.34(0.48 - 0.2) +0.482]= 0.66

Worked example
Beam-column example 2 I
Oz +

593

I
I
- 0.48'

Sheet 5 of 8

Rev

X? =

,/-=

0.66 + 40.66'

= 0.89 5 1.O

Column buckling resistance:

Nh,i,Rii =X,Af,= 0'89x10500x355 x10-' =3332kN ,160kN yu7 I .o =NEo

OK

BS E N 1993-1-1 C 1 6.3.I . I

Lateral torsional buckling resistance

Non-dimensional beam slendernesses is determined using the simplified approach given in NCCI SN0026 and Reference 2 as follows: NCCI SN002

For Class I or 2 sections, = 1.0. Conservatively for I-sections, take W = 0.9. For the ratio of end moments ly=379/5.?0 = 0.71, l l f i = 0.91 (by interpolation) from Table 6.4 of Reference 2 - see also Chapter 17.

Since

xLl c 0.4, there is n o reduction for lateral torsion buckling and M h K d M , ,

= = WZ,,> -= 2060 x

Hd.

M , , Ril

f,

ylvo

10

'355 x 10" I .o

= 731kNm >530kNm= Mr(1 :.OK

Combined axial load plus bending:

To verify resistance under combined axial loading plus bending, both Equations 6.61 and 6.62 of BS E N 199.7-1-1 must be satisfied. The minor axis bending term is absent in this example since M..,bd = 0. Values of k,,,,and kz,,are determined graphically from Figure 19.12. =0.89. For t,~=0.71,C,,, = 0 . 6 + 0 . 4 ~ 0 . 7 1

BS EN 199.7-1 -1 Table B.3

Figure 18.12 (a)

For
j

Nro
~

160= 0.04 and 1,= 0.34, k = 1.01,

3604 C,,,

Nh,Kd

k , , = 1.01x 0.89 = 0.89

Figure 18.12 (6)

594

Worked example

Beam-column example 2
Applying the interaction equations (Equations 6.61 and 6.62) of BS EN 1993-1-1:

I Sheet 6 of 8 I

Rev

*
N i J i ~ d

5.30 +k,,-M (I = 160 + 0.89= 0.04 + 0.65 = 0.69 c 1.0 : . OK M I J H ~ 3604 731
~

BS EN 199.3-1-1 Equation 6.61

BS E N 1993-1-1 Equation 6.62

Ni,,K d

+ k,,

_C

MI>,,

160 1 = -+ 3.3.32

530 1.07.71

= 0.05 +0.73 = 0.78 c 1.0 :.OK

For the lower part o f the member: Minor axis column buckling resistance
Effective length:

L,,,

= 1.0

= 1.0

x 4000 = 4000mm for buckling about the z-z axis

Non-dimensional column slenderness:

2.. A,=-=2.1

L,,z li,
2.1

400014.3.8 76.4

= 1,20

Buckling curve: h / b = 528.3/208.8 = 2.53 > 1.2. For minor axis buckling, use buckling curve b ( a = 0.34) Buckling reduction ,factor
@?

BS EN 199.3-1-1 Table 6.2

x:
BS EN 199.3-1-1 C16.3.1.2

=0.5[l+a(12 -0.2)+l2] =0.5[1+0.34(1.20-0.2)+1.202] =1.38

X? =

1
O?

1 1.38+41.38-1.20

+,/-=

= 0.48 51.0

BS E N 1993-1-1 Cl 6.3.I . I

Worked example
Beam-column example 2 Lateral torsional buckling resistance
Non-dimensional beam slendernesses is determined using the simplified approach given in NCCI SN0026and Reference 2 as follows:
LLl

595

Sheet 7 of 8

I Rev

= -UV;i&

NCCI SN002

For Class 1 or 2 sections, ,BN,= 1.0. Conservatively for I-sections, take UV = 0.9. For the ratio of end moments = 0, 1I 6 = 0.75 ,from Table 6.4 o,f Reference 2 see also Chapter 17.
-

a,

1 -uvXz& 6

= 0.75 x

0.9 x 4000/43 76.4

~

y ,

1.0 = 0.81

For the case of rolled and equivalent welded sections, for I-sections with 2 < h / b 53.1, use buckling curve c ( a = 0.49). For rolled sections, p = 0.75 and
-

a,

= 0.4.

U K N A to BS E N 1993-1-1

Buckling reduction ,factor xrr.

@IT

= 0.5[l+arr(Xr.r = 0.5[1+

-~r.r,o)+,B~~rI

0.49(0.81- 0.4) + (0.75 x 0.812)] = 0.84

BS EN 199.7-1 -1 C16.3.2.3
= 0.76

XLI

=
QL1

+d

m
fl

= 0.84 + 40.84

- 0.75 x

0.81

Lateral torsional buckling resistance:

M ~ R ,= !~rrW,
~

YMI

= 0.76 ~ 2 0 6 x 0 I0

355
~

1.0

x 10 (4.0/5.6)

= 555 k N m < 379 k N m = M , ro = 530 x

: . OK

BS EN 199.7-1 -1 C16.3.2.1

Combined avial load plus bending:

To verlfy resistance under combined axial loading plus bending, both Equations
6.61 and 6.62 of BS EN 1993-1-1 must be satisfied. The minor axis bending term is absent in this example since Mz,r(j= 0.

Values of k,, and k,, are determined graphically from Figure 19.12. For
= 0, C,,,,,= 0.6

BS E N
1993-1-1

3 k , , = 1.01 x

Table B.3 Figure 18.12(a)

0.60 = 0.60

Figure
18.12 (6)

596

Worked example

Beam-column example 2
Applying the interaction equations (Equations 6.61 and 6.62) of BS EN 1993-1-1:

Sheet 8 of 8

Rev

Nbd +k,,
Nb i- RO

M'bd Mi, R<I

=160 +0.60-=0.04+0.41=0.46<1.0

3604

379 555

:.OK

BS EN 1993-1-1 Equation 6.61 BS EN 1993-1-1 Equation 6.62

*+
NI, R ~ I
I

160 kz, M ' b d 5 1 = -+0.99Mil R ~ I 1792

~

179 = 0.09+0.67 555

= 0.76

c 1.0

:.OK

: . Adopt 5.33 x 210 x 82 U K B

Note that if the maximum values of the interaction factors given in Table 19.1 were to he used, the member would have failed. This is mainly due to the k,,,,factor, which has a maximum value of I.SC,,,, but for low axial loads and low major axis non-dimensional column slenderness, the value of k,,,,approaches I.OC,,,,,, as may he seen in Figure 19.12(a).

Worked example
The S t e ~ l Construction

597
Rev

Job No. Job Title

Sheet 1 of 3

Institute

Silwood Park. Ascot. Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET

Subject Client

Beam-column example 3
Made by
I

Date

I 2010

Beam-column example 3 Rolled Universal Column in Simple Construction Problem

A 254 x254 x 73 UKC is to be assessed for use as an internal column in a simple ,frame (i.e. designed on the assumptions of simple construction). The column length is 5.0 m and the steel grade is S275. Connection eccentricity causes a design major axis bending moment M,,rO o,f 9.4kNm and a design minor axis bending moment M..,bdof 2.3 kNm. The design axial load in the column Nbdis 125.3 k N Check the adequacy o,f this section to carry the applied loads.
The simplified interaction expression f r o m columns in simple construction is as follows:

Partial ,factors:
x l 4 n

= 1.0; xl41 = 1.0

UK N A to BS EN 199.3-1-1

Geometric properties:

h = 254.1 mm; h = 254.6mm; t , = 8.6 mm; tt = 14.2mm; A = 9.3.1 cm2 = 9.310mm2; ct/tt = 7.77; c,Jt,+ = 2.7.3; i , = 11.1 c m = I I I mm; i , = 6.48 c m = 64.8mm; W,,,, =992cm7=992xIO'mm'; W,,,. =465 cm' =465 x l 0 ' m m ' ;
Material properties: Yield strength J = 275 N/mmz since ti < 16mm Check cross-section classification: For a Class 1 outstand j a n g e in compression c,/tp I 9

Steel Building Design: Design Data

BS EN 10025-2

BS EN I 99.3- I - I Table 5.2

For a Class I web in compression c,Jt,E 5.33

E=&

235

= 0.92

598

Worked example

Beam-column example 3
Actual c+/t,& = 7.77/0.92 = 8.40; within limit Actual c , /t,&
= 23.3/0.92 = 25.2; within

I
limit

Sheet2of3

Rev

Cross-section is Class I under pure compression, so will also be class I under the more favourable stress distribution arising from compression plus bending.

Minor axis column buckling resistance

Effective length:

L,,z = 1.0 L = 1.0 x5000 =5000rnm for buckling about the z-z axis
Non-dimensional column slenderness:

Buckling curve: h / b =254.1/254.6 =1.0 51.2. For minor axis buckling, use buckling curve 'c' ( a = 0.49) Buckling reduction ,factor
@?

BS EN I 99.3- I - I Table 6.2

x:
BS EN I 99.3- I - I C16.3.1.2

= 0.5[1+

- 0.2)

+ I:] = 0.5[1+0.49(0.89 - 0.2) + 0.892]= 1.06

- 0.892

X? =

1
O?

+, /-=

1 1.06 + 41.06'

= 0.61 5 1.O

Column buckling resistance: BS EN 1993-1-1 Cl 6.3.1.1

Lateral torsional buckling resistance

Non-dimensional beam slendernesses is determined using the simplified approach given in NCCI SN0026 and Reference 2 as follows: NCCI SN002

For Class 1 or 2 sections, ,BN,= 1.0. Conservatively for I-sections, take UV = 0.9 and

c, = 1.0.

: .1 , = 0.9& = 0.9 x 0.89 = 0.80

Worked example
Beam-column example 3

599

Sheet3of3

I Rev

For the case of rolled and equivalent welded sections, for I-sectionswith h / h 52.0, use buckling curve 'b' ( a = 0.34). For rolled sections, , 0 = 0.75 and All = 0.4. Buckling reduction factor XL1:
OL1= 0.5[1+all
= 0 4I

U K N A to BS EN 1993-1-1

(xll-Ill,,) + ,0&

+ 0.34(0.80- 0.4) + (0.75 x 0.802)]= 0.81

1 1 0.81+ 40.812- 0.75 x 0.802

BS EN 1993-1-1 Cl 6.3.2.3
= 0.82

XrT

OL1+

= /,=

Lateral torsional buckling resistance:

Mb nil = X r T

f, 2 75 w, = 0.82 X 992 X l o i -X 10 YWl 1.0

: . OK

= 22.7 k N m > 9.4 kNm = M , bd

BS EN 1993-1-1 Cl 6.3.2.1

Minor axis bending resistance

M<,?,Kd

w~Jizfu ~

465
1.0

275 x 10-O = 128 k N m > 2.3 kNm = Mi,bd: . OK

YM 0

BS EN I 99.3- I - I (26.2.5 (2)

Combined axial loud plus bending

For a column in simple construction, the ,following simplified interaction check may be performed:

= 0.81 +0.04+0.0.3 = 0.88 I 1.0 :.OK

:.Adopt 254 x 254 x 73 UKC Note how the ,first term (axial load) dominates for this arrangement, illustrating why great precision is not required with the two bending terms and justifying the use of conservative interaction factors.