Chng m u:

NH SNG V T NHIN.
1. NH SNG L G?
*nh sng l sng in t
- L cc ngun bc x in t trong t nhin , nhn to.Cc BXT c bc sng
rt rng m nh sng ch l mt phn trong .tc truyn ca nh sng :-.Tc truyn ca nh sng :
C=.

Trong l tn s nh sng.

-Ngoi tnh cht ht tnh cht in t c th hin bng 2 vect cng t

trng E v B lan truyn v suy gim dn trong khng gian theo lut hnh sin

-nh sng t nhin l tp hp ca v s nh sng n sc.

Chiu sng.
Page 1

Hng ngoi

M tm

Quang ph :Tm , xanh da tri , xanh lam,vng cam, .

Theo tiu chun quc t (CIE) a ra tiu chun phi mu:
555nm l bc sng c kh nng gy cm gic th gic tt nht
380
439
498
508
592
631
780
nm

555
T
ngoi
412

Xanh

Xanh
lc

Vng

Cam

470

51.5

577

600

673

Hng
ngoi

2 C CU CA MT.
Chiu sng.
Page 2

 Cu to ca mt :
Thy tinh th

vng ngoi

Vng gia
Vng mc

Nhn cu

-Nhn cu thc cht l mt thu knh mm c kh nng iu tit tiu c ca n

hng sng ca n vo vng mc
-Vng mc l ni tp trung cc thn kinh th gic .C 2 loi chnh :
+Vng tp trung c 7 triu noron thn kinh hnh nn dng cm th mc
chiu sng cao ,c chc nng th gic nh sng vo ban ngy v mu ca s
vt .
+Vng ngoi (xung quanh) tp trung 120 triu noron thn kinh hnh que dng
tri gic nh sng mc thp ch nhn thc c mc trng sng hay ti
ca mt.

3.TNH NNG NHN R CA MT

-Do cc t bo hnh nn tp trung gia vng mc nn mt v tri gic c r
nt hnh nh cc tia sng tp trung vo gia vng mc .Ni cch khc khi chng
ta nhn 1 s vt chng ta khng tri gic mu sc ca s vt ln cn .
-Nng lc nhn , cc th nghim cho thy mt co kh nng quan st phn bit
c hai im quan st sai lch nhau 0,017 (gc ).
-Tnh nng nhn ca mt c nh gi bi hm Vph thuc bc sng nh
sng V() ni ln kh nng quan st ca ngi.
Chiu sng.
Page 3

V=1 tc nhin r 100%.

V=0 khng nhn thy g .
Tnh nng nhn ca mt rt ph thuc vao bc sng

khi nim

ng cong hiu qu V() phn bit gia ngy v m.

Ban m

Ban ngy

(nm)

Chng 1:
CC I LNG C TRNG CHO NH SNG
Cc i lng nh sng :Quang thng
ri E
Cng I
chi L
nh lut Dalambert cho mi quan h gia Lv

1 . QUANG THNG .
*Mi bc x in t ni chung gy ra cc hiu ng khc nhau :ha , nhit , in
t vi di tn rt rng .Nu gi W()l ph tn nng lng ca nh sng th
tng nng lng ca ngun bc x

Chiu sng.
Page 4

W= w( )d
0

Tuy nhin trong ch mt phn

780

W=

w( )d l

nng lng to ra nh sng.Nhng xt n tnh nng ca

380

mt ,xtn nng lng gy ra hiu ng nhn thy cho mt ngi ta inh ngha
780

w( ).V().d Quang thng ngun bc x

l phn nng lng

380

thc s gy hiu ng nhn thy cho mt.

[]-lin(lumen).
nh ngha quang thng:
Quang thng ca ngun sng l tng thng nng lng gy hiu qu nh
sng vi mt ngi n biu din phn nng lng ca ngun to ra nh sng
nhn thy
*Hiu sut pht quang :
nh ngha: Nu 1 ngun sng tiu th cng sut l P(w) v quang thng c
thng lng l th t s :

= [ lm\w]
c gi l hiu sut pht quang ca ngun.
l ch s quan trng ni ln tnh kinh t ca ngun .

VD: n si t 220v/100w = 1390lm

220v/40w =430lm

Chiu sng.
Page 5

n si t

=(1520)lm/w

hunhquang=(60:80) lm/w.
2. CNG NH SNG.
*Gc khi.
-Nu t tm O ca qu cu bn knh R chng ta nhn thy din tch S trn mt
cu th ngi ta nh ngha :
=

-Gc khi steradian.

Bit Scu=4 . R2 y=4(steradian).

Nhn xt :-Nu chng ta nhn s vt di cng mt gc khi khong cch
tng ln k ln din tch tng ln k2 ln.
*Cng nh sng I: c trng cho mc nh sng nh sng theo cc phng
khc nhau.
-Ni chung nh sng khng phi pht i nh nhau theo cc phng khc nhau v
vy c trng cho thng lng nh sng theo mt phng no
-Xt ngun sng S gc khi :

Cng sng pht v im A:

Chiu sng.
Page 6

lim
I=
0

d
=
.thc cht I chnh l quang thng pht i theo 1 phng .
d

[I]=cd
-nh ngha candela:l cng nh sng theo mt phng ca ngun bc x
,nh sng n sc c bc sng =555nm v cng nng lng theo phng
ny bng 1/683(W/Sr);
VD:Nu I=0.8cd(theo mi phng
n si t 40W/220V I=100cd
n si t 300W/220V I=100cd n 150 cd khi lp trong b n .
n dng hng , Bit quang thng :
d
I=
. d=Id=I
d

d=4I.I=

.
4

+Thc t thng gp n t trong qu cu m c h s thu quang 0.7) 1> n

o.9) ta c :
I=.\4;
+n t trong b n (chao n )
Ta nh ngha ng cong trc quan l ng cong cho quan h I( ) gc d v.
cho phn b I trong ta cc .
ng trc quang l thng s u tin v quan trng nht trong mt b n
cho bit phn b quang thng ca mt b n trong khng gian .
-Tnh :
Mi ng cong trc quang u cho vi mt ngun sng tiu chun 1000lm t
trong b n . quang thng ca b n : =

I d.

Chiu sng.
Page 7

3. RI .
1 - ri trung bnh :
-Xt mt ngun sng pht thng lng nh sng xung din tch S

ngun sng

-nh ngha ri E trn mt phng S

E=

(lm/ m 2 )
S

- ngha :c trng cho mc c chiu sng ca s vt .V vy n l i

lng rt quan trng nh gi ch tiu chiu sng ca mt khng gian .V vy trong
thit k chiu sng ni tht y l ch tiu tiu chun u tin c quan tm .
- ri cho cc khng gian tiu chun khc nhau c tra trong cc bng
TCVN,CIE.
VD:phng hc 300 500 lux.
Phng trin lm 600 1000 lux.
2 ri trn mt im.
-Xt ngun sng t ti O

t
n

dS
A

r r

=( I , n );
Chiu sng.
Page 8

d nhn tch l ds.cos (din tch ng bao).

dS

C:

d=cos. r

Mt khc :
d=Id
Li c:
E A=

d I cos
2
=
dS
r

*n treo trn ct:

Ea=

cos ( )
=
d
d

I cos

V d: Cho n 220V/150W(khng c chao)

h=4m, AH=3m. Tnh EA.
Cos=

4
3 +4
2

4
;
5

4. CHI.
1-. chi khi nhn trc tip vo ngun sng.
-o mc gy ra hin tng la mt.

Chiu sng.
Page 9

-Khi ta nhn vo ngun sng m ta cm nh c s chi khng ch ph thuc

vo cng I m cn ph thuc vo cch nhn lin quan n gc quan st n
din tch ca mt quan st .
r
-Nu chng ta quan st mt dS ( I ) di gc nghing th chi m ta nhn
c chnh l t s gia cng sng ca ngun v din tch m ta quan st c.
L=

dI
(cd/m2)
dScos

- Trong trng hp chung nu nh sng c phn b I u c din tch pht

sng l S th :
L=

I
.;
S

- Mt s din tch biu bin thng gp

+n cu :S= . R 2 .
+n hunh quang :

S=l.d
VD:Tnh L ca n cu c D=0,1m trng , =0.75.trong t mt bng
hunh quang.P=80W.
Vi P=80W tra bng ta c lm=3850(lm)
I= /4=230(cd)
L=I/Sbk=25
ln gy chi mt .
-Theo tiu chun Lgh=500cd/ m2
Lmin= 10- 5 cd/ m2
Chiu sng.
Page 10

2- chi khi quan st mt vt c chiu sng.nh lut Lambert.

a-Phn x khuych i hon ton.
-Xt mt b mt c chiu sng bi ngun sng S khi ngun sng c cch ng
x khc nhau.
+Nu c cu to bi cc ht mn ng nht phng th s c hin tng phn x
khuych tn hon ton xy ra .C c im :
+ chi L ca ngun sng gy ra khng i v nh nhau mi phng din
nhn.
+Vector do S gy ra c phn b to thnh mt mt cu tip xc vi im ti
ca tia sng v c ng knh L.S
+C cng ca tia sng I=L.Scos .
-Tnh L:
+nh lut lambert :trong trng hp c phn x khuch tn hon ton ln mt
phng c h s phn x l ri l th chi l do mt phng gy ra :
E.=L

nh lut ny cng ng vi trng hp l ngun sng (tc nh sng i qua mt

vt liu cho php nh sng i qua vi mc xuyn sng .

Khi :

E = LI 2

Chiu sng.
Page 11

V d : Xt t giy trng c h s phn x = 0.7 , nu c chiu sng E = 600

L=

E
0, 7.600
=
= 133.7
p
p

.5 TNG PHN TNH NNG NHN

NHN R.
1. tng phn C.
C=

Lo - L
VL
DL
=
=
L
L
L

Trong : Lo chi khi ta nhn i tng

L chi ca phng.
C- c trng cho mc quan st nhn r vt.
Thc t c= 10-2 l gi tr ngng .
C<0.01 khng nhn thy s vtnhn vo lc ban m
VD: Xt t giy trn nn bng en
bng= 0.3,Ebng =210lx.
giy=0.7, Egiy=90lx.
E
giy=
= =20,05(cd/m2).
p
bng=

C
=20,05(cd/m2).
Cs

c=0 khng nhn thy g.

2.Tnh nng nhn.
-bng thc nghim cho thy nng lc quan st ca mt ngi t l thun vi C .C t
l vi lgC.V vy ngi ta nh ngha lgC l tnh nng nhn ca mt v trong cc
th n cong biu din hay dng lgC.
3. nhn r Vis.
Vis =

C
Cs

Cs;ngng tng phn nh nht m mt ngicn nhn thy

cquan h gia Lf v C.
Chiu sng.
Page 12

6. CC C TNH CA NGUN SNG .

1.Nhit mu ca ngun sng ToK.
-y l c trng quan trng cho mu sc ca ngun sng.
- so snh cht lng v mu sc ca nh sng vi nh sng t nhin ban ngy
ngi ta a ra khi nim v nhit mu , n m t bng cch so snh nh sng
ca n vi nh sng bc x ca mt vt en tuyt i c nung sng n cc nhit
nh nhau trong khong (2000 n 10.0000) K.Khi chun nhit nh nht s
quyt nh ph tn bc x v do vy quyt nh c mu sc nh sng .
th (32):
W().

T0(K)

Mu

1500

2000

- trng

3000

trng m

4000-5500

nh sng ban ngy

7000-10000

nh sng lnh

Biu kruithof:nghin cu sinh l nhn ca mt ngi trong mi tng quan n

nhit m ri m bo tin nghi nhn .
ngha :y l c s khoa hc u tin cho chng ta chn ngun sng cho cc
ng dng yu cu cc ri khc nhau .
Chiu sng.
Page 13

ni chung cc loi n c nhit mu thch hp cho chng ta c cm gic nng

v v vy n c ng dng nhiu ni c yu cu ri thp .
-cc n c nhit mu cao th gy cm gic lnh ,mu dng cho nhng ni c
mc chiu sng cao.
2.-Ch s hon mu Ra
-Cng mt s vt c chiu sng bng cc ngun sng khc nhau th s th hin
cc mu sc khc nhau .Ra c trng cho ngun v s th hin mu sc trung thc
ca s vt c chiu sng. N l thng s ni ln cht lng ca ngun sng .N
rt quan trng trong khi la chn ngun sng ng dng trong thit k.
Ra=0 100
V cng cao cht lng cng tt
Ra=0ng vi mi nh sng n sc .
Ra=100nh sng t nhin
Ra<50mu sc ca s vt b bin i hon ton.
Ra<70ng dng trong cng nghip (th)
Ra 85 nh sng gn trung thc.Hin nay cc n ng hunh quang
a phn c Ra=85.
T0,Ra l cc thng s khng th thiu c trong l lch cc loi n.
VD:cho n si t 220/300W ,h=3,5m
a)tnh ri Es.
b)tnh chi khi nhn sch vi s=0,8.
c)tnh E20, nu mt bn nghing i gc 200 so vi mt phng nm ngang.
d)Tnh chi khi nhn n bit Dn=6cm.

Chiu sng.
Page 14

1,7m

1,5m
2,3m

Chng 2:

CC DNG C CHIU SNG.

1 NGUYN L TO CC N IN
V CH TIU NH GI.
1.Nguyn l.
-C 3 nguyn l chnh:
*Nguyn l n si t:
-t si kim loi bng bng in n nhit cao ti 100020000K th bt u c
bc x c bc sng ln nm trong vng hng ngoi. Nu tip tc tng nhit
thxut hin nh sng v ph ca n s dch dnv pha bc sng ngn khi nhit
tng.Nhit mu cng ni ln cht lng nh sng khi tng nhit t
nng .Vt liu thng dng lm si t l vonfram.
-Hng s pht quang (1020) lm/whiu sut thp .Hin nay dng si t xon
kp nng hiu sut quang nng(tp trung nng lng vo din hp).
Chiu sng.
Page 15

*Nguyn l phng in trc tip

-Nu cho phng in trong 1 ng phng c cha Na hoc Hg p sut v nhit
thch hp s c cc nh sng n sc nm trong vng nhn thy.
-Hin nay n l loi cho hiu sut cao nht .Nhc im ca n l cht lng nh
sng khng caothng s dng trong khng gian ln ngoi tri.
*Nguyn l phng in kt hp vi hunh quang .
-Cng cho phng in trong ng phng trong iu kin thch hp to ra bc x
nm trong vng t ngoi c bc sng ngn khng nhn thy gi l bc sng s
cp .Sau chng kch hot ln lp hunh quang qut trong thnh ng pht ra
nh sng nhn thy ,mu sc v cht lng nh sng ph thuc rt nhiu vo lp
hunh quang.
-c im :
+To ra cc loi n c hiu sut cao khong 20%22%
-Cht lng nh sng tng i tt.
2.Cc tiu chun nh gi mt ngun sng.
C 4 tiu chun nh gi.
a)-Hiu sut pht quang ca n.
-n l chi tiu quan trng v kinh t.
=(102000) lm/w.
b)-Tui th D(h)
-tui th trung bnh ca mt loi n.
-ch tiu quan trng
D=(10002000)lm/w
c)-Nhit mu T0K
Chiu sng.
Page 16

-y l ch tiu phn nh tin nghi chiu sng trong mt khng gian.Trong thc t
thng phi c phi hp vi ri theo bn kruithof.
-Nhit mu(2007000)0K.
d)-Ch s hon mu Ra.
-Ni ln cht lng chiu sng ca ngun ,phn nh trung thc , mu sc ca
s vt trong khng gian c chiu sng ,Cng T0K th Ra l ch tiu cht lng
,ch tiu k thut ca khng gian th.

.2 .N SI T.
1.Cu to .
*v: l mt qu cu thy tinh chu nhit c pha mt hm lng nh P nhm to
ra mt hng s thu qua .
*si t lm bng si vonfram vi si dy xon kp t0lv=35000K.Tui th trung
bnh khong mt nghn gi.
*ui n: l phn ni in gia bng n v ngun.C 2 loi ph bin:
-ui ci :tho lp d nhng tit kim in kmng dng cho cng sut nh.
ui xoy :thng dng cho cc cp khc nhau t nh n ln.
2.Cc ch tiu nh gi.
-tui th thp nht trong cc loi bng hin nay ph thuc vo U
D=Dm(
D/Dn

Udm 13,5
) D,U ch lm vic bnh thng
U

(u)

P(u)

Chiu sng.
Page 17

U/Um
VD:Um=220v;Dm=1000
U=250V
D=178h.
Quang thng :=m(
Cng sut :P=Pm(

Udm 3,5
)
U

Udm 1,5
)
U

-Hiu sut pht quang thp (5%)

-Nhit mu thp ng dng cho chiu sng mc thp
-Ch tiu v ch tiu hon mu cao Ra100c th ng dng cho chiu sng cc
b,trang tr cc n lm vic .
-u im ni tri l cu thnh n gin,nhng cn thi gian khi ng.
3.n halogen si t.
-L loi n si t ci tin bng cch cho thm mt t l thch hp kh halogen
trong bng n si t.
u im :
Chiu sng.
Page 18

+Tng tui th.

+Tng kh nng pht quang ca n.
+T0mukhong 30000K
+Ra-=100
+D=3000h
+Hiu sut pht quang =(2025)lm/W
Phn loi :
+n clien:U=(12220V)
+n qu nht :P=10,20,30,50W
+n a U=220V,P=1002000W
Dng trong khng gian ln i hi p sut cao.(cho sn th thao ,sn din cu
truyn hnh mu, trin lm ngh thut ,sn khu)
Theo bng (49) cho thy bng c cng sut ln th hiu sut cng cao trong
chng mc c th c.
3 .N HUNH QUANG.
Hot ng theo nguyn l phng in kt hp vi hunh quang .c 3 loi:
+n ng
+n thy ngn cao p
+n compac.
1 .n ng hunh quang
-Gm 1 ng phng in 2 u c in cc t nng cha argng cng vi mt
lng nh hg p sut thp P=0,01Hg
in cc
Chiu sng.
Page 19

acgong

hunh quang

-nguyn l pht sng:nu t U ln ln hai in cc khi si t c t

nng s xy ra hin tng phng in to ra cc tia cc tm (=254nm) chng
kch hot ln thnh ng tc dng vo lp hunh quang lm cho chng pht sng.

Bc x th cp

254

400

800

BX s cp
Ty thuc lp bt hunh quang m
T0mu=30000nh sng vng m
T0mu=40000 nh sng nht
T0mu=50000 nh sng ban ngy
*Nguyn l lm vic

Chiu sng.
Page 20

CC

Uk=400V
Ulv=108V

-Khi t in p ln n in p c t ln khe h tc teti c phng

in h quang ,dng in ny t nng hai si t to iu kin thun li cho vic
gii phng cc electron ra khi cc K.Sau v tip im ng tcte lm bng
bimetantip im di dn n ln t ng ngt h quang.
- Nh cun chn lu to sut in ng t cm kt hp Ungun to Uh t ln n c
400Vphng in trong n hon thnh qu trnh.Ulv 108V.
chn lu st t c dng.Ngoi ra con c chn lu in t l loi bin tn bin
i f1f2.
So snh:
-Chn lu st t :
+lm vic n nh, D cao ,d thch ng vi cc loi n khc nhau ,cos=0,5.
+Tn hao ln.
+Khi n lm vic c thi gian khi ng.
*

-Chn lu in t
+cos cao
+Tn hao thp
+Khi tc thi
+ Di in p lm vic rng m thay i khng nhiu .tui th ca n b suy
gim
+kh tng thch vi n.
*Ch tiu dnh gi.
Chiu sng.
Page 21

-Hiu sut pht quang cao

-Nhit mu c di rng (25006500)0K.
- Ra=85cho nh sng trung thc .
-Tui th cao D=1000h.
2.n thy tinh.
-Nguyn l lm vic:khi trong ng xy ra phng in p sut cao n 10at, c
cha Hg hi, th n to ra mt quang ph vch c bc sng 400,450,540,560 nm
ng thi to ra cc bc x t ngoi c dng kch hot lp hunh quang.
-Ch tiu nh gi :
+ Hiu sut pht quang cao.
+D=4000h.
+Ra=5090.
+P= 75W, 150W,250W,400W.
Thng a ra p dng trong chiu sng cc cng trnh cng nghip nng ,nh
my ln.Tuy nhin hin nay km cnh tranh so vi n Na c nhiu u vit hn.
3.n hp b.
*Cu to .
-Nh ci tin cng ngh cho php thu nh ng phng ,ngi ta ci tin n
hunh quang thnh n compact cho php s dng tin li cc chi tit bng n,
chn lu u c t hp thnh mt thit b trn b.
*c im .
+Bt sng ngay
+Hiu qu nh sng tt
+pq=5080 lm/w
+Ra= 85,T0K=27004000,D=50008000h.
+D ph thuc chn lu.

4.CC N PHNG IN TRC TIP.

Chiu sng.
Page 22

Na thp p ,cao p ,halogen kim loi.

1.n hi Na p thp.
*Nguyn l: To in p cao ln hai cc ca ng phng c cha hi Na p sut
thp l1mmHg.t0=501000C th s phng in to ra i ph vch rt gn nhau
=589v 589,6 nm to ra nh sng mu vng cam rt gn vi vng nhy cm ca
mt.
*Cc ch tiu nh gi
- cao nht trong cc loi n hin c 290lm/W, c tui th kh cao khong
8000h, T0K =1,Ra=90Dng trong khng gian rng ,t quan tm cht lng.
2. n hi Na cao p.
*Nguyn l:cho phng in trong ng phng c cha hi Na p sut
12at ,t0=10000Cnh sng c ph vch rngcho nh sng trng.
*Ch tiu
-=130lm/W(cao).
-D=10000h.
-T0K=15002500
-Ra=2080
Dng trong c s giao thng , sn bi , nh xng cng nghip nng.

3.n Halogen kim loi (Metal Halogen).

*Nguyn l:cho phng in trong ng phng cha Hg,kh halogen thu c nh
sng c mu trng.C cng sut (100200)W.
*Ch tiu :
- cao=95lm/W
-D=4000h
-T0=45006000K
-Ra=90.
Chiu sng.
Page 23

thch hp cho khng gian rng ln i hi cht lng nh sng cao.

Chng3:
VN IU KHIN NH SNG V CC B N.

1.CC NGUYN L IU KHIN NH SNG.

1.Xt mt ngun sng c thng lng ,chiu ln b mt ca mt vt liu.
a-Vt liu c 3 cch ng x
-Vt liu phn x nh sng .
+nh ngha:

= (<1), lng quang thng phn x tr li theo cc

hng khc nhau.

+Nu gi =l lng quang thng xuyn qua c vt liu .
nh ngha :

<1 ,hng s xuyn sng.

+Mt phn quang thng gy ra h nhit lm nng vt liu (b hp th).

nh ngha:

<1, hng s hp th.

C =++
++=1.
VD: Bt mu trng c =0,8.
Thch cao
=0,9.
Gng
=0,85.
Lp m bc
=0,90,93.
Tng hoc trn mu trng:=0,9.
Tng hoc trn mu sng:=0,50.6.
Tng hoc trn mu ti :=0,30,4.
b-Thng quan tmnht l ,.

, ph thuc f().
Chiu sng.
Page 24

(1)- Hng s phn x u,phn x b mt .

(2)- ca t giy mu vng.
(3,4)- ca knh mu lc v .

(4)
1
0,85

(1)

(2)

(3)

2.Nguyn l iu khin nh sng.

Cc vt liu c cu trc v hnh dng khc nhau s c cch ng x khc nhau vi
nh sng ,c ng dng cho k thut iu khin nh sng v nghin cu ch to
cc b n .chia thnh 4 hin tng phn x v truyn sng khc nhau.
nh hng khuch tn,khuch tn hn hp,khch tn hon ton.

3.CC PHNG PHP CHIU SNG .

-Cn c vo vic phn b quang thng ca mt b n 2 pha trn di m ngi
ta chia thnh 5phng php sau:
1.Chiu sng trc tip .
Chiu sng.
Page 25

-Sao cho >90% b n hng xung di.

-Gm :
*Chiu sng trc tip tng cng (chiu su).
-Phn ln quang thng hng xung pha di v vy m ch b mt lm vic c
chiu sng cn tng v khng gian xung quanh b ti.
*Chiu sng trc tip m rng.
-C phn b nh sng rng hnkhng gian xung quanh mt phn c chiu
sng.
2-Chiu sng bn trc tip .
-6090% hng xung bn lm vic khi c tng v trn nh cng c
chiu sng vng bng ti gim i v vy khng gian lm vic c tin nghi tt hn.
-ng dng rng ri trong nh trong vn phng.
3-Kiu chiu sng hn hp.
-Kiu na trn, na di(u c hai pha).
-(40-60)% quang thng xung di.
-ng dng cho cc khng gian m trn c hng s phn x ln, ng dng nh sng
phn x t trn nh xung, nn thng dng cho cng cng hoc phng khch.
4-Chiu sng bn gin tip.
-Ngc vi hai kiu trn 1040% hng xung di ,c ng dng cho khng
gian cng cng.
5-Chiu sng gin tip.
-10% n hng xung.
-Thng s dng cho nh hng ,rp chiu phim ,nh ht.

3.PHN LOI B N V HIU SUT

Chiu sng.
Page 26

CA CHNG.
-3 chc nng ca b n.
+chiu sng
+Chc nng yu cu in
+Chc nng yu cu c.
1.Phn loi b n theo cp chiu sng
-Da trn c s phn b quang thng ca b n m CIE phn loi chi tit
cc b n chiu sng ni tht thnh 20 cp khc nhau v c gi tn theo ch
ci.
A,B,C,D,E
F,G,H,I ,J
K,L,M,N
O,P,Q,R,S
Chiu sng trc tip
cs trc tip
cc cp bn
cs trc tip
tng cng.
m rng .
trc tip.
hn hp.
- lm cn c phn loi b n CIE chia khng gian xung quanh b n thnh 5
vng khc nhau c gc khi sai lch

Sh.
2

F5

2
F4

0 F1
-Gi cc F1F5 l quang thng xm nhp vo ,gc khi /Q l phn gia gc

v
2

3 .F5 quang thng bn cu trn.

F1=F1+F2+F3+F4.
Chiu sng.
Page 27

Gc li
quang
thng

/2

3/2

F1

F2

F3

F1

F2=F1+F3

75,50

900

41.40

600

1800

Ngi ta cn c vo Fi phn cp b n.
*Hiu sut ca mt b n
-Hiu sut chiu sng ca mt b n l t s gia ca b n pht ra trn
quang thng tng ca ngun sngl bng n t trong .

Fp
.100%.
Fd

Trong l lch b n thng cho phn b Fi vi mt bng n tiu chun c qung

thng l 1000lm lp trong b n sau ngi ta chia hiu sut thnh hai thnh
phn i v tng ng l hiu sut trc tip v gin tip.
= i +=

F1 + F 2 + F 3 + F 4
F5
100%+
100%.
1000
1000

*Cp ca b n cho bit hiu sut trc tip ,gin tip v phn b quang thng ca
b n.
VD: Cho b n cp 0,45G+0,08T.
i=0,08. Cp gin tip.
=0,45. Cp trc tip .
0,53Dcp trc tip tng cng.(khng c cp gin tip )
VD:cho b n:
F1

F2

F3

F4

F5

350

260

127

20

= ( I1 + I 2 + I 3) .100%=75%.
*Cch xc nh cp b n.
Chiu sng.
Page 28

-Ta cn tnh cc quang thng ring phn tng i Fi sau cn c vo bng

7.2(92).
Fi

Fi= i .
Nh vy :
350
260
127
F1= 0, 757 =462; F3=
=165; F2= 0,757 =343.
0,757

F1+F2=805.
F1+F2+F3=970.
Cc thng s tra bng (7-2) ta c:F1
c cp E,F.
F1+F2
c cp D,E,F
F1+F2 +F3 c cp A,G,I.H.
vy c cp b n E,F tha mn nhng cn c F1 gn vi gi tr gii hn no
hn th chn. y chn E v gn vi 162 hn.
Ch :
-Nu khng bit phn b quang thng Fi ca b n khi c th tnh chng bng
cch tch phn ng cong trc quang I()Tnh tch phn () d trong 5 vng.
-Vic thc hin cc tch phn c lm gn ng bng cc cng thc B7.1(83).
VD: Xt b pusma240(trang 126) c:
I(160) =126cd.
I(290) =110cd.
I(37,60) =100cd.
F1=

( I1 + I 2 + I 3) = 176(lm).
6

2.Phn loi b n theo tiu chun v in.

-Cn c theo ch tiu an ton in ta phn b n thnh 4 cp nh sau:

Cp bo v

K hiu

M t

Chiu sng.
Page 29

Cp 0

Khng c bin php bo

v
Bo v an ton bng cch
ni t.
C 2 cch cp in:lam
vic,bo v chng git khi
chm v.
B n lam vic vi in
p thp U50V.

Cp 1
Cp 2

Cp 3

3.Phn loi theo tiu chun c.

-Phn loi theo 2 yu cu bo v:chng cc vt rn v chng nc.
-K hiu IPX1X2.
+X1 ch 6 cp chng xm nhp vo cc vt rn ca b n.
Ch s
Vt c th
xm nhp
<(mm)

50

12

2,5

5
Bi

6
Tuyt i
kn bi.

+X2:ch cp chng xm nhp nc

1-Nc ri thng
2-Nc ri nghing 150 so vi phng thng ng.
3-Nc ri nghing 600 so vi phng thng ng.
4-Chng tia nc phun t mi hng .
5- Chng tia nc phun t mi hng vi p lc p=0,3bar,khong cch 3m tr li.
67- Cho php ngm di nc vi su n 1m.
8-cho php ngm di nc su hn.

4. CC PHNG PHP BIU DIN PHN B QUANG

Chiu sng.
Page 30

THNG CA MT B N.
1.ng cong trc quang I()
-Thng dng cho cc b n i xng.
+Theo mi phng .
+C 2 mt phng i xng.
-Khi nh sng thng c biu din bi ng bao mt cc vecto cng
nh sng nm trong mt mt phng cha trc quang ca n .Trong trng hp i
xng ch cn v mt na .
*B n c chao.
v cho bng 1000lm t trong b nu tng ln
2000lm th I nhn i.
.

B n c 2 mt phng i xng.

Dc

Ngang

Thng dng cho cc b n chiu sng trong nh

2.Biu din theo bng I(c.).
- ng dng cho cc b n ng.
Chiu sng.
Page 31

..10

..
..
..
300

I(c,)

3.Biu din theo bng I(.B).

-Thng gp trong n pha (dng chiu sng sn th thao ,trang tr
Z
n pha.
V

Trc quang.

B
0

P
X

B=0.

V-Gc nhn n.
B- lch.
y
z

B=arctg -V;

=arctg

x
y2 + z2

Chiu sng.
Page 32

-cch biu din I(c,),I(,B) l cc cch khc nhau biu din phn b quang
thng ca mt b n phc tp trong khng gian Chng c th chuyn i qua
li vi nhau.

Phn 2:
THIT K CHIU SNG.
Chng 4:
THIT K CHIU SNG TRONG NH.
*Mc ch :Nhm t c mc ch chiu sng tin nghi c bit theo theo yu
cu.
*Ni dung:
-Bc 1:Thit k s b.
+Nhm xc nh c gii php v thng s c bn ca n :kiu chiu
sng,loi b n,chiu cao n,s lng nhm m bo c ri yu cu
theo chun v phn b ng u nh sng trn mt phng lm vic.Vic ny
c lin quan n nhiu ti phng din thm mixcho khng gian thit k v
vy c th c s phi hp ca cc kin trc s.
-Bc 2:Kim tra thit k.
+Cn phi kim tra cc tiu chun v mu, tng phn, chi,
ri,theo tiu chun.i hi n chuyn mn ca cc k s chiu sng .

I.Thit k chiu sng s b.

-Gm cc bc sau:
1.Nghin cu kho st d liu cho khng gian thit k.
Chiu sng.
Page 33

*Cc kch thc hnh hc: axbxH(m)

*Cc thng s vt l nh hng ti cht lng ng sng.
Cc hng s phn x,(b phn x,1,2, 2,4)
1-h s phn x ca trn
2-h s phn x c trn
3-h s phn x ca tng
4-h s phn x ca sn.
B phn x l l b s c trng cho tnh phn x ca khng gian ni tht.
VD:=0,8-h s phn x ca trn tng, thch cao.
=0,7-h s phn x tng trng ,sch nhn
=0,5- qut vi ve mu sng.
=0,3-sn mu ti,m,hoa vn sc s.
=0,1-sn m ti ,knh .
Vi sn:
=0,1-sn ghp bng cc ti mu.
=0,3-sn c mau sng.
Khi c nhiu mng mu khc nhau th phi tnh tb:
tb=(a.Sa+b.Sb+.)/(Sa+Sb+.).
*Mi trng v qun l h thng chiu sng.
-Mi trng khi ,bi,
-Qun l :Bo dng thng xuyn
Mi trngch s 1-H suy gim quang thng do mi trng
Qun l vn hnh ch s c-H s suy gim t thng do qun l.
nh ngha:
S=

1
1
=
=-H s b quang thng.
V V 1.V 2

Tnh cho h s chiu sng sau mt nm s dng.

=1,21,6
1,2 Mi trng sch s v qun l tt.
1,6 -Mi trng nhiu bi v qun l km.
Chiu sng.
Page 34

VD:=1,6 ,Quang thng lp t ban u , ri phi tri 60% m bo sau mt

nm s dng s t c quang thng yu cu.
2.Chn ri yu cu E.
-Theo bc kho st trn chng ta tra bng tiu chun chn ri yu cu theo
E tiu chun .Cn c vo hot ng hay cng ngh din ra khng gian thit k.
-Tra bng TCVN,v d:
+Phng hc phng th nghim: 300500lx
+Hnh langm WC
: 100lx
+Siu th:600lx
+C kh chnh xc.
: 1000lx
3.Chn kiu chiu sng.
-Cn c vo c im ca i tng thit k v cc hot ng din ra trong
quyt nh kiu chiu sng
+Chiu sng trc tip:
-Trc tip hp (tng cng) thng dng cho khng gian c
chiu cao ln,t c hiu qu chiu sng cao.Khi c trn v
tng t c chiu sng .
+Trc tip m rng v bn trc tip:
-To c khng gian tin nghi,khi c trn v tng c
chiu sng mt phn.ng dng cho khng gian va
phi.VD:phng hc ,cng s.
+Gin tip v bn gin tip:
-ng dng cho cc khng gian cng cng nh nh ga,nh n,i
snh.
-Sau khi chn c kiu chiu sng th ly lm c s chn b n,cn phi
tham kho l lch ca chng p ng c kiu chiu sng ra sau cng
cn quan tm ti thm m ca b n.
4.Chn loi n v ngun sng.
Chiu sng.
Page 35

-Mc ch :to ra mi trng nh sng c tin nghi tt ,c nhit mu v ch s

hon mu ph hp tng ng vi ri ph hp tng ng ri chn.m
bo:
_C s ph hp gia T0K v E.
+Ra cn c ph hp vi yu cu v cht lng nh sng lin quan n cng vic
din ra trong ni tht .
+Tnh kinh t lin quan n hiu sut pht quang ca ngun, tui th ca n,lin
quan n vn vn hnh ,sa cha.
-Mt s gi :
+Loi n ng hunh quang c dng ph bin trong nh v cc x nghip cng
nghip nh(chim khong 70% trong cuc sng i thng).
+n si t ,halogen c s dng ch yu trong ni tht ,trong chiu sng cc
b.
VD:n bn,n trang tr.
+Cc n phng in:n hi Na.Hg, Halogen ch yu dng trong cc nh
xng,x nghip ln hoc cc nh thi u c khng gian rng, cao ln.
5.Chn chiu cao treo n.
- cao treo n h(m) l thng s quyt nh tin nghi chiu sng.
-h ln th:
+Gim c kh nng nhn n trc tip ,gy la ,v tng tin nghi.
+Cho php t cc n c cng sut lnhiu sut pht quang cao.
+S lng n t s gimlm n gin cho b n v h thng chiu
sng.
-Khi quyt nh chiu cao h cn cn nhc ti cc yu t kin trc trong phng
quan tm n hiu qu c th.
-nh ngha:
J=

h.'
-ch s treo +)J=0
h + h'

+)J=1/3.

Chiu sng.
Page 36

Trong h l khong cch gia n v trn,h l khong cch gia n v mt

phng lm vic.
h
mt phng
lm vic.
h

B tr n v xc nh s lng ti thiu Nminca cc b n.

-Trong cc tiu chun qui nh sp xp theo mt li ch nht.Nu s lng qu t
s khng m bo s phn phi u nh sng trong phng.Ngc li nu li qu
nhiu im b tr th mng in v h thng iu khin tn km.
Nmin l s im b tr ngun sng ti thiu m bo ch tiu chiu sng cho
phng,l ch tiu u tin ph thuc yu t:
+)Cch b tr n.
+)Khong cch gia cc b n.
+)Ph thuc vo b phn x ca phng.
Nu gi nguyn t s

n
(n khong cch gia cc n) th s gi nguyn c
h

phn b ng u nh sng .V vy m bo ng u nh sng ta a ra quy

nh.
Cp b n
A
B
C
D
.
n
0,5
0,8
1
1,2
(max).
h

7. Tnh quang thng tng.

-tt l quang thng cn cp cho khng gian thit k m bo sau mt nm s
dng t c yu cu theo tiu chun.
tt=

a.b.Eyc . a.b.Eyc.
=
[lm].
ksd
ksd .V

-H s b quang thng.
Chiu sng.
Page 37

V-H s gim quang thng.

Ksd-H s s dng b n.
Quan trng cn xc nh khi tnh ton.
*Mt s nh ngha.
-H s s dng quang thng :l t s gia quang thng nhn c trn mt phng
lm vic v quang thng pht ra ca bng n.
Ksd=

20 - 6.3
.
2

-H s li dng quang thng :h s c ch U l t s gia quang thng nhn c

trn mt phng lm vic v quang thng pht ra ca b n.
nd

U= phat .
Thng thng : U=U+Ui.
Ud: h s li dng quang thng trc tip.
Ui: h s li dng quang thng gin tip.
-Hiu sut b n

l t s gia quang thng pht ra trn quang thng tng ca b n.

Ksd=.U=dUd+IUi.
Ksd ph thuc cp b n, b phn x,ph thuc ch s a im ,ni ln kch thc
hnh hc v ch s cao ca n.
ab

K= h(a + b) -Ch s treo n.

VD: Trong khng gian thit k c K=2,3; =751;J=0,dng b n
0,54E+0,16T.Tnh Ksd.
Ksd=0,54.Ud+0,16.Ui=0,54988
0,87 - 0,82

Ud=0,82+ 2,5 - 2,0 .(2,3-2,0)=0,85.

0,58 - 0,55

Ui=0,55+ 2,5 - 2,0 .(2,3-2,0)=0,568.

8.Xc nh s b n v li b tr.
S b n:
N=

.n- s bng n c
..

Chiu sng.
Page 38

-B tr li lp n :cn c vo kch thc hnh hc c th m b tr phi m

bo:
+)Tnh thm m.
+)Phi cn nhc cc kch thc m,n,p,q:

1
1
p(q) m(n).
3
2

+)m bo n chiu sng NNmin

N<Nmin Khng t.Phi tng N v gim
N>Nmint.
N>>NminKhng kinh t v phc tp h thngnn thit k cho hp
l.Tng v gim N.
VD:Thit k chiu sng cho mt phn xng sa cha c kh c kich thc l
axbxH l 20x15x4,15.Chn b phn x =551.
Theo tnh cht cng vic chn ri yu cu Eyc.B tr n st trn(J=0)chn b
n ng hunh quang c cp l 0,42G+0,07T.Bng n chn loi 1,2 m c cc
thng s 36W, =335.Tnh s b n ti thiu Nmin.
Gii:
h=H-0,85=4,15-0,85=3,3(m)
n
h

Tra bng( )max=0,15Nmax=1,5.h=4,95(m)

1
1
m(n)p(q) m(n).
3
2
15
15
S khong = s n= = 4,95 x=3.
n

Theo chiu ngang(b):

n=

15
=5>4,5khng t x=4
3

15
=3,75mq=1,8m
4
15 - 2.1,8
n=
=3,8(m).
3

n=

Theo chiu a:chn p=1,5

m=

20 - 2.1,5
=4,25(m).
4

Nmin=4x5=20(m)
Chiu sng.
Page 39

*Tnh quang thng tng tt

tt=a.b./Ksd.phn xng t bi bm chn S=1,4.
Ksd=d.Ud+i.Ui
a.b

20.15

H s a im K= h(a + b) = 3,3(20 + 15) =2,6.

Ud=0,798.;Ui=0,404.
H s s dng:
Ksd=0,42.0,798+0,07.0,404=0,36344.
tt=

20.15.250.1,4
=288,806(lm).
0,36344

tt l quang thng cn cp cho xng sau 1 nm s dng so E=250lx

*Tnh ton b n.Chn n hng claude.
P=36W;=3350lm;T0=30000K;Ra=85;D=26mm.
N=tt/n.=43 bChn N=42=6x7.
*Phn b li b tr n
15

Ly q=0,4mn= 5 + 2.0,4 =2,59 m

chn n=2,6 m
20

m= 6 + 2.0,4 =2,94 m chn m=3(m).

p=

20 - 6.3
=1(m).
2

*Nhn xt :So snh N v Nmin

N>Nminm bo thit k v n u chiu sng.Tuy nhin
N>>Nminc th xem xt li a ra phng n tt hn theo
hng gim N.
II.Kim tra thit k.
Trong phn ny c mt s yu cu t c khi thit k s b nh:mu ca
ngun sng ph hp vi E, ng u.Cn tnh ton m bo: tng phn
ca n trn.
Chiu sng.
Page 40

1.Ch tiu tng phn ca n trn.

-nh ngha :H s chi khi nhn n
r=

do choi nhin den,goc nhin 45

=L(=750)/Ltrn.
do choi cua tran

-Tiu chun quy nh :

r20-mc tinh xo .
r50 mc thng thng.
- ngha :Xt n mc tin nghi ca khng gian trnh cho ngi lao ng b chi
khi quan st n trn.
2 Kim tra tng phn theo ri.
-Theo tiu chun :0,5

E3
0,8.
E5

Hoc theo cc c tnh E3(E4)

3.Kim tra tiu chun soller.
-Nghin cu sinh l nhn ca con ngi vi mc lao ng khc nhau th soller a
ra bn cho ng cong chi .
Ymax=(,mc lao ng)
-Cach kim tra :phi tnh c chi ti mt s gc nhn tra trn ng cong
hoc v cc ng cong L() ln c tnh soller ca b n chn.Nu ng
cong nm bn tri ng cong gii hn th kt lun tiu chun kim tra ny t
yu cu v tin nghi.
4.Tnh ri Ei.
-Cng thc : Ei=

NF
=[Ri.Fi+Si].
1000ab

(*)

-Trong : i=1,2,3.cc ri ln trn, tng, v mt phng lm vic.

N- s b n.
F-Quang thng ca mt b n.
-Hiu sut pht quang
Fi-Quang thng tng i ring phn trn mt phng lm vic,tra theo
b n v cc ch s khc(116,117)
Ri,Si- Cc ch s c tra theo bng(118).
Chiu sng.
Page 41

Mt s ch s:
ab

K= h(a + b) - ch s a im.
J=

h'
h + h'

- ch s treo.

ap + bq
2mn
Km= h(m + n) -Ch s li;Kp= h(a + b) - ch s gn tng i.

Ei xt ti mi yu t hnh hc,li phn b n, gn hay xa

tng..c xem l cc thit k tin cy nht.
VD: Kim tra thit k cho v d trn.
-C:
K=2,6; J=0.
ap + bq
2mn
Km= h(m + n) =0,844; Kp= h(a + b) =0,303.

=Kp/Km=0,359.
Xp=0,359(km).
*Tnh ton Ei theo (*).
Fu=f(K,Km,Kp,cp b n,J).
-Xt K=2,5.
Km=0,844
Kp=0,359
- Khi Km=0,5 Kp=0,1795. Kp=0 hoc 0,25
Km=1 Kp=0,359. Kp=0 hoc 0,5.

(1)
(2)

642 588

(1)Fu=588 hoc 642 Fu= 588+ 0, 25 0 0,1795

= 626,772.
(2) Fu=537 hoc 653.Fu= 537+

620.288 626, 772

0,359
1 0,5

= 620.288.
Ni suy cp Km
Fu=626,772+

42.(2.3350).0,42
(0,844-0,359)
20.15.1,4.103

Chiu sng.
Page 42

=622,311.
Hon ton tng t vi K=3 ta c
Fu=631,32.
Tra bng v tnh Ri,Si(theo bng 118).
=551;
K=2,6.
E4=E4d+E4i
E 4d =

42.(2.3350).0, 42)
.[0, 72.12.631,32 + 317] = 217, 26 (lx)
20.15.1, 4.103

E 4i = 0, 67 i[ R 4.Fu '' + S 4i ] = 19, 25 (lx)

=> E4 = 236,51
Tng t ta tnh c E3 = 181,92 lx
Tnh E1 = 40,8 + 50,02 = 90,32 (lx)
Kim tra : + ri trn MPLV E% = 5,4% => tt (E% 10%)
+ chi nhn n
y/c
Ltn =

r=

L(75)
50
Ltrn

1.E1 90,82.0,5
=
= 14,45 (cd/m)
r
r

- chi ca n = 75
Kch thc b n 1,24*0,18*0,1
Din tch b/k theo 2 hng nhn

Chiu sng.
Page 43

b
a
Sbk ngang = ab.cos + ac.sin = 0,1775 m
Sbk dc

= ab.cos + bc.sin = 0,0751 m

chi theo 2 hng L =

Id(75)
Sbk

Tra ng cong trc quang ca bng n :

Ing(75) = 45.cd.

301,5
2.3350
= 1698 (cd/m)
= 301,5cd => Lng =
0,1775
1000

Idc(75) = 30.cd.

201
2.3350
= 2676,43 (cd/m)
= 201cd => Ldc =
0,0751
1000

=>Cc t s :
1698,6

Rng = 14,45 = 117,5 > 50 => Ko t

2676,43

Rdc = 14,45 = 185,2 > 50 => Ko t

Khc phc bng cch : + X l lm tng 1 ca trn
+ Chn li n theo hng tng Sbk
+ Gim chi ca n
Chiu sng.
Page 44

*Kim tra t s E3/E4

K 0,5 E3/E4 0,8
181,92

C E3/E4= 236,5 = 0,77 => tha mn

Nu t tha mn ta khc phc bng 2 cch :
+ Chn li b n v pha chiu sng m rng
+ Chn li cp b n
-Cch khc quan trng hn thay i p,q
*Kim tra theo s Sollvier
+ Chn 5 gi tr tnh L()
+ Sau v ng cong L() ln c tnh Soll ca b n cho
NX : Nu c tnh ta v c nm ht v bn tri => t

Chng 2 :
Thit k chiu sng ng
1: c im v cc tiu chun thit k chiu sng ng
Mc ch : Nhm to ra m hnh chiu sng tt , tin nghi , c bit cho ngi
tham gia giao thng , qun l v x l chnh xc , nhanh chng cc tnh hung giao
thng xy ra trn ng .
1.Cc c im .

Chiu sng.
Page 45

-Thit k chiu sng (TKCS) cho ngi quan st chuyn ng , quan st c mt

ng ln i tng cng ang chuyn ng .
-Khc vi chiu sng ni tht , y ly ri lm tiu chun u tin v quan
trng nht lm tiu ch thit k , th y ngi ta quan tm nht n chi
ca mt ng . Thc nghim cho thy ko phi ri m chnh chi mt ng
mi quyt nh cht lng quan st ca ngi li xe.
=> Lyc tra theo tiu chun
-Khc vi trong ni tht L ca tng , trn..tun th nh lut Lamberg v ko
ph thuc vo hng quan st . chi ca mt ng ko tun theo quy lut v
phn x trn ng l phn x hn hp v rt ngu nhin , n ph thuc ch yu
vo b mt v cu to vt cht ca lp ph mt ng v gc quan st ca ngi
li xe .
-TKCS cho ng cng ging trong ni tht l yu cu m bo ng u v
chi theo chiu ngang , c bit theo hng dc ca ng .Nu ko m bp phn
b chi ng u theo chiu dc th gp phi hin tng hiu ng bc thang
gy mt mi thn kinh v gy bun ng cho ngi li xe .
-V thi gian chiu sng cho ng giao thng cng vi cng sut ca ngun cp
l kh ln , cn ch n ch tiu tit kim in nng theo hng cn nhc la
chn b n c hiu nng cao v tm cc bin php iu khin chiu sng theo cc
gi cao , thp im .
-V chiu sng ng ch yu l cc khu th cc ch n tnh thm m , cnh
quan , lm p.

2.Cc tiu chun.

- chi ca mt ng : L l tiu chun u tin v quan trng nht quyt nh
n quan st ca ngi li xe . Theo tiu chun ta quy nh phm vi quan st ca
ngi li xe .

Chiu sng.
Page 46

-Loi mt ng : lp ph , mt ng sch hay bn , vn tc xe.

-Gii php chiu sng
TCVN : LVN = 1,6 cd/m (cp A)
LCIE = 2 cd/m (cp B)
* ng u L
-c xt theo 2 phng : dc , ngang dc nh gi theo 2 thng s
+ ng u chung
Uo =

L min
0,4 ph thuc cp ng A,B,C,D
Ltb

Trong :_Lmin l chi nh nht trn li im chia theo tiu chun

_Ltb l gi tr trung bnh =

Li

- ng u dc
U1 =

L min
0,7 ph thuc cp ng
L max

Trong : Lmin , Lmax l chi cc im trn li tnh theo chiu dc

*Hn ch chi lo mt tin nghi .

Chiu sng.
Page 47

- Trnh cho ngi li xe ko b chi lo khi quan st n c nh gi theo ch s

lo G c CIE nh ngha :
G = ISL + 0,97lg(Ltb) + 4,41lg(h) 1,46lg(P).
Trong : _ISL : l ch s ring c trng cho mc chi lo ca 1 b
n c cho rtrong l lch (36).
_Ttb : chi trung bnh ca mt ng
_h : chiu cao n so vi mt ng
_h = h-1,5 : chiu cao t n so vi mt ngi quan st .
_p : s n t trn 1 km chiu di ca ng .
-Ta c : G = 1 : chi lo qu sc chu ng.
G = 9 : ko cn chi lo.
G = 5 : ngng va chu c.
TCVN : 4 G 6.
******

2: Phn loi ng theo tiu chun chiu sng

1.TCVN
Chia thnh 4 cp :

Chiu sng.
Page 48

-Cp A : l ng ph cp th , ng cao tc c tc chy xe 80100 km/h

v ph thuc vo lu lng xe tnh bng s lt / ng m ngi ta quy nh Ltb
= 0,8 1,6 cd/m.
-Cp B : l ng cp khu vc c tc chy xe khong 80 km/h , theo quy nh
Ltb = 0,4 1,2 cd/m.
-Cp C :l ng ni b (trong cc khu vc chung c ) c vmax = 60 km/h , quy
nh :
+ lu lng ln hn 500 lt/h : Ltb = 0,6 cd/m ; Etb = 12 lx.
+ lu lng nh hn 500 lt/h : Ltb =0,4 cd/m : Etb = 8 lx.
=> Do tc cp C thp , ri ng vai tr quan trng , cn quan tm .
-Cp D : l cc ng nhnh nh cn li Ltb = 0,20,4 cd/m.
2.Tiu chun CIE (165).
-C 5 cp ng , cc tiu chun cao hn .
*****

3 : Cc thng s hnh hc ca mt phng n v phn loi

b n.
1.Cc thng s hnh hc .
-L cc thng s kch thc chnh ca 1 phng n chiu sng ng , s trc tip
nh hng n hiu qu v cht lng chiu sng . C s u tin a ra cc
thng s cn li l chiu rng ca ng .

Chiu sng.
Page 49

s : tm nh : 0-0,5-1-1,5-2m
: thn lm bng 15
a : khong cch hnh chiu ca mt ng ln va h
a > 0 : n chiu trn mt ng
a < 0 : n chiu mp va h
l : bc ct l khong cch gia 2 ct lin tip k c v 2 pha ng
2.Phn loi b n.
a.Cc kiu
*Kiu chp su
-C nh sng pht ra trong phm vi hp v vy trnh c chi lo v thng dung
cho ni c a hnh c bit (cua gp , ng dc ).
*Kiu chp va
-nh sng pht rat rung bnh v c ng dng rng ri nht , thng dng vi
n Na cao, thp p hoc n thu ngn cao p . Dng cho cc loi n thng
thng.
*Kiu chp rng.
Chiu sng.
Page 50

-nh sng pht ra rng theo mi hng do c kh ng gy chi lo cho ngi

quan st thng c dng chiu sng cho va h , cho cc ng i ni b (bi
, cng vin , ng cho ngi i b).
- hn ch chi lo thng dng qu cu m tng din tch , gim chi lo.
=> Cn c vo vic phn b quang thng , ngi ta a ra bng tra (168).
b.Gi v vic dng cc loi ngun sng cho chiu snh giao thng.
-n si t hin nay ko c dng trong chiu sng giao thng v ch tiu kinh t
km , hiu sut pht quang thp.
-Vi loi ng cp A thng dng cc bng 125;150;250;400W Na cao p , h
p.; n 250 W Hg cao p.
-Loi cp B,C thng dng n Na c cng sut thp 75;100;125W Hg cao p.
-Vi ng hm v li i ngm thng ng dng n ng hunh quang v n
compact.
-Li vo cc to nh , cc ng i do v cc ng ph ph bin nht dng n
compact.
*****

4 : Cc phng n b tr n

.B tr mt pha . -ng dng cho ng hp hoc mt pha c cy che lp , c

bit l cc on ng cong phi b tr 1 pha gip nh hng cho ngi li
xe , n c b tr ra pha ngoi ng cong (do tiu chun an ton).
Chiu sng.
Page 51

-iu kin p dng : nh sng phn b u theo chiu ngng th h l . y l

iu kin rng buc chn chiu cao ct v chiu rng ng .
2.B tr 2 pha sole.

-ng dng cho ng rng , ng i c lu thng 2 chiu . iu kin m

bo l h

2
l , b tr ct thp hn so vi chiu rng lng ng.
3

3.B tr 2 pha nhng i din.

1
2

-ng dng cho ng rng v nhiu ln xe i . iu kin h l .

4.Kiu trc gia .
-ng dng cho cc ng i c di phn cch gia
-iu kin 1,5m G 6m , G l di phn cch .
-Trong tnh ton ch tnh cho 1 bn nhng phi xt nh hng ca c 2 bn.
Chiu sng.
Page 52

=> Nu ng qu rng cho php phi hp cc phng php vi nhau.

*****

3 : H s s dng quang thng

*nh ngha : h s s dngquang thng (fu) l t s gia quang thng nhn c
trn mt ng v quang thng nhn c t b n.
fu =

nhdc
= f1 + f2.
boden

-fu gm 2 thnh phn : _h s s dng pha trc f1

_h s s dng pha sau f2
+Nu a > 0 : fu = f1 + f2
+Nu a < 0 : fu = f1 f2

-Nh sn xut phi cho trong l lch ng cong HSSD ca b n (170).

Chiu sng.
Page 53

VD: ng cong h s s dng ca b n (176)

H = 10m ; a = 1m ; l = 10m ;
-> Tnh : tg1 = 0,9 =>
tg2 = 0,1

f1 = 0,275

=> f2 = 0,025

=> f = f1 + f2 = 0,275 + 0,025 = 0,3.

-Khi f2 qu nh th lm tuyn tnh ho tng on tnh t l .
VD : vn b n trn b tr khc

tg1 = 1.05
Chiu sng.
Page 54

tg2 = 0.05
=> f1 = 0.3 ; f2(0.1) = 0.025
=> f2(0.05) = 0.0125 => f = f1 f2 = 0.2875
-> Nhn xt :
H s fu cng ln quang thong nhn c trn mt n cng nhiu.Nu cn
n di hoc t ct n gn mp va h th h s s dng quang thng cng
ln.Mt khc chiu cao t n cng nh th fu cng ln
VD : B tr trc gia
fu = fuA + fuB
lh
a
a
tg 2 =
h
tg1 =

-> Tra fu

l +G+a
h
G+a
tg 4 =
h
tg 3 =

Chiu sng.
Page 55

->Tra cnh sau n

fuB = f3 f4
(Nu tg2 > 1 th ly tg2 = 1 kim tra)

5 : Phng php t s R
*S lc lch s TKCS ng :
-1940 : ln u tin c hng dn quc t rt s lc v chiu sng ng ph
trong ly ri lm c s v yu cu tnh ton , thit k.
-1965 : CIE cng b phng php t s R trong tiu chun ri c thay th
bng chi trn mt ng . Tuy nhin do phng tin c bit l my tnh cn
rt hn ch nn tnh ton phn b nh sang gp rt nhiu kh khn v cc bin
php tnh theo phng php ny c chnh xc hu hn nn ngy nay vn c
s dng nhng ch tnh ton s b cho cc phng n la chn .
-1975 : CIE cng b phng php tnh ton chi im , v nguyn tc cho php
tnh ton ri trn tng im ca mt ng v ngy nay c ng dng rng ri
kim tra , thit k v ngi ta c nhng phn mm chuyn dng ng dng
cho cc phng php ny.
+Ni dung : Khi thc hin 1 n thit k ngi ta thng cn nhc la chn 2 , 3
phng n kh thi gi l phng n so snh kim tra s b theo phng php
ny .Sau khi chn kiu b tr n , kiu b n chng ta tin hnh cc bc tnh
ton sau :
1.Xc nh khong cch gia cc ct , bc ct e ph thuc chiu cao ca ct
nhm hng n mc ch nhm to ra ng u chiu sng c bit l theo
chiu dc.Trong tiu chun a ra bng lmax (169).
2.Tnh quang thng ca b n tt
-Quang thng tnh cho 1 nm s dng theo cng thc :
Chiu sng.
Page 56

tt =

e.l.Lyc.R
fu.V

Trong : + Lyc : tra theo tiu chun ph thuc cp ng

+V = V1.V2 =

_V1: ph thuc thi gian qun l

_V2 : ph thuc mi trng
_ : h s b quang thng.
TCVN : = 1,3 : si t .
= 1,7: phng in

-T s R =

Etb
: cho quan h gia ri v chi trn ng , tm ra theo thc
Ltb

nghim cho php nh gi s b mt ng .

TCVN
Tnh cht lp ph

Gi tr R
Chp su

Chp va

12

+ bn

14

10

-B tng nha : + mu sng

14

10

+ mu trung bnh

20

14

+ mu ti

25

18

18

13

-B tng : + sch

-ng gch lt

-Ch : sau khi nhn c tt , ta chn thng khc nhau , do cn hiu

chnh bc ct e . Chn li e theo cng thc :

tt
e
=
d
ethuc

Chiu sng.
Page 57

VD : Tnh c tt = 22000 lm
Bit n Hg cao p : P = 250W c = 14000 lm
P = 400W c = 24000 lm
-> Nu chn P = 250W th phi rt ngn e rt nhiu do ta chn P = 400W khi
ethc = e.

d
tt

3.Trnh t bi ton thit k s b.

-Bc 1 : Xc nh kch thc hnh hc , chiu rng , chiu di lng ng , va h
, cp chiu sng , ph mt ng , sau cn c vo bng tiu chun chn
cp chiu sng , Lyc, t s R , ph mt ng.
-Bc 2 : Xt n phng n b tr n : cn chn b n trn c s xc nh
chiu cao ct , tm nh ca cn n s , a , phng n chiu sng , phn ny cn cn
nhc la chn ra 1 s phng n so snh tnh ton v la chn phng n ti
u.
-Bc 3 : Xc nh khong cch gia cc ct (bc ct) theo bng lmax , h , v kiu
b n theo bng.
-Bc 4 : Tnh h s s dng fu , ri tnh tt ca b n cn lp theo cng thc
c .
-Bc 5 : Cn c vo tt chn loi bng n ph hp . Sauk hi chn cn hiu
chnh v cn nhc li bc ct v Lyc.
-Bc 6 : Kim tra ch s tin nghi chi lo . Tnh hm G -> so snh.
-Bc 7 : Tnh ton chiu sng cho va h (nu c) gi l chiu sng tng cng ->
cn tnh chiu sng b xung phn quang thng cn thiu sau khi nhn c
ngun cp t h thng chiu sng ng m bo yu cu ri ca va h .
4.Chiu sng va h .
*Theo TCVN quy nh th :
Chiu sng.
Page 58

- Cc ng m c h ng 5m th phi tng cng chiu sng bo v

+ Etb > 31lx v Uo 0,25
+ chi l 2000 cd/m .
- Nu va h c rng 5m th c th c hoc ko cn chiu sng thm (ch chiu
sng khi c yu cu c bit).
Tnh chiu sng va h nh h thng n ng : fu = f1 f2.
Tnh tg1 -> f1
tg2 -> f2
=> Evh l ri do h thng chiu sng lng ng cp .
E1vh =

vh vh
=
Svh
e.v

vh = fu.v.

-Xc nh ri cn thiu b xung : E2vh = Eycvh E1vh. ri ny cn c

thit k v b xung bng h thng tng cng ca va h .
Chiu sng.
Page 59

*******

6 : Phng php chi im

1.Ni dung .
-Phng php cho php tnh ri , c bit l chi trn 1 li im c
chia theo tiu chun trn mt ng qua c c s phn b ca E, L nhm
kim tra cc tiu chun v Etb , Ltb , U0 , U1.
- tnh ton Ep ti P trn mt ng ta c cng thc :
Ep =

Ip.cos3
h2

-Dng bng I(c,) tra v ni suy Ip , tnh Ep , chi Lp. Do Ep , Lp ko tun theo
nh lut Lamberg -> Lp ph thuc v tr quan st , theo tiu chun quy nh v tr
quan st ca ngi li xe cch vng quan st 60m , cch va h khong l/4 , cao
1,5m.

-Cng thc tnh Lp = q.Ep trong q = q(,,) l h s chi . Tuy nhin do = 10

nn q ph thuc ko nhiu vo v c th b qua => q = q(,)
Ip(c, ).cos3
=> Lp = q(,).
h2

Ta nh ngha R(,) = q(,). cos3 l h s chi quy i

Chiu sng.
Page 60

=> Lp = R(,).

Ip( , )
h2

-Xc nh Ip(c,) , tra bng kt hp vi ni suy.

-Xc nh R(,) , tra bng kt hp vi ni suy.
2.Cch xc nh Ip.
-Vi n cu : thng gp chiu sng va h
I=

.d
4

-Cc b n c trc i xng : I tra theo ng cong trc quang

-Cc b n chuyn dng cho chiu sng ng phn b quang thng rt phc tp
c th hnh dung v s cc mt phng i xng i qua trc quang ca n . V vy
trong l lch ngi ta thng cho 1 s cc ng cong trc quang chnh v 1 bng
phn b I(c,).

Chiu sng.
Page 61

-Mi im P (ta ) = arctg

PH
DH

-Thng (c,) tnh ton c th khc gi tr trong bng => ni , ngoi suy
3.Tra chi quy i R(,tg)
-Ph thuc b mt ng , chia thnh 4 cp quy chun t R1->R4. Mi cp c
c trng bi 2 thng s l :
+H s nhn r ao 0,05 (ti)
0,11 (sng)
+H s s dng S1 , cng sng th S1 cng ln
Cp

S1

S1 in hnh

Q0

R1

< 0,45

0,25

0,1

R2

0,450,85

0,58

0,07

R3

0,851,35

1,11

0,07

Chiu sng.
Page 62

R4

> 1,35

1,55

0,08

*R1: l ng Bitum < 15% vt liu nhn to mu sng hoc ng btng mu

sng.
*R2: l ng Bitum 1015% vt liu nhn to mu trng nhng kch thc ht
10 mm, kt cu rn chc .
*R4 : ng nha sau nhiu thng s dng .
4.Cch chia li im kim tra
-Theo chiu ngang ly 2 im cho 1 ln xe .
-Theo chiu dc : l 18m

: 3 im

l 36m

: 6 im

l 54m

: 9 im

Chng 6 :
Tnh ton chiu sng bng n
pha

Chiu sng.
Page 63

-n pha l loi b n c nh sng phn b hp dng chiu

su trong cc khng gian rng v khong cch

1 : Cc thng s ca b n pha
1.Gc phn tn chm tia
-L gc gia tm ca chm tia sng vi trc quang , l hng c
Imax v hng c cng nh sng bng 1/2 v 1/10 Imax , gc
ny thng c th hin trn c tnh trc quang ca 1 b n
-Cn c vo gc chia b n pha thnh 3 loi sau:
+B n c phn b nh sng hp 30
+B n c phn b nh sng va 30 60
+B n c phn b nh sng rng 60

I
550

50

40

60

90

2.H to xyz
-H ny c s dng khi 1 n t ti gc ca sn c chiu sng

Chiu sng.
Page 64

Tr?c quang

x
A(x,y)
B<0

B=0

B>o

-gc nhn n (ct n , trc quang),thng quy nh N 65.Khi hng ca I

pht v A
+Gc B
+Gc
-Nh sn xut ca b n cho phn b quang thng I(B,) trong l lch
B= arctg

y
z

= arctg

x
y2 + z2

=>ni suy I(B,)

3.Php dch ct v dch to

Chiu sng.
Page 65

Nu dch ct 0 -> 0
-Dng cng thc chuyn h to xoy-> xoy
x= x - x1
y=y y1
4.Php quay h to xoyozo
-Thc t trc quang ko nm trong mt phng yoz m thng quay i mt gc R
hng b n vo sn v phn b nh sng ng u
VD: Tm Ea ti trung im 1 sn bng (105/65) ct t ti o (x1=-21m , y =
-20m ) , R = 50 , v = 63 v chiu cao z = 42m.

Chiu sng.
Page 66

******

2 :Thit k chiu sng sn vn ng

1.Cc yu cu , tiu chun
-Mt s yu cu , tiu chun TKCS cc cng trnh th thao bng 16.1 (211)
-Tiu chun tham kho TCVN 2003
2.Cc phng n b tr n
*Bn ct c gc quay R=0
-u im : hiu sut s dng nh sng cao tuy nhin U thp

Chiu sng.
Page 67

*Bn ct nhng c R0

-y l phng n hay c s dng .H s s dng ko ln lm nhng u im la

ng u chiu sng rt tt, c bit l ng u dc tnh theo phng thng
ng . phn b ng u nh sng trn sn ngi ta chia s b n trn mi ct
thnh nhiu n nhm sau b tr cc gc quay khc nhau cho chng .
*Su ct c gc quay R=0
-u im : h s s dng cao s ct tng s lm tng ng u chiu sng
-Nhc im : t tin , ko kinh t thng ch dung cho cc sn vn ng a chc
nng

Chiu sng.
Page 68

*Vi cc sn bng lien hp c chiu cao khn i > 26m th c th b tr dn n

trn cc mi che khn i .Phng n ny va t tnh kinh t li va c tnh phn
b nh sng ng u cao.
-Trong trng hp nu cc khan i 2 pha ko di c th khu vc cu mn b
thiu nh sng khi cn b tr chiu sng tng cho khu vc cu mn

3.Khi nim v ng u dc v ngang

-V quan st ca cc cu th trn sn bng ko ch din ra trn mt sn gn vi
ri ngang Eh (Eng) m trong ko gian cn quan st trn cc mt phng thng ng ,
cn quan tm n ri dc Ev v ng u ca chng
-Eh trn sn bng theo tiu chun l ri trn mt sn hay cch mt sn 1m
-Ev l ri tnh theo 2 phng x v y ti cao cch mt sn 1.5m
+Evx : ri ng trn mt phng vung gc trc Ox
+Evy : ri ng trn mt phng vung gc trc Oy
- ng u dc v ngang l cc thng s phi kim chng theo thit k
+ ng u ngang Uh=

Eh min
Ehtb

Chiu sng.
Page 69

+ ng u dc Uv=

Ev min
Evtb

-Cng thc tnh ri E=

I (c, ).cos
d2

+Trong cng thc ny cn phi tra kt hp vi ni , ngoi suy c I(c,). Cn

phi ch xc nh ng gc trong cc trng hp khc nhau
uu
rur

= [ I ,n ca mt phng cn tnh E]

4.Tnh cng sut v loi n

*Quang thng tnh ton
Eyc.S .

Cng thc tt = bsd

=1.05-> 1.1 v h thng n c bo dng v thay th lin tc

S din tch sn
Theo tiu chun (400->500)h th phi bo dng , lau chi
bsd = 0.17->0.4 -.thp v nh sng pht ra hp ,chiu cao t n ln v t cch xa
so vi sn
-Khi thit k bc u phi tm c lng ly gi tr trung bnh c0.2->0.25 Sau
khi tnh ton th kim nh li bsd= nhn c trn sn / n
*Chn loi bng n
-Cc n phng in c th dng n Na cao p c cng sut 100->1000W, Hg cao
p 70->2000W ,hiu sut pht quang km hn, tui th thp hn nhng cht lng
nh sng tt ,Ra=100.Nu cc sn quc gia c truyn hnh mu th c bit u tin
loi ny.

*S lng bng n tnh theo cng thc

Chiu sng.
Page 70

N=tt/ trong l quang thng ca 1 bng n

-Ph thuc s ct -> s bng + b n trn 1 ct
-Phn b cc b n thnh nhm , s nhm ph thuc s im ri ca trc quang
phn b trn mt sn theo tiu chun .V n pha thng c phn b nh sng hp
nn cc im ri c xc nh theo cng thc:
(n/h)max = 0.6 trong n l khong cch ln nht gia 2 im ri
VD: chiu cao ct h=30m -> nmax=0.6*30 = 18m
m bo ng u chiu sng khong cch gia cc im ri trn sn tho
mn n < nmax
*****

3: Chiu sng cc cng trnh th thao ngoi tri

1.Cc nguyn tc chung
*Nhng vn cn kho st
-Hnh dng , kt cu v kch thc hnh hc ca cng trnh , cc khu vc cn chiu
sng , vt liu xy dng , mu sc v tnh cht phn x ca mt tng, mt sn ,
khan i v c bit l cc v tr c th b tr lp t ct v n
-Yu cu v mc ch s dng ca sn :luyn tp , thi u ,c hay ko quay truyn
hnh mu
-c im ca ko gian ln cn :nm cnh khu dn c , cnh ng giao thng
,cng cc c im kh hu nh vn tc gi, m ,sng m
*Cc yu cu
-Etb , Ev, Eh , ng u U tra theo tiu chun
Chiu sng.
Page 71

-Hn ch ti a hin tng chi lo cho cc vn ng vin v khn gi .Cn chn

cc b n thch hp sau b tr gc nhn n U 65
-Khc phc ti a hin tng nhp nhy nu dng n phng in bng cch s
dng nhiu pha
-Khi la chn bng n cn quan tm ti hiu sut , tui th D(h) ,h s suy gim
quang thng, mu sc nh sng vsf ch s th hin mu .
-H thng iu khin chiu sng phi b tr tp trung v ni ti ngun d phng
khi c s c . Trong quy nh bng d phng cho s c phi s dng loi n
si t hoc n ng hunh quang nhng pha dng chn lu in t bt sng
ngay ko c thi gian mi
- m bo hn ch chi lo v hiu qu s dng th chiu cao t n ti thiu
c a ra trong bng tiu chun
hmin(m)

2000W

22
1000W

17

1000W

15
12

2000W

11

1500W

10

1000W

400W
400W
400W

250W
250W

9
8

250W

500W

300W

3
0

150W
150W

125W

200W

80W

Halogen
s? i d?t

Hg
Ca

70W

70W

Na
Ca

Metal
Halide

Lo?i dn

2.Cc tiu chun chiu sng sn bng

Chiu sng.
Page 72

*Phm vi chiu sng

-Sn bng thng thng phm vi chiu sng l mt sn c gii hn bi cc
ng bin dc v ngang .
-Vi cc sn lin hp th thao c hiu l cc sn bao gm nhiu chc nng phm
vi thit k chiu sng bao gm c ng chy v cc hng mc th thao khc ngoi
sn bng .
* ri : c quy nh theo mc ch s dng sn
Mc ch s dng

Eng tb (lx)

Ung= Engmin/Engtb

Thi u chnh thc

500

0.6

Thi u thng thng

200

0.5

Luyn tp gii tr

100

0.4

*B tr n : Tu thuc quy m kt cu cng trnh , yu cu v cht lng nh sng

m ngi ta c th t n trn ct hoc mi che khn i
Cch b tr
Chiu sng 2 bn sn

S ct

cao ti thiu Hmin(m)

0.35L1 H 0.6 L1
L2 H 4 L2

Chiu sng 4 gc

0.35L1 H 0.6L2
H 3 L2

3.Chiu sng sn tennis

*Phm vi chiu sng l ton b mt sn c dng thi u gii hn bi hng ro
hoc khn i .
Chiu sng.
Page 73

*Quy nh v ri v ng u

+Nu thi u chnh thc Engtb = 750 lx , Ung =0.6

+Nu thi u thng thng Engtb = 500 lx , Ung = 0.5
+Nu luyn tp gii tr Engtb = 300 lx , Ung = 0.4
*Quy nh cao n t Hmin
Mc ch

Cng thc tnh

Hmin

Thi u luyn tp

H 5+0,4 L

10

H 3+0,4 L

Chng 7 :
Thit k cp in cho chiu sng
1 : Mt s yu cu v c im ca h thng in chiu sng
1.Cc yu cu
-in p cung cp cho ngun chiu sng phi m bo st p tnh t u ra ca
ngun ti ph ti xa nht ko c vt qu 3%
- tin cy cung cp in : l mc cho php mt in
-Ngun chiu sng tr cc c s m c cc phn t ng lc ko ng k cn ni
chung v nguyn tc th cc ph ti chiu sng c yu cu cp in cao hn ->
thng thit k theo nguyn tc c lp vi h ng lc bao nhiu th cng tt by
nhiu (trong nh my thng ly ra trc tip t thanh ci tng)
-Kinh t :
Chiu sng.
Page 74

+ Chn ngun sng c hiu nng pht quang cao nh n ng hunh quang , n
phng in .
+ iu tit ngun sng ph hp theo gi c th ct bt cc ph ti chiu sng trong
gi thp im ->tit kim nhng phi chp nhn phn b nh sng ko u .
+ Dng cc b n c nhiu bng ri tt bt bng trong b n
+ iu chnh in p iu chnh quang thng tuy nhin cn phi cn nhc n
iu kin lm vic v khi ng ca n .

2.Cc dng ph ti thng gp trong chiu sng

-Gm cc loi chnh
*Cc ph ti tp trung VD: cc phn xng , ct n , bng Coi I u v
cui ng bng nhau
*Cc ph ti phn b di u VD: n ng I trong cc on khc nhau do
s thay th tng ng l 1 ph ti tp trung c cng sut l tng cng sut
ca cc bng n v nm ti gia ng dy

*Ph ti ri u trong s phn nhnh

Chiu sng.
Page 75

-Vi mi kiu phn b ph ti cn c cch la chn tit din dy ph hp.

2 : Thit k trm in chiu sng

1.Cc dng mch cao p
-Cc mc in p gm cc mc 35,20,15,10,6 kv
*Hnh tia

Chiu sng.
Page 76

-Mi ph ti u trc tip nhn ngun t 1 im. u im l kt cu li r rang

vn hnh mch lc thit b bo v tng i n gin v d tin cy nhng gi thnh
t.
*Dng lin thng

-u im : tit kim , r tin.

-Nhc im : khi vn hnh tnh c lp tng i ca cc ph ti thp hn .
*ng dy kp

-Dng cho ph ti c yu cu cao v tin cy

*S mch vng

Chiu sng.
Page 77

-c bit tin dng v ph bin cc th cc c s cng nghip. C 2 cch vn

hnh :
+Mch vng kn nhng nhnh h , gia vng c my ct M , khi c s c th M
ng ->tnh c ng cao , r .
+Vn hnh kn : t tin ,vn hnh v bo v phi s dng cc thit b bo v cao
cp.

2.Trm phn phi in

-Gm c mt s kiu kt cu nh sau:
*Trm h l cc trm t ngoi tri c tng bao thng c ng dng ti cc
nh my , x nghip hay khu vc nng thn ni c mt bng rng
-u im : kinh ph r
*Trm kn : t trong nh , thng s dng trong cc phn xng cng nghip,
trong cc khu dn c th ni c mt bng tng i rng
*Trm treo :MBA c t trn ct
-u im : kinh t , r tin , tit kim din tch
-Nhc im : ph v cnh quan
Chiu sng.
Page 78

->ch yu dng cho nng thn,vng su vng xa do b cm s dng trong thnh

ph .
*Trm hp b (Kiog)
-Ton b t cao, h p v MBA thng c t trong 1 v thng lm bng kim
loi v composit
-u im :kt cu gn p , tnh c ng cao
-Nhc im :gi thnh t .

3.S nguyn l trm in

-T cao p thng c cc phng n

*Dng DCL + CC

Chiu sng.
Page 79

-u im dng cho cc trm n gin , r , cng sut nh tin cy thp

-DCch ng vai tr cch ly v dng ct MBA khi ngun khi ko ti
-CC bo v ngn mch
*Dng NCFT + CC
-C th ct c MBA ngay c khi mang ti ,tuy nhin vn cn dng cu ch
bo v ngn mch

-t tin
-My ct ng ct ph ti :ti ch ,t xa ,v ng ct c iu khin .
-Bo v :ngn mch ->c nng lc ct ,ct c dng ngn mch ln ,bo v qu
p
-Trong h thng chiu sng dng cc MBA rt nh nn thng dng DCL
-Trong cc nh my ngun chiu sng cn c ly c lp nht vi ngun ng
lc v vy thng c ly ngay sau thanh ci ca trm h p .Cc ngun cng
sut chuyn dng nh ng giao thng thng dng cc trm c cng sut nh v
thng dng trm treo ti cc th trn th t .Trong th thng s dng nht l
trm Kiog
*****

Chiu sng.
Page 80

3: La chn cc TB , KC cho li h p
1.iu kin chung la chn
a.Theo in p nh mc
-L lng dy vi thit b 3 pha l cc thng s cho trc trong l lch thit b .
l in p theo quy nh cho php thit b lm vic lu di m ko gy h
hng (1.05 -> 1.1)Um
-iu kin la chn Umtb Um li .Vi cc thit b khc th sai lch
in p phi c nhn vi cc h s nh sau :
+Cp in lc ,khng in ,bin dng ,bin p , cu ch k=1.1
+Trng hp khc s cch in , DCL , my ct phi nhn 1.1
+Cc thit b chng st th k=1.25
CT : Imtb Icng bc
Trong Icng bc l dng in ln nht m thit b phi mang trong hon cnh
b s c m vn phi m bo cung cp in lin tc cho ph ti
-Sau khi chn theo 2 iu kin Um, Im th thit b m bo lm vic lu di
trong tnh trng xc lp .Tuy nhin mi thit b la chn vn c th h hng khi
c s c
*Cc s c xy ra trong li in
-S c in p(qu p)
+qu p kh quyn do st nh_nh trc tip (ct thu li)
_st cm ng
+qu in p ni b xy ra khi ng ct bt thng ,ti cm, dung ->bo v
bng cc thit b bo v chng st.
-S c dng : ln ,b ca I
Chiu sng.
Page 81

+S c qu ti I = 1.2 -> 1.4 Im ->nh hng n tui th my -> dng Rn,

Rt, Rs
+S c ngn mch gy ra dng in v nng lng rt ln c th lm h hng
nhanh chng thit b .Do cn c khc phc tc th :Rt(RM), Rt, Rs
V vy sau khi la chn mun thit b lm vic tt cn phi kim tra s c
cho n c bit l s c ngn mch 3 pha .Kim tra ngn mch 3 pha theo 2
iu kin:
_iu kin n nh ng thit b : kh nng n nh ca thit b do tng tc v
lc in t gia cc b phn mang dng ngn mch i qua thit b
X mTB Ixb
ITBm (kA) c trong l lch thit b
Ixb = 2 .1,8.In ; In:gi tr xc lp ngn mch
_iu kin n nh nhit : kim tra n nh ca thit b khi b hu hoi do nhit
pht sinh do dng ngn mch ln .Thng c qu trnh v din ra chm hn so
vi n nh ng
K kim tra Bnm tb Bn sc ; B: xung lng nhit
In tb .Tn In.Tc = Bn

In tb In.

Tc
Todn

trong Intb, Tntb c trong l lch tb

-Nu l cp hay dy dn kim tra theo 2 cch

+Cn c vo nhit cui cng khi ngn mch ko c vt qu nhit
cho php 2n

cp ; 2n nhit cui

+Cn c vo tit din nh nht c n nh nhit ca dy dn

Smin=

Bn
< Schn ; C tra theo bng
C

Loi dy

1n

2n

Chiu sng.
Page 82

Td ng

70

300

171

Td nhm

70

200

87

Cp 10kv ng

65

250

159

Cp 10kv li nhm

65

100

90

*Cc thit b khc kim tra theo tt c cc iu kin trn

2.Phng php chn v kim tra cc thit b in

*Chn my ct in
-Chn Um Ul
Im Icbc
-Kim tra _nng lc ct TB Ict In
_n nh ng TB I Ixb
_n nh nhit TB In In.

Tc
Todn

*MCFT : Chn la nh trn

*DCL :chn nh trn
*Cu ch
-Chn theo Um, Im sau kim tra theo iu kin cng sut ct nh mc v
dng in ngn mch nh mc
*Thanh dn
-Chn dng in pht nng lu di k1.k2.Icp I
+k1= 1 nu thanh dn thng ng ; k1=2 nu thanh dn nm ngang
+k2 :h s hiu chnh theo mi trng -> kim tra , n
Chiu sng.
Page 83

_ : btbm tt nhm b = 700 kg/m

ng b = 140 kg/m
_n : F a.In. Tc trong Tc: thi gian ct ca thit b
a : bn knh gia cc pha (cm)
*Bu , Bi chn theo Um,Im , chn theo ph ti m chng phi mang , iu kin
n nh ng , n nh nhit..
*****

4: Chn tit din dy dn trong mch chiu sng

1.Nguyn tc chung : ng thi m bo
-K n nh nhit , pht nng cho php Schn Scho php(tra theo Itt)
-K tn tht Ucp :U Ucp =3% .Um = 6,6V
C th ly 1 iu kin lm vic ri kim tra iu kin cn li, thng ly theo
iu kin 2 trc
-Nu ng dy c tng tr Zd= Rd + jXd =Zd d th
U= R.I.cosd. I.sind
Trong thc t cc mch chiu sng thng c bQ nng cao cos0.85
U=R.I = I..l/s

Cu = 22 (.km/mm )
Al = 35 (.km/mm )

2.Ph ti ri u trn 1 trc (n ng)

Chiu sng.
Page 84

*Chn 1 tit din

I=

n.Pd
3.Ud .cos

U = I .

I . .l.n
.l.n
Ucp = 6.6V => S 2Ucp
2S

*Chn 2 cp dy S1,S2
-Chn trc cc tit din S1, S2 cn c vo S chn S1 v theo cc cp dy tiu
chun
1.5-2.5-4-6-9-10-16-25-35-50-70-90-120.
S2 c th chn nh i 1, 2 cp
-C dng u cc on ng dy:

Bi tp :l =30, n=20, U=380/220; cos =0.85; Pm= (100+20), Cu

3.Bi ton hnh cy

a.L thuyt
Chiu sng.
Page 85

*Thc hin theo 4 bc

-Tnh dng in Ii ti cc u ng dy (cn thn)
-Chn trc c s (TCS) :
+nh ngha :TCS l trc c U ln nht k t u ngun
Trc c Umax trng vi M ph ti max
Li.Ii
M=
i

i:ch s cc on thuc trc

+ Chn tit din Si cho trc c s

Li. Ii
Tnh h s A= Ucp .
i

i :trc c s

Chn tnh Sitt = A. Ii

T Sitt chn theo tiu chun Si Stt
Ui
+ Kim tra U cho trc c s c U=
i

VD:TCS 0_1_3_5 th U =U1 + U3 + U5

Nu U Ucp = 0.6 V =>t
- Chn tit din cho cc on cn li
C Ui Ucp-

U cc on trn

VD :U4= 6.6- U1 - U2 - U3
+ Chn S4

.L.n 4.I 4
2U 4

Ch :Nu Si 1.5mm th theo tiu chun u phi chn Si=1.5mm =Smin

VD : U= 220 V ; cos =0.85 ;Cu
Chiu sng.
Page 86

-> Gii
-Tnh Ii :
P2d

I2 =n2 . 3Ud.cos =A.n2.P =7.140.1,787 = 1,75 (A)

1
1
=
=1.787
3Ud .cos
3.380.0,85

A=

I4= A.n4.P4= A.6.140= 1,5 (A)

I5= A.n5.P5= A.5.275= 2,46 (A)
I3= A.n4.P4 + I4+ I5 =11,56 (A)
I1= A.8.275 + I2 + I3 =17,24 (A)
-Chn trc c s 0-1-3-5
+tnh

A= Ucp .(200. 17, 24 + 250. 11,56 + 130. 2, 46 ) =6.28

+Tnh cc Sic ho trc c s
S1= 6,28. 17, 24 = 26,07 (mm)
S3= 6,28. 11,56 = 21,35 (mm)
S5=6,28. 2, 46 =9,85 (mm)
+Chn S1=25 (mm)

hoc

S1=35 (mm)

S3=25 (mm)

S3=16 (mm)

S5=10 (mm)

S5=10 (mm)

-Kim tra U cho trc c s

Chiu sng.
Page 87

U=U1 + U3 + U5
U=

l1

( I1 I 2 I 3). + ( I 2 + I 3).l1

2 S1
2

U=

.( I1 + I 2 + I 3).l 1
2 S1
.li

=>Ui = 2Si ( Ii )
i

22.200.103
.(17, 24 + 11,56 + 1, 75) = 2, 69(V )
=> U1=
2.25

U3= 1,71V ; U5=0,14V

=> U= 2,69+ 1,71 + 0,14 =4,54 (V) < 6,6V
+Chn tit din cc on cn li :
_Chn S2:

U2cp 6,6 - U1= 6,6-2,69 = 3,91 (V)

U2=

_Chn S4 :

.l 2
.I 2 => S2 0,84 mm ->chn S2= 1,5 mm
2.S 2

U1cp 6,6 - U1 - U3 = 6,6 - 2,69 1,71 = 2,2 (V)

=>S4 1,125 -> chn S4= 1,5 mm

=> Kim tra mi tit din theo iu ki n pht nng cho php
L lch : Vi dy ng 25 mm : Icp= 140A 17,24 A
******

Chiu sng.
Page 88